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VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING

STATCOM

A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment


Of Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

YANDRAPRAGADA SRIHARI
07505A0201

Under the Esteemed Guidance of


D. RAGA LEELA M.Tech
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING


PRASAD V. POTLURI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
KANURU, VIJAYAWADA-520007
APRIL, 2010.
PRASAD V. POTLURI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
KANURU, VIJAYAWADA-520007.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled “VOLTAGE STABILITY

ENHANCEMENT BY USING STATCOM” that is being Submitted by

YANDRAPRAGADA SRIHARI in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of


BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING by
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried out by them
under our guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted
to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Internal Guide Professor & H.O.D

D.RAGA LEELA M.Tech S.V.M.BHUVANAIKARAO M.E., F.I.E,Ph.D

Assistant Prof.

External Examiner
Acknowledgements

I express my profound sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Sri D.RAGA LEELA
M.Tech., Assistant professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for initiating

me into this work and guiding me in the successful completion of this project.
I express my thanks to Sri Prof. Dr.S.V.M.BHUVANAIKARAO M.E.,F.I.E,Ph.D, Head of
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for providing all the facilities in the
Department.
We are thankful to our Principal Dr.K.SRINIVASU, M.Tech., P.h.D, for providing an
excellent environment in our college and helping us at all points for achieving our task.

Finally we thank to our faculty, E.E.E Department for imparting good knowledge to us
throughout our course.

Last, but not least, I take this opportunity to thank all the people who aided me in the
completion of the project work, directly or indirectly, for their continuous encouragement and
extended services.

Finally, I would like to thank my parents, for their support and encouragement, which
helped me to complete this project with full enthusiasm.

PROJECT ASSOCIATE
YANDRAPRAGADA SRIHARI
Acknowledgements

I express my profound sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Sri D.RAGA LEELA
M.Tech., Assistant professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for initiating me

into this work and guiding me in the successful completion of this project.
I express my thanks to Sri Prof. Dr.S.V.M.BHUVANAIKARAO M.E.,F.I.E,Ph.D, Head of
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for providing all the facilities in the
Department.
We are thankful to our Principal Dr.K.SRINIVASU, M.Tech., P.h.D, for providing an
excellent environment in our college and helping us at all points for achieving our task.

Finally we thank to our faculty, E.E.E Department for imparting good knowledge to us
throughout our course.

Last, but not least, I take this opportunity to thank all the people who aided me in the
completion of the project work, directly or indirectly, for their continuous encouragement and
extended services.

Finally, I would like to thank my parents, for their support and encouragement, which
helped me to complete this project with full enthusiasm.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES….
YANDRAPRAGADA SRIHARI
BODDU ADILAKSHMI
MOHAMMAD ABDUL AZEEZ
MADASU VENKATESWARA RAO
SAJJA PRUDHVI NATH
MANDA EMYELU
ABSTRACT

In recent years, power demand has increased substantially while the expansion of
power generation and transmission has been severely limited due to the limited resources
and environmental restrictions. As a consequence, some transmission lines are heavily
loaded and the system stability becomes a power transfer-limiting factor. Flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS) controllers have been mainly used for solving various power
system steady state control problems and function of power flow control.

Among the different variants of facts devices, static compensator are proposed as the
most adequate due to they can supply required reactive current even at low values of bus
voltage and also for the real power modulation.

A more flexible model may be realized by representing the STATCOM as a variable


voltage source for which the magnitude and phase angle may be adjusted using suitable
algorithm, to satisfy a specified voltage magnitude at the point of connection with AC
network.
The STATCOM will be represented by a synchronous voltage source with maximum
and minimum voltage magnitude limits and also it is represented as a voltage source for the
full range of operation.
This paper aims to verify the capability of statcom in improving voltage regulation in
the transmission systems and the statcom is included in Newton raphson model and
simulated study is implemented by MAT lab.
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1.1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.2. FLOW OF POWER IN AC SYSTEM 2
1.3. AC SYSTEM SCENARIO 3
1.4. PROBLEM OF VOLTAGE STABILITY 4
1.4.1. VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT 5
1.5 LOAD FLOW STUDIES 7
1.6 LOAD FLOW 8
1.7 BUS CLASSIFICATION 9
1.8 LOAD FLOW METHODS 10
1.8.1Gauss–Seidel method 10
1.8.2 Fast-Decoupled-Load-Flow method. 11
1.8.3 Newton–Raphson method. 12
1.9 NEWTON-RAPHSON LOAD FLOW (NRLF) METHOD 14
CHAPTER 2
2 FACTS 16
2.1 FACTS CONTROLLERS 18
2.1.1SERIES CONNECTED CONTROLLERS 18
2.1.1.1Thyristor controlled series capacitor(TCSC) 19
2.1.1.2Thyristor switched series capacitor(TSSC) 20
2.1.1.3Static synchronous series compensator(SSSC) 20
2.1.2 SHUNT CONNECTED CONTROLLERS 22
2.1.2.1Static synchronous compensator(STATCOM) 22
2.1.2.2Thyristor controlled reactor(TCR) 23
2.1.2.3Thyristor switched reactor(TSC) 24
2.1.2.4Static var compensator(SVC) 24
2.1.3COMBINED SERIES SHUNT CONTROLLERS 25
2.1.4UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLERS 25
2.2 BENEFITS OF FACTS DEVICES 26
2.3 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FACTS DEVICES 28
2.4 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLABLE PARAMETERS 29
CHAPTER 3
3 STATCOM 29
3.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE 30
3.2 MODELLING OF STATCOM 32
3.2.1SHUNT VARIABLE SUSPECTANCE METHOD 33
3.3 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF STATCOM 34
3.4 MAIN ADVANTAGES OF STATCOM 34
CHAPTER 4
4 MATLAB 35
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAT LAB 35
4.2 MAT LAB WINDOW 36
4.3 PROBLEM EVALUATION 38
4.3.1 IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM 38
4.3.1 USING WITHOUT STATCOM 38
4.3.2 USING SINGLE STATCOM 39
4.3.3 USING MULTIPLE STATCOM 40
4.3.2 IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM 41
4.3.2.1 USING WITHOUT STATCOM 41
4.3.2.2 USING SINGLE STATCOM 43
4.3.2.3 USING MULTIPLE STATCOM 45
CHAPTER 5
5 CONCLUSION 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY 49
APPENDIX 50
IEEE 5 BUS LINE AND LOAD DATA 51
IEEE 14 BUS LINE AND LOAD DATA 52
LIST OF FIGURES:

1.1 POWER FLOW IN PARALLEL PATHS 12

2.1.1 TCSC LAYOUT 19

2.1.2 TSSC LAYOUT 20

2.1.3 SSSC LAYOUT 21

2.2.1 STATCOM LAYOUT 23

2.2.2 TCR LAYOUT 24

2.2.3 TCSC LAYOUT 24

2.3 UPFC LAYOUT 26

3.1 STRUCTURE OF STATCOM 29

3.2 TYPICAL VI CHARACTERISTICS FOF STATCOM 30

3.3 STATCOM 31

3.4 STATCOM UNDER VARIABLE SUSPECTANCE METHOD 33

4.1 IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM 38

4.2 IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM WITH SINGLE STATCOM 39

4.3 IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE STATCOM 40

4.4 IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM 41

4.5 IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM WITH SINGLE STATCOM 43

4.6 IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE STATCOM 45


LIST OF TABLES

1. COMPARISION IF DIFFERENT FACTS DEVICES 14

2. MAT LAB RESULTS OF IEEE 5 BUS WITHOUT USING STATCOM 38

3. MAT LAB RESULTS IEEE 5 BUS WITH USING SINGLE STATCOM 39

4. MAT LAB RESULTS 5 BUS WITH USING MULTIPLE STATCOM 40

5. MAT LAB RESULTS IEEE 14 BUS WITHOUT USING STATCOM 42

6. MAT LAB RESULTS 14 BUS WITH USING SINGLE STATCOM 44

7. MAT LAB RESULTS 14 BUS WITH USING MULTIPLE STATCOM 46

8. LINE AND LOAD DATA FO IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM 50

9. LINE DATA FO IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM 51

10. LOAD DATA FO IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM 52


INTRODUCTION

Electric power plays an exceedingly important role in the life of community


and in the development of various sectors of economy
Infact the modern economy is very dependent on the electricity as a basic
input. This in turn has led to increase in the number of power stations and their
capacities and consequent increase in the power transmission line that connect the
generating station to the load centers.
Most if not all of the worlds, electric power systems are widely
interconnected. We need these interconnections because, apart from delivery, the
purpose of transmission network is to pool power plants and load centers in order to
minimize the total power generation capacity and cost. Transmission interconnections
enable taking advantage of diversity of loads, availability of sources, and full price in
order to supply electricity to the loads at minimum cost with a required reliability.
Transmission is often an alternative to the new generation resource. One cannot be
sure about what the optimum balance is between ge4neration and transmission unless
the system planners use advanced methods of analysis which integrate transmission
planning into an integrated value-based transmission/generation planning scenario.
Hence, we need to incorporate some control mechanism in order to increase the power
transfer capability and enhance the controllability.
On the other hand, as power transfer grow, the power system becomes
increasingly more complex to operate and the system can become less secure for
riding through the major outages. It may lead to large power flows with inadequate
control, excessive reactive power in various parts of the system, large dynamic swings
between different parts of the system and bottlenecks, and thus the full potential of
transmission interconnections can not be utilized.
The power systems of today largely, care mechanically controlled. The
problem with mechanical devices is that control cannot be initiated frequently,
because these mechanical devices tend to wear out very quickly compared to static
devices.

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1.2 FLOW OF POWER IN AN AC SYSTEM

At present, many transmission facilities confront one or more limiting network


parameters plus inability to direct power flow at will.

In ac power systems, given the insignificant electrical storage, the electrical


generation and load must balance all the times. To some extent, the electrical system
is self-regulating. If generation is less than load, the voltage and frequency drop, and
there by the load, goes down to equal the generation minus the transmission losses.
However, there is only a few percent margin for such a self-regulation. If voltage is
propped up with reactive power support, them the load will go up, and consequently
frequency will keep dropping, and the system will collapse. Alternatively, if there is
inadequate reactive power, the system can have voltage collapse.

The basic requirement of power system is to meet the demand that varies
continuously. That is, the amount of power divided by the power companies must be
equal to that of consumer’s need.

The power transmitted over an AC transmission line is a function of the line


impedance, the magnitude of the sending and receiving and voltages and the phase
angle voltages between voltages. The compensators have been provided to control any
one of the function variable.

Traditional techniques of reactive line compensation and step like voltage


adjustment are generally used to alter these parameters to achieve power transmission
control. Fired and mechanically switched shunt and series reactive compensation are
employed to modify the natural impedance characteristics of transmission line in
order to establish the desired effective impedance between the sending and receiving
ends to meet power transfer requirements. Voltage regulating and phase shifting
transformers with mechanical tap changing gears are also used to minimize voltage
variation and control power flow. These conventional methods provide adequate

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control under steady state and slowly changing conditions, but are largely ineffective
in handling dynamic disturbance.

The power systems can be effectively utilized with prudent use of FACTS
technology on a selective, as needed basis.

FACTS technology opens up new opportunities for controlling power and


enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
opportunities arise through the ability of FACTS controllers to control the interrelated
parameter that govern the operation of transmission systems. These constraints cannot
be overcome while maintaining the required system reliability, by mechanical means
with lowering the usable transmission capacity. By providing added flexibility,
FACTS controllers can enable a line to carry power closer to its thermal ratings.
Mechanical switches need to be supplemented by rapid-response power electronics.

In this scenario, the FACTS technology opens up new opportunity to control


the power by controlling the initial parameter that governs the operation of
transmission system.

1.3 AC SYSTEM SCENARIO


Flow in AC lines is generally uncontrollable. As a result of the lack of control
in AC lines the following disadvantages are present in AC systems:

1. The power flow in AC lines (except short lines of lengths below 150 km) is
limited by stability considerations. The expression for power flow in a lossless
AC line with voltage magnitude v at sending and receiving end is given by:

Zc and θ denote the characteristic impedance and electrical distance. Note


that peak power transfer capability is

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The normal power flow in a line is kept much below the peak value. This
margin (or reserve) is required to maintain system security under contingency
conditions. The fact implies that the lines may operate normally at power
levels much below their thermal limits.
2. The AC transmission network requires dynamic reactive power control to
maintain satisfactory voltage profile under varying load conditions and
transient disturbances. The voltage profile of a long line with the two ends
maintained at voltage magnitude v for different loading conditions.

3. AC lines while providing synchronizing (restoring) torque for oscillating


generator rotors may contribute negative damping torque which results in
undamped power oscillations.

4. The increases in load levels are accompanied by higher reactive power


consumption in the line reactances. In case of mismatch in the reactive power
balance in the system, this can result in voltage instability and collapse.
Recent developments involving deregulation and restructuring of Power industry,
are aimed at isolating the supply of electrical energy (a product) from the service
involving transmission from generating stations to load centers. This approach is
feasible only if the operation of AC transmission lines is made flexible by introducing
fast acting high power solid-state controllers using thyristor or GTO valves. This led
to the development of FACTS technology.

1.4 PROBLEM OF VOLTAGE STABILITY

Voltage stability is the ability of a power system to maintain adequate voltage


magnitude so that when the system nominal load is increased, the actual power
transferred to that load will increase. The main cause of voltage instability is the
inability of the power system to meet the demand for reactive power. Voltage
instability s the cause of system voltage collapse, in which the system voltage decays
to a level from which it is unable to recover. Voltage collapse may lead to partial or
full power interruption in the system.

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There are two types of voltage stability based on simulation time; static
voltage stability and dynamic voltage stability. Static analysis involves
computationally less extensive than dynamic analysis. Static voltage stability is ideal
for the bulk of studies in which a voltage stability limit for many pre-contingency and
post-contingency cases must be determined. Providing adequate reactive power
support at the appropriate location solves voltage instability problems. There are
many reactive compensation devices used by the utilities for this purpose, each of
which has its own characteristics and limitations. However, the utility would like to
achieve this with the most beneficial compensation device.

Voltage stability is one of the biggest problems in power systems. Engineers


and researchers have met with the purpose of discussing and trying to consolidate a
definition regarding to voltage stability, besides proposing techniques and
methodologies for their analysis. Most of these techniques are based on the search of
the point in which the system’s Jacobin becomes singular; this point is referred as the
point of voltage collapse or maximum load ability point. The series and shunt
compensation are able to increase the maximum transfer capabilities of power
network .Concerning to voltage stability, such compensation has the purpose of
injecting reactive power to maintain the voltage magnitude in the nodes close to the
nominal values, besides, to reduce line currents and therefore the total system losses.
At the present time, thanks to the development in the power electronics devices, the
voltage magnitude in some node of the system can be adjusted through sophisticated
and versatile devices named FACTS. One of them is the static synchronous
compensator (STATCOM).

1.4.1. VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT

Voltage stability (instability/collapse) is a totally different form of power


system dynamic problem. Contrary to the loss of electromechanical stability, voltage
instability is a possible consequence of progressive increase in load until the point of
collapse is reached, beyond which little can be done except to prepare for system
restoration. The collapse phenomenon is typically slow, over several minutes,
depending on the time-varying behavior of the loads.

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The following conventional corrective actions are possible;
• Reserve reactive support must be used, i.e. switched shunt capacitors and
SVCs.
• Network control actions: coordinate system LTCs, recluse lines
automatically, use
HVDC station reactive power control capabilities.
• Load control: automatic under voltage load shedding or operator initiated
load
Shedding.
• Generator control action: remove generation to mitigate a transmission
system overload, add local generation or trade real power for reactive power on
critical generation.
FACTS studies on easing voltage instability problems have been confined, so
far, to the application of the SVC and the more recent alternative, the STATCOM.
A more difficult form of voltage instability, sometimes referred to as
“transient voltage instability” is becoming an increasing problem. This form of
voltage instability is the long recognized problem of “induction motor instability”.
Induction motor instability is an increasing problem as transmission system becomes
more heavily loaded. Following a system fault, certain induction motors may either be
already stalled or absorb a disproportional high reactive power compared with active
power in their recovery to operating speed. In the absence of established solutions,
certain FACTS devices (like the STATCOM), which are fast acting and have the
potential for high short time overload ratings, may be helpful.

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1.5 LOAD FLOW STUDIES

1.5 INTRODUCTION TO LOAD-FLOW

Load-flow studies are probably the most common of all power system analysis
calculations. They are used in planning studies to determine if and when specific
elements will become overloaded. Major investment decisions begin with
reinforcement
Strategies based on load-flow analysis. In operating studies, load-flow analysis is used
To ensure that each generator runs at the optimum operating point; demand will be
met
Without overloading facilities; and maintenance plans can proceed without
undermining
The security of the system.
The objective of any load-flow program is to produce the following
information:
• Voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus.
• Real and reactive power flowing in each element.
• Reactive power loading on each generator.
The above objectives are achieved by supplying the load-flow program with
the Following information:
• Branch list of the system connections i.e., the impedance of each element, sending-
end and receiving-end node. Lines and transformers are represented by their π-
equivalent models.
• Voltage magnitude and phase-angle at one bus, which is the reference point for the
rest of the system.
• Real power generated and voltage magnitude at each generator bus.
• Real and reactive power demanded at each load bus.
The foregoing information is generally available since it either involves
readily Known data (impedances etc.) or quantities which are under the control of
power system
Personnel (active power output and excitation of generators.) Simply stated the load-
flow problem is as follows:

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● at any bus there are four quantities of interest: │V│, θ, P, and Q.
● If any two of these quantities are specified, the other two must not be specified
otherwise we end up with more unknowns than equations.

1.6 Load Flow


Load flow solution is a solution of the network under steady state condition
subjected to certain inequality constraints under which the system operates. These
constraints can be in the form of load magnitude, bus voltages, reactive power
generation of the generators, tap settings of a tap-changing transformer etc. The load
flow solution gives the bus voltages and phase angles, hence the power injection at all
the buses and power flow through interconnecting transmission lines can be easily
calculated. Load flow solution is essential for designing a new power system as well
as for planning an extension or operation of the existing one for varying demand. `

These analyses require number of load flow solutions under both normal and
abnormal (outage of transmission line or outage of some generators) operating
conditions. Load flow solution also gives the initial state of the system when the
transient behaviour of the system is to be studied. The load flow solution of the power
system mainly requires the following calculations/steps:

1. Formulation of equations for the given network


2. Suitable mathematical technique for the solution of the equations

Under steady state condition, the network equations will be in the form of
simple algebraic equations. The loads and generations are continuously changing in a
real power system, but for solving load flow it is assumed that loads and generations
are fixed at a particular value over a suitable period of time. E.g. half an hour or
monthly etc depending upon data

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1.7 Bus Classification

In a power system each bus or node is associated with four quantities, real and
reactive powers, bus voltage magnitudes and its phase angles. In a load flow solution
two out of four quantities are specified and the remaining two are to be calculated
through the solution of the equations. The buses are classified into the following three
types depending upon the quantities specified.
PQ bus: At this bus the real and reactive components of power are specified. It is
desired to find out the voltage magnitude V and phase angle δ through the load flow
solution. Voltage at load bus can be allowed to vary within a prescribed value e.g.
5%. It is also known as the load bus.
PV bus: Here the voltage magnitude corresponding to the generator voltage V and
real power PG corresponding to its ratings is specified. It is required to find out the
reactive power generation QG and the phase angle δ of the bus. It is also known as the
Generator bus or voltage-controlled bus.
Slack/Swing or reference bus: Here the voltage magnitude V and phase angle δ is
specified. This will take care of the additional power generation required and
transmission losses. It is required to find the real and reactive power generations (PG,
QG) at this bus.
This is called the slack (or swing, or reference) bus and since P and Q are
unknown, │V│ and θ must be specified. Usually, an angle of θ = 0 is used at the
slack bus and all other bus angles are expressed with respect to slack.
Load flow solution can be achieved by any iterative methods. There are many
kinds of iterative methods but as per the literature review the Newton-Raphson
method is normally applied. In the load flow problem as explained above, two
variables are specified at each bus and the remaining variables are obtained through
load flow solutions.
The additional variables to be specified for load flow solution are the tap settings of
regulating transformers, capacitances, resistances etc. If the specified variables are
allowed to vary in a region constrained by practical considerations (upper and lower
limits of real and reactive generations, bus voltage limits and range of transformer tap
settings), these results in load flow solutions each pertaining to one set of values of
specified variables.

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1.8 CLASSICAL LOAD FLOW METHODS:

These are classified as:


1. Newton–Raphson method.
2. Fast-Decoupled-Load-Flow method.
3. Gauss–Seidel method

1.8.1Gauss Siedal Method:


In numerical algebra, the Gauss–Seidel method, also known as the Liebmann
method or the method of successive displacement, is an iterative method used to solve
a linear system of equations. It is named after the German mathematicians Carl
Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel, and is similar to the Jacobian
method. Though it can be applied to any matrix with non-zero elements on the
diagonals, convergence is only guaranteed if the matrix is either diagonally dominant,
or symmetric and positive definite.
Description
Given a square system of n linear equations with unknown x:

Where

Then A can be decomposed into a lower triangular component L*, and a strictly upper
triangular component U:
A=L+U
Where

The system of linear equations may be rewritten as:

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The Gauss–Seidel method is an iterative technique that solves the left hand side of
this expression for x, using previous value for x on the right hand side. Analytically,
this may be written as:

However, by taking advantage of the triangular form of L*, the elements of x(k+1)
can be computed sequentially using forward substitution:

The procedure is generally continued until the changes made by iteration are below
some tolerance. The element-wise formula for the Gauss–Seidel method is extremely
similar to that of the Jacobian method.
The computation of xi(k+1) uses only the elements of x(k+1) that have already
been computed, and only the elements of x(k) that have yet to be advanced to iteration
k+1. This means that, unlike the Jacobian method, only one storage vector is required
as elements can be overwritten as they are computed, which can be advantageous for
very large problems.
However, unlike the Jacobian method, the computations for each element cannot
be done in parallel. Furthermore, the values at each iteration are dependent on the
order of the original equations .The convergence properties of the Gauss–Seidel
method are dependent on the matrix A. Namely, the procedure is known to converge
if either:
A is symmetric positive-definite, or
A is strictly or irreducibly diagonally dominant.
The Gauss–Seidel method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not
satisfied

1.8.2 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method:


It is a reliable and fastest method in obtaining convergence
This method with branches of high (r/x) rations could not solve problems with regard
to non-convergence and long execution time

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1.8.3 Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF) Method
Calculation of Jacobian
For an N-bus power system there will be n equations for real power injection i
P and n-equations for reactive power11 injection Qi .

=
= I =1 , 2, 3, …….,N

The number of equations to be solved depends upon the specifications we


have. If the total number of buses is n and number of generator buses is m then the
number of equations to be solved will be number of known Pi’s and number of known
Qi’s. In the above conditions number of known Pi’s are n-1 and the number of known
Qi’s are (n-m), therefore the total number of simultaneous equations will be 2*n-m-1,
and number of
unknown quantities are also 2*n-m-1. Unknowns to be calculated are power angles
(δ) at all the buses except slack (i.e. n-1) and bus voltages (V) at load bus (i.e. n-m).
The following method known as Newton- Raphson method is used for solving

=
the unknown quantities. The problem formulation is as follows:

= (specified)

= (specified)

Real power terms will be calculated for all the buses except slack bus and reactive
power terms will be calculated for all load buses. In the above equation

And

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is the jacobian matrix…………. (4)

The elements of the Jacobian matrix can be calculated using the following equations

= -

= ………..(5)

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Procedure for this iterative method is for the given system first the Y-bus matrix has
to be formed.
Y=G+jB
Where
Y is a bus admittance matrix
G is real part of Y-bus matrix
B is imaginary part of Y-bus matrix
The resistance and reactance of each line have been given for any system from which
the admittance matrix can be formed.
1.9 Iterative Algorithm for N-R Method
1. With voltage and angle (usually δ = 0 ) at slack bus fixed, assume voltage
magnitude and power angles at PQ buses and δ at all PV buses. Generally flat voltage
start will be used.
2. Compute i ΔP for all buses except slack bus and i ΔQ for all PQ buses using Eq.
(3). If all the values are less than the prescribed tolerance, stop the iterations.
3. If the convergence criterion is not satisfied, evaluate elements of the jacobian using
Eq. (5)
4. Solve the Eq. (2) for correction vector.
5. Update voltage angles and magnitudes by adding the corresponding changes to the
previous values and return to step 2.

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START

Input primitive network, slack bus No. Real and


Reactive power at all buses except the slack bus, slack
bus voltage magnitude and phase angle, no of buses

Form bus Admittance Matrix Y bus

Assume bus Voltage E K (0) , K=1,2,3,…..n, K ≠ S

Set Iteration count P = 0

P P
Calculate PK ,QK

P P P P
∆PK = PK(Scheduled) - PK ; ∆QK (Scheduled) –QK
K=1,2,3,…..n, K ≠ S

P P
Determine max ∆P and max ∆Q

P=
P
P+1 │ Max ∆P │
P
and│Max ∆Q │ > t
(or) 0. 001

Solve for voltage corrections

P P
P J1 J2
∆P ∆δ
=
∆Q
P P P ∆│V │
J3 J4

VKP = VKP+1 + ∆ VKP ; δ KP+1 * ∆δ KP

VKP = VKP+1 ; δ KP+1 ,K=1,2,3,…..n, K ≠ S

Output voltage V angle δ at all buses, line flows and line

STOP

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2. FLEXIBLE AC TRANSIMISSION SYSTEMS

These are alternating current transmission systems incorporating power electronic-


based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power
transfer capability. FACTS do not indicate a particular controllers but a host of
controllers which the system planner can choose based on both technical
considerations and cost benefit analysis.

OBJECTIVES OF FACTS
The main objectives of introducing FACTS are:
1. Regulation of power flows in prescribed transmission routes.
2. Secure loading of lines nearer their contributing to emergency control
3. Prevention of cascading outages by contributing to emergency control
4. Improving the stability of the system.

Power Flow in Parallel Paths

Consider a very simple case of power flow through two parallel paths
(possibly corridors of several lines) from a surplus generation area, shown as an
equivalent generator on the left, to a deficit generation area on the right. Without any
control, power flow is based on the inverse of the various transmission line
impedances. Apart from ownership and contractual issues over which lines carry how
much power, it is likely that the lower impedance line may become overloaded and
thereby limit the loading on both paths even though the higher impedance path is fully
loaded. There would not be and incentive to upgrade current capacity of the
overloaded path, because this would further decrease the impedance and the
investment would be self-defeating particularly if the higher impedance path already
has enough capacity.

Fig (b) shows the same two paths, but one of these has HVDC transmission.
With HVDC, power flows as ordered by the operator, because with HVDC power
electronics converters power is electronically controlled. Also, because power is
electronically controlled, the HVDC line can be used to its full thermal capacity if

16
adequate converter capacity is provided. Furthermore, an HVDC line, because of its
high-speed control, can also help the parallel ac transmission line to maintain stability.
However, HVDC is expensive for general use, and is usually considered when long
distances are involved, such as the Pacific DC Inter tie on which power flows as
ordered by the operator.

As alternative FACTS controllers, fig(c) and (d) show one of the transmission
lines with different types of series types FACTS controllers. By means of controlling
impedance, or series injection of appropriate voltage a FACTS controller can control
the power flow as required. Maximum power flow can in fact be limited to its rated
limit under contingency conditions when this line is expected to carry more power
due to the loss of a parallel line.

1.1 Power flow in parallel paths a) ac power flow with parallel paths b) power flow control with hvdc c) power
flow control with variable impedance d) power flow control with variable phase angle

17
2.1 FACTS CONTROLLERS

A power Electronic based system and other static equipment that provide
control of one or more AC transmission system parameters.

FACTS devices or controllers are used for the dynamic control of voltage,
impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission lines. Below, the
different main types of FACTS devices are described:

 Shunt connected controllers


 Series connected controllers
 Combined series-series controllers
 Combined series-shunt controllers

2.1.1 SERIES CONNECTED CONTROLLERS

The series controller could be variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor etc
(or) power electronics based variable source (or) a combination of these. In principle,
all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line. The series controller could
be variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, etc., or power electronics based
variable source of main frequency, sub synchronous and harmonic frequencies to
serve the desired need. In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with
the line. Even variable impedance multiplied by the current flow through it, represents
an injected series voltage in the line. As long as the voltage is in phase quadrature
with the line current, the series controller only supplies or consumes variable reactive
power. Any other phase relationship will involve handling of real power as well.

i. Thyristors controlled series capacitor(TCSC)


ii. Thyristor switched series capacitor(TSSC)
iii. Static synchronous series compensator(SSSC)

18
2.1.1.1 THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR (TCSC)

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor bank


shunted by a thyirstor-controlled reactor in order to provide a smoothly variable series
capacitive reactance. The TCSC may be a single, large unit, or may consist of several
equal or different-sized smaller capacitors in order to achieve a superior performance.

Figure 2.1.1 TCSC Layout

The TCSC is based on thyristors without the gate turn-off capability. It is an


alternative to SSSC above and like an SSSC, it is a very important FACTS controller.
A variable reactor such as a Thyristors-controlled reactor (TCR) is connected across a
series capacitor. When the TCR firing angle is 180 degrees, the reactor becomes non-
conducting and the series capacitor has its normal impedance. As the firing angle is
advanced from 180 degrees to less than 180 degrees, the capacitive impedance
increases. At the other end, when the TCR firing angle is 90 degrees, the reactor
becomes fully conducting, and the total impedance becomes inductive, because the
reactive impedance is designed to be much lower than the series capacitor impedance.

19
2.1.1.2. THYRISTOR SWITCHED SERIES CAPACITOR (TSSC)

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor bank


shunted by a thyristor-switched reactor to provide a stepwise control of series
capacitive reactance.

Figure 2.1.2 TSSC LAYOUT

Instead of continuous control of capacitive impedance, this approach of


switching inductors at firing angle of 90 degrees or 180 degrees but without firing
angle control, could reduce cost and losses of the controller.
It is reasonable to arrange one of the modules to have thyristors control, while
others could be thyristors switched

2.1.1.3 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES CAPACITOR (SSSC)

A static synchronous generator operated without an external electric energy


source as a series compensator whose output voltage is in quadrature with, and
controllable independently of, the line current for the purpose of increasing or
decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop across the line and thereby controlling the
transmitted electric power.

20
Figure 2.1.3 SSSC

The SSSC may include transiently rated energy storage or energy absorbing
devices to enhance the dynamic behavior of the power system by additional
temporary active power compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily, the
overall active (resistive) voltage drop across the line. SSSC is one the most important
FACTS controllers.

It is like a STATCOM, except that the output ac voltage is in series with the
line. It can be based on a voltage-sourced converter or current-sourced converter.
Without an extra energy source, SSSC can only inject a variable voltage, which is 90
degrees leading or lagging the current.

Usually the injected voltage in series would be quite small compared to the
line voltage, and the insulation to ground would be quite high. With and appropriate
insulation between the primary and the secondary of the transformer, the converter
equipment is located at the ground potential unless the entire converter equipment is
located on a platform duly insulated from ground.

Battery- storage or superconducting magnetic storage can also be connected to


a series controller to inject a voltage vector of variable angel in series with the line.

21
2.1.2 SHUNT CONNECTED CONTROLLERS

Shunt controllers may be variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, etc., or


power electronics based variable source, or a combination of these. In principle all
shunt controllers inject current into the system at the point of connection. Examples of
shunt connected controllers. As in the case of series controllers, the shunt controllers
may be variable impedance, variable source, or a combination of these. In principle,
all shunt controllers inject current into the system at the point of connection. Even
variable shunt impedance connected to the line voltage causes a variable current flow
and hence represents injection of current into the line. As long as the injected current
is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt controller only supplies or
consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship will involve handling
of real power as well.

i. Static synchronous compensator(STATCOM)


ii. Thyristor controlled reactor(TCR)
iii. Thyristor switched reactor(TSC)
iv. Static var compensator(SVC)

2.1.2.1 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)


A static synchronous generator operated as a shunt-connected static var
compensated whose capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled
independent of the AC system voltage. It can be based on a voltage-sourced or
current-sourced converter. For the voltage-sourced converter, its AC output voltage is
controlled such that it is just right for the required reactive current flow for any AC
bus voltage DC capacitor voltage is automatically adjusted to serve as a voltage
source for the converter. STATCOM can be designed to also act as an active filter to
absorb system harmonics.

22
Figure 2.2.1 STATCOM layout

2.1.2.2 THYRISTOR CONTROLLED REACTOR (TCR)


A shunt-connected, thyristor-controlled inductor whose effect
reactance is varied in a continuous manner by partial-conduction control of the
thyristor valve.

Figure 2.2.2 TCR Layout

TCR is a subset of SVC in which conduction time and hence, current in shunt reactor
is controlled by a thyristor-based AC switch with firing control.

23
2.1.2.3 THYRISTOR SWITCHED REACTOR (TSC)

Figure 2.2.3 TCSC Layout


A shunt-connected, thyristor-switched inductor whose effective reactance is
varied in a stepwise manner by full- or zero-conduction operation of the thyristor
valve.
TSR is made up of several shunt-connected inductors which are switched in and
out by thyristor switches without any firing angle.
TSC is also a subset of SVC in which thyristors based ac switches are used to switch
in and out shunt capacitors units, in order to achieve the required step change in the
reactive power supplied to the system. Unlike shunt reactors, shunt capacitors cannot
be switched continuously with variable firing angle control.

2.1.2.4 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)


A shunt-connected static var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to
exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific
parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage).SVC is based of
thyristors without the gate turn-off capability. SVC is considered by some as a lower
cost alternative to STATCOM.
This is a general term for a thyristors-controlled or thyristors-switched reactor,
and/or thyristors-switched capacitor or combination. SVC is based on thyristors
without the gate turn-off capability. It includes separate equipment for leading and
lagging var’s the thyristors-controlled or thyristors-switched reactor for absorbing
reactive power and thyristors-switched capacitor for supplying the reactive power.

24
2.1.3 COMBINED SERIES-SHUNT CONTROLLERS

This could be combination of separate shunt and series controllers, which are
controlled in a coordinated manner, or a Unified Power Flow Controller with series
and shunt elements in principle, combined shunt and series controllers inject current
into the system with shunt part of controller and voltage in series in the line with
series part of controller. However, when the shunt and series controllers are unified,
there can be real power exchange between the series and shunt controllers via the
power link.
In principle, combined shunt and series controllers inject current into the
system with the shunt part of the controller and voltage in series in the line with the
series part of the controller. However, when the shunt and series controllers are
unified, there can be a real power exchange between the series and shunt controllers
via the power link.

COMBINED SERIES-SERIES CONTROLLERS


This could be a combination of separate series controllers, which are
controlled in a coordinated manner, in a multi line transmission system. The real
power transfer capability of the unified series-series controller, referred to as interline
power flow controller, makes it possible to balance both the real and reactive power
flow in the lines and thereby maximize the utilization of the transmission system.

2.1.4 UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)


A combination of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static
series compensator (SSSC) which are coupled via a common dc link, to allow
bidirectional flow of real power between the series output terminals of the SSSC and
the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM, and are controlled to provide
concurrent real and reactive series line compensation without an external electric
energy source. The UPFC, by means of angularly unconstrained series voltage
injection, is able to control, concurrently or selectively, the transmission line voltage,

25
impedance, and angle or, alternatively, the real and reactive power flow in the line.
The UPFC may also provide independently controllable shunt reactive compensation.

Figure 2.3 UPFC Lay out


This is a complete controller for controlling active and reactive power control
through the line, as well as line voltage control.
In UPFC, which combines a STATCOM and an SSSC, the active power for
the series unit is obtained from the line itself via the shunt unit STATCOM; the latter
is also used for voltage control with control of its reactive power. This is a complete
controller for controlling active and reactive power control through the line, as well as
line voltage control. Additional storage such as a superconducting magnet connected
to the dc link via an electronic interface would provide the means of further enhancing
the effectiveness of the UPFC. As mentioned before, the controlled exchange of real
power with an external source, such as storage, is much more effective in control of
system dynamics than modulation of the power transfer within a system.

2.2 BENEFITS OF FACTS CONTROLLERS


 Increase the loading capability of lines to there thermal capabilities.
 Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit.
 Control of power flow as ordered.
 Provide secure tie line connections.
 Provide greater flexibility in setting new generation.
 Reduce loop flows.
 Reduce reactive power flows.

26
2.3 Comparison of various facts devices:
TABLE 1
FACTS DEVICE TYPE OF CONNECTION FUNCTION
Static var compensator Shunt Var compensation, steady
state and dynamic stability
STATCOM Shunt Generating or absorbing
the reactive power
SSSC Series Controlling transmitted
Static Synchronous Series electric power by
Compensator increasing or decreasing
reactive voltage drop
TCSC Series Capacitive reactance
Thyristor Controlled compensator in continuous
Series Capacitor manner
UPFC Two port Terminal voltage control,
phase angle regulation,
series line compensation

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLABLE PARAMETERS

 Control of the line impedance X (e.g., with a thyristor-controlled series capacitor)


can provide a powerful means of current control.
 When the angle is not large, which is often the case, control of X or the angle
substantially provides the control of active power.
 Control of angle, which in turn controls the driving voltage, provides a powerful
means of controlling the current flow and hence active power flow when the angle
is not large.
 Injecting a voltage in series with the line, and perpendicular to the current flow,
can increase or decrease the magnitude of current flow. Since the current flow lags

27
the driving voltage by 90 degrees, this means injection of reactive power in series,
can provide a powerful means of controlling the current, and hence the active
power when the angle is not large.
 Injecting voltage in series with the line and with any phase angle with respect to
the driving voltage can control the magnitude and the phase of the line current.
This means that injecting a voltage phasor with variable phase angle can provide a
powerful means of precisely controlling the active and reactive power flow. This
requires injection of both active and reactive power in series.
 Because the per unit line impedance is usually a small fraction of the line voltage,
the MVA rating of a series controller will often be a small fraction of the
throughput line MAVA.
 When the angle is not large, controlling the magnitude of one or the other line
voltages can be a very cost-effective means for the control of reactive power flow
through the interconnection.
 Combination of the line impedance control with a series controller and voltage
regulation with a shunt controller can also provide a cost-effective means to
control both the active and reactive power flow between the two systems.

28
3. STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)

It is a device connected in derivation, composed of a coupling transformer that


serves of link between the electrical power system and the voltage synchronous
controller (VSC) that generates the voltage wave comparing it to the one of the
electric system to realize the exchange of reactive power. The control system of the
STATCOM adjusts at each moment the inverse voltage so that the current injected in
the network is in quadrature to the network voltage, in these conditions P=0 and Q=0.

Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a voltage-source converter


based device, which converts a DC input voltage into an AC output voltage in order to
compensate the active and reactive needs of the system. STATCOM has better
characteristics than SVC; when the system voltage drops sufficiently to force the
STATCOM output to its ceiling, its maximum reactive power output will not be
affected by the voltage magnitude. Therefore, it exhibits constant current
characteristics when the voltage is low under the limit.

A schematic diagram and STATCOM characteristic are shown in Fig.

Figure 3.1 structure of statcom

29
Figure 3.2 Typical VI characteristics of stat COM

Thus, when operating at its voltage limits, the amount of reactive power
compensation provided by the STATCOM is more than the most-common
compensating FACTS controller, namely the Static Var Compensator (SVC). This is
because at a low voltage limit, the reactive power drops off as the square of the
voltage for the SVC, where Mvar=f(BV2), but drops off linearly with the STATCOM,
where Mvar=f(VI). This makes the reactive power controllability of the STATCOM
superior to that of the SVC, particularly during times of system distress.

3.1 STATCOM OPERATING PRINCIPLE

The STATCOM generates a balanced 3-phase voltage whose magnitude and


phase can be adjusted rapidly by using semiconductor switches. The STATCOM is
composed of a voltage-source inverter with a dc capacitor, coupling transformer, and
signal generation and control circuit.
The voltage source inverter for the transmission STATCOM operates in multi-
bridge mode to reduce the harmonic level of the output current. Fig. below shows a
single-phase equivalent circuit in which the STATCOM is controlled by changing the
phase angle between the inverter output voltage and the bus voltage at the common
point connection point. The inverter voltage Vi is assumed to be in phase with the ac
terminal voltage Vt .

30
Figure 3.3 statcom

The STATCOM supplies reactive powers to the ac system if the magnitude of Vi


is greater than that of Vt. It draws reactive power from the ac system if the magnitude
of Vt is greater than that if Vi.

There can be a little active power exchange between the STATCOM and the
EPS. The exchange between the inverter and the AC system can be controlled
adjusting the output voltage angle from the inverter to the voltage angle of the AC
system. This means that the inverter can not provide active power to the AC system

31
form the DC accumulated energy if the output voltage of the inverter goes before the
voltage of the AC system. On the other hand, the inverter can absorb the active power
of the AC system if its voltage is delayed in respect to the AC system voltage.
Using the classical equations that describe the active and reactive power flow
in a line in terms of Vi and Vs, the transformer impedance (which can be assumed as
ideal) and the angle difference between both bars, we can define P and Q. The angle
between the Vs and Vi in the system is d. When the STATCOM operates with d=0 we
can see how the active power send to the system device becomes zero while the
reactive power will mainly depend on the voltage module. This operation condition
means that the current that goes through the transformer must have a +/-90º phase
difference to Vs. In other words, if Vi is bigger than Vs, the reactive will be send to
the STATCOM of the system (capacitive operation), originating a current flow in this
direction. In the contrary case, the reactive will be absorbed from the system through
the STATCOM (inductive operation) and the current will flow in the opposite
direction. Finally if the modules of Vs and Vi are equal, there won’t be nor current
nor reactive flow in the system.
Thus, we can say that in a stationary state Q only depends on the module
difference between Vs and Vi voltages. The amount of the reactive power is
proportional to the voltage difference between Vs and Vi.

3.2 MODELLING OF STATCOM

Statcom is ashumt connected reactive power compensation devic that is


capable of generating/obsorbing reactive power and in which the output can be varied
to ocntrol the specfic parameters of an electric power system. It is in general a solid
state switching converter capable of generating independatly controllable reactive
power at its output terminal.
The statcom is placed in the bus m and is represented by a shunt reactive
current source is as shown n fig above

32
Figure 3.4 statcom under variable susceptance model

With the statcom the output power Pe of the machine can be written and is
positive when oscillates in between zero and π.
The equation of power can be modulated by modulating the shunt reactive
current I.
The modeling of the statcom can be done in various methods
1. Variable suspectance method
2. Firing angle method
3. Transformer tapping and firing angle method

3.2.1 Shunt Variable Susceptance Model:

In practice the SVC can be seen as an adjustable reactance with either firing –
angle limits (Ambriz – Periz , Acha , and Fuerte – Esquivel , 2000 ). The equivalent
circuit shown in figure is used to derive the SVC non-linear power equations and the
linearised equations required by Newton’s method.
With reference to the figure , the current drawn by the SVC is

And the reactive power drawn by the SVC which is also the reactive power injected at
bus k, is

The linearised equations is given where the equivalent susceptance


the state variable.

33
At the end of iteration (1), the variable shunt susceptance is updated according
to

The changing susceptance represents the total SVC susceptance necessary to maintain
the nodal voltage magnitude at the specified value.
Once the level of compensation has been computed then the thyristor firing
angle can be calculated. However , the additional calculation requires an iterative
solution because the SVC susceptance and thyristor firing angle are non – linearly
related.

3.3 TYPICAL STATCOM APPLICATIONS


• Utilities with weak grid knots or fluctuating reactive loads
• Unbalanced loads
• Arc furnaces
• Wind farms
• Wood chippers
• Welding operations
• Car crushers & shredders
• Industrial mills
• Mining shovels & hoists
• Harbor cranes
3.4 MAIN ADVANTAGES OF STATCOM
• Continuous and dynamic voltage control
• High dynamic and very fast response time
• Enables grid code compliance
• Maximum reactive current over extended voltage range
• High efficiency
• Single phase control for unbalanced loads
• Small footprint

34
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

4.1 INTRODUCTION

MATLAB is a software package for high-performance numerical computation


and visualization it provides an interactive environment with hundred of built-in
function for its own high level programming language. The name MAT LAB stands
for MATrix laboratory.
MATLAB’s built-in functions provide excellent tool for linear algebra
computation, data analysis, signal processing, optimization, and numerical solutions
of ODES, quadrature, and many type of scientific computation. Most of these
functions use state-of-the art algorithm. These are numerous functions for 2-D and 3-
Dgraphics as well as for animation also, for those who can’t do without their
FORTRAN or C courses, MATLAB even provides an external interface to fun those
programs from within MATLAB even provides an external interface to fun those
programs from within MATLAB. The user however is not limited to the built-in
functions, he can write his own function in the MATLAB language once written, and
these functions behave just like the built –in functions MAT lab’s language is very
easy to learn and to use.
There are several optional ‘toolboxes’ available from the developers of the
MATLAB. These toolboxes are collections written for special applications such as
symbolic computations, image processing, static’s control system design and Neural
Networks. The basis building block of MATLAB is the matrix. The fundamental data
type is the array. Vectors, scalars, real matrices and complex matrices are all
automatically handled as special cases of the basic data-type. What is more , you
almost never have to declare the dimensions of the matrix. MATLAB simply loves
matrices and matrix operations. The built in functions are optimized for vectors
operations. Consequently, vectorised commands or commands or codes run much
fast in mat lab.

35
4.2 MATLAB WINDOW
On all UNIX system Macs, and pc, mat lab through three
Basic windows, they are
Command window: This is the main window it is characterized by MATLAB
Command prompt ‘>>’: when you launch the application program, MATLAB puts
you in this window. All commands, including those for running user written
programs, are typed in this window at the MATLAB prompt.
Graphics Window: The outputs of all graphic commands are typed in the command
window and are flushed to the graphic or figure window, a separate grey window
with white back ground colour. The user can create as many figure windows, as the
system memory will allow.
Edit Window: This is where you edit, write, create, and save your own programs in
files called M-files. We can use any text editor to carry out these tasks. On the most
systems, such as PC’s and Macs, MATLAB provides it’s built in editor. On other
systems, you can invoke the edit window by typing the standard file editor command
that at the MATLAB prompt following special character ‘!’. The exclamation
character prompts MATLAB to return the control temporarily to the local operation
system, which executes the commands following the ‘!’ character. After editing is
completed, the control is returned to MATLAB.
Input-Output: MATLAB supports interactive computation taking input from the
screen, and flushing the output to the screen. In addition, it can read input files and
write output files. The following features hold for all forms of input-output
Data Type: The fundamental data type in MATLAB is the array. It encompasses
several distinct data objects, integer, double, matrices, character string, and cells. In
most cases, however, we never have to worry about the data type or the data object
declaration. For example there is no need to declare variable, MATLAB automatically
sets the variable to be real.
Dimensioning: Dimensioning is automatic in MATLAB. No dimensioning statements
are required for vectors or arrays. We can find the dimensions of an existing matrix or
a vector with size and length commands.
Case sensitivity: MATLAB is case sensitive, that is, it differentiates between lower
case and upper case letters. Thus a and an are different variables. Most MATLAB
commands and built-in function calls are typed in lower case letters. We can turn case
sensitivity on and off with case sensitive command.

36
Output Display: the output of every command is displayed a screen unless MATLAB
is directed otherwise. A semicolon at the end of a command suppress the screen
output, expect for the graphics and on-line help command. The following facilities are
providing for controlling the screen output.
Paged Output: To direct the MATLAB to show one screen of output at a time, type
more on the MATLAB prompt. Without it, MATLAB flushes the entire output at
once, without regard to the speed at which we read.
Output format: Though computations inside the MATLAB are performed using the
double precision, the appearance of floating point numbers on the screen is controlled
by the output format in use. There are several different screen output formats.
Command History: MATLAB severs previously typed commands in buffer. These
commands can be called with the up arrow key .This helps in editing previous
commands. You can also recall previous command by typing the first few characters
and then pressing the up-arrow key. On most UNIX systems, MATLAB command
line editor also understands the standard maces key buildings.
FILE TYPE:
MATLAB has three types for strong information
M-files: M-files are standard ASCII text files, with an extension to the filename.
There are low types of these files: script files and functions. Most programs we write
in MATLAB are saved as M-files. All built-in function in MATLAB are M-files,
most of which reside on our computer in precompiled format. Some built in function
are provided with secure code in readable M-file so they can be copied and modified.
Mat-files: Mat-files are binary data-files with mat extensions to the filename. Mat
fills are created by MATLAB can read. Can be loaded into MATLAB with the load
command.
Mex-files are MATLAB: Mat –files –callable FORTRAN and C programs, with a
Mex extension to the filename ,use of these files requires some experience with
MATLAB and a lot of patience.

37
4.3 PROBLEM EVALUATION:

4.3.1 IEEE 5 BUS WITHOUT USING THE STATCOM


The IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM data

Figure 4.1 IEEE 5 bus

Mat lab results :


for iter=4 TABLE 2
With out statcom
Bus no. Voltage magnitude Voltage angle
1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 -2.0554
3 0.9873 -4.6268
4 0.9842 -4.9466
5 0.9717 -5.7563

38
4.3.1.1 IEEE 5 BUS USING WITH SINGLE STATCOM

SINGLE STATCOM

Figure 4.2 IEEE 5 bus with statcom

Mat lab results with single statcom


The statcom is placed at the bus no:3 .At the bus 3 we are
placing the statcom for maintaining the voltage stability.
TABLE 3
With statcom
Bus no. Voltage magnitude Voltage angle
1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 -2.0534
3 1.0000 -4.8379
4 0.9944 -5.1073
5 0.9752 -5.7975
Injected reactive power at bus no:3is QSVC = -0.2047 Mvar p.u

39
4.3.1.2 USING THE MULTIPLE STATCOM

Figure 4.3 IEEE 5 bus with multiple statcom

Mat lab results


Table 4
for iter=5 multiple statcom

With statcom
Bus no. Voltage Voltage angle
magnitude
1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 -2.0549
3 1.0000 -4.8355
4 1.0000 -5.2094
5 0.9771 -5.8262
Injected reactive power at bus no: 3 and 4are QSVC = -0.0180 and
-0.2331 Mvar p.u.

40
4.3.2 IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM

4.3.2.1 WITHOUT USING THE STATCOM

Figure 4.4 IEEE 14 bus

41
MAT LAB RESULTS
Ieee 14 bus without using the statcom
Mat lab results without using the statcom for iter=12

TABLE 5

Bus no Voltage magnitude VM Voltage angle VA


1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 0.6486
3 1.0000 -3.3780
4 0.9900 -7.2978
5 0.9956 -6.2474
6 1.000 -17.1069
7 0.9895 -16.2977
8 1.0000 -16.4584
9 0.9853 -20.2564
10 0.9812 -21.4684
11 0.9865 -20.0745
12 0.9881 -19.1840
13 0.9807 -19.6256
14 0.9648 -22.3504

42
4.3.2.2USING SINGLE STATCOM

IEEE 14 BUS WITH USING THE SINGLE STATCOM

Figure 4.5 IEEE 14 bus with statocm

43
Mat lab results by placing the single statcom at bus 14 for iter=12

TABLE 6
Bus no Voltage magnitude VM Voltage angle VA
1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 1.3388
3 1.0000 -1.4316
4 1.0047 -3.7057
5 1.0089 -3.0453
6 1.0000 -7.8704
7 0.9930 -7.0389
8 1.0000 -7.0389
9 0.9838 -8.8289
10 0.9786 -8.9877
11 0.9854 -8.5796
12 0.9866 -8.9359
13 0.9872 -9.2189

14 1.0000 -11.0470

Injected reactive power at bus no:4 is QSVC = -0.2221 Mvar p.u

44
4.3.2.2USING MULTIPLE STATCOM

IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE STATCOM

Figure 4.6 IEEE 14 bus with multiple statocm

45
TABLE 7

Mat lab results for multi statcom at bus 4 and 14 for iter=17
Bus no Voltage magnitude VM Voltage angle VA
1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 1.3415
3 1.0000 -1.4435

4 1.0000 -3.6365
5 1.0060 -3.0054
6 1.0000 -7.8546
7 0.9911 -6.9891
8 1.0000 -6.9891
9 0.9822 -8.7840
10 0.9733 -8.9477
11 0.9848 -8.5506
12 0.9866 -8.9214
13 0.9872 -9.2057

14 1.0000 -11.0426

Injected reactive power at bus no:4 and 14 are QSVC = 0.1133 and -0.2280 Mvar
p.u

46
5. CONCLUSION:

In this thesis, various aspects regarding voltage stability have been presented
and the importance to maintain voltage profile has been discussed.

Various concepts regarding the FACTS technology and the important features
of some of the FACTS devices have been presented. The Newton raphson method has
been presented to solve the power flow problem in the power system with static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM). In this thesis we had discussed about the
STATCOM modeling and analysis when connected to a bus and made it to maintain a
flat voltage profile of the full range of operation when there is a need. There by the
reactive power compensation was successfully done in the particular transmission
whenever it is required.

The power flow and the voltage profile in various transmission lines along
with and without the placement of STATCOM in a specific transmission line is
obtained in order to improve the system performance by using the load flow studies
using MAT lab software.

Hence our objective to maintain voltage stability have been successfully


achieved with the incorporation of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM).

47
FUTURE SCOPE

The project has been performed on a 5-bus and 14 bus power system using
Newton raphson method with a single and multiple STATCOMs.
However, it can be extended to any bus system with single and multiple
STATCOMs if necessary. Along with this thesis optimization can also be done.

48
Bibliography:

[1] IEEE FACTS working group 15.05.15, “FACTS Application”, December 1995.
[2] M. J. Lautenberg, M. A. Pai, and K. R. Padiyar, “Hopf Bifurcation Control in
Power System with Static Var Compensators,” Int. J. Electric Power and Energy
Systems, vol. 19, no. 5, 1997, pp. 339–347.
[3] N. G. Hingorani and Laszlo Gyugyi, “UNDERSTANDING FACTS”.
[4] C. A. Ca˜nizares and Z. T. Faur, “Analysis of SVC and TCSC Controllers in
Voltage Collapse,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, February 1999, pp.
158–165.
[5] C. A. Ca˜nizares. “Power Flow and Transient Stability Models of FACTS
Controllers for Voltage and Angle Stability Studies”. In Proc. of IEEE/PES Winter
Meeting, Singapore, January 2000.
[6] G. Hingorani and L. Gyugi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission Systems. IEEE Press, 1999.
[7] Modern Power System Anaylsis., Dillon.P.kothari
[8] C. A. Ca˜nizares, UWPFLOW: Continuation and Direct Methods to Locate Fold
Bifurcation in AC/DC/FACTS Power Systems. University of Waterloo, November
1999.
[9] Ambriz-Perez, H. (2000) Advanced SVC Models for Newton-Raphson Load Flow
and Newton Optimal Power Flow Studies. IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, vol.15,
No:1, February 2000, pp 129-136.

49
APPENDIX
IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM
Ieee 5 bus system load and line data of the system

Impedance and line charging


Bus code impedance line charging
1-2 0.02+j0.06 0+j0.030
1-3 0.08+j0.24 0+j0.025
2-3 0.06+j0.18 0+j0.020
2-4 0.06+j0.18 0+j0.020
2-5 0.04+j0.18 0+j0.015
3-4 0.01+j0.18 0+j0.010
4-5 0.08+j0.24 0+j0.025

Table 8
Bus Assumed bus Generation load
code voltage
1 1.06+j0.0 slack 0 0
2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10
3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15
4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5
5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10

50
IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM :
LINE DATA
Table 9

From bus To bus RESISTANCE Reactance (p.u.) Line charging


()P.U) (p.u.)
1 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0438
1 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.0374
1 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.034
2 1 0.01938 0.05917 0.0528
2 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0492
3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0346
4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0.0128
4 7 0.00 0.20912 0.00
4 9 0.00 0.55618 0.00
5 6 0.00 0.25202 0.00
6 11 0.09498 0.1989 0.00
6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0.00
6 13 0.06615 0.13027 0.00
7 8 0.00 0.17615 0.00
7 9 0.00 0.11001 0.00
9 10 0.03181 0.08450 0.00
9 14 0.12711 0.27038 0.00
10 11 0.8205 0.19207 0.00
12 13 0.22092 0.19988 0.00
13 14 0.17903 0.34802 0.00

51
Load data IEEE 14 bus system
Table 10
Bus P Q P Q BUS Q Q
no. Generated Generated Load Load Generated Generated
(p.u.) (p.u.) (P.U.) (P.U.) TYPE MAX(p.u.) MIN (p.u.)
1 2.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 10.0 -10.0
2 0.4 -0.424 0.2170 0.1270 1 0.5 -0.4
3 0.00 0.00 0.9420 0.1900 2 0.4 0.00
4 0.00 0.00 0.4780 0.00 3 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.0760 0.0160 3 0.00 0.00
6 0.00 0.00 0.1120 0.0750 2 0.24 -0.06
7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.24 -0.06
9 0.00 0.00 0.2950 0.1660 3 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.0900 0.0580 3 0.00 0.00
11 0.00 0.00 0.0350 0.0180 3 0.00 0.00
12 0.00 0.00 0.0610 0.0160 3 0.00 0.00
13 0.00 0.00 0.1350 0.0580 3 0.00 0.00
14 0.00 0.00 0.1400 0.0500 2 0.00 0.00

52

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