Professional Documents
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STATCOM
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
YANDRAPRAGADA SRIHARI
07505A0201
Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled “VOLTAGE STABILITY
Assistant Prof.
External Examiner
Acknowledgements
I express my profound sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Sri D.RAGA LEELA
M.Tech., Assistant professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for initiating
me into this work and guiding me in the successful completion of this project.
I express my thanks to Sri Prof. Dr.S.V.M.BHUVANAIKARAO M.E.,F.I.E,Ph.D, Head of
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for providing all the facilities in the
Department.
We are thankful to our Principal Dr.K.SRINIVASU, M.Tech., P.h.D, for providing an
excellent environment in our college and helping us at all points for achieving our task.
Finally we thank to our faculty, E.E.E Department for imparting good knowledge to us
throughout our course.
Last, but not least, I take this opportunity to thank all the people who aided me in the
completion of the project work, directly or indirectly, for their continuous encouragement and
extended services.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents, for their support and encouragement, which
helped me to complete this project with full enthusiasm.
PROJECT ASSOCIATE
YANDRAPRAGADA SRIHARI
Acknowledgements
I express my profound sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Sri D.RAGA LEELA
M.Tech., Assistant professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for initiating me
into this work and guiding me in the successful completion of this project.
I express my thanks to Sri Prof. Dr.S.V.M.BHUVANAIKARAO M.E.,F.I.E,Ph.D, Head of
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for providing all the facilities in the
Department.
We are thankful to our Principal Dr.K.SRINIVASU, M.Tech., P.h.D, for providing an
excellent environment in our college and helping us at all points for achieving our task.
Finally we thank to our faculty, E.E.E Department for imparting good knowledge to us
throughout our course.
Last, but not least, I take this opportunity to thank all the people who aided me in the
completion of the project work, directly or indirectly, for their continuous encouragement and
extended services.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents, for their support and encouragement, which
helped me to complete this project with full enthusiasm.
PROJECT ASSOCIATES….
YANDRAPRAGADA SRIHARI
BODDU ADILAKSHMI
MOHAMMAD ABDUL AZEEZ
MADASU VENKATESWARA RAO
SAJJA PRUDHVI NATH
MANDA EMYELU
ABSTRACT
In recent years, power demand has increased substantially while the expansion of
power generation and transmission has been severely limited due to the limited resources
and environmental restrictions. As a consequence, some transmission lines are heavily
loaded and the system stability becomes a power transfer-limiting factor. Flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS) controllers have been mainly used for solving various power
system steady state control problems and function of power flow control.
Among the different variants of facts devices, static compensator are proposed as the
most adequate due to they can supply required reactive current even at low values of bus
voltage and also for the real power modulation.
3.3 STATCOM 31
1
1.2 FLOW OF POWER IN AN AC SYSTEM
The basic requirement of power system is to meet the demand that varies
continuously. That is, the amount of power divided by the power companies must be
equal to that of consumer’s need.
2
control under steady state and slowly changing conditions, but are largely ineffective
in handling dynamic disturbance.
The power systems can be effectively utilized with prudent use of FACTS
technology on a selective, as needed basis.
1. The power flow in AC lines (except short lines of lengths below 150 km) is
limited by stability considerations. The expression for power flow in a lossless
AC line with voltage magnitude v at sending and receiving end is given by:
3
The normal power flow in a line is kept much below the peak value. This
margin (or reserve) is required to maintain system security under contingency
conditions. The fact implies that the lines may operate normally at power
levels much below their thermal limits.
2. The AC transmission network requires dynamic reactive power control to
maintain satisfactory voltage profile under varying load conditions and
transient disturbances. The voltage profile of a long line with the two ends
maintained at voltage magnitude v for different loading conditions.
4
There are two types of voltage stability based on simulation time; static
voltage stability and dynamic voltage stability. Static analysis involves
computationally less extensive than dynamic analysis. Static voltage stability is ideal
for the bulk of studies in which a voltage stability limit for many pre-contingency and
post-contingency cases must be determined. Providing adequate reactive power
support at the appropriate location solves voltage instability problems. There are
many reactive compensation devices used by the utilities for this purpose, each of
which has its own characteristics and limitations. However, the utility would like to
achieve this with the most beneficial compensation device.
5
The following conventional corrective actions are possible;
• Reserve reactive support must be used, i.e. switched shunt capacitors and
SVCs.
• Network control actions: coordinate system LTCs, recluse lines
automatically, use
HVDC station reactive power control capabilities.
• Load control: automatic under voltage load shedding or operator initiated
load
Shedding.
• Generator control action: remove generation to mitigate a transmission
system overload, add local generation or trade real power for reactive power on
critical generation.
FACTS studies on easing voltage instability problems have been confined, so
far, to the application of the SVC and the more recent alternative, the STATCOM.
A more difficult form of voltage instability, sometimes referred to as
“transient voltage instability” is becoming an increasing problem. This form of
voltage instability is the long recognized problem of “induction motor instability”.
Induction motor instability is an increasing problem as transmission system becomes
more heavily loaded. Following a system fault, certain induction motors may either be
already stalled or absorb a disproportional high reactive power compared with active
power in their recovery to operating speed. In the absence of established solutions,
certain FACTS devices (like the STATCOM), which are fast acting and have the
potential for high short time overload ratings, may be helpful.
6
1.5 LOAD FLOW STUDIES
Load-flow studies are probably the most common of all power system analysis
calculations. They are used in planning studies to determine if and when specific
elements will become overloaded. Major investment decisions begin with
reinforcement
Strategies based on load-flow analysis. In operating studies, load-flow analysis is used
To ensure that each generator runs at the optimum operating point; demand will be
met
Without overloading facilities; and maintenance plans can proceed without
undermining
The security of the system.
The objective of any load-flow program is to produce the following
information:
• Voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus.
• Real and reactive power flowing in each element.
• Reactive power loading on each generator.
The above objectives are achieved by supplying the load-flow program with
the Following information:
• Branch list of the system connections i.e., the impedance of each element, sending-
end and receiving-end node. Lines and transformers are represented by their π-
equivalent models.
• Voltage magnitude and phase-angle at one bus, which is the reference point for the
rest of the system.
• Real power generated and voltage magnitude at each generator bus.
• Real and reactive power demanded at each load bus.
The foregoing information is generally available since it either involves
readily Known data (impedances etc.) or quantities which are under the control of
power system
Personnel (active power output and excitation of generators.) Simply stated the load-
flow problem is as follows:
7
● at any bus there are four quantities of interest: │V│, θ, P, and Q.
● If any two of these quantities are specified, the other two must not be specified
otherwise we end up with more unknowns than equations.
These analyses require number of load flow solutions under both normal and
abnormal (outage of transmission line or outage of some generators) operating
conditions. Load flow solution also gives the initial state of the system when the
transient behaviour of the system is to be studied. The load flow solution of the power
system mainly requires the following calculations/steps:
Under steady state condition, the network equations will be in the form of
simple algebraic equations. The loads and generations are continuously changing in a
real power system, but for solving load flow it is assumed that loads and generations
are fixed at a particular value over a suitable period of time. E.g. half an hour or
monthly etc depending upon data
8
1.7 Bus Classification
In a power system each bus or node is associated with four quantities, real and
reactive powers, bus voltage magnitudes and its phase angles. In a load flow solution
two out of four quantities are specified and the remaining two are to be calculated
through the solution of the equations. The buses are classified into the following three
types depending upon the quantities specified.
PQ bus: At this bus the real and reactive components of power are specified. It is
desired to find out the voltage magnitude V and phase angle δ through the load flow
solution. Voltage at load bus can be allowed to vary within a prescribed value e.g.
5%. It is also known as the load bus.
PV bus: Here the voltage magnitude corresponding to the generator voltage V and
real power PG corresponding to its ratings is specified. It is required to find out the
reactive power generation QG and the phase angle δ of the bus. It is also known as the
Generator bus or voltage-controlled bus.
Slack/Swing or reference bus: Here the voltage magnitude V and phase angle δ is
specified. This will take care of the additional power generation required and
transmission losses. It is required to find the real and reactive power generations (PG,
QG) at this bus.
This is called the slack (or swing, or reference) bus and since P and Q are
unknown, │V│ and θ must be specified. Usually, an angle of θ = 0 is used at the
slack bus and all other bus angles are expressed with respect to slack.
Load flow solution can be achieved by any iterative methods. There are many
kinds of iterative methods but as per the literature review the Newton-Raphson
method is normally applied. In the load flow problem as explained above, two
variables are specified at each bus and the remaining variables are obtained through
load flow solutions.
The additional variables to be specified for load flow solution are the tap settings of
regulating transformers, capacitances, resistances etc. If the specified variables are
allowed to vary in a region constrained by practical considerations (upper and lower
limits of real and reactive generations, bus voltage limits and range of transformer tap
settings), these results in load flow solutions each pertaining to one set of values of
specified variables.
9
1.8 CLASSICAL LOAD FLOW METHODS:
Where
Then A can be decomposed into a lower triangular component L*, and a strictly upper
triangular component U:
A=L+U
Where
10
The Gauss–Seidel method is an iterative technique that solves the left hand side of
this expression for x, using previous value for x on the right hand side. Analytically,
this may be written as:
However, by taking advantage of the triangular form of L*, the elements of x(k+1)
can be computed sequentially using forward substitution:
The procedure is generally continued until the changes made by iteration are below
some tolerance. The element-wise formula for the Gauss–Seidel method is extremely
similar to that of the Jacobian method.
The computation of xi(k+1) uses only the elements of x(k+1) that have already
been computed, and only the elements of x(k) that have yet to be advanced to iteration
k+1. This means that, unlike the Jacobian method, only one storage vector is required
as elements can be overwritten as they are computed, which can be advantageous for
very large problems.
However, unlike the Jacobian method, the computations for each element cannot
be done in parallel. Furthermore, the values at each iteration are dependent on the
order of the original equations .The convergence properties of the Gauss–Seidel
method are dependent on the matrix A. Namely, the procedure is known to converge
if either:
A is symmetric positive-definite, or
A is strictly or irreducibly diagonally dominant.
The Gauss–Seidel method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not
satisfied
11
1.8.3 Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF) Method
Calculation of Jacobian
For an N-bus power system there will be n equations for real power injection i
P and n-equations for reactive power11 injection Qi .
=
= I =1 , 2, 3, …….,N
=
the unknown quantities. The problem formulation is as follows:
= (specified)
= (specified)
Real power terms will be calculated for all the buses except slack bus and reactive
power terms will be calculated for all load buses. In the above equation
And
12
is the jacobian matrix…………. (4)
The elements of the Jacobian matrix can be calculated using the following equations
= -
= ………..(5)
13
Procedure for this iterative method is for the given system first the Y-bus matrix has
to be formed.
Y=G+jB
Where
Y is a bus admittance matrix
G is real part of Y-bus matrix
B is imaginary part of Y-bus matrix
The resistance and reactance of each line have been given for any system from which
the admittance matrix can be formed.
1.9 Iterative Algorithm for N-R Method
1. With voltage and angle (usually δ = 0 ) at slack bus fixed, assume voltage
magnitude and power angles at PQ buses and δ at all PV buses. Generally flat voltage
start will be used.
2. Compute i ΔP for all buses except slack bus and i ΔQ for all PQ buses using Eq.
(3). If all the values are less than the prescribed tolerance, stop the iterations.
3. If the convergence criterion is not satisfied, evaluate elements of the jacobian using
Eq. (5)
4. Solve the Eq. (2) for correction vector.
5. Update voltage angles and magnitudes by adding the corresponding changes to the
previous values and return to step 2.
14
START
P P
Calculate PK ,QK
P P P P
∆PK = PK(Scheduled) - PK ; ∆QK (Scheduled) –QK
K=1,2,3,…..n, K ≠ S
P P
Determine max ∆P and max ∆Q
P=
P
P+1 │ Max ∆P │
P
and│Max ∆Q │ > t
(or) 0. 001
P P
P J1 J2
∆P ∆δ
=
∆Q
P P P ∆│V │
J3 J4
STOP
15
2. FLEXIBLE AC TRANSIMISSION SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVES OF FACTS
The main objectives of introducing FACTS are:
1. Regulation of power flows in prescribed transmission routes.
2. Secure loading of lines nearer their contributing to emergency control
3. Prevention of cascading outages by contributing to emergency control
4. Improving the stability of the system.
Consider a very simple case of power flow through two parallel paths
(possibly corridors of several lines) from a surplus generation area, shown as an
equivalent generator on the left, to a deficit generation area on the right. Without any
control, power flow is based on the inverse of the various transmission line
impedances. Apart from ownership and contractual issues over which lines carry how
much power, it is likely that the lower impedance line may become overloaded and
thereby limit the loading on both paths even though the higher impedance path is fully
loaded. There would not be and incentive to upgrade current capacity of the
overloaded path, because this would further decrease the impedance and the
investment would be self-defeating particularly if the higher impedance path already
has enough capacity.
Fig (b) shows the same two paths, but one of these has HVDC transmission.
With HVDC, power flows as ordered by the operator, because with HVDC power
electronics converters power is electronically controlled. Also, because power is
electronically controlled, the HVDC line can be used to its full thermal capacity if
16
adequate converter capacity is provided. Furthermore, an HVDC line, because of its
high-speed control, can also help the parallel ac transmission line to maintain stability.
However, HVDC is expensive for general use, and is usually considered when long
distances are involved, such as the Pacific DC Inter tie on which power flows as
ordered by the operator.
As alternative FACTS controllers, fig(c) and (d) show one of the transmission
lines with different types of series types FACTS controllers. By means of controlling
impedance, or series injection of appropriate voltage a FACTS controller can control
the power flow as required. Maximum power flow can in fact be limited to its rated
limit under contingency conditions when this line is expected to carry more power
due to the loss of a parallel line.
1.1 Power flow in parallel paths a) ac power flow with parallel paths b) power flow control with hvdc c) power
flow control with variable impedance d) power flow control with variable phase angle
17
2.1 FACTS CONTROLLERS
A power Electronic based system and other static equipment that provide
control of one or more AC transmission system parameters.
FACTS devices or controllers are used for the dynamic control of voltage,
impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission lines. Below, the
different main types of FACTS devices are described:
The series controller could be variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor etc
(or) power electronics based variable source (or) a combination of these. In principle,
all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line. The series controller could
be variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, etc., or power electronics based
variable source of main frequency, sub synchronous and harmonic frequencies to
serve the desired need. In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with
the line. Even variable impedance multiplied by the current flow through it, represents
an injected series voltage in the line. As long as the voltage is in phase quadrature
with the line current, the series controller only supplies or consumes variable reactive
power. Any other phase relationship will involve handling of real power as well.
18
2.1.1.1 THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR (TCSC)
19
2.1.1.2. THYRISTOR SWITCHED SERIES CAPACITOR (TSSC)
20
Figure 2.1.3 SSSC
The SSSC may include transiently rated energy storage or energy absorbing
devices to enhance the dynamic behavior of the power system by additional
temporary active power compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily, the
overall active (resistive) voltage drop across the line. SSSC is one the most important
FACTS controllers.
It is like a STATCOM, except that the output ac voltage is in series with the
line. It can be based on a voltage-sourced converter or current-sourced converter.
Without an extra energy source, SSSC can only inject a variable voltage, which is 90
degrees leading or lagging the current.
Usually the injected voltage in series would be quite small compared to the
line voltage, and the insulation to ground would be quite high. With and appropriate
insulation between the primary and the secondary of the transformer, the converter
equipment is located at the ground potential unless the entire converter equipment is
located on a platform duly insulated from ground.
21
2.1.2 SHUNT CONNECTED CONTROLLERS
22
Figure 2.2.1 STATCOM layout
TCR is a subset of SVC in which conduction time and hence, current in shunt reactor
is controlled by a thyristor-based AC switch with firing control.
23
2.1.2.3 THYRISTOR SWITCHED REACTOR (TSC)
24
2.1.3 COMBINED SERIES-SHUNT CONTROLLERS
This could be combination of separate shunt and series controllers, which are
controlled in a coordinated manner, or a Unified Power Flow Controller with series
and shunt elements in principle, combined shunt and series controllers inject current
into the system with shunt part of controller and voltage in series in the line with
series part of controller. However, when the shunt and series controllers are unified,
there can be real power exchange between the series and shunt controllers via the
power link.
In principle, combined shunt and series controllers inject current into the
system with the shunt part of the controller and voltage in series in the line with the
series part of the controller. However, when the shunt and series controllers are
unified, there can be a real power exchange between the series and shunt controllers
via the power link.
25
impedance, and angle or, alternatively, the real and reactive power flow in the line.
The UPFC may also provide independently controllable shunt reactive compensation.
26
2.3 Comparison of various facts devices:
TABLE 1
FACTS DEVICE TYPE OF CONNECTION FUNCTION
Static var compensator Shunt Var compensation, steady
state and dynamic stability
STATCOM Shunt Generating or absorbing
the reactive power
SSSC Series Controlling transmitted
Static Synchronous Series electric power by
Compensator increasing or decreasing
reactive voltage drop
TCSC Series Capacitive reactance
Thyristor Controlled compensator in continuous
Series Capacitor manner
UPFC Two port Terminal voltage control,
phase angle regulation,
series line compensation
27
the driving voltage by 90 degrees, this means injection of reactive power in series,
can provide a powerful means of controlling the current, and hence the active
power when the angle is not large.
Injecting voltage in series with the line and with any phase angle with respect to
the driving voltage can control the magnitude and the phase of the line current.
This means that injecting a voltage phasor with variable phase angle can provide a
powerful means of precisely controlling the active and reactive power flow. This
requires injection of both active and reactive power in series.
Because the per unit line impedance is usually a small fraction of the line voltage,
the MVA rating of a series controller will often be a small fraction of the
throughput line MAVA.
When the angle is not large, controlling the magnitude of one or the other line
voltages can be a very cost-effective means for the control of reactive power flow
through the interconnection.
Combination of the line impedance control with a series controller and voltage
regulation with a shunt controller can also provide a cost-effective means to
control both the active and reactive power flow between the two systems.
28
3. STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)
29
Figure 3.2 Typical VI characteristics of stat COM
Thus, when operating at its voltage limits, the amount of reactive power
compensation provided by the STATCOM is more than the most-common
compensating FACTS controller, namely the Static Var Compensator (SVC). This is
because at a low voltage limit, the reactive power drops off as the square of the
voltage for the SVC, where Mvar=f(BV2), but drops off linearly with the STATCOM,
where Mvar=f(VI). This makes the reactive power controllability of the STATCOM
superior to that of the SVC, particularly during times of system distress.
30
Figure 3.3 statcom
There can be a little active power exchange between the STATCOM and the
EPS. The exchange between the inverter and the AC system can be controlled
adjusting the output voltage angle from the inverter to the voltage angle of the AC
system. This means that the inverter can not provide active power to the AC system
31
form the DC accumulated energy if the output voltage of the inverter goes before the
voltage of the AC system. On the other hand, the inverter can absorb the active power
of the AC system if its voltage is delayed in respect to the AC system voltage.
Using the classical equations that describe the active and reactive power flow
in a line in terms of Vi and Vs, the transformer impedance (which can be assumed as
ideal) and the angle difference between both bars, we can define P and Q. The angle
between the Vs and Vi in the system is d. When the STATCOM operates with d=0 we
can see how the active power send to the system device becomes zero while the
reactive power will mainly depend on the voltage module. This operation condition
means that the current that goes through the transformer must have a +/-90º phase
difference to Vs. In other words, if Vi is bigger than Vs, the reactive will be send to
the STATCOM of the system (capacitive operation), originating a current flow in this
direction. In the contrary case, the reactive will be absorbed from the system through
the STATCOM (inductive operation) and the current will flow in the opposite
direction. Finally if the modules of Vs and Vi are equal, there won’t be nor current
nor reactive flow in the system.
Thus, we can say that in a stationary state Q only depends on the module
difference between Vs and Vi voltages. The amount of the reactive power is
proportional to the voltage difference between Vs and Vi.
32
Figure 3.4 statcom under variable susceptance model
With the statcom the output power Pe of the machine can be written and is
positive when oscillates in between zero and π.
The equation of power can be modulated by modulating the shunt reactive
current I.
The modeling of the statcom can be done in various methods
1. Variable suspectance method
2. Firing angle method
3. Transformer tapping and firing angle method
In practice the SVC can be seen as an adjustable reactance with either firing –
angle limits (Ambriz – Periz , Acha , and Fuerte – Esquivel , 2000 ). The equivalent
circuit shown in figure is used to derive the SVC non-linear power equations and the
linearised equations required by Newton’s method.
With reference to the figure , the current drawn by the SVC is
And the reactive power drawn by the SVC which is also the reactive power injected at
bus k, is
33
At the end of iteration (1), the variable shunt susceptance is updated according
to
The changing susceptance represents the total SVC susceptance necessary to maintain
the nodal voltage magnitude at the specified value.
Once the level of compensation has been computed then the thyristor firing
angle can be calculated. However , the additional calculation requires an iterative
solution because the SVC susceptance and thyristor firing angle are non – linearly
related.
34
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
4.1 INTRODUCTION
35
4.2 MATLAB WINDOW
On all UNIX system Macs, and pc, mat lab through three
Basic windows, they are
Command window: This is the main window it is characterized by MATLAB
Command prompt ‘>>’: when you launch the application program, MATLAB puts
you in this window. All commands, including those for running user written
programs, are typed in this window at the MATLAB prompt.
Graphics Window: The outputs of all graphic commands are typed in the command
window and are flushed to the graphic or figure window, a separate grey window
with white back ground colour. The user can create as many figure windows, as the
system memory will allow.
Edit Window: This is where you edit, write, create, and save your own programs in
files called M-files. We can use any text editor to carry out these tasks. On the most
systems, such as PC’s and Macs, MATLAB provides it’s built in editor. On other
systems, you can invoke the edit window by typing the standard file editor command
that at the MATLAB prompt following special character ‘!’. The exclamation
character prompts MATLAB to return the control temporarily to the local operation
system, which executes the commands following the ‘!’ character. After editing is
completed, the control is returned to MATLAB.
Input-Output: MATLAB supports interactive computation taking input from the
screen, and flushing the output to the screen. In addition, it can read input files and
write output files. The following features hold for all forms of input-output
Data Type: The fundamental data type in MATLAB is the array. It encompasses
several distinct data objects, integer, double, matrices, character string, and cells. In
most cases, however, we never have to worry about the data type or the data object
declaration. For example there is no need to declare variable, MATLAB automatically
sets the variable to be real.
Dimensioning: Dimensioning is automatic in MATLAB. No dimensioning statements
are required for vectors or arrays. We can find the dimensions of an existing matrix or
a vector with size and length commands.
Case sensitivity: MATLAB is case sensitive, that is, it differentiates between lower
case and upper case letters. Thus a and an are different variables. Most MATLAB
commands and built-in function calls are typed in lower case letters. We can turn case
sensitivity on and off with case sensitive command.
36
Output Display: the output of every command is displayed a screen unless MATLAB
is directed otherwise. A semicolon at the end of a command suppress the screen
output, expect for the graphics and on-line help command. The following facilities are
providing for controlling the screen output.
Paged Output: To direct the MATLAB to show one screen of output at a time, type
more on the MATLAB prompt. Without it, MATLAB flushes the entire output at
once, without regard to the speed at which we read.
Output format: Though computations inside the MATLAB are performed using the
double precision, the appearance of floating point numbers on the screen is controlled
by the output format in use. There are several different screen output formats.
Command History: MATLAB severs previously typed commands in buffer. These
commands can be called with the up arrow key .This helps in editing previous
commands. You can also recall previous command by typing the first few characters
and then pressing the up-arrow key. On most UNIX systems, MATLAB command
line editor also understands the standard maces key buildings.
FILE TYPE:
MATLAB has three types for strong information
M-files: M-files are standard ASCII text files, with an extension to the filename.
There are low types of these files: script files and functions. Most programs we write
in MATLAB are saved as M-files. All built-in function in MATLAB are M-files,
most of which reside on our computer in precompiled format. Some built in function
are provided with secure code in readable M-file so they can be copied and modified.
Mat-files: Mat-files are binary data-files with mat extensions to the filename. Mat
fills are created by MATLAB can read. Can be loaded into MATLAB with the load
command.
Mex-files are MATLAB: Mat –files –callable FORTRAN and C programs, with a
Mex extension to the filename ,use of these files requires some experience with
MATLAB and a lot of patience.
37
4.3 PROBLEM EVALUATION:
38
4.3.1.1 IEEE 5 BUS USING WITH SINGLE STATCOM
SINGLE STATCOM
39
4.3.1.2 USING THE MULTIPLE STATCOM
With statcom
Bus no. Voltage Voltage angle
magnitude
1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 -2.0549
3 1.0000 -4.8355
4 1.0000 -5.2094
5 0.9771 -5.8262
Injected reactive power at bus no: 3 and 4are QSVC = -0.0180 and
-0.2331 Mvar p.u.
40
4.3.2 IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM
41
MAT LAB RESULTS
Ieee 14 bus without using the statcom
Mat lab results without using the statcom for iter=12
TABLE 5
42
4.3.2.2USING SINGLE STATCOM
43
Mat lab results by placing the single statcom at bus 14 for iter=12
TABLE 6
Bus no Voltage magnitude VM Voltage angle VA
1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 1.3388
3 1.0000 -1.4316
4 1.0047 -3.7057
5 1.0089 -3.0453
6 1.0000 -7.8704
7 0.9930 -7.0389
8 1.0000 -7.0389
9 0.9838 -8.8289
10 0.9786 -8.9877
11 0.9854 -8.5796
12 0.9866 -8.9359
13 0.9872 -9.2189
14 1.0000 -11.0470
44
4.3.2.2USING MULTIPLE STATCOM
45
TABLE 7
Mat lab results for multi statcom at bus 4 and 14 for iter=17
Bus no Voltage magnitude VM Voltage angle VA
1 1.0600 0
2 1.0000 1.3415
3 1.0000 -1.4435
4 1.0000 -3.6365
5 1.0060 -3.0054
6 1.0000 -7.8546
7 0.9911 -6.9891
8 1.0000 -6.9891
9 0.9822 -8.7840
10 0.9733 -8.9477
11 0.9848 -8.5506
12 0.9866 -8.9214
13 0.9872 -9.2057
14 1.0000 -11.0426
Injected reactive power at bus no:4 and 14 are QSVC = 0.1133 and -0.2280 Mvar
p.u
46
5. CONCLUSION:
In this thesis, various aspects regarding voltage stability have been presented
and the importance to maintain voltage profile has been discussed.
Various concepts regarding the FACTS technology and the important features
of some of the FACTS devices have been presented. The Newton raphson method has
been presented to solve the power flow problem in the power system with static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM). In this thesis we had discussed about the
STATCOM modeling and analysis when connected to a bus and made it to maintain a
flat voltage profile of the full range of operation when there is a need. There by the
reactive power compensation was successfully done in the particular transmission
whenever it is required.
The power flow and the voltage profile in various transmission lines along
with and without the placement of STATCOM in a specific transmission line is
obtained in order to improve the system performance by using the load flow studies
using MAT lab software.
47
FUTURE SCOPE
The project has been performed on a 5-bus and 14 bus power system using
Newton raphson method with a single and multiple STATCOMs.
However, it can be extended to any bus system with single and multiple
STATCOMs if necessary. Along with this thesis optimization can also be done.
48
Bibliography:
[1] IEEE FACTS working group 15.05.15, “FACTS Application”, December 1995.
[2] M. J. Lautenberg, M. A. Pai, and K. R. Padiyar, “Hopf Bifurcation Control in
Power System with Static Var Compensators,” Int. J. Electric Power and Energy
Systems, vol. 19, no. 5, 1997, pp. 339–347.
[3] N. G. Hingorani and Laszlo Gyugyi, “UNDERSTANDING FACTS”.
[4] C. A. Ca˜nizares and Z. T. Faur, “Analysis of SVC and TCSC Controllers in
Voltage Collapse,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, February 1999, pp.
158–165.
[5] C. A. Ca˜nizares. “Power Flow and Transient Stability Models of FACTS
Controllers for Voltage and Angle Stability Studies”. In Proc. of IEEE/PES Winter
Meeting, Singapore, January 2000.
[6] G. Hingorani and L. Gyugi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission Systems. IEEE Press, 1999.
[7] Modern Power System Anaylsis., Dillon.P.kothari
[8] C. A. Ca˜nizares, UWPFLOW: Continuation and Direct Methods to Locate Fold
Bifurcation in AC/DC/FACTS Power Systems. University of Waterloo, November
1999.
[9] Ambriz-Perez, H. (2000) Advanced SVC Models for Newton-Raphson Load Flow
and Newton Optimal Power Flow Studies. IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, vol.15,
No:1, February 2000, pp 129-136.
49
APPENDIX
IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM
Ieee 5 bus system load and line data of the system
Table 8
Bus Assumed bus Generation load
code voltage
1 1.06+j0.0 slack 0 0
2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10
3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15
4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5
5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10
50
IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM :
LINE DATA
Table 9
51
Load data IEEE 14 bus system
Table 10
Bus P Q P Q BUS Q Q
no. Generated Generated Load Load Generated Generated
(p.u.) (p.u.) (P.U.) (P.U.) TYPE MAX(p.u.) MIN (p.u.)
1 2.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 10.0 -10.0
2 0.4 -0.424 0.2170 0.1270 1 0.5 -0.4
3 0.00 0.00 0.9420 0.1900 2 0.4 0.00
4 0.00 0.00 0.4780 0.00 3 0.00 0.00
5 0.00 0.00 0.0760 0.0160 3 0.00 0.00
6 0.00 0.00 0.1120 0.0750 2 0.24 -0.06
7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.24 -0.06
9 0.00 0.00 0.2950 0.1660 3 0.00 0.00
10 0.00 0.00 0.0900 0.0580 3 0.00 0.00
11 0.00 0.00 0.0350 0.0180 3 0.00 0.00
12 0.00 0.00 0.0610 0.0160 3 0.00 0.00
13 0.00 0.00 0.1350 0.0580 3 0.00 0.00
14 0.00 0.00 0.1400 0.0500 2 0.00 0.00
52