Chapter 010

The Language Of
Medicine
9 edition
th
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Name, locate, and describe major

organs of the nervous system and
their functions.
Learn nervous system combining
forms and use them with suffixes
and prefixes.
Define pathological conditions
affecting the nervous system.
Describe laboratory tests, clinical

procedures, and abbreviations that
pertain to the system.
Apply your new knowledge to
understanding medical terms in the
proper contexts, such as medical
reports and records.
Nervous system:
Complex: 10 billion nerve cells
Voluntary and involuntary functions
Carries electrical messages
External and internal receptors
Nerve cells:
Microscopic
Collected into macroscopic nerves
Carry electrical messages all over the
body
Two major divisions:

Central nervous systemCNS
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous systemPNS

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
Cranial and spinal nerves

Sensory nerves carry messages toward the
brain.
Motor nerves carry messages from the brain.
Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor
fibers.
Sensory receptors
Autonomic nervous system:
Carries impulses from the central

nervous system to organs.
Sympathetic nerves stimulate body
under stress.
Parasympathetic nerves balance
sympathetic system.
Slow heart rate
Lower blood pressure
10
11
Neuron = individual nerve cell
Dendrite
Cell nucleus
Axon
Myelin sheath
Neurilemma
Terminal end fibers (secrete

neurotransmitters)
Neurotransmitters transfer impulse across
synapse
Ganglia = small clusters of nerve cell

bodies
12
Label the
parts of a
neuron, and
review the
path of a
nervous
impulse.
13
The image
shows the
parts of a
neuron.
Review the
path of a
nervous
impulse.
14
Glia cells:
Maintain health of nervous system
Do not transmit impulses
15
Three types:
Astrocytes (astroglial cells)
Microglia (microglial cells)
Oligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cells)
16
17
18
19
Cerebrum
Is the largest section of brain
Surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex
Manages speech, vision, smell, movement,
hearing, and thought
20
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movements
Maintains balance
Thalamus
Integrates and monitors impulses from skin
(pain)
21
Hypothalamus
Controls body temperature, sleep,
appetite, sexual desire, and emotions

Regulates release of hormones from
pituitary gland
Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems
22
The Brainstem
Pons
Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest
of the brain
Houses nerves for face and eyes
23
The Brainstem
Medulla oblongata
Connects spinal cord to brain
Nerve tracts from side to side
Regulates:
Blood vessels
Heart
Respiratory system
24
Spinal cord
25
Meninges
26
Meninges
27
acetylcholine
afferent nerve
arachnoid membrane
astrocyte
autonomic nervous system
28
axon
blood-brain barrier
brainstem
cauda equina
cell body
29
central nervous system

cerebellum
cerebral cortex
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
cerebrum
30
dendrite
dura mater
ependymal cell
efferent nerve
ganglion/ganglia
glial cell or neuroglial cell
gyrus
31
hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
meninges
microglial cell
motor nerve
myelin sheath
32
nerve
neuron
neurotransmitter
oligodendroglial cell
parasympathetic nerves
parenchyma
peripheral nervous system
33
pia mater
plexus
pons
receptor
sciatic nerve
sensory nerve
spinal nerves
34
stimulus/stimuli
stroma
sulcus
sympathetic nerves
synapse
thalamus
vagus nerve
ventricles of the
brain
35
1. A sheet of nerve cells

that produces a rounded
fold on the surface of the
cerebellum
A.
B.
C.
D.
microglial
gyrus
parenchyma
stroma
36
2. The thin, delicate inner

membrane of the
meninges
A.
B.
C.
D.
pia mater
dura mater
parenchyma
stroma
37
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES

Combining Form
cerebell/o
cerebr/o
dur/o
encephal/o
gli/o
Meaning
cerebellum
cerebrum
dura mater
brain
glial cells
38

Combining Form
lept/o
mening/o,
meningi/o
my/o
myel/o
neur/o
Meaning
thin, slender
membranes,
meninges
muscle
spinal cord
nerve
39

Combining Form
pont/o
radicul/o
thalam/o
thec/o
vag/o
Meaning
pons
nerve root
thalamus
sheath
(refers to meninges)
vagus nerve
40
SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
alges/o, -algesia
-algia
caus/o
comat/o
esthesi/o,
-esthesia
kines/o, -kinesia
Meaning
excessive sensitivity to
pain
pain
burning
deep sleep
feeling, nervous sensation
movement
41
SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
-kinesis, kinetic
-lepsy
lex/o
-paresis
-phasia
Meaning
movement
seizure
word, phrase
slight paralysis
speech
42
SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
-plegia
-praxia
-sthenia
syncop/o
tax/o
Meaning
paralysis
action
strength
cut off
order, coordination
43
3. Which term means nerve

pain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
cephalgia
analgesia
hypalgesia
neuralgia
44
4. Which type of hematoma

occurs between the skull and
the dura as a result of a
ruptured meningeal artery,
usually after a fracture of the
skull?
A. subdural
B. epidural
C. intracerebral
45
46
Congenital Disorders
Hydrocephalus
Spina bifida
Spina bifida cystica
Spina bifida occulta
47
Alzheimer disease (AD)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Epilepsy
Huntington disease
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Palsy
Parkinson disease
Tourette syndrome
48
Herpes zoster (shingles)

Meningitis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
encephalopathy
49
Cerebral concussion:
Temporary brain dysfunction after injury
Usually clears within 24 hours
Cerebral contusion:
Bruising of brain tissue through direct
trauma to head
Neurological deficits persist longer than 24
hours
50
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Thrombotic blood clot in artery
leaving to the brain

Embolic dislodged clot that travels to
cerebral arteries
Hemorrhagic a blood vessel, such as
the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding
occurs
Migraine severe, recurring, unilateral,

vascular headache
51
52
X-ray Tests
Cerebral angiography
Computed tomography (CT) of the brain
Myelography
Other Procedures
MRIMagnetic resonance Imaging
PETPositron emission scan
EEGElectroencephalography
53
Abbreviations
AD
AFP
ALS
AVM
CNS
CT
CSF
CVA
Alzheimer disease
alpha-fetoprotein
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
arteriovenous malformation
central nervous system
cerebrospinal fluid
computed tomography
cerebrovascular accident
54
EEG
GABA
ICP
LP
MAC
MG
MRA
MRI
electroencephalogram
gamma-aminobutyric acid
(neurotransmitter)
intracranial pressure; normal pressure is
5 to 15 mmHG
lumbar puncture
monitored anesthetic care
myasthenia gravis
magnetic resonance angiography
magnetic resonance imaging
55
1/2 P
PCA
PNS
PET
Sz
TBI
TENS
TIA
TLE
tPA
hemiparesis
patient-controlled anesthesia
peripheral nervous system
positron emission tomography
seizure
traumatic brain injury
transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation
transient ischemic attack
temporal lobe epilepsy
tissue plasminogen activator
56
What symptoms signal nervous system

problems?
What tests are conducted to diagnose
these problems?
Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered?
What are common pathologies of the
nervous system?
57
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
alges/o
angi/o
caus/o
cephal/o
cerebell/o
cerebr/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
58
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
alges/o
angi/o
caus/o
cephal/o
cerebell/o
cerebr/o
Meaning
sensitivity to pain
vessel, blood
burn, burning
head
cerebellum
cerebrum
59
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
comat/o
crani/o
cry/o
dur/o
encephal/o
esthesi/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
60
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
comat/o
deep sleep
crani/o skull
cry/o cold
dur/o dura mater
encephal/o brain
esthesi/o nervous sensation
61
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
gli/o
_________
hydr/o _________
kines/o _________
lept/o _________
lex/o
_________
mening/o, meningi/o _________
my/o _________
62
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
gli/o
glue
hydr/o water
kines/o movement
lept/o thin, slender
lex/o
word, phrase
mening/o, meningi/o membranes,
meninges
my/o
muscle
63
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
myel/o
narc/o
neur/o
olig/o
pont/o
radicul/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
64
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
myel/o
narc/o
neur/o
olig/o
pont/o
radicul/o
Meaning
spinal cord
sleep
nerve
scanty
pons
nerve root
65
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
spin/o
syncop/o
tax/o
thalam/o
thec/o
troph/o
vag/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
66
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
spin/o spine
syncop/o
cut off
tax/o order
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o sheath (refers to meninges)
troph/onourishment
vag/o vagus nerve
67

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Chapter 010

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The Language Of

Name, locate, and describe major

Describe laboratory tests, clinical

Two major divisions:

Peripheral nervous systemPNS

Cranial and spinal nerves

Autonomic nervous system:

Carries impulses from the central

Neuron = individual nerve cell

Terminal end fibers (secrete

Ganglia = small clusters of nerve cell

hearing, and thought

appetite, sexual desire, and emotions

autonomic nervous system

central nervous system

glial cell or neuroglial cell

1. A sheet of nerve cells

2. The thin, delicate inner

ORGANS AND STRUCTURES

ORGANS AND STRUCTURES

ORGANS AND STRUCTURES

3. Which term means nerve

4. Which type of hematoma

Alzheimer disease (AD)

Herpes zoster (shingles)

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

leaving to the brain

Migraine severe, recurring, unilateral,

What symptoms signal nervous system

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