Module3:DynamicbehaviorofChemicalProcesses

Lecture5:SecondOrderProcess

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ConsidertheUtubemanometerasinFig.III.6.Theliquidinsidethemanometerhasbeenshownin
a pressurized state. Initially mercury levels at both the legs were at the same height. The present
pressurizedstateisobtaineduponexertingapressureof
onLegI.
Applyingforcebalanceonboththelegsofthemanometeracrossplaneofinitialpressurizedstate,we
obtain:

Or,
(III.73)
Where,

crosssectional area of manometer leg(s),

density of manometer liquid, f =

Fanning'frictionfactor,v = velocity of manometer liquid, D = diameter of manometer leg(s), L =

lengthofmanometerliquidinthetube,m=massofmanometerliquid.Assuminglaminarflowinside
themanometer,thefrictionfactorcanbeexpressedas,

where

istheReynold'snumber.

Hencetheforcebalanceequationtakestheform:
(III.74)

or,
(III.75)

Thevelocityofmanometerliquidisrateofchangeofh.Hence,
(III.76)

or,
(III.77)

Comparingeq.(III.77)witheq.(III.67),thefollowingcanbeobtained:

and

and

.
III.3.2DynamicResponseofaSecondOrderProcesstoaStepChangeintheInput
ForastepinputofmagnitudeA,theLaplaceTransformofu(t)wouldbe,
(III.78)
Hence,secondorderprocesstakesthefollowingform,

(III.79)
Theprocessresponsewillgrosslydependuponthevalueofandtherecanbethreedistinguished
casesof,i.e.>1=1and<1.
CaseA:=1
InthiscasetheprocessresponseequationintheLaplacedomaintakesthefollowingform:

(III.80)

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