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Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 371-499, and An Introduction to

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Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 85-139, and Sami Zubaida, Law and

Power in the hlamic World, Liberary of Modem Middle East Studies; 34 (London: I. B.Tauris, 2003),
pp. 121-157.

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Elyse Semerdjian, Off the Straight Path: Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman :~1 ~I
Aleppo, Gender, Culture, and Politics in the Middle East (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2008) .

....,L:SJI 1.t. ;;-o ..,...w1 J.-Ull ;;-o .jl!ll , _r,JI _,];.;I <s)
Shennan A. Jackson, J.slamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of (6)

Shihiibal- Dina 1- Qaraft (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 190.

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Holy Constitution, East-West University Islamic Studies (London; New York: Mansell, 1984), p. 53.

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Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called 'Constitution of Medina',

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS), vol.4l, no. 1 (1978), pp.l-42, and Said
Amir Arjomand, The Constitution of Medina: A Sociolegal Interpretation of Muhammad's Acts of
Foundation of the Umma, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 41, no. 4 (November 2009) .

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Mohammad Fadel, A Tragedy of Politics or an Apolitical Tragedy,>> Journal of the American Oriental

Society, vol.131, no.l (2011).

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Roxanne L. Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, eds., Princeton Readings in lslamist Thou[?ht: : _}i;l

Texts and Contexts from al-Bannn to Bin Laden, Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 2009).
Jackson, p. 190.
Hallaq, Sharf'a, pp. 486-493, and Asghar Schirazi, The Constitution of Iran: : _}ajl ~01.}'!i4..!6J J

Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic, Translated by John O'Kane (London; New York: I. B.
Tauris, 1997), p. 230.

i;A.....)fl J!;...!.;l 4.9~ Failure of Political Islam, ~\::.S'

(Oliver Roy) ~J.J ~Ji ~

Oliver Roy, The Failure of Political/slam, Trans. :_)i;l .~

O_?:Ajl ch
Carol Volk (Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1994), p. xi.

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.j .L..WI c::-"J

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pp. 473-499, and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of
Change, Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).

ti.rJI ~ ,(.J.rl-JI .JI_,.>-)'1 ~~_,)''!"~)'I r~l

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Law)

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29

Nostalgia> W5

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(2)

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Wael Hallaq, Sharr'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge University (3)

Press, 2009), pp. 443-499.

Joseph A. Massad, Colonial Effects: The Making of National :_,1:2.;1 ,~1 el,J ~ ~
Identity in Jordan (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).

30

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.iJ>- 0! (4)

,_)s- 1__;...:.y ~ Subjectivatiom>

Copjec, ed., Supposing the Subject, Serie S)) (London; New York: Verso, 1994).
Wael Hallaq, Can the Shari'a Be Restored?,>) in: Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Barbara (5)
Freyer Stowasser, eds., Islamic Law and the Clwllenges of Modernity (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira
Press, 2004).

31

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Hallaq, Shari' a.
Knut S. Vikor, :(K. Vikor)

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<,?>lA::J l:i,.c..:;J <~.:C.L,- '-:'I.:SJI ~ (7)

The Shari' a and the Nation State: Who Can Codify the Divine Law?,)) in:

Bj~rn

Olav Utvik and Knut

S. Vik0r, eds., The Middle East in a Globalized World: Papers from the Fourth Nordic Conference on
Middle Eastern Studies, Oslo, 1998, Nordic Research on the Middle East; 6 (Bergen: Nordic Society

for Middle Eastern Studies, 2000), pp. 231-250 esp.

John Hall and G. Ikenberry, The State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), (8)
pp. 23-34.
Graeme Gill, The Nature and Development of the

:r_} r.5..u:J\ (Gill) ~

J.::LY Wz:i

_,}ajl

Modern State (Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 184-191.

32

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Unity, Meridian Books; M35 (New York: Meridian Books, 1956), p. 19.

= John Gray, Enlightenment's Wake: :)"1

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M

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,.

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Politics and Culture at the Close of the Modern Age (London: Routledge, 1995 ), and Samir Amin, The
Liberal Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World, Translated by James H. Membrez
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004), p. 32.

. ":' l:SJ I <.r' cS _,:.\

Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (New York:

:JL!..JI

c:-" I_,..J

~~~_,b.;!

( 11)

W. W. Norton, 2002).
Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age ( 1 2)

(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991), pp. 144-208.

'':'~ill.. <.r' ..,..-WI J..o.<ll <.r'

J 3\li

._r.JI _);;1 ,<k.i;JI ,.L. ( f o~

!.L:.l

(13)

Giddens, pp. 7-9 and 171-174; Christopher Lasch, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled
Ttmes (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), and Alain Touraine, Critique of Modernity, Trans. David
Macey (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).

Pierre Bou;dieu.J '":'l:SJI I.L. (/' ..,..-WI J..o.<ll ...} 19 9 vP '18 ._,:..4]1 };;I ( 14)
Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), p. 71.

34

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. ,_. ::. \;...; .JI <.r' ~ '1 J .I h .; L....U I U _,...;... (.)"" ..!...;..l.>..l I ~I ,j
Jl , ~ IS.c.... (homo economicus) l..,!'l..,.a::il ~IS" ~ '1 '~_;\501 ,.1..._,
<, s)t;;J\.>.1 ~ J _;........... ..;;li _,]>... ~ J. '0:h;..-o .r.? ~ fl'-"
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t:..:..... t,... J t;;t,:.z J t.:.. P J ~41 r P J l;;L.i.....l.i -P t... .)~ !l _;; 4"1 ~
U_,. .;. . ll ~_,A; _)s. ).r" iJ IJ . J I_;...J I e:! y .US ..!..ll~ ~J ,.u....o; L.. J5J
,.) ~ ~ _,..... ~~ J&.pi ~ ,.)J\.>.IJ d.. I <.Y'L....I c)s- lh <<.;L....UI

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~ J j--JI J> ~ ~ '1 ,_r.>-~I J.a."ll ,.) <.S;...- W'J ,..!.l.Jjj .~J\>.~I
r-L......II <.r' t...;~ ..!..ll~ W _r-_,:.:.ll_r=. r-~ ~ ~J\.>.~1 ~L.;iJI

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t:'-)' .JIJ .r-?l.r= "-! ~ L.. rJ ,,jJ~>.I

,j CS\:::JI ~ (.J_;JI ~ ~.;Li .)_,5:; JJ J.:s r-l (Agency) ~l..ill

,.1.,.

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...,.._....WI ....A:_r:ll .J~ ~.;Li ~

r-lll J_,Jit;IJ .~..l.>JI J:i ~I

.JI ~1.;:? <.r'J ..!.LJ1 ~~ ~~ ~ 4..L..t..... ~ '1 ~J\>.'>U

t_\.:::..'11 Jl- -P o_;..WI r..l&--"" r~~ ~; ul ;; J.-W w- .~~ ,W;
..!).;~ J. .1~1 ~ (.r' ..w ~ '1 ..!).;~ u-:1 ,L.. ~ ~LS:;_;I_ (/
~.J . CS\:::JI ..!.lt ~I~ -.!.L...i:J ~

'1 J ~\;:; ~ ..r.,.JI ~ '1

Murray Bookchin, Defending the Earth: Debate between Murray : _)aj1

,Jl;.-11 lh

.j ( 1 5)

Bookchin and Dave Foreman, Foreword by David Levine (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1991); Martin
Gorke, The Death of our Planet's Species: A Challenge to Ecology and Ethics, Translated from German
by Patricia Nevers (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003), and Arne Naess, The Selected Works of Arne

Naes:-., Revised and Edited by Harold Glasser; in Cooperation with the Author; and with the Assistance
from Alan Drengson, 10 vols. (Dordrecht: Springer, 2005), vol. 10, pp. 13-55.
Michael Mann, Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation- State?, ( 16)

Review of International Political Economy, vol. 4, no. 3 (Autumn 1997), pp. 489-490.

35

,~..bJI t_Jy!.JI '-)K.![ 'eiJ ~lk; .)>. ~IJ ,_,.,.>\11 U:r:JI l..i.A
<.S_;..-. L.SJ -(>L.. )'I r-l ~ ..,; ~ ,..!.:..c...l I J.:! r-l WI C~ _,...; ~ ..l.i .:J \5J
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..;1 C:: 'C:""IJ

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d'

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1;~ iiJ..L..ll J.&- ,. 1;, . ~!~,.~.;~I~~\.:.... 4>-y:..<:.........

(Charles J_,.l.t; j}.!.;J (Alasdair Macintyre) f..L:::St..

f....L..J1

J!.-

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..
.-'ly. ~I ..l.iJ .(Charles Larmore) (1SJJ.J"J'1 )JL....!.;J Taylor)

._s..l.l ~\1 y~\..:-1 ( f I~.J ,c"J <..j.JJJ\11 ..!.>I;:JI ._;.:. t.. J.&- 'i ~
d'J (Thomas Aquinas) 0~'11 L. yJ (Aristotle) _,Ia-....... )J (Plato) .)_,1j\j1
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L.:.L...l (17)

Alasdair C. Macintyre: After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3'd ed. (Notre Dame, Ind.: ( 1 8)
University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), and Whose Justice? Which Rationality'! (Notre Dame, Ind.:
University of Notre Dame Press, 1988); Charles Taylor: Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern
Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), and The Malaise of Modernity, CBC

Massey Lecture Series (Concord, Ont.: Anansi, 1991), and Charles Lannore: The Autonomy of Morality
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), and The Morals of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996).
Roxanne L. Euben, Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism :L~_i _)a;l ~.Jl;-JI l..l.A

.j

and the Limits of Modern Rationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999) .

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.j

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.,.;,_.~) 4 _,5 CJ" _;>i .;,JJJj, o.,S:, rl \f':J\SJI /.j<--lAJI
36

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Macintyre, Whose Justice?, p. 7.

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0\....,..,. 0' ~)l.}s-l.i..> (22)

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26
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y ":L )'I ;;_.,_r..U .,rP_;>- 0i , ~ ~IJ 0_,>.., 0\ -" '1 ( 2 4)

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.(Le' Mo" et Ia cham) J-..-~1 ~ _))101_,:....11

Carl Schmitt, The Age of Neutralizations and De!X)liticizations,>> in:

:.Jla.o ,_j

;_r ..,_,L::S:JI

~~.J ( 2 6)

Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, Translation, Introduction, and Notes by George Schwab;

= with The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations (1929) Translated by Matthias Konzen and

38

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John P. McConnick; with Leo Straus's Notes on Schmitt's Essay, Translated by J. Harvey Lomax;
Foreword by Tracy B. Strong, Expanded ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago ( 2 7)
Press, 1970).

Michel Foucault, Les Mots et les chases (Paris: Gallimard, 1966),

:j!-o ~.)~\

o!,j~l:5

,j (2 8)

Cited in English as: Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences,
Trans. R. D. Lang (New York: Pantheon, 1970).
Hallaq, Sharr'a, pp. 6-15, and Giorgio Agamben, The Signature of all Things: On :~i

)a;!

Method, Translated by Luca D'Isanto and Kevin Attell (New York: Zone Books, 2009), pp. 9-16.

: L.i,l,Ja;l (2 9)

Agamben, pp. 932.

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Schmitt, The Age of Neutralizations,. pp. 84-87.

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(New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), pp. 13-14.
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Gordon T. Stewart, The Scottish Enlightenment Meets the Tibetan Enlightenment, Journal of World

History, vol. 22, no. 3 (September 2011).

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3 vols. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), vol. 1: An Introduction, pp. 101-102.

42

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the Arabs Transformed Western Civili:;ation (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009); John M. Hobson, The
Eastern Origins of Western Civili:ation (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press,

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2006).

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Islamic Law, Themes in Islamic Law; 1 (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press,

2005). p. 190.

Hallaq' The O'igins, pp.178-193, )";I (r"_,...lll.i.o ( f ~I

;r

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and Sharr'a, pp.146-158 and 197-221; Sherman A. Jackson, Islamic Law and the State: The
Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihilbal - Dtna l- Qarajf (Leiden: Brill, 1996), and Leslie Peirce,
Morality Tales: Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab (Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press, 2003).

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Macintyre, After Vinue, p.xi, and Susan James, Internal and External in the Work of (49)
Descartes, in: James Tully and Daniel M. Weinstock, eds., Philosophy in an Age of Pluralism: The
Philosophy of Charles Taylor in Question (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 7.

46

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Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity, Cultural Memory in the Present (Stanford,
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003).

Sami Zubaida, Islam and Secularization,}> Asian Journal of Social Science, vol. 33, no. 3 (51)
(2005) .

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of the 'Critique of Nostalgia',}> (Working Paper; no. 23, Centro Interuniversitario perle ricerche sulla

Sociologia del Diritto e delle Istituzioni Giuridiche, September 2007).

49

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Gray, pp. 152-153 and 155.

Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing (58)
Expectations (New York: Norton, 1978), pp. xvi-xvii.

Bhikhu Parekh, Superior People: The Narrowness of :~ ,.;.~! (Parekh)

t.;4 ~

Liberalism from Mill to Rawls, limes Literary Supplement (25 February 1994).

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Edited and with an Introd. by Peter Demetz (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), pp. 315-316.

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64

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Gray, pp. 64-65, and Parekh, Superior People>}.

( 6 1)

Auguste Comte, Auguste Comte and Positivism: The Essential Writings, Edited by Gertrud ( 6 2)
Lenzer; with a New Introduction and Postscript by the Editor, History of Ideas Series (New Brunswick,

NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998), pp. 34-42; Paolo Rossi, Bacon's Idea of Science,)) in: Markku
Peltonen, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Bacon (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1996), p. 39, and Hayes, pp. 169-170 .

.[!'"'"_,:..)1] (Auguste Cornie)-::..;~ Jl

Ji <,....; 'if _,s:JI

Walter Benjamin, Theses on the Philosophy of History,>) in: Walter Benjamin, ( 6 3)

Illuminations, Edited and with an Introduction by Hannah Arendt; Translated by Harry (New York:

Schocken Books, 1968), p. 260.

.........;;)~1(64)

= Theodor W. Adorno. History and Freedom: Lectures, 1964-1965, Edited by Rolf (6 5)

53

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Tiedemann; Translated by Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006), pp. 3-9 and 138-141,
and Brian O'Connor, Philosophy of History,>> in: Deborah Cook, ed., Theodor Adorno: Key Concepts
(Stocks field: Acumen, 2008), p. 181.
Comte, pp. 33-34 and 496-497, and J. R. Staude, Max Scheler (New York: Free Press, ( 6 6)
1967), pp. 167-178.

.A~II.i.. C!' C:'l)l ~I C!' JJ~I ,_r.JI

_;.;~;.; I..S (67)

Keith Michael Baker, On Condorcet's Sketch,>> Daedalus, vol. 133, no. 3: On Progress ( 6 8)
(Summer 2004), pp.

56~

,.i,.

64.

0L IJ,\ ~~-.;\.!., ,~ '1 ~ r..IA:ll 0~ ..,._JJ,;_,s ~~

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Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress ( 6 9)

54

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;(..WI u'l~l ..:.d... ...;JI Jts:.i\11 d' P ..A.o:- y '111 ..;\(Charles Beard)
i ~ d' _r.t't:ll ,)s- JJ.Jl .JI

~~;51 ,~WI.<:........... ..;:.JI .j <..,..\;JI.J

of the Human Mind, Translated by June Barraclough; with an Introd. by Stuart Hampshire, Library of
Ideas (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, [1955]), pp. 8-14.

:_,1;;1 ,:u..:JI o..L.

J _,:] y<l .&,L.I"'_,.<; ,)s- (?\1:>\JJ ":"l;SJI Cr" ;,~ -sr=-i t""'Y' .jJ

Werner Stark, The Sociology of Knowledge; an Essay in Aid of a Deeper Understanding of the History

of Ideas, International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction (London: Routledge and Paul,
[1958]), p. 133.

Stark, p. 133.

(7 0)

O'Connor, p. 181

( 7 1)

Marc Ferro, Coloniz.atiunc :_);;I 'J~>'l Jl,..-

r.Li:JI if <,;lk,_)l J~'YI ,js-

(?\1:>\J

A Global History (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 20-32.

Geocges Sorel, The Illusions of Progras,

:j.>_;_,......

~l.:5::J (Stanley) ~l:..... ;i.....U..., ~I (7 2)

Translated by John and Charlotte Stanley with a Foreword by Robert A. Nisbet and an Introd. by John
Stanley (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), p. xiii.
Robert A. Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress (New York: Basic Books, 1980), pp. 4 (7 3)

and 7.

55

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y '> J.lk.. tk,:. ~ t+1 __r.;...; cr._,.:.\ ~I_,.. J ~I~

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.ti.:-WI

John Bagnell Bury, The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into its Origin and Growth, (7 4)

Introduction by Charles A. Beard (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), p. xi.

J_,l.,t; )}.:.:; ._,..1.:5 <) <,)2:!1

~l...WI ;~I Cr'
Quentin Skinner,

o-4J ~I ~\:;)1

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uJ ~ ~ 'cr._r...ll C>.,.iJIJ <:1-l>JI ~ .Uirl Cr' ~)1 ..,W

:.j J},t; ._,..1.:5 ~

(Quentin Skinner)

.r?--- ~~ wl!ll

~I _};;I .<,.,All

Modernity and Disenchantment: Some Historical Reflections,,, in: Tully and Weinstock, eds.,

pp. 42-43.

Zygmunt Bauman,lntimations of Postmodernity (London, New York: Routledge, 1992), (7 5)

p. xiv, and Hayes, pp. 13-14.

.;JI .:.>L;I_,...;'JIJ .:.>~.!:.::.. '11 Cr' ~ )1 ~ i..l.i::JI <,)2:! '-fC;_,..:.JI

0\ J.:..- L.S -~.IZ

t;_,s:, r.l

e::-"}I

~ 1.:.> _rPI

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. .:.>L;I_,...;'ll dl; Jl.; (.;1...:.11

.j t.._.c,.;
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Christian Meier, The Greek Discovery of Politics, Translated by David McLintock ( 7 6)

(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 190, and Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism,
p. xvii.

56

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-~~\ ,j '-:1"~ Y' .;PJ"l\.).; t;;b\ ~~~ <.S?-1
John Gray, Enlightenment's Wake.

Carl Schmitt, Political Romanticism, Translated by Guy Oakes; with a New Introduction by ( 1)

Graham McAleer (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 201 l), p. lll.

57

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Michael Marinetto, Social Theory, the State, and Modern Society (Buckingham: Open (2)
University Press, 2006), pp. 3-5.
Brian R. Nelson, The Making of the Modern State: A Theoretical Evolution (New York: (3)
Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 5 and 129.

~~ 1;;e- ~J, c:.,;lS Wlkl ~ r&o <,.-~1 :i,)a:.ll .;,\ ("'.r.J d.l. if' .c.,\ .:,-15 ._,..;t.. ..,_..;
Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, Translated by Anders
Wedberg, 201h Century Legal Philosophy

Series~

:4..1.J..ill ~) ~~ \11 ~\fl -:_ro

vol.l (New York: Russell and Russell, 1961),

pp. 185-186.

58

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:(.pt.;...ll ~ <.,)>; ~ &- v-l5 0~ ,L;_,_,k:... (J'J t_~')IJ LL,_.....jiJ
Karen Barkey and Sunita Parikh, Comparative Perspectives on the State.>} Annual Review ( 4)

of Sociology, vol. 17, no. 1 (August 1991), pp. 524-525.

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59

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Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change, (6)

Princeton Studies in International History and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1994), pp. 61-76, and Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1998), pp. 80 and 206.

. ..,A:sJI d' c>?i

c:Pir J J

John Hall and G. Ikenberry, The State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), (7)
and Anthony Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory; an Analysis of the Writings of Marx,

Durkheim and Max Weber (Cambridge, (Eng.]: Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 179 esp.

61

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David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State: Essays on State, Power, and Democracy ( 8)
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989), p. 208.

62

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.

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Martin Van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State (Cambridge, [England]; New York: ( 9)
Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 209.

Gianfranco \<-.i; ;~I :_);;I ,~.WI :i.,J;J':/1 :;JJ..UI ( f :c,;......;~

;.;_,; .P- t?lk)ll (1 0)

Poggi, The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford

University Press, 1978), and Graeme Gill, The Nature and Development of the Modern State

(Houndmills. Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003).

63

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j~T 4J ...:....,.;l5 .;JI ~LS:.ll ~fll _,...__,.:;:)1 45_;:- .)j i>W[ (;,;I..UI <r
l!.:..J1 ,.,.w_,t _r._,:.::ll r+""t ..u_, .a.L!. <,)~ ~.J_,...a.t ;J_,..lll ._)s. ~
il,i .) .._,...::l ,<>..,_.')\...., ~I i .,.WI .~ ~ ~Y-..l..o IJ" .J L. C: I~~
Paul W. Kahn, Putting Liberalism in its Place (Princeton: Princeton University Press, ( 11)
2005)0 p. 280.

_.,_; _,...:JI .,_._,.ill <JJ.lll lA~ll_;,:... i.c...:..ll ""~~)I .}>- -"" .Jl5 ~_; .:,\ i.1" ~ )!.}>Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India,

:)a.; I ( 1 2)

Princeton Studies in Culture/Power/History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996); Nicholas
B. Dirks, The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain (Cambridge, Mass.:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006); Peter van der Veer, Imperial Encounters: Religion
and Modernity in India and Britain (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), and Barbara
Fuchs, Mimesis and Empire: The New World, Islam, and European Identities, Cambridge Studies in
Renaissance Literature and Culture; 40 (Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,
2001).

il5t....ll J)l,:. i.1" <,)....: ... ~I <,_,.JI '-"~

Mim<>i' and Empire

-,.;l5 JJC.:, ~
.(Mimesis)

_,);;I "-'L...IJ.ill ~ j-Ai\'1

..f' l.i_,....JI JK..\\ <) _,;.::)1 ;.r ~_; "-'L...\Jo j1;

~J (13)

.._,.,l::SJII.L. <) ~1_,...)1 Wl,;

George Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance,

:_)a; I ( 14)

Transformations (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007), and Jonathan Lyons, The House of Wisdom:

64

._; ,~1; ~\I~J ~~ J--: ,, . .....; ~..b..ll UJ..UI

-,r' \..,-ll J . ;\..,-ll ri.Ja;JI 0-' ~~I ~I ~-4-J '-:"'_,.l.k...J I if") Y- ~ \1 I

_r._r.:ll ~ y
-

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.; if"'-J
r C
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o..L. ..;:.,\.-....

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t;;?. ~ y; '-:-'~\!_, ,~t..,...JI pl...! I ..;:.,~\.k.,:. 0-' Jj5 J ;JJ..UI p

..liJ i.S~\J J,S .f. Jt ~r. ~~ .?- ~ _rJ.J <.?-") Y-~\ -~! .)!
\..~ :~- :rl!li-C>_;JI,.} I~ ~JIJ ~~\11 jj......ll ~_,::.11\~
c.>l5J .(16), ) .a,.JIJ L,.;'J\.WIJ r..lA::.il :=-'~~ ~r ;uJ..u1 r-*'-' c.>l5
~J~ J 0~ ~I if'l5 ~I~~ ~JJJ\ J t:""IJ ~l.k.i .?- ~

.4J

<)~ ljl5 <)\ J~l.,.oJ) ~J.b..JI oh J <)~ ~ 0-' ~~J ;JJ..UI ~

'->~ ~ ~K...; ..;~tll):iJJ S'l .:::v .)! '->~ l...;) (~J)Jt (_JL__,;.
<.S~W <.SJJI ~I ~I 4:-- ,;~ -J~\ ~\A;;~IIh .l.;.;IJ .<"l11~A

9 ')(..:..\ ~} 4-----o ~ !J ;uJJ.J I .?- -,?J ~~ ~ 1.1 ~! :r '-:-' _r:j I ._;:>

.w.,J ~ ')\..0)1 0-' W.. ~ JL:?.-1 ~ J _;.~! _,.,. J , <"!')\..~
~~ j.-lS:JI J _,.._,A.! I 0-' ~)I .?-J . L<llj ..........Y. C.r-::::UJJ '11

L....t,...JI
.,_.)I

~L>... ~ ~ ;JJJ.JI ~~ ,<" 1 11~\>JI ~I 4-<'\.i:..J ;JJ.ill

How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009).

John M. Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization (Cambridge,

:)a;! 't:") ~_,.la;...J

UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), and Jack Goody, The Theft of History (Cambridge;
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

:_,I;; I .) .t,..c:.::ll ( 1 5)

Nelson, p. 6.

Charles Larmore, The :pi '_r__,:.:)l

fo .j

j.WIJ <.,;~ .j->..;I.:JI

Autonomy of Morality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp.

Jl,-]1

>~ ( 1 6)

1~7.

Van Creveld, p. 185; John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, Edited by David Bromwich and George ( 1 7)
Kateb; with Essays by Jean Bethke Elshtain [eta\.] (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 81,
and Marc Ferro, Colonization: A Global History (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 22.
Andrew Vincent, Theories of the State (Oxford, UK; New York, NY: B. Blackwell, 1987), (18)
pp. 119-146.

Poggi, p. 90.

( 19)

65

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lS ~ JJ\.5

Political: Carl Schmitt's and Lenin's Political Realism, Contributions in Political Science; 390

(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 200l), p. 124, and Colin Hay, Michael Lister and David Marsh, eds.,
The State: Theorie.s and Issues, Political Analysis (Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2006), pp. 4-7.

Bened;ct Rkh.,.d :_,l>;l ,;JJ.tl~ vl>JI ..:o~ _,...;_,..)1 ,.L. i/' ~

o_);l:.. .)s-

(?'Jo~

(22)

O'Gorman Anderson, lmngined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism,
Rev. ed. (London; New York; Verso, 2006); Philip. Abrams, Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the
State (1977), Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. I (March 1988); Timothy Mitchell, Society,
Economy, and the State Effect,}} in: George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State-Formation after the

66

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Cultural Turn, Wilder House Series in Politics, History, and Culture (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 1999); Marinetto, pp. 107-109, and Alan Finlayson and J. Martin, Post-Structuralism,)) in: Hay,
Lister and Marsh, eds., pp. 162-163.

Gill, pp.4-5.

(2 3)

Van Creveld, p. 127.

(2 4)

Nelson. p. 127.

(2 5)

.<~ <JJ.U\ ;y- J~ ..:.>J} .;,ts::.. Jl ~

4J ~ <,.-:J! i>l,-)1 "l.JAlS J_,A, (26)

Kahn, p. 266.
Hay, Lister and Marsh, eds., pp.4-6, and Montserrat Guibemau, <<Globalization and the (27)
Nation-State, in: Montserrat Guibemau and John Hutchinson, eds., Understanding Nationalism
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001), p. 103.

Bolsinger, p. 29.

(28)

67

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Private Morality (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 87.
Poggi, p. 90.

(30)

Kahn, pp. 268-269.

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(3 3)

Gill, pp. 4-5, and Poggi, pp. 88-89.

Geoffrey Marshall, Constitutional Theory, Clarendon Law Series (Oxford: Clarendon (3 4)

Pre5'. 1971). p. 207.

Poggi, p. 90.

(35)

Anderson, Imagined Communities .

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(3 7)

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pi

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eds., pp. 97-104.

Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, Translated (40)
by George Schwab (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 36, and Samir Amin, The Liberal
Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World, Translated by James H. Membrez (New
York: Monthly Review Press, 2004), p. 54.
Tala! Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, : ~~

,4.kA.:J\ o-4-J

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Modernity, Cultural Memory in the Present (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003) .

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Kahn, p. 276.

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Introduction, and Notes by George Schwab; with The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations
(1929) Translated by Matthias Konzen and John P. McCormick; with Leo Straus's Notes on Schmitt's

Essay, Translated by J. Harvey Lomax; Foreword by Tracy B. Strong, Expanded ed. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. xiv.

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Theology, pp. 5-15 and 36-52.

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Etienne Balibar, Subjection and Subjectivation,)> in: Joan Copjec, ed., Suppo~ing the :(Balibar)

Subject, Serie S)) (London; New York: Verso, 1994).

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Michel Foucault: The History of Sexuality, Translated from the French by Robert Hurley, 3 vols. (New
York: Pantheon Books, 1978), vol. I: An Introduction, p. 144, and The Foucault Reader, Edited by Paul
Rabinow (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), p. 266 .

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Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 266.

Nelson, p.IO?; Bolsinger, p. 18; Kahn, p. 277, and Hall and Ikenberry, p. 1.

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California Press. 1978), vol. 1. p. 56.

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Nikolas Rose and Peter Miller, Political Power Beyond the State: Problematic of (53)
Government, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 183-186.

Giddens, p. 237, and Rodney G. Peffer, Marxi.sm, Morality, and Social Justice, Studies in (54)
Moral, Political, and Legal Philosophy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 12 and 153.

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L. Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, eds., Princeton Readings in lslamist Thought: Texts and

Contexts from alBanna to Bin Laden, Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 2009), p. 176.

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Michel Foucault, Govemmentality ,>> in: Michel Foucault, The Essential Works of ( 5 9)
Foucault, 1954-1984, Translated by Robert Hurley [et al.l, 3 vols. (New York; New Press, 1973),
vol. 3: Power, Edited by James D. Faubion, pp. 219-222; Rose and Miller, p. 174, and Finlayson and
Martin, pp. 166-170.

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John Langshaw Austin: How to Do Things with Words, :_)2.;1 (Performativity) ~\;. \f1 (..:? ( 6 3)
William James Lectures; 1955 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), and Performative
Utterances, in: John Langshaw Austin, Philosophical Papers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961), and

Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (New York: Routledge, 1997).

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of the State: Indian thought on the Role of the State in the Narrative of Modernity,>) European Journal
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Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 6-17 and
357-370, and On Orientalism, Self-Consciousness and History,)> Islamic Law and Society, vol. 18, nos.

34 (2011).
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Scholars: The Unfolding Drama of American Legal Thought,>> Stanford Law Review, vol. 36, nos. l-2:
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Harvey C. Mansfield, Separation of Powers in the American Constitution, in: Bradford P. ( 5)
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Constitutional Politics (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), p. 4.

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ed. (Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 241-247; George W. Carey,
Separation of Powers and the Madisonian Model: A Reply to the Critics, American Political Science
Review, vol. 72, no. 1 (March 1978), pp. 151-153, and M. J. C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the
Separation of Powers, 2"d ed. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998).

Geotirey Marshall, Constitutional Theory, Clarendon Law Series, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ( 9)
1971), p. 100.

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Regulation and American Democracy, New York University Law Review, vol. 86, no. l (April 2011).
Kelsen, p. 269, and Steven G. Calabresi and Saikrishna B. Prakash, President's Power to ( 12)
Execute the Law, Yale Law Journal, no. 104 (December 1994), p. 544 .

. ..,..,_,....;Jill..

.j :Ut> J..a.<lll.l.. J) .j ~I .!.!,\..- h- ( 1 3)

Man;hall, p. 97.

( 14)

Mogens H. Hansen, (<The Mixed Constitution Versus the Separation of Powers: (15)
Monarchical and Aristocratic Aspects of Modem Democracy,;> History of Political Thought, vol. 31,
no. 3 (2010), p. 509.

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Cheryl Saunders, Separation of Powers and the Judicial Branch, Judicial Review, vol. 11 ( 1 6)
(December 2006), p. 338.

( 17)

Marshall, p. 124.

M. Elizabeth Magill, Beyond Powers and Branches in Separation of Powers Law, (18)
University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 150, no. 2 (December 2001), p. 605.
Gary Lawson, The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State,); Harvard Law Review, ( 1 9)

vol.l07, no. 6 (April 1994), p. 1231.

(20)

Mansfield, p. 15.

Arthur T. Vanderbilt, The Doctrine of the Separation of Powers and its Present-Day (2 1)

Significance, Roscoe Pound Lectureship Series; 2 ([Lincoln]: University of Nebraska Press, 1953), p. 3.
M. Elizabeth Magill, The Real Separation in Separation of Powers Law, Virginia Law (22)

Review, vol. 86, no. 6 (September 2(M)()), pp. 1129-1197.

~ ~1 J-..., 'JJ .4J..c,.; J-..., '! ;1_,k>JI :/' ~), Js- r-lw1 rll2:.ll J-1_,.1 (23)
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Bruce A. Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic, Tanner Lectures on

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Human Values (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 3.

Hansen. p. 514.

(24)

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p. 8.

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Wilson, The Separation of Powers under Democracy and Fascism, Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 52, no. 4 (December 1937) .

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Ke!sen, pp. 272-273.

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(33)
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Marshall, pp. 113-114, and Ackerman, The Decline and Fall.

(3 4)

Kelsen, p. 114; Marshall, pp. 113-114, and Vanderbilt, p. 95.

( 3 5)

(Mistretta v. United States) i..c..::..ll "-'4~_,)1 J...P 1:,._,::....,.. (;.,...;.;)

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Lawson, p. 1241.

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Morton J. Horwitz, The Transfurnw.tion of American Law, 1870-1960: The Crisis of Legal ( 3 8)
Orthodoxy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 214.

(39)

Calabresi and Prakash, pp.559-560 and 563, and Lawson, pp.l242-1243.

Harold H. Bruff, On the Constitutional Status of the Administrative :~1
Agencies,>~

dh

i_r" J.:~ (40)

American University Law Review, vol. 36, no. 2 (Winter 1987), and Lawson, ~<The Rise and Rise)>.

(41)

Calabresi and Prakash, p. 664.

Louis Fisher, Review of Bruce Ackennen: The Decline and Fall of the American ( 4 2)
Republic;) Federal Lawyer, no. 58 (June 2011), p. 58.

'"'1; <.S_,>i 4L.,;;J ~I o.l.. JJC.:, c,?.lJI J'4JI .,..,,lS~I ...:AkJI J__. c,lS:J ~)J (43)
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3 and 188.

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Daryl J. Levinson and Richard H. Pildes, <<Separation of Parties, Not Powers;, Harvard (45)
Law Review, vol. ll9, no. 8 (June 2006), p. 2313.

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Ackerman, The Decline and Fall.

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Pildes, pp. 2315 and 2329 .
.:,.-.!!,C..~

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(48)

~ .li c?..\JI ;u.:.l\.0 .._,.ki_,.<..,..\JI ~I JSI; J1 c?Y. ':'I?\11 ei?' ~1 .~W ..,_.;J::;... ~_,la;..
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Friedrich A. von Hayek, Law, Legislation, and Liberty:

41_;. e.r:l

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:)a,;I .'~:/I .i.I\..LJ\'-! ..,1 ~~~JJ4

A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, 3 vols., new pbk. ed.

(London; Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982), vol. 3: The Political Order of a Free People, p. 31.

97

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Kelsen, p. 270.

Robert A. Dahl, On Removing Certain Impediments to Democracy in the United States,)) (50)
in: Robert H. Horwitz [et al.], eds., The Moral Foundations of the American Republic, 3m ed.
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), p. 249.

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( 5 1)

Kelsen, pp. 257 and 270.

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Lawson, pp. 1246-1247.

lain M. Stewart, From 'Rule of Law' to 'Legal State': A Time of Reincarnation?, (54)
(Macquarie Law Working Paper; no. 2007-12, Australian National University, Canberra, 9-10 November
2007). p. 10.
Kelsen, p. 269.

(55)

Marshall. pp. 103-104.

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Kelsen, p. 281.

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Hansen, p. 509.

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p. 142.

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(6 5)

Kelsen, p. 277, and Vanderbilt, p. 95.

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(6 7)

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Representative Government,)) Political Science Review, no. 3 (Fall 1973), pp. 82-83; and Peter L.
Schultz, Congress and the Separation of Powers Today: Practice in Search of a Theory,>) in: Wilson

and Schramm, eds., p. 190 .

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Stewart, p. 6; Charles M. Hardin, Constitutional Reform in America: Essays on the ( 7 0)

Separation of Powers (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989), and Dahl, On Removing Certain
Impediments.

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"'.c.;.:) I ( 7 1)

John Dunn, Political Obligation,>) in: David Held, ed., Political Theory Today :~i _)2;1.

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:_,;..:,_,;WI_, e-:-.11 ,j

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~I ,j .J..ll it..\":.') -1_,~ -~ 'e:il)l ,j ;J_,J.JI ~'-?.ill ~_;JI_,

,j ~_,.ill ~ j_;N L. J~ ":.') iJ.r." ;J_,J.JI 0~ ":.' ,~4:-)1 ,jJ .4_,;4:-)1
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cr cr'WI ~I

;r ~1!11 ._r.JIJ d)l ~I

cr JJ\11 .r.JI c) .::.>1.-'lA:.JI )a;l (79)

.'-' l:SJ I l.i..

Sherman A. Jackson, Islamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of ( 8 0)

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l:.Lo I~~ lA _,-I J\ J,h;J <..,_,.:.1 ~ rIrJ '! I J.oo \,<..\ _,1 )o.ll !l_,l...ll Cr '-:' \;;5 .j
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.309-301 _,., ,(1 994 ,_,..:.:.J\J "'l,kll
(81)

Hallaq,Sharr'a,pp.296-297.

.25-24 <Jl:,'Ji ''U\....JI i;.r-'J ,20-15 .;:,~';\ ,.;o~).l.ll i;_,.... :\"!_,s;ll .:,\_,Ali (82)

;_,. !:,_;; ;r._;)

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Douglas E. Ashford, : _)2;1 >X.... _r.i- ol_,.<.ill

.j ~.WI

<JJ.l.ll je-- ..._;_,....;, l.i.o .J;I..i., .:,\ ~

ci _,;WI t-P }I Jk, ..I_;.ill 0 _,;~; J,:-- .j c_LiSJI

<<Constitution of Poverty,)) in: Rolf Torstendahl, State Theory and State History, SCASSS (London;
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83-82 .;:,~';\ ,;_;JI i;_,.... :\"!_,s;ll .:,\_,Ali :<,;\_,Ali.;:,~';\,~ .,.._JI j'JI _)2;1 (83)

,,.:)v\JJI OJ_,..... :26 ~'\11 rlr'jl 0,;_,...... :10-8

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~~'JI ,~\OJ_,..... .J "2 5-24 ~l::'JI K,c_JL-....JI OJ_,...... :5 ~'\II ,-4J.:o.JI iiJ_,...... ~ 19- 15

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(8 4)

Gibb, p. 3, and Jackson, pp. 217-224.

Wael Hallaq: Sharf'a, and Islamic Law; History and

:_)a; I ...j

l.k ,:_r

t;;)A..I\

( 8 5)

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Alfred Jules Ayer, Language, Truth, and Logic (New York: Dover :J~l ~
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Wael Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and : }U\ ~~.rJI ~ ~ fWI J.:.:.la; .r'~ ( 8 8)
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Evolution of Islamic Law, Themes in Islamic Law; 1 (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2005), and Groundwork of the Moral Law: A New Look at the Qur'an and the
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Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and Change, pp. 174-208.

(9 7)

Wael Hallaq: lftiia and Ijtihadin Sunni Legal Theory: A Developmental Account,)) _)i;l ( 9 8)

in: Muhammad Khalid Masud, Brinkley Messick and David S. Powers, eds., Islamic Legal
Interpretation: Muftis and their Fatwas, Harvard Studies in Islamic Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard

University Press, 1996), and Authority, Continuity, and Change.

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Brinkley Messick, The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim ( 9 9)
Society, Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies; 16 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993),
pp. 135-151; Wael Hallaq: Authority, Continuity, and Change, pp. 2-23, 75-85 and 166-194, and From
Fatwas to FurO.: Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive LaW,)) Islamic Law and Society, vol. l,
no. I (1994).
Masud, Messick and Powers, eds., pp. 3-26, and Tucker, In the House of the Law, :~i ~J

pp. 1-36.

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381~382.

Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and Change, pp. 194-208.

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Usul al-Fiqh: Beyond Tradition,}> Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 3, no. 2 (1992), pp. 172 - 202.

( 1 0 3)

Hallaq, From Fatwas to FurO..

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Nahal, The Judicial Administration of Ottoman Egypt in the Seventeenth Century, Studies in Middle

Eastern History; 4 (Minneapolis: Bibliotheca lslamica, 1979), pp. 40-41.

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Nelly Hanna, ed., The State and its Servants: Administration in Egypt from Ottoman Times to the
Present (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1995), p. 53.

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Rebecca Kourlis and Dirk Olin, Rebuilding Justice (Denver, Colo: Fulcrum, 2011).

:.jl::-)1

Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Religion and Politics under the Early 'Abbas ids: The ( 1 0 7)
Emergence of the Proto-Sunnr Elite, Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts; v. 16 (Leiden;

New York: Brill, 1997); Jackson, Islamic Law and the State; Peirce, Morality Tales, and Hallaq: The

Origins and Evolution, pp.178-193. and Sharf'a, pp.146-158 and 197-221.

1 19

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4.,; ~ .;JI W.lWI J\ <.ih:..JI Jl cr4 ~I j..>'YI.::....,.. :._,.. ,.:,_,..;;., ;l.,aAJI .)IS ,c.,_;.; _,;.1

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Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and Change, pp. 173-174.

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J..-JI I..Lo. ~ r---1_, .<'">4->1~ o..~.>l_,.ll ~~I cr ._;\:; ..:.Jl5 L. Ql$.
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. 3 1 9- 3 18 '-"' , 1 1

c ,;c.1.u .:r.IJ .3 1 4- 3 1 3 '-"' , 8 c r~~ .:r.l <11 3)

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J y-- ( 11 4)

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~ ~ .j ~ ':?P ~ <./'-' ,<<....ull J_,.....\n~

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~<Justice

in

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( 11 7)

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Sharia Courts in Kayseri, Cyprus and Trabzon, Analecta lsisiana; 39 (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1999).

Wael Hallaq: An

:_,]a; I ,~_,1:.11 l.i.. J o>.c..:...ll <:tAAJI )J;":/IJ <.i.ill ~_,!.; '=':S J _,.,... ( 1 2 0)

Introduction to Islamic Law (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 7-37, and
Authority, Continuity, and Change.

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(Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp.125-153.

Bernard Weiss, Interpretation in Islamic Law: TheJ 1 2 4- 8 2 (..'~"" .~ J.l...,a..o.}\ ( 1 2 2)
Theory of ljtihad, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 26, no. 2 (Spring 1978).

Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories, pp.l55-156.

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Law and Society, val. 8, no. 1 (2001).

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Principles of American Government, 3m ed. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000), pp. 337-341.

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pp. 121-165, and Jackson, Islamic Law and the State.

Hallaq, Authority, Continuity, and Change, and Baber Johansen, Legal Literature and ( 12 7)
the Problem of Change: The Case of the Land Rent,>> in: Chibli Mallat, ed., Islam and Public Law:

Classical and Contemporary Studies (London; Boston: Graham and Trotman, 1993).

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Hayyim J. Cohen, The Economic Background and the Secular Occupations of Muslim ( 13 7)
Jurisprudents and Traditionists in the Classical Period of Islam: (Until the Middle of the Eleventh
Century),>) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 13, no. 1 (January 1970).

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Trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Baltimore, Md: Penguin, 1975), p. 75 .

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Baber Johansen, The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent: The :J\4)1 ~ ~ ,~\ ( 14 3)
Peasants' Loss of Property Rights as Interpreted in the Hanafite Legal Literature of the Mamluk and
Ottoman Periods, Exeter Arabic and Islamic Series (London; New York: Croom Helm; New Yorlc

Methuen, 1988); El-Nahal, pp.51-64, and Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the
Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540-1834, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (Cambridge; New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 178-187.

Khoury,p.l79.

(144)

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of a Sociology of Knowledge, Translated by Manfred S. Frings; Edited and with an Introd. by Kenneth W.
Stikkers, International Library of Sociology (London; Boston: Routledge and K. Paul, 1980), p. 28.
John Gray, Enlightenment's Wake: Politics and Culture at the :~(Gray) '-:?1~ ~ ~i _)2.;1

Close of the Modern Age (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 160-163.

Werner Stark, The Sociology of Knowledge; an Essay in Aid of a Deeper Understanding of the ( 3)

History of Ideas, International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction (London: Routledge and Paul,
l1958]), p. 33; Scheler, pp. 129-130, and J. R. Staude, Max Scheler (New York: Free Press, 1967), p.197.

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Kant, Practical Philosophy, Translated and Edited by Mary J. Gregor; General Introduction by Allen
Wood, Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge

University Press, 1996), pp. 17-22.

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Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 105.

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Philosophical Fragments, Edited by Gunzelin Schmid Noerr; Translated by Edmund Jephcott, Cultural

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Negative Dialectics.

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(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 8.

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Schelec. pp. 78 and ll9.

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Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (New York: Schocken Books,
1990), p. xxvii.

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Colonization: A Global History (London: Koutledge, 1997), pp.\25127.

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yS} ~ J.l,bi L. (1 8)

Michel Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, Edited by Paul Rabinow; Translated by Robert Hurley

and others, Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984; v. I (New York: New Press, 1997), pp. 223-251.

:.j ._,...,:.;;. ( 1 9 )

Stark, p. 118.

:L..i.,\ _);;I

Scheler, pp.l29-l30.

Thomas A. Spragens, The Irony of Liberal Reason (Chicago: :~I ~ _,JI ~ .....r' ~

University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 196-310.

Antonio Perez-Ramos, Bacon's Forms and the Maker's Knowledge Tradition, in: (20)
Markku Peltonen, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Bacon (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1996), pp. ll0-113.

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Companion to Niet:sche (Cambridge, [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Perez-Ramos, Bacon's FormS}}, and Paolo Rossi, Bacon's Idea of Science,)) in: Peltonen, (21)
ed., pp. 37-42.

152

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Newton, and the Enlightenment, in: Ibrahim A. Karawan, Wayne McCormack and Stephen E.
Reynolds, Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism, Studies in Global Justice; 4 (New
York: Springer, 2008), pp. 15-29.
Margaret C. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons, and Republicans, ( 2 3)

2M rev. ed. (Lafayette, LA: Cornerstone Book, 2006), pp. xi, 3-4, 6 and 64-67 .

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Karl Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, Edited by Paul Kecskemeti, International
Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1968), pp.

33~83.

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Charles A. Presslec and Fabio B. Dru;ilva, :_);.;1 'J "'.L!..:ll .<,;':J.>.'JI l.,IJ.;-.11 J., ,.j':J.>.'-11
Sociology and Interpretation: From Weber to Habermas (Albany: State University of New York Press,

1996). pp. 102-103.

John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, Edited by Wilfrid E. Rumble, ( 2 9)
Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1995).

Hannah Arendt. :_);.;1 ,..J J_,....ll WyJ _r..- e::-l:ll ~_,.<11

Jl <,-:JL .:r.r ..,._.1 yo (30)

The Origins of Totalitarianism, Harvest Book; HB244 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976),

pp.139-157, esp. 146 and 156.

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Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 84 and 89-90.

Alasdai' C. Macintyre, A Sho" HL"ory of :_};;1 ,J)6:.~1 Jl,-

.j tr"_,...lll.i..

;_r (32)

Ethics (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1998), pp. 127-135.

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Arendt, pp.l39-147.

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.j .;J--'>-

:)a;! ~c.rf ':1! ~)1\ ;_r- ( 3 3)

the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2007), chap. 4, pp. 309-330.

(34)

Austin, p. 157.

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. ........;; J.t...o..ll ( 3 6)

Nicholas Unwin, Morality, Law and the Evaluation of Values,>; Mind, vol. 94, no. 376 (3 7)

(October 1985), pp. 538-549, Quoted in: Anton Donoso, Jurisprudence Today: Naturalism vs.
Positivism, in: Harold J. Spaeth, ed., The Predicament of Modern Politics ([Detroit]: University of
Detroit Press, 1969), pp. 55-79.

Austin, p.xviii, and Spragens,

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~L:s::J (W. Rumble)

pp. 196-310.

157

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Charles Taylor, Justice after Virtue,>> in: John Horton and Susan Mendus, eds., After (39)

Macintyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair Macintyre (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994),
p. 18.
;.h;l5 .0~))';1 (40)

Kant, An Answer to the Question,}> pp. 17-22 .

. '-:-' L;S:J I U... .:r"

C! U I j..<UJI )';I , tr' _,..J I l.i.. ;r- ..~;_;..] (4 1)

Immanuel Kant, The Moral Law: Grounflwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Trans. H. J. ( 4 2)

Paton, 2"" ed. (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 14-15.

;r c>_r'l (::"IY'

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J. B. Schneewind, Autonomy, :)';I ,.h;lS::, ....,l>JI ~1./1'1 i~Lil j~

Obligation and Virtue: An Overview of Kant's Moral Philosophy, in: Paul Guyer, ed., The Cambridge
Companion to Kant (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 309-333.

(43)

Arendt, pp. 290-291.

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'-:-" ~~ ~ )> t..J .< 46 l~ts::JI Jlh...ll ..r'\11 ofo J>-b JU.) cj .r.P4
G. B. Kerferd, The Sophistic Movement (Cambridge; New York: :~I '-..r"IJ,.r:-IUJ .)"!

.y- ( 4 4)

Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 84-93 and 139-148; Richard Taylor, Good and Evil, rev. ed.
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000), pp. 56-67, and Joseph Margolis, The Truth about Relativism
(Oxford, UK; Cambridge: B. Blackwell, 1991).

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Criticism of Kant,)) in: Readings in Ethical Theory, Selected and Edited by Wilfrid Sellars and John
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(New

York:

Appleton-Century-Crofts,

L1952]),

pp.487-491;

David

E.

Cartwright,

Schopenhauer's Narrower Sense of Morality,)) in: Christopher Janaway, ed., The Cambridge
Companion to Schopenhauer (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999),
pp. 254-263; Tara Smith, Viable Values: A Study of Life as the Root and Reward of Morality (Lanham,
Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), pp. 38 ff, and Henry E. Allison, Kant,H in: Ted Honderich, ed.,
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 437.
Alan Gewirth, Reason and Morality (Chicago: University of Chicago : _)U1 ~..k.;lSJ ~~,) ~ __,.:JJ
Press, 1978).

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Raymond Geuss, Morality, Culture, and History: Essays on German Philosophy (49)
(Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 170.
Taylor, Justice after Virtue, p. 20, and Macintyre: After Virtue, pp. 56-61, and 79-87, (50)
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Grene, eds., Philosophers Speak for Themselves: From Descartes to Locke, 2 vols. (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, [1957]), vol. 2: Berkeley, Hume, and Kant, pp. 247 ff.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, The Will to Power, Trans. W. Kaufmann and R. J. (55)
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Twilight of the Idols, Trans. R. J. Hollingdale (New York: Penguin, 1977), p. 46.

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Arne Naess, The Selected Works of Arne

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Naess, Revised and Edited by Harold Glasser; in Cooperation with the Author; and with the Assistance
from Alan Drengson, lO vols. (Dordrecht: Springer, 2005), pp. 13-55.

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Toshihiko Izutsu, Ethicu-Religious Concepts in the Qur'iin (Montreal: McGill- : ~i

_)a.; I ( 8 2)

Queen's University Press, 1966), p. 106.

Marmaduke William Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (New York: Mentor ( 8 3)
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Century Legal Philosophy Series; vol. I (New York: Russell and Russell, 1961), p.189.

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val. 13, no. 1 (March 2006), p. 108.
Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, :~ "-:-"'\.:5J (Schwab) "-:"'\_,....:. .:i,..,,.W ~~

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Translation, Introduction, and Notes by George Schwab; with The Age of Neutralizations and
Depoliticizations)) (1929) Translated by Matthias Konzen and John P. McConnick; with Leo Straus's
Notes on Schmitt's Essay, Translated by J. Harvey Lomax; Foreword by Tracy B. Strong, Expanded ed.
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 5.
G. L. Ulmen, The Sociology of the State: Carl Schmitt and Max Weber, State, Culture, ( 1 0 3)
and Society, vol. l, no. 2 (Winter 1985), p. 38.
Eckard Bolsinger, The Autonomy of the Political: Carl Schmitt's and Lenin's Political ( 1 0 4)
Realism, Contributions in Political Science; 390 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), p. 29.

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( 1 0 9)

Bolsinger, pp. 178-179.

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Nationalism, vol. 4, no. 2 (April 1998), p. 159.

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Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 107-108.
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Islamic Mirror fur Princes = Bahr al-favilid, Translated from the Persian; Edited, and Annotated by

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Frnnk Tallett, War and Society in :_);;I ,~.t.JI <Iy.UI :,r.:;J -,.'_,.)I "" <;')\..)1 :/ ( 14 8)
Early Modern Europe, 1495-1715 (London: Routledge,

1992)~

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European States: AD.990-J990 (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1990); Michael Mann, States, War, and
Capitalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), and Jeremy Black: European Warfare, 1494-1660 (London;

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Press, 1994).

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Government, British Journal of Sociology, val. 43, no. 2 (1992), p. 182.

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Morals (London: Random House, 2003), p. 357.

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Pierre Bourdieu, Practical Reason: On the Theory :p1 . ~..) ~ ~1_)1 ~ ,4!AJ\ oh Ji ,~\
of Action (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), p. 71.
Mary Ann Glendon, Power and Authority in the Family: New Legal Patterns as

:):a;I ( 1 9)

Reflections of Changing Ideologies,)) American Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 23, no. 1 (Winter

1975), pp. 15-24.

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Glendon, Power and Authority.

(2 0)

Donzelot, pp.\03-104.

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Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: : ;J'LbJ!J ..:...li.H i f 4..::)6JI ..::..ol!..il:...JI

~ \j~

Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991),

pp.169-179.
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Donze1ot, pp. 217-219 and 227.

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Philosophy,>> in: Deborah Cook, ed., Theodor Adorno: Key Concepts (Stocks Field: Acumen, 2008), p.l21 .

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Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural :~_,JJI ~
Revolution, with a Foreword by G. E. Aylmer (Oxford, UK; New York: Blackwell, 1985).
Alan Finlayson, Psychology, Psychoanalysis and Theories of Nationalism, Nations and ( 2 8)

Nationalism, vol. 4, no. 2 (April 1998), p. 148.

John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 2"" ed. (Manchester::~\ ~.d..o\s. ~I~

.y-

(29)

Manchester University Press, 1993), and Steve Reicher and Nick Hopkins, Self and Nation:
Categorization, Contestation, and Mobilization (London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE, 2001).

(30)

Breuilly, p. 369.

201

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Gerard DeGre, The Social Compulsions of Ideas: Toward a Sociological Analysis of ( 3 1)

Knowledge, Edited with an Introduction by Cyril H. Levitt (New Brunswick, USA: Transaction Books,
1985), pp. 66-112.
J. R. Staude, Max Scheler (New York: Free Press, 1967), p.l72, and Max Scheler, (32)

Problems of a Sociology of Knowledge, Translated by Manfred S. Frings; Edited and with an Introd. by
Kenneth W. Stikkers, International Library of Sociology (London; Boston: Routledge and K. Paul,

1980), p, 67.
:),..: i;-' .lt..l.!.::li (3 3)

Scheler, p. 67.

Karl Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, Edited by Paul Kecskemeti, (34)
IntemationaJ Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1968),
pp. 33-38, and Charles A. Pressler and Fabio B. Dasilva, Sociology and Interpretation: From Weber to

Habermas (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), p. 53.

Leon Bailey, Critical Theory and the Sociology of Knowledge: A Comparative Study in ( 3 5)

the Theory of Ideology, American University Studies. Series XI, Anthropology/Sociology; vol. 62 (New
York: P. Lang, 1994), p. 45.
Pressler and Dasilva, pp. 58-59.

(36)

Staude, p. 165, and Scheler, p. 72.

(37)

202

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Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the <<Spirit>) of Capitalism and Other Writings, (38)
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Paul Rabinow; Translated by Robert Hurley (et al.], Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984; v. I (New
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Claudia Baracchi, Aristotle's Ethics as

First Philosophy

(Cambridge~

:.j

!~ ~1....::.1! !.Lt. (Baracchi) ~~.J~ ~fi (40)

New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

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Foucault, Technologies of the Self,ff p. 228.

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204

Introd., by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, Galaxy Book (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958),
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p1

Philosophical Fragments. Edited by Gunzelin Schmid Noerr; Translated by Edmund Jephcott. Stanford,
Calif.: Stanford University Press, (Cultural Memory in the Present), pp. 130-133.
Lasch, pp. 125-141.
Marcuse, p. 1.
Ellen M. Wood, The Origins of Capitalism: A Longer View :

p1

d.ia.

if -4_;......U ( 4 5)

(London: Verso, 2002), p. 3.

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Scaff, p.103.

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Giddens, p. 169.

Theodor W. Adorno, The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture, Edited and (50)
with an Introduction by J. M. Bernstein, Routledge Classics (London; New York: Routledge, 2001),
pp. 132-157, and Finlayson, p. 151.

(51)

Lasch, p. 232.

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Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).

_..b':/1 i f I~ J.,

r-l ,;\ i:') -:_.,.WI J,; <.,<'":>L)'I ~;,...)I_,< ~I i f (56)

Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History

of Islamic Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).

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209

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J,_- J_;. ,_.Ja;l .~ j.._. ..:.,.WI

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Brinkley Messick, Indexing the Self: Intent and Expression in IsJamic Legal ActS,>> Islamic Law and
Society, vol. 8, no. 2 (200l).

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Medieval Islam: Mamluk Egypt, 1250-1517, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (Cambridge,
UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 32-58 and 69-100.

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History of Philanthropic Foundations: The Islamic World from the Seventh Century to the Present
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Conception of Adab and the Nature of Religious Fulfillment in Islam, in: Barbara Daly Metcalf, ed.,

Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South

A.~ian

Islam (Berkeley: University of

California Press, 1984), pp. 53-54.

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Charles Taylor: Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1989), and The Malaise of Modernity, CBC Massey Lecture Series (Concord, Ont.:
Anansi, 1991).
Alasdair C. Macintyre: After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3ro ed.

:_}UI

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.)1

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(Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), and Whose Justice? Which Rationality?
(Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988) .

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1993), p. 369.

David Held [eta!.], :_,Ja;l ,;_,.WI

J,i

L.J ;_,.WI W_,.JI

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Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press,

1999). pp. 340-341 and 363-369.

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Montserrat Guibemau, Globalization and the Nation-State,)) in: Montserrat Guibemau and ( 6)
John Hutchinson, eds., Understanding Nationalism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001), p. 246, and Georg
S~rensen,

The Transjonnation of the State: Beyond the Myth of Retreat (Houndmills, Hampshire; New

York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 33.

;)fo~I .:>W .j .!ll.iS &-' r-l ~ pi J,lZ .j ~ .ti W _,.Ji

JJ..Ui c.._;, '-?.lJI -:.i_,ll

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t:" L. '<-/' L> ft-ly- .}>- .:..];;l,. '"J~I ft-I_,JI -<llj).)j ;_,<4)1 JJ..UI :C,jJI
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.y <,.l:.ll JJ..UI
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Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its :_}a;l -~~L...\11 0~1 l;-'> ~...b-IJ J\.:.JI ~ C~\
Discontent.~

(New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), p. 6.

Gary Teeple, Globalization and the Decline of Social Refonn: Into the Twenty-First Century ( 8)
(Aurora, Ontario: Garamond Press; Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2000).
Paul W. Kahn, Putting Liberalism in its Place (Princeton: J '5- 1 ~ ,~ JJ....a...Jl ( 9)
Princeton University Press, 2005), pp. 235-236.

Bob Je,op, The Future of the :};;I ,;.t,.c,JI <,Ji.n:lJIJ <,JI.n:l)l Jy-ll ~ .t,i- ~J
Capitali.st State (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2002), pp. 218-220.

252

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(1 1)

Smith, and Nicola Hothi, Globalization and the State, in: Colin Hay, Michael Lister and David

Marsh, eds., The State: Theories and Issues, Political Analysis (Houndmills, Hampshire; New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 172-189.
Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power

:.j 4..>J):>'11 o.lA

~ ( 1 2)

in the World Economy, Cambridge Studies in International Relations; 49 (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1996); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors: An Analysis of

Systems Change, Princeton Studies in International History and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1994); Martin Albrow, The Global Age: State and Society beyond Modernity
(Cambridge, UK: Polity Press; Blackwell Publishers, 1996); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of

Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transfonning our World (New York: Scribner; Toronto:
Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1992), and Kenichi Ohmae,

The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies (New York: Free Press, 1995).
Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: The Human Consequences, European Perspectives (New ( 1 3)

York: Columbia University Press, 1998),

pp. 55-76.

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Paul Q. Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question:

:J 4::.-.J.):>\rl o..i.A ~ ( 14)

The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press; UK;
Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996); Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State, and S0rensen,

The Transformation of the State.

( 1 5)

Hirst and Thompson, p. 98.

Michael Marinetto, Social Theory, the State, and Modern Society (Buckingham: Open ( 16)
University Press, 2006), p. 125, Quoted in: Henri Lefebvre, De L'Etat: Dans le monde modern, vol. 1

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Discontents.

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Martin Shaw, The State of Globalization: Towards a Theory of State Transformation,>> (20)
Review of International Political Economy, vol. 4, no. 3: The Direction of Contemporary Capitalism
(Autumn 1997), pp. 497-513, and Held [et al.], Global Transformations.
Michael Mann, Has Globalization Ended the :.) ~ _,_). )U

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Rise and Rise of the Nation- State'?,)> Review of International Political Economy, vol. 4, no. 3 (Autumn

1997).

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(27)

S0rensen, p. 30.

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Kahn, pp. 235-236, and Teeple, pp. 1-5.

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Strange,p.l98.

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(31)

Held [et al.], pp. 242-259.

(32)

Philippe C. Schmitter, Still the Century of Corporatism?, Review of Politics, vol. 36, (3 3)
no. 1 (January 1974), pp. 111-113 and 119-120.

Joel Bakan, The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power (New York: ( 3 4)
Free Press, 2004), pp. 5-8 and 12.

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S.M. Ghazanfar, ed., Medieval Islamic Economic Thought: :J~I ~ ~

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Filling the Great Gapl> in European Economics, Foreword by S. Todd Lowry (London; New York:

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:_)a.; I ..!..Ll~ .y- .i......L4J ( 3 8)

Ma_la_a in Classical and Contemporary LegaJ Theory,>> in: Abbas Amanat and Frank Griffe!, eds.,
Sharl'a: Islamic Law in the Contemporary Context (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007),

pp. 66-71, and Wael Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunnr U$ill al-fiqh
(Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 168-174 and 180-187 .

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Wael Hallaq, Maqasid and the Challenges of Modernity,>> Al-liimiiih, vo1.49, no. 1 (40)
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Press, 1993), pp. 115-119, and Sayyid Qutb, Social Justice in Islam, Trans. John Hardie (Oneonta, NY:
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Charles Tripp, Islam and the Moral Economy: The :_)a;\ ,\.U, i f .l.AIJ~TJ ~L~.J)\ j_,....;J~
Challenge of Capitalism (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

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Pre" 2009). pp. 213-215.

Ibn Taymiyya

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ji

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Abou El-Fadl, Islam and the Challenge of Democratic

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vol. 27, no. l (December 2003), p. 69.

M. Eli>abeth Magill, ;':"\::SJI l.i..

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Beyond Powers and Branches in Separation of Powers Law, University of Pennsylvania Law Review,
vol. 150, no. 2 (December 2001), p. 605; Mogens H. Hansen, The Mixed Constitution Versus the
Separation of Powers: Monarchical and Aristocratic Aspects of Modem Democracy, History of
Political Thought, vol. 31, no. 3 (2010), p. 509, and Geoffrey Marshall, Constitutional Theory,

Clarendon Law Series (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 97 and 124.

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Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,

1993), pp. 200-208.

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:J ..l5ji LS ( 15)

and the Genesis of Shari'a,)) Islamic Law and Society: val. 16, nos. 3-4 (November 2009), p. 253 .

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Kant's Moral Philosophy,>) in: Paul Guyer, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant (Cambridge; New

York: Cambridge University Press,

1992)~

G. C. Field, A Criticism of Kant,>) in: Readings in Ethical

Theory, Selected and Edited by Wilfrid Sellars and John Hospers (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,
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( 16)

Larmore, The Autonomy of Morality, pp. 111-112.

Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, Authorized Translation with Notes by Charles ( 1 7)
Francis Atkinson, 2 vols. (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1926-1928), p. 120.
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Paul Guyer, Kant on F"edom. Law. ;""'\.:SJI l.iA (J' C:'\)1 J.#ll (J'

JJ \11

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Autonomy of Morality, p. 105.

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(Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 5, Adapted and Critic in: Lannore, The
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Y' J ~ ')U <,? j5 __,...!I J lk:.JI .) l5 ,..J.;..L..!. ) .,a:::>- ~J .<,? y I!JI J lk:.JI :U?
Y' ._......\..,-1 I _ <.5~ L.,.ci :1 I ~ W' ..j'"j.;;.~I c.rJ _, <..>""" \..,-1 1_, <.5 ~ L.,.ci:l I
. i..J.; l_r,J I 4:;..J y _, ~l..b.ll <,? j5 __,...!I J lk:..ll
M

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. ~ ..:....; l5 L.... <.5 ,_J\ oJ-'"""" ,J '"j.;;."J.J <,? j5 __,...!I J lk:..li ~ , o;..w I
,Ollo~_,.,JI .j J-i .)_,~ (.r' 4--:-~J ~~~J ~L......_;... ..:...)J.j\ ~J
rlk:..lll-4] ~..J

,J'~I J.s-

t /_;::; :1 /.r-""P. ~...LoW. .,.'"j.;;.~I w J~T Jl;--; :1

J.....l.l ~_, ~"'"'...~.; 0i ,~ )~ :~ ~L.. V"'rJ Y'J ,J'"j..;;-~1

.<''><->, ~~ J
~) t>. ...,_?

Wael Hallaq, Authority, Continuity,

:.j ~4 ~ .Jr:-o c~W! c-4-\

u.:.1~
wl.b-1

~~ .,:.J~\ (32)

and Change in Islamic Law (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Wael Hallaq, Can the Shari'a Be Restored?,>) in: Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and :~\ (3 3)
Barbara Freyer Stowasser, eds., Islamic Law and the Challenges of Modernity (Walnut Creek, CA:
AltaMira Press, 2004).

I.L. Lo_r., .,;JI '-"~IJ '-"4~ J_,.l..JI cfll Jl,..-

.ll.o ;y J_,J.i

J r.s:.tt J_,.; cf'JL Jv., (34)

_f( '-:'1;5 J~ [b.; Jj>JI o-4] ~I U., _,JI 0\ "" ''-:'l:;$]1

293

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J'Y.>-'J.J '-?ft_,JI Jlk:.ll C: JL.;'j4_, ,'j_,\

~ Jts:.._.;\ .y Cl.,a.; )'I

<) Iy _r-!.: .Ji - -.r..rJI (?!)I .AA; L.,.. L> - .J'11

..............o; .k..:.ll ~ '-' _,.;\J y:51 .r__,.l:d ~ t; "'=' .Jfo y.:. ~ ~\:.,.J i..l.....;.~

~ ~ ,~1 ~ U,.....i ;J..IJJ J\!:..':11

j-->-

I~ I~ I.L. ~--'

't"'l,..JI -if~ ':II il1:.JI ~ ojll ~~':II ui.J.>.)I

<) f o l

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~~ .Ji J! 'Ct.;,..; t.. ~ '-"" 'Ct.;,..; ~YI.>i ..::;~ U""L...i ~ _r,5'i1

~ .lab... 4_.-.,_):JI L.JYI.>'il J~L.a...ll ) y w_,_.., _, .._.,.._,)1 LA jl) lg.J
;i WI_, '-""' l:>JI .:r.J L,.....ll _, I' _1.1\ _, ~ L.a::.i':i I .j .11 _,;.;':I I -~ t.. ...4:_,....:.1
""
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~ ~ '-?.LJI_r'il ,~~_;]1_, .-:---JI J~ ~_wi.. ..!..L.J; ~I
L..5_, .J l.mlJI i L...12:J I <) J _,b.) I i _wi.. <) ;_,.4]1_, ; ~I .1L4:J G..,.; I_,
.Ji ~ .'-?/' y:- r-'\ Y' J _,A>JJ ~ i LJa.; ~ y:-J .J f; 'J..li .AA; '-';....-..)~ ,J Y\.> 'YJ '-? _;5_,....J I J l1:J I LA).,.:.. 4 C:' -~, ll ~ l..l.ll ul).,_:..':I I
4.,..JWI L..-.;JI ~l:... ~ ......... "-:)"; ~ ~ -s.LJI U""L...'JI
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.~
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Ill WWI i .J-it""'"'
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.

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.(.k,-,11 ~l;..r. ~ ,4-:-- ~~ j;) .u i_r...Loj J.-l5 ..,..-J\....1 ~

~ ~ JYI.> ,~L,-JI_, ~~I~-' u-.J

~_,..,.;

D"iring

,U ~ ,QU

I'"'..IZ-' ~_,..:..!1 ~1_,.; ~~ ~is-! ~ ojll o..!.;~l .;:...L......_;...ll

~I -.,1:5

.j

Ul.;;....

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(Ma'5ad) .C.....

Joseph A. Massad, Desiring Arabs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

294

J.ll.\ (3 5)
:_)a; I .Arabs

~jJI ~1_);.; t: l_,.ls.~ CJ\ ~.J d_,.ls.~ .:>\ ''!""'l:-]1 e-~. II -4..1.>:(f

~ l..i..o.J -,?j-S_,..ll j\.k;JI .j"j.:;.."-11 ~ OJJyoP ~ l.. ~

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d~_,:.; ~ OJJyoP Jl,..-...-

.JJ I

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4J

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4 ) .IJ

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oh

-(

36
)

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cr.?'II L\.;j~

~ ~~ ~ ..;:.,\~ J~ "-!)'.; -,?\J (universalism)

WI.J S'~ ~ <,JJ'-11 4 _1 1\ oh .8\..) ~ .,s_r>-\ ~)~

..) 1~ ._?on.~ .Ji .:.r.l
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jL:..JI

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iJ-""" ~ cf.jJI JI_.,!JI rl];JI

<,.-')\.... )' I <,)I _.,lJ l;

_J.r.'JI cf.JJJ'JI

..1i

~
.~.WI d,i"j.:;.-"11 ~ -~~~

c.i

<./'C;~ J_,...; -,?\ c,\ 0-' ~)I .)so 1.1.. (36)

. .J. _,Ll I ;;,. J..U ~J 1::""}J I .)so <,jJ IJ <,.-')\.... )' I <,)I _.,lJ I <5 _,.J I <,l W;

JI_.,!JI (l];JI 0-'

;s\ JW! (~J ;_,.!' y. -;-Wl\:.:; 0-' Jl.., ~!,; <.,(' <,}JIJ

Toula Nicolacopoulos, The Radical Critique of Liberalism: In

:)Zj\ J1..r.;-l\1 i1..l2;JJ

its.

~ -~

Merrwry of a Vision, Anamnesis (Melbourne: Re.Press, 2008); Carl Schmitt, The Crisis of Parliamentary
Democracy, Translated by Ellen Kennedy, Studies in Contemporary German Social thought (Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press, 1988); Michael J. Sandel, eds., Liberalism and its Critics, Readings in Social and

Political Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1984); Samir Amin, The Liberal Virus:
Permanent War and the Americanization of the World, Translated by James H. Membrez (New York:
Monthly Review Press, 2004); Daniel A. Bell, A Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,)) AnaQ!se and
Kritik, no. 27 (2005); Douglas MacLean and Claudia Mills, eds., Liberalism Reconsidered, Maryland
Studies in Public Philosophy (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld, 1983); Kahn, Putting Liberalism;
Thomas A. Spragens, The Irony of Liberal Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981);
Samira Haj, Recon.figuring Islamic Tradition: Reform, Rationality, and Modernity (Stanford, Calif.:
Alasdair C. Macintyre: After Virtue: A

'(-F":).....pl...,.'":J.-1 ~)l:...o ~)Stanford University Press, 2009)

Study in Moral Theory, 3ro ed. (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), and Whose
Justice? Which Rationality? (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988), and John Gray:
Enlightenment's Wake; Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and other Animals (New York: Farrar, Straus,
and Giroux, 2002), and Liberalism, Concepts in Social Thought (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1986).

.i_r-5 c>.f"l ""L...IJ>

c:-1_,.]1 W\; ).:1 .Jl!...ll j.,.. ..}>- 'ir>' }I J.,; ..W 1 LIJJ.JI J
295

J! <;LP)'~

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<http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anscombe>.

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