:

.1

.2 .
.3 .
: : . . .4 :

:
: .
: .
: .
: .
-1-

.


.

.

.
() Personnel Psychology



-2-


.



.
Organizational Psychology



.

Engineering Psychology

Human Factors Psychology

: Job Analysis

-3-


.
: Personnel Selection
.

.
: Employees Training


.
: Work Motivation

.
: Job Satisfaction and Work Stress


.
Communication and Work Group
: Processes

.
: Leadership and Power

.
Human Factors

-4-

 : Psychology
.

:
:
: .
:

.
:
-5-

:
.

.

: .

.
:

.
.

) Munsterburg (1913
Scott 1908

1970

-6-


. Frederick W. Taylor
Scientific Management

.
.



.

time and motion studies

( ) :

-1
.

-2
(
) .

-7-

 -3

-4

:
:
:

.
.
.
.
:

-8-

: Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

.
efficiency experts

.


-9-

Human Relations Movement

Elton

Mayo Hawthorne, Illinois

Western Electric Company

.



.

1933 .

-10-

Hawthorne Effect

) Roethlisberger & Dickson 1939

-11-

:
-1

-2
.

-3

-12-

1-1 .

1-1 :

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
-13-

 .

.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
( )
-14-

 .
.
.

:
:
:
:

-15-

: ()










-16-

.

.

-17-

.
.

.
:

:

.
-18-

Job Analysis

Personnel

Functions
.


.

.

:
-1 Job Description


.

-2 Job Specification

-19-


:
1-3 .
-3 Job Evaluation

.
-4 Performance Criteria

.

:
1-3 .
.

Ghorpade 1988 .
Job Analysis Methods

.
-20-

1-3

-21-

 .1 Observational Methods

.

.

.2 Existing Data

.
.
.
.3 Interview
.
:
.


-22-

Survery Methods
.4

. :

.
:
-1
-2
-3
-4

.
:
-1

Positions .
-2

. Anonymous

-23-


.

.
Specific Job Analysis Techniques

:
.

Functional Job Analysis

-1



Dictionary of Occupational Titles
U.S. Department of Labor 1977

.

.
-2 Position Analysis Questionnaire

. 187
:
-24-

Information Input
.


.

Mental Processes
.


.

Work Output
. ()

.

Relationship With Other Persons

.



.

Job Context
.

-25-

 .


.

:


3-3 .

.
.
Critical Incedents Technique
-3

Flanagan 1954

"
"

.
.
.

-26-

 . 3-3

.
.

( )3-3
( )045-107-030
- :

.

.

.
.
-27-

 .
.
:
. .
.
...
.

( )2-3
.1
1-1

-1
.
-2 :
-28-

 .
-3
:
.
-4 :
.

-5 :
.
-6 :
.
.
.

-7 :
.
.
.

-8 :
. .

.
-9 :

-29-

 .
-10 :

.
.

Research on Job Analysis Techniques

Accuracy Detail Cost
.


.


.

Job Performance and Performance Appraisal

-30-

.

.


.
Purposes of Performance Appraisal


.

.
:

-1
Productivity .

.

.

:
.
-2

-31-

 .
.
The Measurement of the Job Performance

Job Performance

.
" " Measure of Job Performance
as a Criterion

.
:

Hard Performance Criteria

Soft Performance Criteria Smith 1976 .

Criteria " " .

of

Measures

. Productivity
Soft Performance Criteria
Judgments Ratings
.

.
-32-

.
:
:

.
:

.
soft .

.

.
.

.
. Deficiency Criterion
-33-

 Criterion Usefulness

.
:
.
Methods of Rating Performance



.

Jacobs 1986
.

.

.

.

.
Comparative Method
.1

.
.
-34-

.
" "

.

4-3 .
Checklists
.2


5-3 .
.
.
.


-35-

5-3
.

" "


.

( )5-3
( : )
: .
.

-1 .

-2 .

-3 .

-4 .

-5 .

-6 .

-7 .

-36-

 ( )6-3
:

.
-1 .
.
.
.

-2 .
.
.
.
:
.

-12 .
.
.
.

-37-

 .3

Graphic Rating Scales

:
.

7-3 .
.

( )7-3

-38-

-3

.


.

.4 Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales

.
-39-

 8-3

.
.

8 1

.

.
.

" " .

" "
.

.
8-3
-40-

 :
:

" :

-41-


Narrative Methods of Performance Appraisal




.

Leniency / Severity Errors

/

.
.

.
.
Halo Effects

Nisbett & Wilson 1977 .

-42-

. :

" "

Landy

& Sigall 1974

Baron 1986

" "

Ivancevich 1979 Mclntyre,

Smith, Hassett 1984 Pulakos 1984

.

Recency Effects

.
.

.
Feldman 1981
Heneman & Wexley 1983 .

-43-

Attribution Errors

.
. Causal Attribution

Knowlton
& Mitchell .


.

" -"

.
.

.
.
: .
-44-

.

.

.

-1

:

.
-2 ( )

.
-3

.
-45-

-4 ( )

-5

Personal Biases

.
-46-

The Performance Appraisal Process

:

.

:
.

.

.

-47-

( )

-48-

Wanous 1980
.

Personnel Recruitment

-49-

. . .
Breaugh 1981 Decker & Cornelius 1978
Taylor & Schmidt .

1985,
Swaroff, Barclay, & Bass

.
Evaluation of Written Materials

-50-



1-4
.
1-4

-1 :
-2
-3 :

-4
/

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5
-1
-2

-51-

 -6

-1 :
:
-2 :

-3

-4

-5

-6 :
-7 :
:

-52-

" " Biographical Information

.
2-4

-53-

Personnel Testing

.

.
Personnel Screening Tests


.
-54-

:

1-4
3 .
Cognitive Ability Tests
.1

1929

Otis Wonderlic 1945 .

-55-

.


.

Gottfredson
Hunter & Hunter 1984 .

Technical Ability Tests

.2



Bennett 1980

2-4 .

.3

Motor and Sensory

Ability Tests

Crawford 1981
-56-

 Tiffin 1968 .

Snellen Eye shart

.

.4

and

Skills

Job

Knowledge Tests

Computer Competence Tests Psychological

Corporation

:
.

Job Skill Test

Work Samples

-57-

Cascio & Phillips

1987 .

.5

Personality Tests

Ghiselli 1973 Guion & Gottier .

:
-58-

)(Gough,1985

California Psychological Inventory

.



: .

-59-

 4-4


.

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....
....

....

)Polygraph (Lie detector

.6



.

.



-60-

.7

Handwriting Analysis or

Graphology


.

.8
Abuse of Drugs

1987

.9

20

.
-61-






""

.

1982



.
.10

Hiring Interviews

. Measurement Tool
-62-

.

.

:
.

:
.

Drake, & Cox 185

.

-63-

-64-

.
:
-1




.

-2





.
-3

-65-

-4

.
-5

-6

.



.
-66-

 References and Letters of Recommendation

1979 .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 1987 .

:
:

-67-


:




.

Personnel Selection

:




.

-68-

 ( )5-4

-69-



:

:

: Trainee Readiness

Noe 1986

Schmitt 1986

: Structure of the Training

Program :

.
-70-

 : Transfer of Training

Feedback

.
:

-71-

 Assessing Training

:

.
Organizational Analysis





.

.

Task Analysis

:
.
.

-72-


.
Person Analysis





1987
.
( ) Demogrphic Analysis

Latham 1988
:

49-40

59-50

Tucker 1985

-73-




Berryman Finc 1985 .
Personnel Training Methods

: ON-Site Methods

: Off-Site Methods

:
-1 On-the-Job Training
-2 Apprenticeship
-3 () Vestibule Training
-4 Job Rotation
On-the-Job Training

-74-




.
" "

.

:


.

Apprenticeship
-75-

 :

" " .
" "
.

.


"
" .

" " "

" "" Mentoring .

"" .

Job Rotation

-76-

( )
:

.

.
"" " " .

-77-

.

.

.
Off-site Methods


" " .

:
.

Lecture

-78-

 :
.
:

-79-



:

:
-1
-2
-3
:
-1
-2
:
-1
-2
-3
( ) :
-1
-2

-3
-4

-80-



.
:



.
.

.

:





.

-81-

 Defining motivation
) (Steers & Porter 1983
:

.

.

Need Theories of Motivation

.

-82-



.

.
:

" : " :
Maslow's Need-Hierarchy Theory

. 1970 Maslow 1965
.

.
. 1-6
.

-83-

 ( )1-6

-1 needs

: Physiological

.
-2 : Safety needs

.
-3 : Social needs
.

-4 needs

: Esteem

.
-84-

 -5 : Self-actualization needs


.

.
.

.


.


.

Rauschenberger, Shmit, & Hunter 1980

Wahba & Bridwell 1976 .

Miner 1983 .

.


.
-85-

 " : " Alderfer's ERG theory

:

. (Cayton
) needs 1972 ""
"" :
: existence needs
.

: needs

relatedness

: growth needs
.

.
.

.
1983.

" : " ()

Mcclelland's Achievement Theory

(Mcclelland
) . 1961,1975
: .

.
-86-

 . .
.
:
: need for achievement

.
: need for power

: need for affiliation

.

Job Design Theories of Motivation
-87-

.


.


.

" "
Fredrick Herzberg

1966
Herzberg, Mausner & Snyderman 1959 .

" " motivators

" : "
). (hygienes

-88-

job content
: .

context in which

people perform their work

.
1-6 .
1-6
() hygienes

motivators

: :
-89-

 :
.

:
.
.
:

:
.
: .

:
.
:

Job Characteristics Model

Hackman & Oldham 1976

.
:
: : skill variety

.
-90-

 : ( task identity ) :

: : task significance

: : autonomy

.
: : feedback

:
. .
.

:
= + +
3

.
-91-

: .

:

. 3-6

.

.
.

.

.

-92-

 ( )3-6

Rational Theories of Motivation

Equity Theory of Motivation

Stacey

) Adams J. (1965
treated

fairly
-93-

- inequitable treatment

input

. outcomes

.

. comparison others

.
.
.

: .


.

-94-

 : increasing outcomes

.

: decreasing inputs
.

: changing the comparison others

.
: leaving the situation

: :
.
:

.
.

:
. :
:
-95-

 . :
.

: distorting the situation :

. :
.

( ) )VIE Theory of Motivation (Vroom

expectancy theory 1964

1969 1967 .

.

.

.
.
-96-

: : valence

.

expectancy

: .

instrumentality

.
:

:
:
( )
.
-97-

) .

:
.

.
.

:
Zedeak 1977
.
Goal-Setting Theory

Drucker 1954 ) (Lewin 1953

Locke 1968 (Locke

) & Latham 1984

clear

specific quantified
.
-98-

 " ""
"

.
Latham, 1981

Locke, shaw, saari

. Erez & Zidon 1984 .

.

.
Tubbs 1968 .

Erez & Arad 1968 .

Locke el al 1981 )Garland (1984

.

Management objectives

Miners 1983 .

Reinforcement Theory
-99-


" "


" "reinforcer :
: positive reinforcer

rewards
.
:

: negative reinforcers

.


( )
negative condition

.

. punishment

.
.
-100-


.

.


.
extinction
.

.

. reinforcement schedule
interval type ratio type
ratio type

.

fixed
variable .

:
-101-

 -1 ( ) .
-2 ( ) .
-3 ( ) .
-4

) .

:
: () fixed interval schedule

:
.

: variable interval schedule

.

.
.

.
: fixed ratio schedule

-102-

 :
.
.
.

: variable ratio schedule

.
.

.
.

.

.

" .

"
. .

Pritchard, Hollenback, & Deleo
1980 Pritchard, Leonard, Von
Bergen & Kirk 1976 .
-103-

.

Hammer & Hammer 1976
. Miner 1983

.
.

.


.

.
.
-104-

: : . : . :
. : .
:

.

.


.
: :

.
.

.
: :
.

.
-105-

.
: :

.


.
.

.
.

-106-

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

-6
-7
-8
.

-107-

.
.

.
.

.

.
Job Sotis Faction


. .
Job Satisfaction


.

-108-

.

.
:
: global approach

.
: facit approach

.



Scarpello & Campbell 1983
Schneider 1985 .

.
-109-

Locke 1976
Smith, Kendall & Hulin 1969 .
The Measurement of Job Satisfaction

.

.

.


.

.

:

.
.
-110-

 :



.

. :

.

.

.
:

()

Minnesota Satisfaction

). Questionnaire (MSQ
The Job Descriptive Index (JDI) .
: ()
. Weiss, Dawis, England, & Lofquest 1967

:
.
-111-



.
1-7 .
Smith et al 1969
.
:
.
.
.
.
.

-112-

 ()1-7

:
-1 .

-3 .

-5 .

-6 .

-2 .

-4 .

-8 .

-10 .

-7 .
-9

-11
-12 .

Job Satisfaction and Job Performance

.



. Locke 1976 Vroom 1964
Porter
& Lawler 1968

-113-

 .


.

2-7 .

-114-

 2-7

- . -

.
.

- .

. -

- -
.

-115-

Laffaldano & Muchinsky 1985
Petty, McGee, & Cavender 1984 .
:
.

.
: .

( )3-7

.
-116-


.
-

.


.

.


.

Organizational Commitment


.

Porter, Steers, Mowday, & Boulian 1974.

.
.

) Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ

4-7 .

-117-

&

Arnold

Feldman 1982 Stumph & Hartman .

.
.

.
Bateman
& Strasser 1984 Russbolt & Farrel 1983 .
()4-7

.

.

-1

.
-2 : .

-3 .

-4 .

-5 .

-6 .

-7

-118-

 .
-8 .

-9 .

-10

-11 .

-12

-13 .

-14 .

-15

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .

-119-


Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Employee Attendance

. Hackett
& Guion Stumpf Dawley 1981 .
Absenteeism Turnover
.

.
.
Increasing Job Satisfaction

.

-120-

 . .
:
-1 changes in job structure

: job rotation
.

boredom monotony
.
.

.
-2 job enlargement



.

.
.

-3

changes in pay structure

-121-

Cotton & Tuttle 1986

.
.
.

Knowledge based pay .

.

.
"

Tosi & Tosi 1987 .
3-7

.
) pay for performance (merit pay
.

.
:

-122-

 :
.

.
:

:
.

Balkin & Gomez-Mrjia 1987

Pearce, Stevenson, & Perry 1985

.

group performance 1987 .

. Bonus
" gainsharing

.


.
-4 Benefit programs

.

%28
Milkovich & Newman 1987
-123-

 . :

.
.

.
:
.

.
.


.

-124-


:
Increasing Organizational Commitment Through Employee
Ownership


Rosen, Klein, & Young 1986 .
: : . :

.
.
.

.
1987 .
.
Work Stress

. .

.
.
.
.
-125-

:

.
:

.

Hanz Selye 1976 " " . fight or flight
1976 .

anxiety fear
frustration despair .

" . " Stressor

.
.

-126-

.
.
:

Golembiewski, Munzenrider, & Stevenson

1986 .
Sources of Work Stress

.
.

.
.
:
.
.

-127-

.

.

.

& French

Kaplan 1972 .

job uncertainty

Beehr 1985.

.
-128-

 interpersonal stess
.

1982 .

lack of control .

Jackson 1983 .

change

predictable . .

-129-

1-7 .

( )1-7
-1

-2
-3

-4
-5

-6
-7
-8

-9

-10
-11
-12

individual sources of work

. .
:
.


1986

Gardell

&

Frankenhaeuser,

Levi,

Martin & Schermerhorn 1983 .

-130-

.

:
Holmes & Rahe 1967 .
2-7 .
.
> .

Bhagat 1983
.

-131-

 ( )2-7

100

72

65

64

62

63

52

50

47

10

45

11

45

12

44

13

44

29

15

29

16

28

17

27

18

26

19

25

20

21

21

20

22

29

23

29

14

-132-

24
25

26
27

26

28

25

29

24

30

23

31

20

32

20

33

20

34

29

35

19

36

18

37
38

17

39

15

40

15

41

13

42

12

43

29
28
26

16

11

-133-

: .

Type

) behavior pattern (type A personality

1974
1978

Rosenman

&

Friedman

Rosenman .

type B .

Schmied & Lawler 1986 .

.
)Suzanne Kobasa (1982

hardy

personality

threat

challenge . control
and influence
.

.

depression
-134-

 Friedman & Booth Kewley 1987

Kobasa & Puccetti 1983 .
Effects of Work Stress

.
.
.
:
.
:
. .

1985 Gherman
1981 .

.
.
Wolf 1986 .

-135-

 ( )5-7

-136-

.
-137-

5-7 .

Cohen
1980 . .

1985 .


.

Motowidlo, Packard, & Manning 1986 .
:

.
.

.

)Gupta & Bheer (1979

.

-138-


Parasuraman & Alutto .

burnout
.

Gaines & Jermier 1983
Maslach 1982 . burnout

:
.

:
: .
:

Jackson, Schwab, & Schuler 1986 .

Cherniss 1980 .

) (burnout
& Leiter
Maslach 1988 .

Coping with work stress

-139-


:
-1 :
.
-2 :

.
: individual coping strategies

1979 .
diet plans
.
.
Jette
1984 .

.

.

.



-140-

 .

.

1984

145

.

.

.

. :
.
:

Lounsbury & Hoopes .

: Organizational coping strategies

-141-

:
-1 improve the person job fit :

1972 .
.


.

-2 :
Improve employee training and orientation programs
.

-142-

 -3
Increase employees' sense of control

.

.

-4
Eliminate punitive management

.
.

-5 :
Remove hazardous or dangerous work conditions

.

-143-

-6

improve

communication

.

.

:

Designing Effective Work Stress Management Training Programs

.
.

syetimatic

Matteson & Ivancevich 1987.

-1

-2
-3

-144-

 :
" " "

" .
. :

" " :

-1 3 :


.
-2 : 3 :
Self-analysis: Learning about your personal stress

" stressful life events

" scale .
-3 coping 3 .

.
-4 3 :


.

.

.
" "
-145-



.
" "

): (Wasik 1984

-1
-2
-3

-4
.
-5 .
-6 .

-7 .

.


.

.
.

.

-146-




Kirkpatrick 1976 .
Quality of Work Life



. .

.


.
.
( )3-7

()

-1 .
-2 .
-3
-147-


.
-4 .
-5
.

-6
.

-7
.

-8

.


.

.
.
:
.
.

-148-

fair market wages

1986 . :

-1 work teams
.
-2 quality circles

employee surverys
.

-3
.
-4 .


.

:
:
.
:

.
-149-

 :
. 1990 .
. 1428 . .
Ivancevich, J.M, et al. (2005). Organizational Behavior and
Management. McGraw Hill.

-150-