Mitosis

Chapter 10
Overview
 Why do cells need to divide?
 Repair, growth, development
 Types of reproduction
 Sexual
 Genetically different
 2 parents
 Takes time to develop, better chance of survival
 asexual
 Genetically identical
 One parent
 Many offspring very quickly
DNA
 Blueprint of life, nucleic acid
 Chromatin
 Granular genetic material, spread out in
nucleus of non-dividing cells
 Chromosomes
 Condensed genetic material, in dividing cells
 Sister chromatids
 Identical copies of Chromosomes joined by
a centromere (“centro-” middle)
Cell Cycle: Life of a Cell
Cell Cycle
 Interphase
 90 % of cell’s life, non dividing
 G1 phase
 grows
 S phase
 DNA Synthesis
 G2 phase
 Cell prepares to divide
 M phase
 When the nucleus of the cell divides
Cell Cycle

 There are check points in G1, S, and G2

 Make sure cell is ready to move onto the
next phase (has all necessary organelles,
copied DNA, etc.)
 Once the cell has past the G1
checkpoint, it will complete the cell cycle
 Some cells stay in the G1 phase all their
life (muscle cell, brain cells)
M-phase

 Mitosis
 Process by which the nucleus of a cell
divides
 One parent cell makes two identical
daughter cells
 This is how organisms repair tissue and
grow and develop
Depending on cell type…

 Mitosis can take a few minutes or a few

days
 Muscle cells (non-dividing)
 Nerve cells (non-dividing)
 Skin cells (divide all the time)
 Digestive Tract cells (divide all the time)
Prophase
 50-60% of time
 Chromosomes become visible
 Centrioles develop in cytoplasm near nuclear
envelope
 Centrioles separate and migrate to opposite ends
of nuc. Env.
 Centrosome
 Region where Centrioles are found
 Organize the “spindle”
 Fan like microtubule structure that helps separate
chromosomes
 Plants do NOT have Centrioles
End of prophase

 Chromosomes coil together tightly

 Nucleolus disappears
 Nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase

 Few minutes
 Chromosomes line up in middle (M in
metaphase MIDDLE)
 Microtubules connect centromere of each
chromosome to the 2 poles of spindle
Anaphase

 Centromeres joining sister chromatids

separate and become individual
chromosomes
 They are dragged by fibers to opposite
poles
 Ends when chromosomes stop moving
Telophase

 Opposite of prophase
 Condensed chromosomes disperse into
tangle of material
 Nuclear envelope reforms
 Spindle breaks apart
 Nucleolus becomes visible
 At the end 2 identical nuclei in one cell
Cytokinesis
 Happens at the same time as Telophase
 Division of cytoplasm
 Animal Cells
 Cell membrane drawn inward until it pinches
off and forms 2 id daughter cells
 Plant Cells
 Cell plate forms between nuclei
 Cell Plate develops into separate membrane
 Cell wall appears
Regulators of Cell Cycle
 Cyclins
 Protein that regulates the timing of the cell
cycle in eukaryotic cells
 Levels of cyclins rise and fall throughoutthe
cell cycle
 Cyclin-dependent Kinases (cdks)
 Enzymes that are activated when they bind
with cyclin and they make the cell cycle
continue
 Regulators
 Internal
 Factors within the cell that control cell cycle
 Cyclin and CDKs
 Allow cell cycle to proceed only when certain processes
have occurred
 Replication of chromosomes
 Chromosome Attachment to spindle before anaphase

 External
 Factors Outside the cell
 Growth factorsmolecules that bind to cell surface that
signal cell to divide
 Similar cells have molecules that have opposite effect so
that when it becomes to crowded, cells stop dividing
MEIOSIS
 Gregor
Mendel
 1822
 Austrian monk
 University of
Vienna
 In charge of
the Garden
What Gregor Mendel
Knew…
 Each organism must inherit a single copy
of every gene from each of its “parents”
 Each of the organisms gametes must
contain just one set genes
 When gametes are formed, there must be a
process that separates the 2 sets of genes
so each gamete gets one set
Karyotype

 A photograph of a person's
chromosomes, arranged according to
size
Chromosome Number

 Homologous chromosomes
 Chromosome that has a corresponding
chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
 Fruit fly has 8 chromosomes
 4 from mom
 4 from dad
Diploid
 Di= two sets
 Cell that contains both sets of homologus
chromosomes
 Cell contains
 2 complete sets of chromosome
 2 complete sets of genes
 Number of chrms in diploid cell represented
by 2N
 For Drosophilia (fruit fly) 2N=8
 Mendel said:
 Each adult cell contains two copies of each gene
Haploid

 Means “one set”

 Refers to cells that contain only one set
of chromosomes
 Gametes (sex cells)
 Represented by N
 Drosophilia fruit fly
 N=4
How are
haploid (N)
gametes made
from diploid
(2N) cells?
Meiosis

 Process of reduction division in which the

number of chromosomes per cell is cut in
half through the separation of
homologous chromosomes in a diploid
cell
Meiosis

 2 distinct stages
 Meiosis I
 A diploid cell enters here
 Meiosis II
 At the end of this, the diploid cell that
entered meiosis has become 4 haploid cells
Meiosis I
 Before meiosis 1, each chromosome is
replicate
 Then they divide like in mitosis
 What happened in mitosis?
 PMAT
 Tetrad
 STRUCTURE MADE WHEN EACH
CHROMOSOME PAIRS UP WITH ITS
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME
 4 CHROMATIDS IN A TETRAD
Prophase 1

 Each chromosome pairs with its

homologous chromosome making a
tetrad
 As they pair up in tetrads, chromosomes
exchange portions of their chromatids in
the process …. CROSSING OVER
Crossing Over
Metaphase1
 Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

Anaphase 1
• The spindles pull homologous
chromosomes apart to opposite
poles/ends
Telophase 1
• Nuclear membranes form and cell
separates into two new cells
Now what do we have?
 2 new daughter cells
 Are they identical to the parents?
 No
 The parent has 4 chromosomes
 Each daughter cell has 4 chromosomes but they
are different because of crossing-over
 Each daughter cell has a set of chromosomes
and alleles different from each other and
different from the parent diploid cell
Meiosis II

 Unlike Mitosis, Neither cell goes through

a round of chromosome replication
 Each cell’s chromosome has 2
chromatids
Prophase II

 Meiosis resulted in 2 haploid (N) cells,

each with ½ the number of chromosomes
in the original cell
 Metaphase 2
 Chromosomes line up in middle
Anaphase 2
• Sister chromatids separate and move to
opposite poles

Telophase 2
• Meiosis II results in 4 haploid (N)
daughter cells
• 4 daughter cells contain haploid number
of chromosomes, just 2 each
Gamete Formation

 Male
 Haploid gametes produced by meiosis are called
sperm
 Female
 Haploid gamete produced by meiosis is called an
egg
 Cell divisions at the end of meiosis one and two
are uneven so one cell gets most of the cytoplasm
(the EGG) and the other three are called polar
bodies (don’t participate in reproduction)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
 Mitosis
 Results in the production of two genetically
identical DIPLOID cells
 Daughter cells have sets of chromosomes
identical to each other and to parent cell
 MITOSIS allows body to grow and replace other
cells
 Asexual reproduction
 Meiosis
 Results in four genetically different HAPLOID cells
 MEIOSIS is how sexually reproducing organisms
make gametes
Genes