Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plaxis Vietnam Seminar
No Title Time
3 Geometry, Model Space, Mesh and Initial Stresses
F I N I T E E L E M E N T C O D E F O R S O I L A N D R O C K A N A LY S E S
Vietnam 2008 2
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 1
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
finite element code for soil and rock analyses
PLAXIS SEMINAR
KUCHING 2008
Malaysia
C
Computational Geomechanics in Routine Geotechnical Analysis
t ti l G h i i R ti G t h i l A l i
Contributed
L A XI S P R O F E S S I O N A L v e r s i o n 8 . 5 - P L A XF L O W v e r s i o n 1 . 5 - D Y N A M I C S m o d u l e - 3 - D F O U N D A T I O N v e r s i o n 2 . 0 – 3 - D T U N N E L v e r s i o n 2 . 0 – 3 - D G E O T H E R M I E v e r s i o n 1 .
SEMINAR
1. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
2. GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
G O C C SS
3. MODELLING OF SOIL‐STRUCTURE
INTERACTION PROBLEMS WITH PLAXIS
4. REAL CASE HISTORIES
5. CONCLUSIONS
Vietnam 2008 4
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 2
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
finite element code for soil and rock analyses
1. TUNNELLLING
2. EXCAVATION
3. FOUNDATIONS
4. LAND RECLAMATIONS
5. SLOPE (EMBANKMENT) STABILITY AND
REINFORCEMENT
1.GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
1 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
TUNNELLING
N E W A U S T R I A N T U N N E L L I NG
SHIELD TUNNELLING
Vietnam 2008 6
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 3
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 7
Vietnam 2008 8
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 4
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 9
Vietnam 2008 10
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 5
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 11
Vietnam 2008 12
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 6
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
EXCAVATIONS
Vietnam 2008 13
Vietnam 2008 14
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 7
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 15
Vietnam 2008 16
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 8
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
FOUNDATIONS
Vietnam 2008 17
PILED RAFTS FOUNDATIONS
Vietnam 2008 18
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 9
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
LAND RECLAMATION
SEMINAR
1. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
2. GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
G O C C SS
3. MODELLING OF SOIL‐STRUCTURE
INTERACTION PROBLEMS WITH PLAXIS
4. REAL CASE HISTORIES
5. CONCLUSIONS
Vietnam 2008 20
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 10
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
finite element code for soil and rock analyses
2.GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
2 GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
2.GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
Vietnam 2008 22
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 11
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 23
GEOMETRY SPACE
1. 2‐D Plane Strain Space
2. Axi‐symmetric space
3. 3‐D Space
45 m
30 m
45 m
8m
Vietnam 2008 24
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 12
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
AX I - S YM M E T RY N O T AX I - S YM M E T RY
Vietnam 2008 25
SEMINAR
1. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
2. GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
G O C C SS
3. MODELLING OF SOIL‐STRUCTURE
INTERACTION PROBLEMS WITH PLAXIS
4. REAL CASE HISTORIES
5. CONCLUSIONS
Vietnam 2008 26
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 13
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
finite element code for soil and rock analyses
Plaxis Finite Element Codes
3.SOIL‐STRUCTURE INTERACTION
3 SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION
3.FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS WITH PLAXIS
“ R E A L I T Y O R V I RT U A L D R E A M ? ”
Vietnam 2008 28
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 14
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
F I N I T E E L E M E N T C O D E F O R S O I L A N D R O C K A N A LY S E S
Vietnam 2008 29
Vietnam 2008 30
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 15
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 31
2D Version 9
9
3D Found v11
Dynamics
3D Tunnel
Version 6
Version 8
Version 4
Version 2
Version 5
Version 3
Version 7
Version 1
PlaxFlow
008
004
000
998
005
990
989
002
987
995
001
993
003
991
007
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
20
19
19
19
Vietnam 2008 32
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 16
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
PLAXIS 2D PLAXIS 3D
Vietnam 2008 33
PLAXIS PROFESSIONAL v8.6
Vietnam 2008 34
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 17
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
PLAXIS V8
Excavations
Vietnam 2008
35
PLAXIS V8
Soil reinforcement
Vietnam 2008
36
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 18
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
PLAXIS V8
Tunnels
Vietnam 2008
37
MOVIE
1
Vietnam 2008 38
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 19
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
PLAXIS PLAXFLOW v1.5
Vietnam 2008 39
PLAXFLOW
Vietnam 2008 40
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 20
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
PLAXFLOW + PLAXIS 8
Deformations Ground waterheads
MOVIE
1
MOVIE
2
RAIN WATER INFILTRATION ON PARTIALLY SATURATED SLOPE
Vietnam 2008 41
DYNAMICS MODULE
Vietnam 2008 42
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 21
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
For vibrations and earthquake simulation
1. Single‐source vibrations
2. Earthquake analysis
3. Absorbing boundaries
MOVIE
Vietnam 2008 43
PLAXIS 3D TUNNEL v2.2
Vietnam 2008 44
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 22
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
PLAXIS 3D TUNNEL
Vietnam 2008 45
Vietnam 2008 46
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 23
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
MOVIE
Vietnam 2008 47
Vietnam 2008 48
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 24
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION v2.1
Vietnam 2008 49
Vietnam 2008 50
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 25
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 51
STRUCTURE ON SLOPE
Vietnam 2008 52
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 26
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 53
Vietnam 2008 54
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 27
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 55
Vietnam 2008 56
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 28
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
MOVIE E X C AVAT I O N S
MOVIE COFFERDAM
Vietnam 2008 57
DEVELOPMENTS
Vietnam 2008 58
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 29
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Embedded piles
Ground anchors
Phi‐c reduction
Simulation of soil tests
Small‐strain stiffness (HS‐small)
4
User‐defined soil models 13
5 15
101
Grouping of elements 14
New Output program
N O t t 11 102 10
6
1
7 12
2 10 9
3
8
Vietnam 2008 59
Vietnam 2008 60
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 30
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
QUAY WALLS
Vietnam 2008 61
Vietnam 2008 62
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 31
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
MICROPILES
Vietnam 2008 63
1. Constitutive Soil Models
1. Linear Elastic
2. Linear Elastic Perfectly Plastic :
• Mohr‐Coulomb
3. Isotropic Hardening Models:
• Hardening Soil Model ( Failure Criterion, MC, Lade & Matsuoka‐
Nakai)
• Double Hardening
• Cam‐Clay Class of models (Soft‐soil & Soft soil creep)
SSome other elements that may be important:
th l t th t b i t t
• Anisotropy
• Small‐strain stiffness effects
• Cyclic effects
Vietnam 2008 64
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 32
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
SEMINAR
1. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
2. GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
G O C C SS
3. MODELLING OF SOIL‐STRUCTURE
INTERACTION PROBLEMS WITH PLAXIS
4. REAL CASE HISTORIES
5. CONCLUSIONS
Vietnam 2008 65
finite element code for soil and rock analyses
2‐D MODELLING OF EXCAVATIONS
3‐D MODELLING OF EXCAVATIONS
3‐D PILED RAFT FOUNDATIONS
4 REAL CASE HISTORIES
4. REAL CASE HISTORIES
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 33
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
finite element code for soil and rock analyses
OVAL COFFERDAM
NICOLL HIGHWAY INVESTIGATION
EFFECT OF TENSION PILES
EFFECT OF PASSIVE PILES
APPLIED 1: EXCAVATION
APPLIED 1 EXCAVATION
24m
27m
Vietnam 2008 68
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 34
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008
69
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 35
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
3D Analysis
Plaxis 3D Foundation
Vietnam 2008
71
Vietnam 2008 72
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 36
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
1st strut
str t 2064 1083
(52%)
2nd strut 4200 1577
(38%)
3rd strut 4552 1584
(35%)
4th strut 7856 1503
(19%)
5th strut 6784 2285
(34%)
6th strut 5848 2271
(39%)
Vietnam 2008 73
Parameter 2D 3D
Vietnam 2008
74
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 37
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008
75
30m
One strut
removed
Vietnam 2008 76
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 38
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Strut removed
(10mm increase)
45m
32m
Vietnam 2008 77
Wall
Wall G
Gap panel
panel
Gap in wall
Vietnam 2008 78
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 39
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Wall Wall
Grouted
slab 160mm deflection
Gap below final exc.
Panel 0.8m thk Panel 1.0m thk Panel 0.8m thk
Gap infilled by grout
• Panel filling gap as excavating
downward
Vietnam 2008 79
8.5m
DWall
Vietnam 2008 80
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 40
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Slab
DWall
+50m
Vietnam 2008
81
100 100
95 95
90 90
85 85
80 80
mRL
mRL
75 75
70 70
2D predicts smaller
65 65
DWall deflections, as
60 60
soil is not allowed to
55 55
flow between piles
50 50
45 45
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
Vietnam 2008 82
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 41
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Level (mRL)
Level (mRL)
80 80
75 10000 kN 75 3D gives
70 70 1400 kN
65 65
60 60 2D gives
55 55 20000 kN
50 50
45 45
-5000
5000
10000
15000
20000
-5000
5000
10000
15000
20000
Compression/tension force in pile (kN) Compression/tension force in pile (kN)
Vietnam 2008 83
Vietnam 2008 84
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 42
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008
85
Vietnam 2008
86
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 43
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
3D Analysis
Individual piles
65m
8m
• Individual piles modelled by
“plate” element
Vietnam 2008 87
Deformation of Excavation
Vietnam 2008 88
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 44
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Deformation of Piles
200
C
180
B
160 A
100
Stiff soil
A 80
B 60
C
40
20
• Measured pile deflection: order 0
of 100 mm Exc to Exc to Exc to Back exc Back exc
+2.5 +1.3 +0.8 to +2.5 to +4.5
Vietnam 2008 89
Plastic hinge
Vietnam 2008
90
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 45
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
2.40
2.20
2.00 piles
1.80
FOS
1.60
1.40
no piles
1.20
1.00
Exc to Exc to Exc to Back exc Back exc
+2.5 +1.3 +0.8 to +2.5 to +4.5
Vietnam 2008
91
finite element code for soil and rock analyses
1.EFFECT OF BARRET PILES ON ADJACENT INFRASTRUCTURE
2.PILED FOUNDATION ANALYSIS
3. CALIBRATION TEST: NUMERICAL AND CENTRIFUGE
APPLIED 2 FOUNDATIONS
APPLIED 2:FOUNDATIONS
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 46
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008
93
Bored pile
Vietnam 2008 94
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 47
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
2D Analysis
Barrette
Vietnam 2008
95
Limitations of 2D Analysis
• Line load applied on barrettes is uniform into-the-plane
• In real situation
1 line
1. li lload
d iis applied
li d within
ithi th
the b
building
ildi area
2. barrette section further away from building boundary helps
shed load through skin friction
• Existing bored piles supporting the tunnel are modelled as
“wall” into-the-plane
• Changes of axial force in existing piles may not be reliably
predicted
• Cannot give settlement profile of the tunnel into-the-plane (for
structural calculation of tunnel deflection/distortion)
Vietnam 2008
96
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 48
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
3D Analysis
Plaxis 3D Foundation - half problem modelled
Pile-soil area
60m Line load on
barrette
Symmetry
plane
Tunnel
152m
160m
Vietnam 2008
97
Barrette
(100 m)
Building load
(equivalent raft foundation)
Vietnam 2008 98
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 49
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
3D Analysis Results
Settlement of tunnel
Settlement Deformation
500x roof
floor
Settlement of tunnel
walls
Vietnam 2008 99
3D Analysis Results
Increase of Axial Force in Longitudinal Settlement Profile of
Tunnel Piles Tunnel
95 Distance in longitudinal direction of tunnel (m)
West pile 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
90
Middle pile
85 East pile West side
80 East side
Elevation (+mRL)
75
70
Settlement (m)
65
60 Soft soil
55
50
Stiff soil
45
40
35
Increase of axial force in pile (kN)
Vietnam 2008 100
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 50
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 101
Vietnam 2008 102
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 51
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 103
Vietnam 2008 104
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 52
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 105
Vietnam 2008 106
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 53
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
finite element code for soil and rock analyses
1.SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURE DUE TO CONSOLIDATING GROUND & THE
EFFECT OF NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
2.EFFECT OF EMBANKMENT ON SERVICE PIPE
APPLIED 3:DEFORMATION
APPLIED 3 DEFORMATION
ANALYSIS
Settlement at a Depot Site
Taiwan
Vietnam 2008 108
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 54
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
+10 mRL
SAND
37m
PLAXIS 3D Foundation
+0 mRL 16m
Lower CLAY
15m 15m
Toe +5.5 mRL
10
Vietnam 2008 9
Settlement at a Depot Site
Dissipation of epwp
Vietnam 2008 110
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 55
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Settlement at a Depot Site
Consolidation settlement
130mm
100mm
Pile toe
Vietnam 2008 111
Time (Day)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.000
F 29
F-29 F 30
F-30 F 31
F-31 F 32
F-32
-0.020
Hand calc.
-0.040
Settlement (m)
-0.060
-0.080
PLAXIS (kclay=1×10-8 m/s)
-0.100
-0.120
-0.140
6/5/04 25/4/06
-0.160
11
Vietnam 2008 2
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 56
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Settlement at a Depot Site
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
22
NSF: Negative skin friction
20
18 Bldg. load
metre Reduced Level
16
NSF
14
12
10
m
8
Bldg. load +
6
consolidation
4
Vietnam 2008 113
Cone
Cone
Vietnam 2008 114
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 57
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
Vietnam 2008 115
3D Analysis
Plaxis 3D Foundation
Embankment load
Cone load
Vietnam 2008
116
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 58
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
3D Analysis Results
Deformation at Depth 1 m Below Ground Surface (50x)
Deformed Pipe
Vietnam 2008
117
3D Analysis Results
Lateral movement of pipe (m)
• A simple 3D loading scenario
-0.030
-0.025
-0.020
-0.015
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
modelled by 3DF
0 • Model the soil-structure
20 i t
interaction
ti effect
ff t
40
Emb. • Give pipe deflection, shear
force & bending moment in 3D
Longitudinal distance (m)_
60
80
100
Cone
120
140
160
180
200
Vietnam 2008
118
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 59
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
SEMINAR
1. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
2. GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
G O C C SS
3. MODELLING OF SOIL‐STRUCTURE
INTERACTION PROBLEMS WITH PLAXIS
4. REAL CASE HISTORIES
5. CONCLUSIONS
Vietnam 2008 119
General Notes for FE Analysis
• Soil input parameters and modelling techniques continually
refined as more field data is available
• A series of sensitivity analyses are necessary to cover
possible field scenarios
• Use of numerical modelling in practice requires:
1. A good knowledge of soil mechanics and finite
element/difference principles
2. An understanding of the programme/model limitations
3. Careful checking of numerical results by competent
engineers
Vietnam 2008 120
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 60
finite element for soil and rock analyses 15‐JUNE‐2007
References
Breth, H. and Chambosse, G. (1975). Settlement behaviour of buildings above subway tunnels in Frankfurt clay. Proc. Conf.
Settlement of Structures, Cambridge, April 1974, London: Pentech Press, 329 ‐ 336.
Boscardin, M. D. and Cording, E. J. (1989). Building response to excavation‐induced settlement, ASCE, J. Geotech. Engrg., 115(2),
22 ‐28.
CIRIA (2003). Embedded retaining walls ‐ guidance for economic design. Construction Industry Research and Information
Association, Report C580.
Davies, R. V. and Henkel, D. J. (1980). Geotechnical problems associated with the construction of Charter Station, Hong Kong.
Proc. of the Conf. on Mass Transportation in Asia, Hong Kong, paper J3, 31 p.
Dickin, E. A. and Nazir, R. (1999). Moment‐carrying capacity of short pile foundations in cohesionless soil. J. Geotech. & Geoenv.
Engrg. ASCE, 125(1), 1‐10.
Franzius, J. N., Potts, D. M. and Burland, J. B. (2006). The response of surface structures to tunnel construction. Geotechnical
Engineering, Proc. of ICE, 159(1), 3‐17.
Morton, K., Leonard, M. S. M. and Carter, R. W. (1980). Building settlements and ground movements associated with
construction of two stations of the modified initial system of the Mass Transit Railway, Hong Kong. Proc. of 2nd Int. Conf. on
Ground Movements and Structures, Cardiff, UK, 708‐802; 946‐947, Discussion (published under the title Ground Movement
and Structures, Geddes, J. D., eds., Pentech, London, 1981).
Morton, K., Cater, R. W. and Linney, L. (1980). Observed settlements of buildings adjacent to stations constructed for the
modified initial system of the Mass Transit Railway, Hong Kong. Proc. of 6th Southeast Asian Conf. on Soil Engineering,
Taipei, 415‐429.
Prasad, Y. V. S. N. and Narasimha Rao, S. (1994). Experimental studies on foundations of compliant structures – I. under static
loading. Ocean Engineering, 21(1), 1‐13.
PLAXIS (2002). Users forum – beam to pile properties. PLAXIS Bulletin, June, 2002, p.22,
http://www.plaxis.com/upload/bulletins/12%20PLAXIS%20Bulletin.pdf.
Vietnam 2008 121
Thank you
Vietnam 2008 122
PLAXIS SEMINAR‐HO CHI MINH 61