Hosseini, Khaled: A thousand splendid

suns


) (
:

 : pdf .
.

.
.


-1
.

.

.
.
)(
. .
) (
. .

.
:
" _ _ . ".
-- .

. .
.
.
.
. .
.

1959 .
. : .
.
.
": " .
:
" 500 . "

.
.
. . .
:
" ! .
. .
".
.
.
.
. . .
- - . .
.
-


.
.
. ":
"

1956 .
. . .

.

.
":
".
":
".


.
"
. "
":
"
. ":
.
"
-2
:
".
:
": . . "
.
.
" . "
. .
.

. ": "


.
.
. .
.
200.
. .

.

 ": "
. .
.

. .
.
.

.
.
- - .
. :

.
.
. . .

.

.
.
.
":
"
.
1959 .
.
.
"
.

.
"- ""- "" -"


.

.
.
. .
":
. "
": .
"


.
"
.
. .
.
.
.
. ": " ":
".
3

.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
": "
": "
.
.

.
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
.

": "
.
.
""
" "
" "
""
" "
""
"

.
.

 .
. .
--
.
)
:( .
.

.
. .


.
- - .

. .

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

":
. "
.
.
. .
.
" . .
".
.

.
.
.
": "
""
" "
. .

 ":

"

": "
" "
": "
".
.
. "
": "
" "

" -
" "
": "

.
" . . . .
. .
" .
.
" . . . .
"
" ": . "....
"
.
. .
".
.4
.
. .
.
.

.
.
. . ": .
!"
.
. .

. .
.
.
.

.

 . .
.
.
.
.
. .
.

. .
.
.
.
": "

" "
.
.
.
.
.

. . :




.


.
1973 14
.
"
.
.
.
. "

" "
""
.
" "
. .

.
" "

": "

10

 ":
.
"

.
. .
.

.
. .
. .
": " .
.
.
.
.
.5
": .
1974 .
.
" "
": "
.
. -

.
. .

.
.
":
" .
.
": ". .
":
. . .
".
": "
:
" "
":
"...
" "
" "
" . .
. " .

11

 . .

.
. " : "
.
" . "
" " .
.
" !
! " .
": !
.

.
. . ".
.
" . . .
. . . ".
.
" "
. :

.
.
. . .
- .
. . .
.
. . .
.
. .
. .
. .
.
.
4. 3
. .
.

.
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
. .

. ": "

12

 . . .
. . .
. .
. .
.
.
. . .
.
. . .
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. ! .
.
. .

. .

.
. .
" " ".
" "
":"
""
" "
" . "

. .

. .
. .
.
" ".
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
" . ." .

13

 . . .
": " .
. .
": "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
. . .
. .
": . ".
" "
" . " .
.
" . . ".
" "
" . .
" .
. .
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
. .
" . "
. .
" "
": . .
"
. : . ": "
. " . . " .
.
. .
. .

.
. .
.
. . .
.
.
****
. .
. .

14

 .
.
. .
. . . .
. -. -
. .
.
.
.
.
": "
. .
.
.
. .
": ! !!"
. . .
. .
.6
.
.
.
.
.
.
" "
" "

.
" " .
" .

". .
" .
. .
": . " .
.

.
": . .
. "
.
. .
.

. --
. .

15

 . .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
"
. . "
.
. . .

.
": . .
" . ": "
. .
.
. .
. .
": "
.
:
. .
.

.
. .

-- -
. . _ .
": "
.
. ":
" " . . .
" .
" . ".
. " . "
. .
" "
. . .
. . .
_

_
" "
""
" . ".
.
.

16

" "
""
. " :
. "
" "
" "
": "
" .
".
". "
" ".
": "
. .
.
" . . ...... .
. "
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
.
" "
"
"
" . .
"
" "
" "
. .
.
" "
": " ... "
."....
"_ _"

" . .
.
. .
. "
.
" .
. .
. " .
" "...
" . . .
".
.

17

 .
.
" . . "
.
" . . . .
.7
.
.
. .
.

. .
:
" " .
:
" . . ".
. .
. . .
.

. . .
:
".... ... ".

.

.
:
" "
. :
" "
:
" . .
. - . " .

" . ".
. . .
:
" .

".
.
" "
. .
:
" . ... . .
"

18

" .
" .
.

. .
:
" . .
".
" . . ".
:
" ... . "
.
:
" "
. .
.
" "
" "
" ".
" "
" .
. . .
. ".
:
" . . ".
:
" . "....
.
. -
. .
.
:
" . ".
. -
.
. . -
. .
. . .
. . . . .
.
.
. .
" . "
:
" . .
. " .
:
" ! "

19

 . .
. .
.
:
" "
.
.
:
" "
:
" "

.
.
.
.
.
.
.8
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
.
. ": "
. . .
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
" .
".
.
. . ":"
.
" "
. .
": "
": . ".
. .
.
. . ":"
":"

20

 .
.
.
. .
. .
. .


.
.
_.
.
. .
":"
:
" "
:
" " --
.
.
:
" . " .
. .
. .
.
.
.

.
:
" "
. . .
. .
.
" ".
": "
.
" . .
" .
.
" "
:
" . ."...
:
" . .. . .
- " .
" .".
:
" " .

21

" ".
. .
:
" "
.
.
.
.
.
. ":
"
.
.9
.
:
" ".
.
.
" . "
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.

. .
:
" .
".
.

.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .

. .

22

 . .
. .
. :
" "
.
. .
" "
.
""
""
.
:
" .
... . .
. . "...
.
:
" . . . ".
:
" "
. .
" ... "
. .
. :

. .
" "
.
" "
.
. - .
. .
. :
" . " .
.
" "
""
" "
""
" . "
.
.
" . . .
". ".
. .
. . .

23

.10
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .

.
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
.

. .
.
. .
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
" "
:
" "
.
.
.

. :
.
. .
" " .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
:
" " " .
. ...
_. _ "
.
" "
""

24

 " : .....
_ _ . "

. .
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
. .

.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
_ ._ _
_ ....

. .. .
.
.

.
. .
. .
. .
.
.
. .

.
.
:
" . ! !
. . .
" .
.
.
": "
" "
": "
": . - .
" ...
.
" "...
" "

25

" "
" "
" !! "
" ".
"! .
".
" "
" ".
. . . .
. . .
.
": ! . !
!"
.
" "
. .
. .
. .
" "
.
. .
. .
.
. . .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
": ".
" "
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
:
" ".
.
": . . "
. .
. . --
.
": "
" "
" "

26

" . . " ": ".

. .
.
" . .
.
. .
. .
! . .
. " .
.
" . . .
. .
.
" .
" .
. .
."
. .
.
.
" . ".
.11
. .
.
.
. .
": . .
!"

. .
.
.
. .
.
.

.
. .
. .
. .
.
.


": ".
.
. .
. .

27

 . .
. .
. .
.
.
"
".
": "
": ".

.
.
:
" ".

.
.
. .
. .
:
" ".
.

.
.
.
. .
--
.
.
.
. . .
. .
.
.
. .
. .

.
" "
. .
.

.
:

.
.
": ".

28

***

.
. .
. .
. .

": "
.
.
. . .
. . .
.

.
. .

. .
:
" .
" .


.
.12
1974 .
. .
. . .
.
.
""
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
" " .

.

. .

29


.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .

. . .
.
. .
. .
.
": "
.
"
. "

. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
:
. .


.

. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. . .
.

30

. . .
. . .
.

. .
.
.
. .
. .
.



. .
.
.
. .
. ! .
. .
.

. .

.
. .


. .
. . .
.
.
. .
. .
. . .
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.

.
.
.
. .

.

. .

31

.13
.
:
. .
.
.
": "
": "

.
:
" "
.
.


":
"
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
" . "

.
.
.
. " .
.
.
" "
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
. .
. .

. __ __

32

.
. .
. . .
. . :
" "
:
" "
.
.
.
. .
: .
. .
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .
. .

.
" . "
": ":
"

.
. . .
. . .
.
.

. :
" .
"
. :
" "
.
.
.
.
- : --

.14

33

 . .
. .
.
.
.
.
. .

. .
.
-: . .
.
. -
.
.
.

. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. . --:

.
.
.
. .
.

.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
": "
. .
.
" "

""

"

34

" "...
" "
" "
" "
" "
. .
":
"...

": "
" . "
. .
".
" "
"
":
. " .
.
.

" "
.
" .
".
. .
" . .
.15
1978
17 1978 .
. .

.
. .
. .
. . .
.

. .
.
": "
:
" . .
. ".

!
" "

35

 . PDPA
.
" : ... .
"
.
" . . ".
" "....
" "

.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.

. .
.
.
. :

.
.

. .
. _ _
. .
": "
. .
.
27 .
.
.
.
.
":
": " . .
" "
": "

. .
.
. .
. .
": "
" "

36

 .
.
.
. : .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ":
.
. .
. .
. .
.
".
.
": "
": ".
.

": "
" "
.


. -
.
.
.
. .
.
": "
": "

.
:
" "
.
:
" "
" "
" "
" "..

37

 .
.

. . .
.
.:
" "
.
" "
""
" - "
" "...
.
.
.
" "
. .
": " .
. .
:
" . .
"
. .

1987
.
.
:
" "
" "
" "
" ".
" "
" ."
" ! "

.
. . . :

. .
:

. .
.

38

 . .
.
:
" ".
" !"

. .
.
. ":
. .
.
.
. 1960
.
.
.
" "
.
" ".
" "
" "
. .

. .
. .
.

.
. . .
. .
1980 .
" ".

.
.
:
" "
:
" "
.
.
" "

.

": . "
:
" ! . ! "

.

39

 .
. .
:
" "
:
" . ".
. ":
.
.
".

.
.
.
": "
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
. .
.
": .
.
.
.
.
" 1979 . .

. .
. . .

. ! . ".


. .
.
":
1978
. .
. .
.
.

.

40

 . .
.
:
""
" "
" "
.
.
.

. .
. .
.
.
.
" "
": ".
" "
" "
" "

. .
" "
" "
" .
. !"
" "

.
.
1978 .
.
, . :
"
_
.
.
".

.
.

.

. :
" "
": ... "..

" ."...

41

 . .
.
. .
": ".
" "
" " .
" . !! "
" !"
.
. .
.
":. . "
.
.17
. .
. .
.
. ":
"
": "
" "
" _ ..! !
!"
. .
.
.
. . .
" "
": . !.
"
": ! !"
.
. .

.
. .
. .
: .
.
. .

. . . .
.
":
"... . .
. .
. .
. . .

42

 .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.

. :
" .
. ".
.
" . .
.
. .
_: _. .
... _
_ !"
.
.
. .
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
" "
" :
!"
" "
" ".
" "
" . .
".

.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. . .
.
.

43

 .
.
_: _.
.
.
.

. .
""
.
" . ".
. .
. :

.
.
": "

.
:
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
""
.
.
" "
" "
". "
" "
":
"
" "
" "
" "
" "
""
" .
. ".
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
":"
. .
.
" "

44

" "

" .... "
""
:
" ".
:
" "
:
" "
. .

. .
.
:
" "
" "
" "
" "
:
"_ "
:
" "
.18
. . .

.

. . .
. .
.
1981 .
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
. .
" : "
.

.
" "
" ".
" : "

45

 .
. .
.
" "
" "
. .
:

.
" "
.
:
" "
. .
.
:
" "
. .
. .
. .
:
" ".
.
.
" "
.

. .

:
" ".
" _ _ "
:
" ".

.
:
" ".
.
.
.
. :
" "
" "
" . "
:
" "
:
" "

46

 :
" "
" "
:
" "
:
" "

. .
.
.
.
.

.
1929 . :
"
:
" .
.
.
.

.
.
:
" "
:
" "

.
. .

.
.
:
" "
. :
" "
:
" "
.
.

.
.

. .
":
! "

47

 :
""
" "
" . . "
" ."
" "
""
" "
" "
" "
"_ _ "
": "
.

"
" ".
" "
" "
": "
""
" "
. .
" "
_
. _
.
. .
. :
.
:
" "
:
""
. .
. .
.

.
.
.
" "
.
.
" "
""
.
:
" "
"__"

48

 .
. .
. .
.

.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
" "
" "
:
" "
" "
" "
.

--.

.
. .
. ..
.
_
.
_.
.
--
.
.
. ...
.
.

.

.
_ !_
_ _ .
.
.
.
.19

49

 ": "
.
.
" "
.
" "

. .
.
. .
.
***

.
.
.
.
""

:
" ".


.
" "
. .
.
.
.": "
.
.
.
" " .
.
. .
.
.

.
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
:
" "

50

 .
.
. .
. .
.
. . .
.

.
.
.
.20
.
.
X . .
. .
.

.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .

. .
":
. .
. .
. "

.
. . .
.
.
"
.
".
. :
"

.
".
:
" "

.

51

 :
" "
" "
" "
""
""
. .
. .
.
.
" "
""
:
" "...
.
. .
.
.
.
.
" ... "...
":
.
.

. ".
:

.
.
.21
.
_
-!! ". !
! !"
. .
": "
"": "
.
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
. .

52

 .

.

.
" __ . .
. .
".
":
.
. .
. "
": ".
. ": ".
. " . ".
.
. . .
.
. .

.
:
" "
:
" "
:
" "
:
""

. .
:
" "
.
" "

.
.
.
.
. .
.
:
" . ".
. :
" "
. .
.
.

53

 .

. .
.

.
.
. .:
" "
:
"
.

"
": "
.
:
" "
"
".

" " .
. :

.
: .
": ".
": " .

. . .
:
" ....
. .
. .... . . .
.... ".
. .
.
"

"
. .
.
. ".
": "
" "
" .
".
" "
" . "

54

 .
.
" .
. .
. .
.
.
. ".
.
.

. . .
.
. .
. _:

._
.
.
. . .
.
. .
.
***

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.

. .
_ _
.
.
.
.

.
.
***
1988 .
" . . ! .
!".

55

 :
" . .
. "
": "
" ! !"
"
" .
.
.22
1989
1989
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
. .
": "
:
" . "
:
" "
" "
" "
" "

.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
" . " .
.
.

.
.
. . :

.
.
. .
.
.

56

 :
" "
:
" "
.
. :
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
"!"
": ...
.
.
. .
.



:
"
"

.
23
1992
. .
.
.
.

.
.
.
. .

. .

. .
.
:
" .
"

57

 .
": "
. .
. 1992
.
.
. .

. .
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
. ": " ":
" .
:
" "

. . .
_ ._ __
_ _
" : "
" "
. .
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" . "
.
" . "
"
:
" ! .... "
:

58

" "
":"
. .
" .
. . "
.
" .
"
. .
" . .
.
. . .
"
" :
"
" "
:
" "
:
" "
.
:
"_ _ . _ _
"
" ... ".
.
:
" "
.
.
. .
. .
.
.

.

.
. . .
.
.
.
:
" "
.
.
.
.

....

59

 . .
.
.
.
""
:
"! "
.
.
: .

.
4 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
. .
. .
. _ _ .
.
.
.
:
" "
.
.
" ! .
. "
:
" "
.
_:
. . .
_ .
.
.
:
" " .
.
" . .
".
" .
".

. .
:

60

" "
:
" "
.
. .
.

. .
. ":"
. ) 30 ( . .
. . .

.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.

. :
_
_"
)
(

. . .
.
.
.
.
:
" ".
:
" "
" "
" "
.
" "
.
" "
" "
" "

61

" "
.
:
.
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "

" "
" "
""
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
:
"
"
_
_ . .
__ . .
. .
" "
" "
:
" "
. .
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
. :
.
. .
" "
" "
" "
""

. . .
. .
. .
.

62

 .
1980

.
_ _ .
. .
.
.
.


.
.
.
. .
. .
. . .
. .

.
.
. .
.
.24
:
" "
.

. .
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.

. .
.

.
.

.
. .
.

63

 .
.
.

.

.
.

.
": "
.
. .
:
" "
.
" .
. . .
"....
" "
" . "

_
_
.
.
.



. :
. .
.
. .
:
" "
" "
" "
. .
" "
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
1992
.
.

64


.
.
.
.
:
" . . "
" .
".
:
"
.
!"
" "
" ! . .
"
:
.

.
.
.
.
.
": "
.
. .
.
.
""
""
" ."
... "
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. _._ . .
.
.25

65

 . .
.
.
.
1992 .

. .
.
.
.
" "
" . . "
" "
" "
" "
" ! . "
" "
""
""
" "
""...
" . ".
. .
.

. .
.
.
.
. .
:
" "
" "
" "
. .
.
.
. .
. .
. .
.

. .. . ...
. .
: . .
.
. .
. .
. .

66

 . __ :
.
.
.
.
_ _ . _
_ .
.
.
:
" "
. .

. . .
.
" "
.
. . .
" "...
" "
...
.
. .
_ ... _
.
"
".
.
.
:
" "
" "
""....
" "

... .
. .
.

. ...
.
.

.

.
.
.26

67


. .
. . .
.
. .
.
: .
.
.
: _:
_ _ _
.
_ _
_ _
.
. . .
.
_ _ .
. .
.
.
.

. . .
.
.
.
.
: _ _ . .
.
.
:
" ! ! . . " .
.
. .
. .
.
. .
... !
.
. !
. _ _
. . . ...
...
. .

.
.

68

 .
.
.
. .
.
:
" .
. ".
. .
. .
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
_ . _
. . .

.
.
" " .
. .

.
. .
. .
.
.
.
:
" "
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
"
" .
" "
:

69

" ...
".
" "
" .
:
_
_
.
" . . " .

.
.
.
.
" "
" .
. .
. .
.
.
.
:
" "
.
:
" . "
:
" "
. .
. . .
. .
.
. .


. . . ....
.
. .
. . .
. .

. .
.
.

. .
. ...

70

 . .
. . ...
. . .
. .
. . .
. ...
.
. .
.
. . . .
.
***
. . .
.
. .
. .

.27
" "

"
. . .
. .
:
" "
.
. .
. .
.
.

.
. .
.
. .
.
:
" "

71

" . .
.
:
"
--
.
. .
"
.
" . "
.
. . .
.
" .!!!
.

.
. .
.
.
. .
.

. .
. .
.
. . .
. .
.
:
" "
.
.
"
. . " .
. .
. .

.
.

_ :
_
_:
_ .

.
" ! . . ...... ".
.
. .

72

 :
" "
.
" .
" "
" . "
.28

.
.
:
"
... "
.
" "
:
" "
.
" "
.
" _ _
.
.
"

" .
. _ _
. .
. _ _
.
__
.
. .
.
.
" .
:
" "
.
" .
. .
. .
.
... "

73

 .
. .
. .
. .
" "
.
. . .

.
. .
:
"

.
.
. . . .
.
. .
.
.
:
...

" . " .
.
" .
"... "
. .
.
. . .
" .
. _ . _ .
. .
.
" .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. __
. .
. "
.
.
.

74

"
. .
"
.
" "
.
" .
.
.
.

. . "
. .
.
"
. .
.

. . .
. . " .
.
" . ."...
. .
.
. .
. .
.__ .

.
. . .
. . .
. .
.
.
.
.29
_

:
" _ _
" .
.

.

75


.
.
.
" .
. .
. . .

"
_ _
. .
" . . "
.
"

. . .
. .
. "
.
.
" .
. .
"
.
" "
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
": "
. .
.

.
:
""

.
" "
.
" "
. .
.
. .
.

76

 .
.
:
" . .
. . .
" .
:
" . "
:
" .
. "
" "
" . . .
"
:
" "
" . "
" "
" . ".
:
"
"
" .
. .
. ".
" "
. ":
. .
. .
"
.
" .
"
.
" . .
. .
" :
" .
. . "
.
:
" . .
. .
. . .
.... " .
.
" "
. .
" "

77

" .
.30
_
.
.
.
.
.
" . . "
.
.
" "
:
" "
"" .
"
. . "
.
" .
! . ...
.
" .
. .
:
" "...
. .

.
""
" "
. :
""
.
.
.
. . .
. .
. .
.
. .

.
. . .
. . . ...
. . .

78

 .
. .
. . .
. .

. . .
.
.
. . .
. . .
. .
. .
***
. .

. . .
.
. .
:
" "
.

.
.
31
_

.
: .
.
.
. .

.
.
.
.
.
.
:
" "
.
.
" "
:

79

" . .
.
. .
. . -
. .
.
" .
- - .
.
_ _ .
_
:
" . . "

" ......
. .
. " .

:
"
... ... -- -
--- .
"

.
"
. .
.
. .
".
" ... .
. .

. .
.
. . .
.
".

" " .

" .
.
. "...
.
.

. .

80


. :
" "
.
.
.
.
:
" . . .
. . "
""
"."
" : . "
""
" "
" .... "...
": " .
": " . " .
.
.
. .
": "
": !"
" .
. ".
" ! "...
"
"
": "
" .
" .
.
" .
"...
":
".
""....
" . .
. .
. ".
.
. .

. .
" . .
"
:
" "
:
" "

81

32
-
.
.
.
:
" "
:
" ."
" "...
". .
. .
" .
.
.
" . .
. . .
... . .
" .

": .
".
.
.
.
_.
. . .
.
:
" . ".
:
" "
": "
.
. .
.
. .

" "
""
" . . .
"....
""
.
"! . . "
.
. . . :

82

" ".
_ _

. .
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
" .
. . " .

.
1980
.
.
.

. . .
.
.
":
".
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
92


.
.

.
. .
.

.
.
.
. .
.
.

83

 . . .
.
.
.
. .

.
.
": . !
! "
. .
"
.
""
. .
.
.
:
" "
:
" . " .
" . "
" . .
"....
" ." .
": "...

.
" "
" " . ".
" _ _
" .
:
" ".
" - ".
:
" "
:
" . . . !"
. .
. .
.
. .
.
.

.
" ! ! "

84

 .
.
. .
.
.33
_
1993
.
.
.
.
.
. :
" !"
.
. .
.
. :
" ".
.
.
. .
. . .
:
" " .

. .
" "
.
:
" . . .
"
.
": ! "
": !"
" !"
""
": !"
" !"
.
" .
"
._
_ .

85

 . .

. .
. ":
"
" . "
" "
" . " ": "
.
": ".
": "
"! . .
"
. .
" . . ".
.

. .
.
": "
" "
"
".

.
.

. .
.
" ! . ".
": !"
.
.
" . . ."
.
.
.

. . .
.
.
. .
": "
" "
" . .
. .....
. !"
": "
.
.

86

 .
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
. .
. .
:
" . ".

.
:
" "
" . ".

. .

.
.
. .
:
" "
. .
:
" ! "
" "
.
" ! !"
. :
. . .
.
": "
" . . . ! "

. .
. .

. .
.
.
:
" . ".
.

.
. -
. .
. .

87

 . .
.
.
. .

. .
. .

.
": ".
.
. .
" . .
"
.
. .
" "

. .
":"
" "
.
. .
" .
. .
.... ".
.
. .
" "
. .
.
. .

.

.
.34
-

.
.
.
. .
.
" . .
. . ".
.

88

 .
"
"
.
" . "
:
" "
" "
" _. "
.
. .
" ... "
" "
.
" "
.
.
" ".
" "
" ." ....
" "
" "
" . .
"....
": "
" "
" ".
". .
. . . ".
.

.
.

.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
:
" .
. . "....
.
" ".
": ".

.

89


.

": .
. . . ".
.
" . "...
" ".
.
.
.

. .
":"
. .
.

.
" ".
": ".
".
"
" "
" . "
" "
" "
" . "
.
""
.
" . . . .
" .
" . ".
. .
. .:
" ... "

.

. .

": .
".
" . "
! _.... "
:
" . . .
" .
.

90

" .
"
.
" . "
" "
" "
" . . ".
.
.
" ".
": "
""
" "
" "

. .

.
.
.
.
.35
. .

.
.
.
.

.
. . .
.

.
.
:
" . ! . . .
. ".

.
. .
. .
:
" .
. "
.
.

91


.
1994 .
.

. .
.
.

. .
.
.
. .
. .

.
.
.
. .
.
.
:
"
.
.
. .
".
.
" . ! !
"
:
" ! ! ! ! .!
"
.
.
. .

.
. .
.
. .

. .
. .

. . .
. .
.

92


.
.
.
.
:
" ".
. .
.
.
. . . .
:
!.
. .
_ _ .

.
_ . . _.
.
.
.


_ . . .
_.
.36
_
1994
.

.
.
. .
. .
. .
""
. .
.
:
" ".
***
.
.
":! !!"

93

 .
. .
.
. .

.
.

.
. .
.

. .
.
.

.
.
. .
.
. . __
.

.
": "
": "

. 1978 1992
_ :
_ 1992
.

.
.
.
.
. .
. .

. .
_": " .
": "
" ".
" "
" . ".

.
.
:

94

" ". .
.
" "
""
" . "
. .
" "
.
. .
.
:
" "
" . . "...
" . . . . ".
" . . " .
.
.
.
" "
.
" . . .
. .
"
.
:
" "
.
.
.
": "
" "
" "
" "
" . . "
" "
"
".
"
") (mayam"
" "
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
":"

95


. .
.
":"
.
. .
. .
:
" ".

.
:
" ! "
:
" "

.
": "
:
" . "
" . .
"

. .


. .
. . .
. .
. _
.
. .
:
" . .
. .
".
:
" " .
:
" "
""
" . "
" "
" . .
"
" "
" . "
.
" . ".

96

 .
.
_ . _.
" . . ".
": "
" "
.
" . "
" . . "
". ."...
.
" . " .
. .
. .

". .
. .
.
"
" " " .
.
".
" "
" "
:
" . ".
.
_

_ . _ .
:
" " .
.
" " .
:
" . "
" ." .
" . .
"
.
" .
. . ....
" .

. . .
: . ".
:
" . "

97

 .
.
. .
:
" "
:
" "
.
" "
.

.
. :
" . "...
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .

_
.
.
. .
. .

.
.
. .
. .
": "
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.

. .
.
.
.

98

 .
.
_ ": "
) (
": . .
"
.

. . .
.
.
.
. .

.
. . .
.
.
.
. _: . _
.
.
. .
. .
. "
.
. .
.
. . .
.
.
. .

. .
. .

. . .

. . .
.
. . :
"

. . .
. _ _"
.
.

99

__
1996
27 .
.
.:
" "
1994
.

.

.
.
:
" "

.

.
:
"
.! .

.
. _. _
. .
. ! ".

.
.
.
. 1996 .
. .
" "
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
" !"
.
. .

!

.
. .

100

 .
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
": ".
. .

.

.
" !" .
.
.
" .
!"
.
.

. .

. .
.
.
:
.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
:
. .

101


.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
.
.
. .

.
.
":
" .
": "

.
" .
"...
:
" .
.


.
.
".
:
" "
:
" "
" ! ".
.
:
__
.
38
_
_
.

102


. .
. .
.
.

.
.
. .

.
.

.
.
:
" . ".
.
.
.
:
" . "
.
.
.

.
.
.
:
" ".
:
" "
:
" .
_ . !_

. . :
"
.
": "
" "
" ".

": ...
... .
"
.
:

103

" . . "
:
" "
": .
. .
.
. ".
.
" :.
. ".
.

.

. .
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

... .
: .
. . .
.
-39
_ _
1997
:
" ".

. :
" !"
.
. .
:
" "
:
" ! "

.
.

104

 ": "
.
" "
" "
" "
": "
.
.
" "
:
" "
. . .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
" "
": "
.
. .

. .
.
.
. .

.
.
. .
.
.
.
:
" "
:
" ! !"

. .
.
": " :
""
" "
""
""
.
": "
": .

105

 ": "
.
": "
": ! !"

. .
": "
.
.
. .
.
.
.
": ".
.
.
" " .
": "
. .
" "
""
" "
":"
.
.
.
" "
.
. .
.
" .
".
": "
".
. ".
.
":
" .
": "
": "

:
" .
X . NG O
. " .
": ".
": "
" "...
": . ".

106

 ":
.

.
. . " .
": !"
.
" ".
": " .
" ".
.
. .
. .
.
":
" .

.
.
.
. .
.
. .

. .
. .
": "
. . .
.
.
.
_40
__
1999
. . ":
".
.
. .
1998 .
.
.
. .
. .
. .
.
.

107


.
. .
. .
.
.
. ..
": "
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
:
" "
" "

.

.
. .
.
. .

. .
. .
.
....

.
.
.

.
.

.
": "
": "
" "
" . . "
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

108

 .


. . .
... ...
. .
VCR

. . . ":
"
. . :
" "

. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.": ".
. .
.
.
:
" .
".
.

.
.
.
.
.
":
".
": "
.

.
":"
" "
" "
" "
"
.
" "
": ".

109

 .

.
":
" .
.
": ".
": !"

. . .

.
.

. .
.
.
.
.
.
. .

. .
_ _
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
":"
: .
" . . "

.

. .
. .
_ _ _
.
. . . _
.
.

110

-41
__
2000 .

.
. _
.

__ .
" "
"! .!"
" ".
" ! !"
" . ! !
": ".
":
".
": !"
.
.
": ".
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
_ _
_ ... _
_ _
_ _
":
. . . ".
.
.

.
.

.

111

 .
.
. .
.
.
": .
.

. .
.
.
.
.
": ".
": "
": ".
" ".
" "
" ".

.
. . .
"": "
.
.
.
.
.
. .

. .
. .

.
. .
.
. .

. _:
_.
": " .
": . ".
.

. .

. .
.
. .
.

112

 .
. .

. .
.
.

.
. .
:
" . _ . _
".

.
.
": ".
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
" "
": " .
. .
.
.1987
.

. .
. .
.

. .
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.

. .
.
_ .
. .
_
": "

113

 " .
"
" ".
" "...
" "
" . . ".
.
" ".
" . "
" "
". . "...


. .
_ . . _...
.
_ _
_ _
_ _
. ". "
" "
" "
" : "
" "1987
. .
....
__1987
. .
. .

.
:
" ".
:
" ".
. .
.
.
" " .
. .
:
" "

.
.42
__
:

114

 . . 2001.
. .
.

.
.
:
" ".

.
.
.
.
.
. 1987

. .
.
.
. .
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

": "
.
": "....

. . .
. . .

.
!!

.

.
.
" "
:
" "
""
:
" "

115

 .
. .
:
" . .
".
:
" "
:
" .
".
:
" "
.
" . ".
" _ __ _ ".
:
" . .
".
.
. . . .
.
.
.
. .
.
. :
. .
.
.
.
. .
. . .
.

.
:
" . " .

. .
. .
":
. . "
.
" . .
! ! ...! " .
. .
" .
".
.
:

116

" . .
. .
".
. .
:
" ".
:
" . .
. ".
.
.
. .
.
. .
" : "
" "
" "
" "
.
" . . . .
. .
.
. .
. "
" . "
.
:
" ... .
.
. . .
. .
. " .
.
":
".
. ": ".
***
. .


.
.
.
.
:
" "
.
" "
:

117

" "
_ _ .
.

. . :
" . .
. "
. .
" ".
.

. .
.
.
. ":
. ".
.
. .
.
":
".
": .
" .
" . " .
": ".
": . ... ".
.
.
--

.
.
": ".
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
" "

. " .

. .
. .

118

 .

.

.
": " .
. 2001
.
. . .
.
" " .

.
.
. .
" "
" : "
. .
.
.
"
".
": ".
": .

".
_
:
.
": "
": ".

. .
" _ _ .
.
".

.
.
.
.

.

.
.
.
_ ".

119

" "
" "
" "
" . . . . ".
.
. .
. . :
" ".

. .
.
.
. .
.
.

.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
. NGO
.) (
.
. :
" "
.
" ".

. .
":
".
.
. . .

.

.
.
":!"
":! "
": "
. .
. . .

120

 . . _ _
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
. .
.43
__
.
.
.

.
. .
": ".
.
.
.
" ! !"
.
":"
":! . !"
"" .

"

.
.
.
.
.
.
:
_
_
.44
__

. .
":
. "
:

121

""
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
:
" . .
:
.
".
" . "
. .
.
.
" .
"
_ _
" "

. .
_ _
. . .

.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.

. ":
"
" "
" " .":
" .
": ". " "
": " .
. .

. .
": .

. .
. " .

122

 ": . .
. .
. "

. .
. .

.
.
. . .
".
" . ".
.
.:
" ".
" "
".

.
" . " .
" . ".
"
": . ".
" : . .
"
": "

":
. .
" .

"
": .
".
" .
. .
.
" .
. .
.
" ".

.
. .
. .
.
. .
.

123

" . . .
. . " .
. .
" . " .
.
.
. .

.
" . .
" .
.
": .
. ".
.
.
.
.
. . :
" ".
. .
. .
1993 .
" . .
" .

.
" .
. .
" .
": "
": .
.
_ .
" .
.
. .

.
": "
" "
" : ".
": " :
" . " .
": . . . .
".
:
" . . ...
" .

124

 :
" . "
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
" . ".
. .
" ".
""
" . " .
. .
.
": " .
": " . ": ".
": ".
": . .... "

.
.
" ".
" "
" "
" "
. .
.
. .
.

.
": . . .
. .
".
2000 .
.
": . .
. " .
: .
. . .

.

125

" ".
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
" .
".
. .
:
" ".
" ".
. .:
" .... .
. .
."....
:
" " .
. .
" . .
. ".
***
" "
.
.
" ".
. .
" ".
" "
.
:
" ".
:
" " .
":".
": "
:
" ".
":" .
.

126

" ".
" ".
" ".
.
.
.

.
. .
. .
. . .
.
": "
.
. . .
": "
.
" . .
. . .
. ... ".
":"
" . .
".
" "
. .
" . .
. .
."...
":! "
. ". ".
.
" . . ".
" ".
" . "
" "
" ... ."....
" "
" ".
": "
. _ _
.
.45
_ _
": " .
" "
"... " .
": "

127

 . .
. .
.
":
"
": "
. .
. .
.
": !"
. .
.
.

. . .
.
. , , .
, .
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.

.

. .
.
.
.


.
_ _
. :

.

128

 .
. .
. .
.
. .

.
. .
.
. . .
.
. . .
.
.
. . .
. . .
.
. .
. . .
.
""
.
.
. .
. . .
. .
. .
.
. . .
.

.

.
.
.
.
.
. .
.46
__
.
. .
.
.
.
. .

129

 .
. . .
.
. .
. .
. . .
.
.
. .
.
:
" ".
. .
. . .
.
_ ._
.
. . . .
. . . .
.
. .
. .
. .
": "

. . .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
": ".
.
" . ".
.
. . .
.
. .
. . .
.
.
. .
. .
.
. ":
. , ".
.
": . "
": ! " .

130


.
. .
.
... . .
. .
.
.
": "
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
. ": ".
.
. .
. .
.
": .
.
. .
.
" "
:
" . ".
" "
" "
. " "
" "
" " .
. .
.

.
. .
.
.
" "
"
" . "
_ _ .
.

.
:
" "

131

 ":!! " .
.

.
. .
.
. .
. .

. . .
": ".
" "
.
".
" "
.
.
" ... "
": "
.
" . . .
. . " .
": " .
": . !
".
" "
. :
"
. "
": .

": . " .

": . . ".
" "
. .
. "
.
" "
" "
" "
": "
" ".
.
. .
. .
": .
. " ...
" . "
.

132

" . .
. . . "
. .
.

.
.
.
.
. .
":
"
.
" "
" . .
.
".
.
.
.
. .
" " .
"
".
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.47
_ _
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.

.
.
.

. .
.

133

 . .
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. "
" .
. .
.

.
.
.
" __ ".
. .

. .
. .

.

_

_.
. .
. .
.
. .
.
": ".
":"
. . .
.
.
. .
.
. . .
.
": "
. .
.

134

 .
.
": "
": .
. .
. " .
": .
".
" "
" "
" "
":"
": "
.
" .
.
.
. .
" .
.
".
"


.

. " .
.
:
" ".
.
" _ _

" .
" . .
_ _ "
.
" .
.
. "
.
" "
.
_ _
.
. .

.
.
.

135

 .
.
.
.
.:
" .
.
.
. .
. :




. .
.

.


. .
. .

. .
.

. .
.
.
": "
.
" . . . "
" "
": "
. .
" "
": .
. "
":
. .
. .
."
.
. .
. .
.
.

.
. .

136

 .
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
. . .
. .
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
. . . .
.
.
:
_
.
. _ .
": "
! _
" "
.

.48
.

.
. .
.
" "
.
.
.

. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

137

 . .
.
.
. .
.

.

. .
.

.
.
.

.
***
.

.
.
.

.
.
. .
.

.

. .
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
": ".
" "
" "
" . "

" "

138

" "
"
"
.
. .

.
.
": ! "
":!"
": "
" ! !
!"
.
.
.


.
.
.
.


. . .
.
. .
.


. .

. .

.
. 3
.

.

. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
. . .
. .
.

139

.49

.
": . ".
""
.

. .
.
. " .
.

.
. .
_ .
_ _. . .
_.
. .

. .
.
. :
.
": "
.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
***
": "
.
.
. .
": ".
__
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
": "

140

" "
": ".
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .
.
":
" "
" . .
.
.
. .
"
"
". "
" .
.! !"
":
. "....

": .
.! ! . . .
" .
" " ". . .

"....
": " .
.

. .
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
. .
.50

141

 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
2002
. .

. .
. .
.
.
.
.


. _
. _.
.
_ .
. .
_.

. . :

.
.
": "
.
.


" "
" "
" . "
.
" - - ....
. . . .
. "
" "
" .. .
. " .
.
" ... ... "
. .
.
.
": "

142

 .
.
":"
" "
" "
""
.
. .

. .

" .
. ". "
"
.
.
": "
": "

. .

.
.
.
.
.

:
_
_
. . .
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
.

143

 .
.
": "
.
.
.
. .

.

.
": " .
.
""
" "
" ".
.

.
": "
.

. " . "

.
" "
" . . "
": 1979 .

. .
. _ . _
. " " ".
":"
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
. . .
.
. .
. . .
. ": "
. .
. .
": "

144

" . . "
" "
. :
"..."
" "
.
."" .
"! ".... "
. "
" "
. . .
.
": " " "
.
. .
. .
": "
" "
. .
. .
. .
.
:
" .
. . . .
. ".
" . "
:
" .
. ".
.
" "
""
"
.
.
.
" "
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
" : "

145

 .
": . "
" "..
" "
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.

..
.
. . .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. . .
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
_ _
. .
. .

146

 . .
.
. .
.
. .
""
. .
.
": ".
.
. .
. . .
"
.
. ... ".
. .
.
. .": "
". . .
".
.
. .
. . .
: . .
.
.
.
. . .
. .
.
. .
. . . .
. .
***
.
. .
.
": "
": . " .
.
. .
. .
. . .
.
.
13 1987

147



.
. .
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
1979 .
.
.
1980 . 1982 .
.

. . .
.
.
. .
... .
... .
. .

.

. .
.
.

.
.
.

--
. .
.
) . .
.
( . .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.

. .

.

148

 . . .
. .
.
. .
.

.
.
.51
2003
. ...
. . .
.
. .
. . _
_ .
.
. .
.
_
_
.
.
.
:
" . "
. . .
.

.
. .

. .
"
" : ". .
" "
.
. .
.
. .
.
. . .

.

149

 .
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .


. .
. .
_: _ .
. .
. .
***
.
.
. .
_ _
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
_
.
. .
_ .
.

. .

.
.
AK-47s
.
.
. .
.
.
. .

150

 . .
.
.
.
.
.


.




. . .
.
.
": "
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
:
" "
.
. .
.
""
": "
.

. .

. .
. .

.

.

151

 . .

.
.

.
.
:
.www.UNrefugees.org

31 2007
.

.
.

.
.

.
)( .
. .
.
.
) !(
.
.
.
__ .

.
)
( . . .

152