20 EM@TI@N REGULXTIQN Xian E. Fruzzettl, Wendy Crook, Karen M. Erfkson, Jung Eun Lee, and John M. Worrall The conta! role of regulating emottons ts new wh ely recepted rcress many cogntitve andl bohavisral concoptuallze tons of sy- chegatholegy (0. Ehring, Fischer, Schn‘ile, BSstorling, ( Tuschon-Cafller, 200% Fox, Heng, + Sinhe, 2094) Fruzzottl, Shenk, & Hoffman, 20054 Keltner & Kring, 199% Seuthem-Gerew @ KenGall, 2602). Consoy uently, the Incorporation ‘of emotton roguletten concopts nfl strateg tos {nto copnlitve behavieral thora, tos (CBT) has Incroaso@ rr qhly te Inclve © «, pllcatfons for « wile range of , rePloms and Gserdlors, Includ= Ing Dordoriine persone lity Usorder, anxloty Wsorders, substance ob use, Gopresston, couple ane familly Ulstrass, sovere moliical proDloms, anda varlety of ether grobloms (og., Burum & Gollirlor, 2007 Ehrencekch, Buzzolla, & Parlow, 2807 Cameron ot al,, 2007 Fruzzett, 20461 Hayes & Foliman, 2,044 Linchen, Bohus, @ Lynch, 20074 Mentn, 2008). In this chi pier wo will frst ostaDllsh seme commen ground Py Lofintng amotton rop ulation and Gysreguletton, ent d for the development sf cmotton @ysroy ulation grobloms. We will then explicate many of the core com, enents vf CBT-comgr tite Interven- tons, or ometion rag ulation troetmont stratogles, Mestpno€ to hol, clfents reg ulete thelr emetfen, UNDERSTANDING EMOTION REGULATION AND BYSREGULATION Prtor to Mlonthiying « sulter lo Colh ton rog ulatlon ene ¢ ysrogulatien,ttlsim, ortant te note thi t unilers nding those , recosses fully 1s tantamount te reselving longstanding preP- Joms In Gelling ometfens, Xitheug h psychele- qstshave studlod omettens, and ¢ begroos «Pout 2m ‘omotton, «least since Will; m James (14Wz), we continue te ompley lexicon that hmpiles thet an. tomotton Is a thing Inde a porson. mere accu- rate and hol, ful way te concaptvallze emetton may Pe to conslar omettion as a process antl multisystambe response tnvelving nourobloley y, cogniiton, ands chevisr, mest often eccurting tn «© lorpely sock contoxt. For oxi m, lo, Linchan, Bohs, an€ Lynch (2057) view the process of emotfon not enly es a res, onse te tnternal ane ‘extornal avents, But also as encompassing eme- tonal cuos anf the Plsloglloal and. psychologlcal stato of tho Indvis uel. Tharafere, the precoss of ‘emetlon inclu os several Interacting sub systams, Inclutling “(1) emeifenal vulnerahillty te cuesy @) Internal and/or external events thet sarve 5 ometfenal cuss, Inclufling attentton te ane 9, prefsels of the cuosy (3) omedfene! res, onses, Including, hystologtcal res, onses, copritve, ro. cessing, exportenttal respensos, and actlon urgest ) nenverDal sn verial ox, resstve. ros, enses and acitonsy and (5) etterefiocts of the Inftal ‘omettone! firing” (Linohan ct al, 207, p.542). In 1a clilon, tho soctel context (cues themselves, oF motlerating factors, both enteceffent an€ conser uont to ometfonal reactllons) ere cera factors In ¢ etermbning amettenal responding (Fruzzattl + Iverson, 2006). Der atng Em tt Roguulatlen and Dysragulat Emotion rogult ton wrs¢ ofned By Gross (108) as “the , rocoss By which Ine viluals tnfluence, which emettons thay have, when they have them, nfl how thay ox, erlence nfl express thase omo- tens” (p. 275). Thompson (1004) ¢ ascrtPcil ame- ton regulatton as Doth the “extrlnsteane Intrfnste jy Tocesses res, ensfBle for menttertng, evaltis t Ing and modbiying emotional rarctlons... 19accomplish one’s gorls” (p. 27-28). Ine IX als medul:te thelr emottons by modifying ny port of the cmotfon process GescrDol ; Dovo, ther By accopting vr changing as, ects vf the ‘ong otng omeilonal response or fs contoxt. For exemple, emotion regulation stratogles tht t ‘ot cmetfonel cugs may Include i citons such os choosing botweon @liferent sItuatlons er chy ng- Ing tople of convorsatton In erar tw tum ene’s ationtion awey from an u, setting sub foct (Gress, 2042), But mry alse tnclus o heDltueting te thet same upsetting subject, up- er « ewnrogulating tho emetfonal reactlon to the sufect sr event, changing o, prelsels of the sub ect sr ovent, oF @ varloty of other strateples. Rogartless, ence en ‘omotton has bon teipgorod, +n Indivluel may: rep ulate ometten Dy engaging In a varloty of ros, onsos that have in common only the fact thet they kee, emetfonal arousal mederatel, , revent sca, 0 responses, and ellew tho tndiviuel to mehitaln self-control Emotlon ysrogull lon occurs when en tndl- Widual Is uneple te acce, t or chi nge different compenants of tho emotion , recess and oxy Hlences such 4 high level ef emetlensl arouse! thot I @srupts effective self-management. Hew- fever, @ person shoule not Do const orce to Do. emotionally dysregulated whon he er she ts stin- oY up s0t 8r ex, exfoncing an Intense emo:en. Ruther, the hallmark of dysreguleiton Is noge- UUvo emottona! arouse! of sufllelent tntonstty er uretion te Interfere with the persons goals end solf-contrel. Markers of emetton dysragulation typlcally Inclulfle an oxcoss ef negettve emettonal troust | (although “4ysrop ulatoU” « cllons may truncate escalating ometfonel arousal), @Miiculty varting attonitton away frem nogettve amottonal stimu, cognitive Ustertlons, IneDlity to centro] Impulstve er sthor “escapa” Pohoviers, an€ ii culty orp: nizing Bohaviorins manner eonststont swith the Indtvi€uel’s long-tarm geels (Id. ntliod, more or loss consistently when the g wrsen Is not highly emettonally erousol). Thus, regulating emetton Involves maneping emetlonal rescitons, er any aspect thorcof @hystolepcal areus:], cognition, attenien, ewaroness, musculature enfl fectel ox, ressten, etc), and/or managing the entecor ents (or cues) for ra, bly escalating negative affect, or tho consequences of high nogaitve affect that 28 + EMOTIGN REGULXTION 273 malntitn the emetton repulatton system en “halr-tgger” alert for dysregulation (such as « ystuncttonal, esce, o-ordontad coming ros, ons Inclulling self-harm, €rup use, otc.). Emetlons aro, therefore, @lrloctical In natura They are understood to regulote ether Dehy viers of the Individus | (eg, cognition, actlon, , hystology), while they aro thomselvas the phanemonen ts Vo ropulater (Baumelstor, Zoll, 4 Theo, 2071 Seutham-Gorew @ Kendall, 2042). Everyone presumably Bocomes emotterally Gysreguleted ot thes. However, chronically omettonelly Cysrogulated Individuals ox, ext- once certaln ometho ns froguantly as everwhalm- Ing and extromoly AstrossIng. Xs a rosult, chronkcally Gysrogul; tof Individuals expertance Aiiflcultlos i most areas vf Ife. SalFnfury, suDstance uso, oeting Userdorad ¥ohavisr, gq eraphoble, andl the Ike, are exem, les wf the Tystunctlonal yall clinkelly relovant Impulstve Nehavtors In which » €ysrogulsted Individual may ong. go tn an offort io alloviate (or , ravant) elstressing cmettons anf decrease nopettve omottenel erousel. Extreme mooe laity rnd Intense emottonel reecthons, such 1s Intense anger, shame, anhoisnla, anxloty, and oven numDing, form the core ox, erfence sf povple who aro chronteally dysregulated. Close rely- tonsht, s, of sourse, are Inesca, aPly effected Vy the Behaviors an omettonel roactlons resulting frem a gorsen’s @ysrogulatten, Thoro- fore, chronically amettonally ¢ ysrog.ulatoe Ine vie uals con have chesile en Lysfunctlonel rolattonshlys that, tn turn, por,etuate tho ometten ysrogulation process. ovale pment sf Chev le Eow tion Dysregulatie mt ‘Transactle ns Detwoan the Parsen an€ the Sectel Envire nmant Sodklleathon«f Ene tk Xn understanding of the ¢evals, ment of eme- ton reguleiton skills end emetfen Gysrepulatfon can faciltte troatmont of Gsordors assoclated wlth emetton rogul, ton ofldts. Xlthoug h Gt foront langtc gotsampleyed in verdous sub elds, most thebifes of ometlen regulon and dys- ropulatlon cmploy a verletton vf « Posodsl sr transactlonal motel (Fruzzottl, ot el, 2005).274 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE! EHXVIOR THERAPY Dovele, mantal , sychslopy has , orheps Doon most Influenttal In ex, Icatiag the sectallzatton, of amotton. For example, ElsonPorg, 5, tara, an€ Smith (2004) note thet perantal scusston of omettons with chllzon ts asseclated, with the evelopment of emetten regulation skills. Qvor- all, eronts whe aro activo tn IaPoling tho child’s foclings ane responses, Iontliyhng causes an sffocts of ameiton, and prepesing methods te rogulate emotion hava children whe ere mere cmottonally rogulatod. (Rimé, 2807), Thus, tt ts Wkely that MW parents ¢ net , rovilo ; ccurate JeBels vr teach offective regulation techniques, ‘hole chilson will have @lifcultly with ene 6 _more espects of emeiton reguletten later In Ife. OF course, the soclallzation of amotten Geos rot necessertly end In childhovt, Evitlence sug~ ‘ests that we continue te seok soclal Input to facll- feto «motion roguletton as adults. Rime (2107) oscrt os this as tho “seclal sharing of ome- tlon,” which enti tls “a descr, ton, In « soclelly sherodl langur go, ef an omstiont! oplsedo to some 1 Uresseo Dy the person whe experlanced, AL” (p. 4071 sce “Xccurate Ex, rosston” later bn thks chaptor) suggesting that when a person efjc- tHosly shares an amettonal exportence, the eme- tonal story ellets emotion In the Itstener, whlch tn turn lealls to enhences empathy endtmproves ‘emotional communteetton. Spode lly, Ilstonors provide hel, end su, port, comfert and sesth- Ing, loghimizetton, velllaiton, cla:t@catton 5 nf moaning, and; Gvlee and sotuttens, all of which factINoto rogulailon (Fruzzetit & Iverson, 20834 Rhné, 2807) Transact, | Model Linohan ane cellosgues (0.g., Fruzzettl, ot al, 20051 Linehan, £@03a) gerhays have Poon mest coxpitelt In Cotalling the com, enents of emotion ropuli lon an@ ¢ ysrogulaifon ane the devel- epment of preloms with emetton reg ult tlen, uslng berdorline personallty Uso er (BPD) «5 4 mola, Pecouse PD mey ++ constlcred the protety, © for emotton Mlysrogulatton proPlams an& Usordors (Fruzzottt, 2992), BP serves as 1 usoful model for ungarstending ysrog ule tton In psychopathology mera breadly. Indoct, thore 4 many shmilactlas Datwoon models of tho sectallzatton ef ometten and the transi tony | molel for the Govolopmant of BP. Fer example, “hoalthy” transactions (Fruzzatil ot el, 2085) parelicl these sutllnes By Rimé (2487) An smotonal avont (olthor , eslttvo er ne gatlve) leads te moterate emotlonel areuse |, whlch In turn loads to ;ccurate (er effective) expression 9f tho ometion y nil v; liating sponse from tho stoner. X volklating rosponso Is onc thet communtkcates understanf™ing and tmpllclily or 0, Illy acknewledy es the loglifmacy (even the coxbstonco) ofan exgorlonce er chavior and hal, § orice emettonal arousal (Frazzatit @ Iversen, 2004, 2080), Xt least twe « hiferont Kinds ef factersaffact en Infftvls uals vulneraBlltty te negettve omettonel arousal and Mysregulation. One Kine of eme- UVonal vulnereDIlty #8 mora tom, eramental antl Incluflast (1) Incret so+ sonsttivity te omotenal sthrvull, 2) higher res etlvity to omottonel stimu, and (3) slow er delayed return te an emottonal baseline following an emetfonal event. This kine 9f vulnerability vartos from , arsen to gorsen. & second Kin&. of vulnoras titty bs sim, ly the lovel of effectivity tho person hes ase “asclne” prtor te the curr ntemettenal evant, and: verles within, thoIndiviuel. ODviously, Ifa person's: reusal relatively high, e smaller event will De suilfclent tw load to vorstve arousel and/or dysrogulatton A number of spoclc factors Influence current rouse, such as hew reff « porsen Is, whether ho wr she hes he@ enough to eat, whether the . ersen bs undler the Influence of €rug sor eleehel, ‘ang so on, Vulnoreb Ilthes of all Kine s conte ute to halghtone. emettonal erousel following an ‘emettonal ovent (usually ef nogattve velence). If the ereusal ls high enough fy ccurate axprosston, (orInoffectlve communis ton) oftheemetton (or Dollofs, Castres, otc.) follows. Inaccurate oxpros- ston can Inclula ox, rossing,, socenary omotlon (uch as anger or shame) as 0, posoll to the 5 ct ‘mary emotion (such as satiness, lsappetntment, or worry). Inaccurate expresston, In turn, mu kas He much more Mkaly the In@Wviual will reextva fen tnvalle ating rosponsa from the lstonor. Xn Invalldeiing res, enso cin De sesciiDor as one In whlch the phonemenslogically vall€ expert foncos anff Wehevlors wf tho Inelvidual aro net undorstoot and Instoar ere Invall atol By crlt- Jelsm, tnettontton, puntshment, Gsmlssol, Plam- Inp, er unraspenstvaness, 6x By crratlc, extreme,