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Quaid-e-Awam University of
Engineering, Science & Technology,
Nawabshah, Sindh,
PAKISTAN

Laws of Thermodynamics
Three Laws of Thermodynamics
(1) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
When two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a 3 rd
system, then the two systems are also in thermal
equilibrium with one another

(2) First law of thermodynamics

(a) The heat and mechanical work are mutually convertible:
When a closed system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle,
the neat heat transfer is equal to the neat work transfer
(b) The energy can neither be created nor destroyed though
it can be transformed from one form to another

Laws of Thermodynamics (Contd`)

(3) Second law of thermodynamics
Two common statements
Kevin-Planck Statement: It is impossible to
construct an engine working in a cyclic process,
whose sole purpose is to convert heat energy
from a single thermal reservoir into an
equivalent amount of work.

Clausius Statement:
it is impossible to a self acting machine, working in
a cyclic process, to transfer heat from a body at
lower temp. to body at higher temp. without the
aid of an external agency.

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Just have a discussion

15

REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

The transfer of heat from a lowtemperature region to a hightemperature one requires special
devices called refrigerators.
Refrigerators and heat pumps are
essentially the same devices; they
differ in their objectives only.
The objective of a refrigerator is to
remove heat (QL) from the cold
medium
The objective of a heat pump is to
supply heat (QH) to a warm medium.
Or we can sys that the refrigerator works between the cold body
temp. (TL) and the atmospheric temp (Ta), whereas heat pump
operates between the hot body temp. (TH) and the atmospheric
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temp. (T )

REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

for fixed values of QL and QH

QL
QH
COPR
COPHP
QH QL
QH QL
QH
Q WP
COPHP or ( EPR)
L
QH QL QH QL

Since WP = QH - QL

QL
WP

QH QL
QH QL

COPR 1