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phHnhU bU h_i {x}i i neU |w R bx U|U

U ng_dx p _U qhU pHnhU
phUkY w = L
nY ni ngdex

_eY nxn\S
.Y

T>}= n_I qhU nH w phUkeU

pBn bhHY
phUkeUn= ~U f_> phHnhU bU ._x> h}U nbH {fL

|w B R pY{fY
{fL pHnhU eeU nxn\S n> phUkeU

.UneU sgfeU dL {Tkx

R _Y i =
n@ {x{@ eUnL n^i {@x w :AneH jx
phHnhH }J {@x = .{x{@ eUnL n^i {@x ph_YnU nH{U
shdU }A {_= nw {> {eU nxU qUnA pxnA
px}cR ]B

x U U cU phinU
phfY phiinbU >{ Y U {x{@ eUnL n^i U a
. A px}caU pxn[S

h_x U n_U ned_U nT Y }hQ UnS nY dL nS nY U nfH nfdS

c_fH w pSY }hQ eUn_U n^fU R aU |w pxR
p UnA

.phU{U phehdS
}a>
{bf> phT}hY T
nxn\bU dL
hT

phT}hY B |w U{U eU dL ng R pb=nU

aU f_x neY
{ eU Y pY^fY B = n> B

phnfU pdA}Y R pfh_Y

ni{gI |U n_U n^i {nU w
ph]bU

of=
{@x .hheUn_U
h=}U h= px{_U
pdA}Y R
}Ln= ph]S

pxnA

R eUn_U n^fdU q a> nfw (i~x}=) }Ln= (}fx)

Y aU K
22

.}T bU
w hU U phT}hY bU
j= }L

{= ncH }h_> {H AneH \ a x

ne_H ne_H Y
nY . ncH bx = nf= {x w nfU }he_U ne_U Y I hR
.U`H }B dL `\> U bU
`U d^U R nS
ncH f_x

p=d]eU U
L nR{U S

h= bU
padR R h^R B {@x nfw
ncR R nf_Y }g^hH |w Y U n_U }= nH d^U S
h=

ph\bU R n A
nxn\S R nfU R }_U R }x R phfh]daU

.}B

_= @x w }`dU n xn_Y hU w }`U }ZU {bL R}x i

w }`U }_> = ngai }_> nHnhU |w ph=}`U nHnhU

.Yw SnU

Y {hai ox = }`U Y {hai i }caU y hU h\x

hU }gbU R hU pxnA R hU cU d_U nh@UfcU R }`U
R w nf=_I }gS nf>}? Y R hU H R
{A
bL n L}I pUbY }hQ nw}L dx
dL }U n_I A f cU n fx
.U n_U dL phT}hY }]hdU w nw
U nY
}_U nin`R }A A U q
}x nY U

}]hU Y H nw}hQ nxH R hU

R {L _ZU bA {LnS dL cU }`U Y dU n e nL

R kRncUn= he> cex nY |w _ZU pY}T ngi {L _ZU

T{U H { eU Y nL hY x neH
phU{U nS_U

nfi {x nghU [i U U phU{U nS_U phJ}bex UnQ }]= }]=

23

 xnZY T
hU{= ^feU {eU R nghU [fH
{ eU Y
bfU A
S pY^fY R nhineU n=nhU nB }cR |fY {e @
q]bH
px{= R haU
.nw> nY hU U nhfh_U

nwn_=j= phehdS
Y A phdh[a>
nxn\S n[Bn= n_U gaeU |w R

ph\S w h]dR ph\S .phU{U ngdhLnaY

}caU Y }caU |w bU nfw .pY

R {hdbU HnhU YH }caU {hdbU =}_U YbU

nhfheU

x U }_U ph\S
f_x px~T}Y ph\S h]dR ph\S f_x nhfhU

dL .n_ZU |w y
cU n_ZU |w ]
x U nY~U U R nA T
hU
R p@ { Y h]dR ph\S {_> U n A}]Y {_x U n_ZU |w bH
R pA}]Y pxU d> {_> U eH}U =}_U e_U nxU
pe^fY
e>
.YH }e>keU pe^fY
qinT U YH e_U

gx gi ghU n_i h]dR o_ZU A

ngd T h]dR :bx
nI {S {LnbU |w dL nf>nH{bY
nf hd eU h[`eU n_i =

.ini T
pYnbeU U hfR {eY }xU Un_Y

qbd]i pYnbeU |w bU acx ngU pYnbeU }>

= L
U qR}L {S {eU |w }ha> UnA U|U {_U }= Y {Y Y

hhHnYd= h= yx} rx{=

U|T {geU w {hU
(..H)
nfw {_x U n_U Y n Li h}H nS }L .cY R AneH hhT}hY
pHnhH hU n_U Y n Li h}H nS }L hhbU |w Y }T hhb>
R bR hU ngU R}_> i bR ng@ }Y

{b>
hU w bR phY
{Y L}I
o@
hYnbeU }A UnUn= n_U Y i
w nbU

|w }w@ w pY
ph\S w ni{fL h]dR ph\S qinT
.pY

yRnc> {x}> nw pRncY p=

h]dR dL `\U neU jx
24

nw } R {wneU } Zx neU .h}H pg@e= {= nw

) {A =
sfx nw pYnbeU h= ~hheU R}x Y nfw
nw nw pRncY fL q> phfh]daU ph\bU qZew
(dx
|w Y }b>

hdL nw yRnc> cU YnbeU kw w fY ~@

h}H L f_> nw pRncY pxU }_> U phT}hY pHnhU
.h}H Y pxU fL q>

o_I
nbi @ n@ T}hY A {[i
w }_U Y R
dL !!px>ncx{U Y
}`icU R (}ex}=) dL } J kU |w nA T
nwL U (hU) nhT R (T}hY nhdY ) dbi neU T}hY
chhHnY dL
=
bx . pfH {_= }_U R inU g={fY UjH hT}hY
phT}hY qw }_U S }_U }? dL }]hU d]eU
nbH p=
}_U qdB nY{fL nw pYnbY p=
nin`R U

~Y
nU }ha> |w nx>ncx R hU nfjR px>ncx{U
nhU {x{g> L {L |w () S nY nx R qinT U d> Y H
.}_U {A phfJU

x
pY {beT (phi}x phS}_U) }U f |U w eUn_U ncH ~T}
A ehU R nhhU R nxH R U [x U YH U n_U hbU
{@x nin`R
nTn= nin`R R dB{U U R hU HnhH A
Y {gY
gR ph@nU ng>nHnhH L }^fU }[= {gY
hU n \x nhT}>
.ngdB

phS}ZU {U h= YH U n_U hb> U n_U p]x}B U }^i

(nTn= nin`R)
}bH Y i =nbeU R nfw dJ U
25

]HU nhH px}c_U phfY cZeU Y x{bL {_= phfh>U

nT}hY R

.nw}hQ nw}hQ (ng`inI) pY^fY nJ R H}U n> ng] nY {A

U

Y } ] x neU >{A R {x{gU } R YH U n_U bx neU

ngx { d T |w w }^U |w R @ |w R p_hZU pfU

`ZU
w e_U {@ nB Y w p_hZU pf U
Y nU

_h]x U gi{d= ginJ R nL pne_= n aU InL p_hZU pfU

:bx nT dU \R {hU
pAneH ba hH H U _@}hdR ba x
= _hI f H i b>
.dY ni S

n [ Q hU }cR gafU ehUn_> ] f dR !AneH }T|= ai {x}i

.pd?neY nx{fY R }e>keU |w R }x neT n Inbi p LnfS nei n w} T

26

cT [Q zgT
|bQ Q hmh m`h

(*)
gcG Q|T
mS
()

_U {hU
\R hA {eY
pY
pAneH nT na od S qfT nY{fL
{haY pde@ dL }^i S heU YH U nR R
dU
d_R nfU R H pU Hki
]i U nfi :{hU
nghR bx
:h\hR px}^fU
|w AneH }Zx .ni pU {fL bdi S

>n@ ni bA
c> ni pU pU{U |w @ Y

f_Y e> U ni phini

c> = an]U hbdU p_nB
hfJY

.x{T ~@ T
SU R nH w

H pU hHj> Y i :>nhB L AneH d_x }]U |w R

{gU Y hUnY
h_S
R infd U SU nY i

R w nfU R
dL phfeU
ni pU w }B n x}cR n @}Y \ax
dL ni phini

phinfdU
eL {_= ngi
pUnUn= p]>}Y bY w ini nai

{fL _x |U Lne@ }caU @U

|w }H

w neR .pUnU |w Y
{_ dL nwn_= ngU phHnH
pUbY ni phini
dU \R pY_U

R gfY {A px}caU
p=nU |w Y n S]i .phHnhU
phLne@
phfx{U

nfU Hx x{bU p_Yn@ h (*)

()

27

:phHnH
nbi ? }L nwnfH ngh>

pU }cR d= U k> U nbd]feU nH w nY :

phfJedU
_Y hdL nfU }B dL nainT ni phini
ni

}L bx |U }hh`U w nY SU dL [U
|w sni w nY :m ghm>

beU |w hb>

_U Qn neT ini nai R }hcaU |w hU }ei hT :m Tm>

pY

:dU \R

:h o>> cK v RT mac\edT

Lne@ }h_= ni pU adR }h_= ni phini

}J

gbR fe= infdU SU U }^fU S >}Y {hU

pAneH {fL HnhH

i :UnU bx }cR
ngJ dL x}caeU
ngbaU Y }hcU Y {Tkx
ni ngJ pYnL
ngi{x ng]U |w d_x rhA px}]aU
ni

>ngJ nbi dL b= nY ninR neU eU dL I

phA}U

dL _Y nbd U gx
{Aj= Ykx nT n [B ph=nx
h bU
px}]aU

hU {@ U i :bx .pxneU
ni ....{A pHni dL n hL}I

ocU

S nefhA ni :h\x .eU |w A {gY

Sni {_Y
pHni dL hU
nfw {@ U fiR ...}wnJ =ncU }wnJ }ZeU
[ :p=U] ~ h S | Yd T md h :pex}cU px U _Un= ...ni

hU UnUn= pxneU
qhU pxf_eU
pHnfU w }eU }g^> pZSnfeUnR

x{U negY
eR .ng]U w ned_U ex rhA pHnfU dL

w gaSY wncR gUneL nei gijI Y U

nfU hf> qhU
_U lR |cw .nhU R gehS gincY {>
ni } Hx
U
pY
28

pdYnZU phini
} w H }{U eZU }BU oeU
}wn]U

yafx }B ni
pSL R B{x ni
Y ph=nx
h]x rh=

x}S

Hn= hdL
i px Y }B px dL ]aY ni
ne= hini

pSL R w x{eU
ni {nU gaeUn= n =bi {_
x nY |w {L
U

.U deU }B ni Y ph{L
phSR

{Y
phYgaY
px w JU f_eU x w inU d]feU

Y niU Yk>
nY {be= w JU pehS :bx gR .px~@
px}A
fce>
Y h]_> h]> nY {be= A}U neU cdU pR
U }hZY {dU afU { bY pQnh[U dwk>
x}BU }cR x{b> Y

cd@ mX T |gA zc< X < T zc< ~gT :QdL nYU S

n]L }cR eA nY f_e=
.()SbA hi >n@ pxj> R px}U

pfJeU qinT lR ni phini

aA R ec> JU pehS bU ~@eR

nY~U Y nei |w dL o> }x nY JU U nei f_Y Y d]f>

@nA >nd ]eU q_> deA U U ai Y ni Y{bx
R pUnY
L phUkeU
e>
U p]dU dL o> }x nY nw}hQ px}caU px{U

L }cx nfw ~U lR ni |w nhA nhUkY

Y |w

nw{>
nwnf_Y R U n in\A cx

U n_= R d]fhU neU

R
.J pedT ngde> U xnf_U T

ni pU e\>
neU
}B dL ni nai ni phini

pY{gU
nh[_dU
L}ZU LU x{U ngi
fU d> nhini

}R Unfw rhA ph[_U

~U h= }R nfw .n_eeU }RU

}ca= ~di h=
nefh= ..nex _R ~U o[_i
h= nhb= =
.// {L dU ()
29

neT pwfT pgZK T :UngeU U ngAn[= k> {S phdwn@

_R ph[_U

_U bfx
ai dL ni d`> ph[_UnR
.()i n= R deU pY

ni Y _fe> px}aU
phi Un[Y H }x R
dL pfJnU hini

nfdU }hU dL x}B

hbdU }B @U w ph[_U
nfU T

pafY pbx}]= RnbU HnhU SU R }hcaU Y ni fe> an]U

YnI n afY }cR infd U nghR f x cex pbx}]=
{bfY h\x
U :an]U nbd U Y dL bR cx nY{fL U
phan]U

odS R {@
dL }ha> Y }a
x nx rh= ~@nA ni T
Y
.()phan]U

RT cK mf@m`h mh oghmh
ow|T {v mGmb^h v mX :m ghm>

ni pU w }_Zi |U
phini dL phfeU
nc_i

ngf\A U {b> h_Y

T
ph[_U
Y }eU
ni
U phan]U
{A

g>nei dY dL hinfdU
ng= Ykx U pT}ZeU phfx{U
h bU
phan]U

ncR nY odhR p_H p AnH :bx neT ni y[hR phw|eU

pba Y ngd T nx phheU

H ncR n \x ngfY phini
pdYnZU

|w dL
pHnhdU yei R h bU
{AU efU n hhHnhU

d> nfU bx dL {Zi

nghU qL U h bU
T
= }h[eUn= ecx

p_hdJ R .phanJ {bL Y ghinil= Zh_hR nx

dL nai h bU

:AneH bhR nx T
ng= nf> pehS w nfU
= ai = T
= > hR > n fH Y |w _> cU anJ = >}hZL
.nfU dL yafx n =n= nghR }> } R
L
.. n= px i n= ()
. . {fU ()
30

R ecx ni phini
gaY R hU L{x |U inU nc_i

pxnQ nfgR nfU dL qai qi lR .x}B Y nU pheA

phini

_Y ewnax g_Y wna> nx wn> w pxn`U U Y

d]feU |w Y .wj]B nfU Zcx U B Y j]B ZcU

L }x
n hHnhH
n_I }ZeU h_U xn_U U nfU R L{U nfY

R }]x
= x{x x
}K K
w = n bA o
hU pfh_Y
phHnhH

{e>
pehS
= hedeU dL nginA ngn]L R }[bx pehS w phYH

.hedeU }hQ hedeU dL

rhA ni x
ne= ai H dL w rUnU nc_i

hb> h]hU px}U

{bU gaU LU dL YkeU ph=}> x{U dL

x}> oin@ U nhU {w w U phHnH R{w

h bU
U phA}U

pxnY
R hini
niU f>
qinT H >n@nA {A {fL >nhA {e>

nxn\bU n]i R bx neT {h_U {h_U U }>

= phai
pxf_Y

od ]> U d> n [B ai H {w w U R{w Y }hcU

@ Y ph\Un= }Y d _x nY{fL ngU nex ph\U Y {x~eU
dL e_x rh= {_U U
}hU i }caU x}> @ Y dU

}hU }cR U
}cR sfx ngUB Y h]x U }nf_U }ca= ex

HnA U e_>
U h > U nR dL }cR yafx {_U }cR
hini

_U }a
nx h= nS_U Y R pY

x nJ |w aR .hUke=

y[x
pxneU
ph=}`U
n\U nhR .B {_U h= n\U

}^fU @U
R heL B L = H h= ngfh= {L L {i

Y }`U rhA ni U
} R YgaY }[x ngdex U nh=nx

L 8 dU {_= gaY w rUnU Un_U R ni n]x =}`U ni

31

 _U L{x SU |w nY .nhU ni }
phheU
U|T H pY

phRnb?
? U phSB
pUjeU b> U px}U
n]L n\R}x x|d U

phfx{U
hwnaeU dL nai @ Y phHnhU
U S phLne@
phA

R U
|w hdL H f= R dU Y}T

|U ni A phA}U

.Y}T L fL |U

^T zgT
hmh m`h X Q oX
|bQ gT |dh gS:m Tm>

=}_U nfeUnL n |U he_U }caU n]i nY {A \B

R

_U }cR }x YH
oh[x |U @U
U|U n nfY }cR yx} @= pY

bY ni Y
neU }Z_Un= nfU px}c_U }U pU }Y{
> rhA
nfaU phdwn@
U ni }> ngeUn_Y g=j= px}ZU
n\U n R}@ }>

ni {L
ij= nfeUnL R ni H}> U Y }T = .~U
_U ngeH U [U d> ~eR
ni Y YnceU ni L pY
}B

f_eU w = gU nU Y n eA hU U n_U :bx rhA }B

R =}> niU f`x nY T
R SU pT}A }caU pT}A hf_> |U
nY T
{AU f_Y h]_x cU }ax
nhU ]_x
|w R x{U .nw{Y ng>S
YnZU hhU :nY }cR L n_= Y nfw S .px~T}eU
cU

p]dU U _U f_e= I
R x{dU @U R pT}A cU
nHU c=
|cw x{U pUnH}U LU dL ni {S Zx
nei }wn^Y dY
]_x

.nfU eeU R aU _>

}caU

_U }cR n =nx }ei

ini nai R dU \R {hU
phini

pY

Lne@ fx{U }caU ]_i nY{fL gU Y }U nwnf_Y U ni

p@n= i U ngbx U pAneU pinceU HnhU A ini
32

.ngZh_i U pbinU pY pfeU Y }U R {LnedU hU nghU pHnY

RB R ni h= SU fU
h= hHU n_aU
b_U U w }caUnR
nU h= }B x h= }B Snf> h= pHnhH pHnhH h= ni Y
U L{x }cR
beL R A
}cR
i .dcI >}i R gh@>
i .x

R `i {= pdYnI px Y px U Un_U
.nh~U

ni d _x rhA ph=}U R n]_U R b_U {S fL }caU |w }ex

n \x phLne@
= bR px}aU
> hb> {g= >l= dbL =}x

ai L
kY chR
R . }hB x}B L
dL |w ph=}U phT}A

bL i nY }bx ?

>nhA R ngZh_x ngInL U nU pbAY =}eU

d]f> S
R B{x x}B
dbL Y f[x A x}B Y A phdeL

_U o= }caU |w w .()x}B n> Y pnU

pY
=}> Y

n h_S
nhdU dH
cx {bx n= pbh?U SL R |U

i .n ^wn= ngfe? ni R{x phw xnZY Y }a> nY phUnhU

@U

R {ax
n _HnI nT nfU h= U d _x |U =}U }caU

{x{U fU d _x rhA pY_U

}cR U jx phfJU
ph=}U R .ph\S

U
}^fU }[= pU{Un= cU n^f= ni pSL R nH w pfJeU
phS}_U
phfx{U
nh[U
L
Y nx ninR .}B phHnhU

ni .()n@ bA Y nghdL o> }x nY phfJeU

R }B fJY

dU n_U yYnU B
pU nfU R ni pU{U Hki

dL |hedU oUn]U d _hdR nHkeU U

gaU dL pT}ZeU h bU

Y n_x ne= nf= heU }hB pR JU |gU cx rh= }ZeU

.nx }w@
. . nhU niU ()
.// dU ()
33

 _U pAneH nT U nA
paJn_U b_U oAn w hU nffh= pY
ngx

R }T pehS w ni i
_Y qincU

|U nf_S dL pfBnH phH

_U }cR pSn]= nxS bi U Y .8 dU hL
pdY Y }hcU b=
pY
nHkY
ngfY }B dL yafeU ni jI Y d_> U nefU
.}eU

34

cT [Q zgT
|bQ Q oeh |YX }b=|X

()

cT [Q |`^? zgT
.

(*)

x{U pfi Y {= dU \R {hU

n]B R pY c> pfi nc>
}hU S h= }[U pfi fU
pfi dU Y pS_U pfi ai
pfi x}ZU pfi U B pfi U n_U pfi Y ...}ZU

pfi U pfi U ini nai fL q> phLne@ nS_U

..Y~U pfi L {>
dU \R {hU
A zxnU
.pfi w dU \R {hU
}cR R phf= }\Un= c_x n]U |w

dU \R {hU
{h_x f ikx R ec> x{U
p[S
:
bx
dL yaf> nY{fL i =
hini
U
dL qai ned T }c> hini

qU
n _he@ heUn_U Y ~@

ij= }_Z> qijR hA}U

eA}U
heUn_U
qi {A
R U cxL
{>
R ab> heUn_U T

@ Y nhi{U
pT}A
heUn_U Y ni YnchU ...nhU n> cai n> chini

R nhU p[S
w nwnxn\S ng_xnZY T
pT}A R gd T
phUkeU

. ()b> nhU }cU in_> > nSn]U Ync>

()

.}h= phed_U U R nH
dU \R {hU
@}eU i (*)
x{U i ohi hf> {L md? oGmgT |b`T Q @ dU \R hA {eY {hU
()
. nfU }h= eU

()

()

35

|U

dU \R {hU
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36

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37

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38


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39


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40

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41

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}[A h]i nfi nfw {x n YnB

nH}dU HU pJnU R phwnfY

nY nfai {i ini

}` U {hAU {b_U ngd Y {= pfi ngifL pxneU

gbR cA
.SB

48

hmT dT

! 1

49

oghmT ocT ~g

zw < zdX
ygYT maT

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()

neU A
x{U dU {fL Y x{U hQ
}Y

x{U

}Y x{U neH
A x{U |gU U nY hJ Y }> Y dB |U ni |w n= neR
{x~Y f_U |w i~aH x{U |gU pfi YnL ni cx
H d]Y R Un_> US f_UnJ A f_U }S nY }InY r=
c A * | a T c K * d @ |T
~
:eA}U
* mg T d c K * mh

d YT

< | d a T
z w | YT
* }g d T mf ^ Q md T
e T * m
*
* }g d T | = a T m< T dg
}g d T Q _\ =

R *

T mf ^
.[ : eA}U] mh

}T {fR phAnaeU
nedcU B Y eA}U H d]Y Y nfdYn_> U

}ZT }ebU eZU {i {_= AU }T Un_> inH UnU

}gI nA }ebU nx}@ nx
fUn= nY~U nA eZU

U nR hR (nceU) neU R U {_= fU

negfh= >jx nceU nY~U }T Y {_= >jx nY h= AU UnU }T|=

dU }_x `fx |U w ijT {b_U p]H w ni jT ni
nfU L}ZU {h nS (*)

()

51


hUn_> ]x
AU }ax
AUn= }cax
AU gax AU }_x

_i hY d_Y nY ncY R AU |w
cU
{= gU

x{U _U
}Y
}Z= B Y dU dL nfR}_>
{bR x{U |w Y Jn_U R niU
ned_U pe nhi w (nhi)}Z= B Y H hUn_> nfed _>
x{U pfi ni x{UnR _i }ZT x{U nfHnY }ZT x{U nfegR
.RY fL

52

cT [Q zgT
|bQ Q ogewzT o>zT mw|G

()

m^H gT zK .

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}InY nxeU U ow a [> n_U n_U
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mg@ f=zfK zTmT m>
bw Xw |S

:U A

m\A zdT g]^T

mS mdh m?|T zdT Z^w

nS U
d L nw{_= ph_S }T fY eL |w Y e@ qx :
qaU
nS
ijT ngH{Y R }ex
U Y .UU }x |U he_U }U fU w :

nS }hbU pix~U }w S R |U U qdS

.baU {x U
TcU eA}U {L in`R {L {eY n \x gfY nfed _> nedL w
fdU cU w}hQ dI eY }U {L dL n]g]U pLnR
pH{Y qhU w nL U Y }T nghdL \Y ngH{eR n nB n e_J
pfx{eU = oR {Y {L
U {x eUnL edL {g_Y nghR nY c=

U p_Yn@ h oni (}_U Y) =}L }caY exnT (*)

naUkeU Y {x{_U x{U ni bA fL
.phU{U nL~fU i{eU eeU nx pRnbU pHnhU inbU }caU nxn\S R

()

53

L
ngU U ngS ng_Y@ ng>ncY dL nY nbY phw|U ngS :nghdL
{hb_> o= ng>nx ]i U nfi nfhdL n>}A nx fcU nB xn>
.n

qinT = nh@Ui hU x
n hnY {hU
}cR R c> U fU
nU Y Q}U dL {x
{=

R x}_U ngxn> c= beT

}nU n
.A {_= nehH

{ZY K
}hQ }x {S nY }x pY{bY
px oAn dU \R nT
R ... neU U hU beU U
~abx hT hbU }Y
T
px oAn }_eU H}U }U SP gbX T nY fw U
[i :}[L R ncU hxU {A L n_U R n[U
}nU R }hcaU n= inY H i f_e= beU R h_x dbL
nT i >}R cU neU Y {U ngdH
B Y beUn= }cax
.R}ZH SU }S
|U dU \R {hU
dL }hT {A U ]f> p=nbeU |w {bL
T nY inY }hQ nY~= n@
n [B inY dL n Y{bY
nT hU nL U }^i
new fL n }L {@ U|U x{U n@ Y {x{_U dL
@ = U
pdhH {bfU Y U n gi {x{U Y |> {bR ncR o= nH
.n R{w ni pY{B Y n bx}J x{U pfi Y

fL pdx{= px x{b> neU {hdbU {nU }caU {bi dU \R nA

dL }nU p^RneU pHkedU ~aY pYn ngfcU pnw qinT A
x{bU gfe= n inhA nw}ha> pbh_U >nA}J nLl= dU ]B
d_U xnhY R ]>
{b>
Y [A neU nL}Y nw}[L sgfe=

.hx{U pheS}U }a]U eU n[> nh@UfcU

54

g< a^T wzT h= {Un= d_x nehR pnU e[= dU \R }>

>~hY d> @nB Y hU x{U B Y kUn= U c^T wzT

nbin= pYegY nH n= R px{bfU pS_U nhUncI }]=

hU > fx{U }caU {x{> pegY U fx{U n]U {x{> pegY Y
]dU ohx d_= nehH
}caU {x{> n]U {x{> ncYn=
.}[_U Y nx }h`eU

ow|bQ |Q

Y}eU YH }caeU zZT |Rm< zdX {hU

h]H
UnS nY ga>

U n_U R fU dU \R nQ nY{fL dU \R {hU

hY
nY nfU
:nS phfx{U >n@U
mv|A eT X ?|A w{T S

.eT =|A zaQ cT [Q

h= pS{[U phA}U px}caU =}bU c= U ga>

h]H qdS
dU \R }_x nedY dU \R }R {x {[U n [B hd@}U

px}caU {[U pincY

nhi{U Y }hT Rn >jx cU xnx ~heeU

meT mXzeK dU \R L bhU chw hfA {eY w nfU `I

Y }T U aR < maT X z`G mhiQ cT [Q gdT e X m`G

:pU

}caU L}ZY p_hR}U U~fY dU \R {= }L }S i :T

n [B x{U n@ Y }hcU L nghR ~hex
x|U YnU {hAU
.phUncI p_h]U >ng@

}[U }K }B |U w phT >nJnbU ~heY

chw }S :oghmT
nxeU I Y hUkY nH n TdY bU pb]feU R }A
55

.dU \R L UnS nY gfL bx U fcU

nYd_Y nfdU >nx B chw Y naH heU :oTmT

|gR dU \R Y naH i bx i nY =nbY nxncA rxnA

A A}[= H {A dbx U nY U x @ Y eH i f_x

{bR hS{
rx }n`[U L n _R}Y }cU nxn\bUn= n HgY K
=nS }Z= {g@ w x{U ng@ T {gx ncA fx Y od bx

eY [U j]dU
i\T dw w _RnZU nY S

.ZT dw i\A |gP

|feT zwzT

B ede> pT}A {= nhfheU }B |fY i >n_=nY B Y

h> nw}x]> ngx{> U L{Un= fU R phed_U U pHkY

}= {S Un_U {gZx |U ]dU
pd=nS y[> rh= phH{U ngwnfY

U fU pH{Y R {x{U nA}J qf > phYH nh[I eB

|Rm< zdX :w |i nZU Y peU kw nL U i nghdL \Y

wzT md? `\ZX c^T |< zdX wzT ~dH zfX zdX zZT
.cT [Q g@ zdX

{bU
pxU phU{U p_h]U fU pH{Y R n nw {x{U K

ngn_U nghR {x{U phdeL yT nY Y Q}U dL pfhceU }hQ

phed_U ngH{Y nghR ne= fU .ehgeU {hdbU nhU yUn[Y _= Y
}eU Y qBv> {bR x}U dL ph[L pYn_U ng>nhA
d_R qincH

.n inhA pw}cU
pbdA zhA oGzX R fU R qHj> neU }bU nx{= R
56

n bA
gfY cU y nI peB qe
|@ a^X qheH
}e>

`eT QmZT zd@ n bA }xU SbU ox xTm z^G :w

nxH h= neU }bU nhfx}ZL |fY n =}`Y nL |U }_eU }LnZU
n_R phdw }U R hh^Z= |i oh nefhA n_U A nfU

zg^G n_U nghR nY }S [i dL }w {_= }_U U

phfx{U pHkeU nJ R incY negfY cU

cgcT mK wzT mdS
w nY R {x{U dL deL x|U p_= kw ng@nB
hL n=
{_H) }_U nB U =}w ngdZR {_= x}Z_U ? R g_he@ TnI

dhdU nL afU Rn[U {eA qxcU U x{U neT {h_H yUn

nQ ( i}x) HzT cK w YnU ZU nT (}x U

@nH n@ }x R jI U y x}Z_U ? {i S }_U
f cU H
oT {L
oT phL{= dhHU n [dY K
odbi n
.oweT |gT Q oG m XmK nT ngfY
}caU }]S U dU \R ngfY |>
U U }U phafU phU qinT

w fU bU cex T |T |? gv|< |? px n_Hn=

w neT fU .fh_Y Y gfx K

dU \R fY > |U |feT
pheY pfx{Y }_Y
nghR x{dU n\SnfeU e> w pedcU f_> nY c=
pRnb? R U }? {S n=
fx{U }hQ i{eU nhdU nedY ~heY
pincY

{eY }Y
hA Y nghR H x|U d_U pdJ Y {x{_U dU \R

{[U x{U eI {gY {eY dhdU Y {L }wU }I

.w}hQ d_U }=

hfYkeU }hQ hfYkeU hfx{eU

}hQ hfx{eU
h= }ex
{U nT

nT A pLfY
padY nY U {ex
hhfhehU hxnhU

57

nwA { @ cU phfx L U efx oUn`U R UneU

.ngdS dU \R nghR nL U }aU R afU eedU peH nT

nbx neT h_U Y dU \R fY }Q |U hmT |feT nY

q_HR
{eU
nai rhA meT gR
phini Rnb? qbe_>

hY |fY >
.{A = {ex |U HnZU }= nT nfU .n Yn>

_H h@neU }baU nhA hU

pHnfeU nHU nx n]H nY c=
ph[U nHkeU ph=}U hd_U pxnL}Un= H gfL hadU
bfY >nHneY ncR h= U|= n @~Y }B phY{U
U baU Y
.nHkeU nf= U _aU

pfx{Y dU \R nghR }L}> jZi U fUnR feU U _Un=

x{RU pfx{Y ngi phi{Y phRnb? pfx{Y w nY {b= nB sw phfx
pfx{eU wj= pxnU x}U }nZL nghR S> H w =}L ng_=nJ
ph_Yn@ pfx{Y ngi ox}`U Y pYnY ngd_@ nU ng_=nJ w
pfx{eU a fY }_ZU nT ph=}_U ng`U dL q^RnA phYH nH{dU
Y feU
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.ng>neH
h_= i @ ngRnbU {R YnL x{RU pRnb? pnS pfx{Y fU
nS{ = } Zi f_x Un_U {d= dY Y pdJ pH{Y
{_= gfh= nh_e@
bdY exnT {g_Y U }S ngd T pfx{eUnR U T
R }bY }T nghR U U n\x n heHY hU }eY Rnb?
Un_U ni he@ Y nghdL {Rx (T ) |_T |aX w Un_U
\R oI
nfw .dL nY }S ne= n T}> nghR wn>Y R{U YH
.L S dU
58

!@m`h cT [Q ogdX

dY {bR cT [Q {U {> fU R nY A bU ffcex

bL }cR
I n`U {d= Y Y x{RUn= JB c= n afY
nfH ed_U rU nd ]Y pfx{eU =nJ c= =}L dL RnA
w U pfx{eU Y n YnY n i}Y nT phb]feU {H ncA
U hex nT newnaU U he> ng_h]= U nSL pheUnL H
{x nT rhA eUnL H x x{dU >}^i R eY gR }B
Y T hmSmT zefT hm_Q S|T h|w @ U
meT Y p=}_U nf= U pRn nw}hQ mg< mhmdS|= ]HU nhH
\R rgcT mwG
.nB cZ= gfY hhafU hhS}_U L

}hQ nfw w }_ZU n= dU \R }J }gfU @j= dh= }? j>

hfU h= B {@x rhA RneU eeU R a fY Y }_ZU
}LnI n ghbR nT fcU n inhA hbaU U fY }LnZU U }S dU \R nT
nT ]Un=
Ykx n h?{A n x}[L fY
{Y
nT baU }_ZU R

qinT .baU p_S }_ ZU p_S h_bU dx <T zg^G zdX {hU
Y
}cx
feU |w | hU n bA dU \aU n xnw U px}caU n_edU

nY bx}J R S nY }L ne= nhw

L}ZY L hf?
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.{x{U
w {x{U }ZY = R Q> baU }fY dL nY{fL
c^T |< zfX zdd< }Y G\T mX |fY }hT T}> xJ nY
n_U ReU hmf` T < zgT
n _= qdeI

.zZT |Rm< zdX U
o[feT {g_= {gL eH
|U d_U }= {gY {eY }ZY nT
59

 {S ogdc^T
{LnH ngwnfY ngeh^f> ng> R U {x{> dL ~T
hA nfUn= p_H >nSL qinT |U n]`U InT }a_@ zhZU U R
B |U x{U Y x}I }eU pYnY kZ= f_eU i
lR nhd_U pYnL~U x{U }caU U d_U }= }[i nehR n\bUn=
fx{U }caU {gH dU \R {[U hY Y {hU
}ZY
.cT YH

ph= n_eU qinT rhA fU Y _Y qdbi dU \R {hU

pR}K
oUnbeU nZabU _= nghR ne= } `[Y nai}T aA U }S
n hHnhH n hi{@ }_ZdU ~ a Y w pYn_U pnU nHnfeU R nb>
n hRnb? n hLne@ n hadR
>}b= dU \R nY .iB }_ZdU nehH

= px{hdbU phH{eU phfx{U ocU dL }[bx U gR pafeU pLfeU

.phHnhU px}caU >nhadB >ng@>

L }^fU `= hR}U d`Zx nT

w (nhUn]x) mghT< o^Xm? wn\> dU \R nghR U eT o^Xm?

fU p_Yn@ hA R n_U R qHj> Un_U R p_Yn@ {S
ng= U |U n_U w w n[eU n_U S qHj>
p_Yn@ bU cex f_eU |g= ngwnfe= }^fU nL H]U zhZU
n_U R Hj> {bR w|YT |v nY w n_U UA qHj> fU
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.(nR) gw|aT o^Xm? (i>)
h=}> U ngfY ~@ _x dU \R {hU
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nghaR }ggdT og`m\T |^= pHkY
pfx{eT fUnR fU R U

XaT wm^Tm< ng>n_Yn@ qR}L padY nhf@ Y {RU xn_x

qUnA |U =}_U ng_=nJ Y Q}U dL x{RU Y dX AuT
60

owz^T
dc^T qT |gb`T ow|<

fU pH{Y nY = naA
\R
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.dU \R nHkY

zgT
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phfhbhU phinex :T oc@|dT A}Y = dU \R }ZY }Y

w |w ni Y x{U ox}b> HnH ew

phL nT rhA px}hZU
oc@|dT nY .nU r= ]U nY{beU R U pH{U pdA}Y
phUnU pdA}eU gR :oghmT
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U {hU
nghR pdA}eU |w .|cw pdH {U> pdH hbhdU n bx}J
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n [B pxng@ ph}L px{bfU pdA}eU gR :oTmT oc@|dT nY

nhbU }U p=}U s\fU Y pdA}Y d= phR}_eU > qdeT {_=

.ng[= {b_x U ncA U dU

yT {hdbU nhU neU n [B nin_Y U cx U

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fhbhU }caU {bi n [B {hU
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nT nY~U Y }S nghdL \Y U phUnU {hUnbU qfehw b_U T K

n\B hdL
n[Y qinT |w L}ZY R .pR}_edU d_dU b_dU I T
61

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}caU ai n>n= > >S

Y U ow|eU h= nbU UvU hedeU {AU >L px}xfU

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neL B R U nehH

Y pLneU eeU pY{B R x{U @ nL nfSU pdhH U

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:w q=? peB dU \R px}caU pY^feU |w R

n S]i n @ nw}x]> nghdL naU }_Y ogeIT oTzT L LnR :

pfJeU }cR Y
|S

{h_i nfw ]dU }=n_U pYn_U phfJU pxgU

pY{bY
px n \x w Y |U wzT ~dH zfX zdX ygYcT mwmT
n HnH neU pfJeUn= eU g>n_eY R nY{iU p_hZU nL hA
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R |gg_Tm< inex :hmT

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U|U }h`Y
nhU I T

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U pLnI }= nR}U

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e> U ni pY}T Y n_> qinT n [B ngBnfH {nbeU

fh S b=mK dc ^= dL nY S Y n bd]fY H }w@

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wzcT mK :qTmT

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L

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T
K mQzT :<|T
S U|U {_eU pYnbY R U nehH

pYnbeU U
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62

pxncH bU qUnA U|U dh}H {_dU {[U R phinfdU

R U~fY [S U pRn dbU }={Y
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. n_U dh}H {_U B phAn\U

neUn= X|S w|@ mh U I T nH w :~XmT

nhbY ninR ncR pY^fY R x}eY
T
h@nw
ninT |dU {_U

. P=|< bx}Q dhaU oA I

Y _]H px{hdbU pHkeU B ]>

dU \R yh

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nghdL }B f cU nw

ini ehbU Lne@ oinU nT nY {b= n x{hdb>

x @ cx U

.YhU TdH JnZi Y }S [i Y }T {Y dL An |U w

d`feU ~_feU wzT ?|T owzgcaT ZT {H dU \R nA {bU
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R nhU ]fe= e_hU pa phw R gai x{U n@ _= hR |U
nain= x{U @ R Lne@ oinU }= YncU LnaU U
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L~= b_U Q hU
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mbQ od
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T od
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63

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hcU Y {hU

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B Y {[U R }hU oA
ni n _ }haU {hb_> Y U

n aUnY px}U pxng@ }^fU ng@ Y {L | Y phL px}[L px

_H = dU hdL }bH
nY w mYT nTm_T bx dR {nU SU

_H m[T meT L rdU

nfU Y x{U ox}b> U h]x nY c=
nJ R hdL bhU x{U Y ni ox}b> dL eL nedY hdL dbx cU
fU h= pYeU cex rh= SU pfdbL x{U pfi _S }Y
SU
{LnbU w pfinR .nH w ini oinU nT nehH

.dU \R {U }B {LnS nghdL e> U pxd_U

pY{U x{U = LU x{U pUn Y dU \R oA pfi
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x}Z> T n`U U dU \R nL U U nfH .pbhbU dex {gx

}ZdU x
ni pY}T gex
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dU hY Y x
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T
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64

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U }wnJ {deU }wnJ deU {A
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65

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Y dL =nbU ngfex nedY

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66

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w ni px}R |@
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67

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U }[fx
68

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R nehH
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R n e qfT ff cU fY {hU
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69

wzT oeh

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R }B pUn_aU
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Y ]x x{U ni pY{U {@
R I T
nx x{U
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ni mh oT mgaT mK {bR ogXG oT mgaT dU \R {x

U

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eT
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m@ mdS ~gc<
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70

l= n RB n Sna> U hU khH ne= }hcaU Un= pLnfbU

hU pR}_edU }^i ng@ oA }bUnR |cw U dHj= U
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n\Y Z>
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ncR ni {g@ w }^i pg@ oA }UnR ~wn@ ncA

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ni ni = }cR
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qinT d> >nY .n H{bY
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ni}[L R pdhdS nfH hA R nfH U }S {hU
nT
i dL e@ rhA >nhSB R = oR ncR R ec> hnfH
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nY T x|U x{U n@ Y x}hcU {U nwnfR}L U ph@ }_x U
x{U Y }afx n inhA = oR gfY }afx pYn_U ghdL }_x
nT
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x |U gR |gU ncR phH{S hU x{U w
w ng@ nT

71

oR pY[U U }Y U A B = dU L{x
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U A phdQ dU \R nT {S ogcP dw m KmH z@ R ^T

. }R nT
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72


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()

73

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ni B qd lR hdL .pxn[S phfY phHnhU phSB

74

baU R ph`Y
BnR }bY
nhA px}ZU
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n hi

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nei gbR

cA dL {x
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H
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x chcaU feU |w phSB

R ng@ nex hbaU jT BU a R baU |w dL p^AY
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nga nffcex
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nxn\bU R rUn= ~dY

.naU |w Y R nfJx
{S nY |w pf U
ncU R U SB
75

 1;

:zgT
?|dT mX |gbT @|T mg@ Q
cT [Q g@ zdX

77

|gg_T X Q x`edT T ow|weT ogha^T

xTm cK gh

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()

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nA }caU R pUnA
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H rAn= qinT (*)

()

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T oghmh gacT ogGmG mZX

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80

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R qA}J .pfw
iZB phAnfU QoUnJ = = dL nY ph[I

.{gU
[U R > U S ngU h_U R > U

R n egY
n Yn nT rhA n x{A }fheU nY ph[I
R qA}J

U
(Z_U n@) Z_U H x oT hT }x R phYH

:nghR bx ~Q {h[S (p\x}eU h_U) neh= ZeI {h[S hR

n \x}Y qU

f}Y x}eU fa@ cU

p\x}eU hfhL
@

[fY ohd R {bL dL U bfL dHjH

zU ...YnB }J {eU B

R |U nbJ {_=
bU H phUncI |w n> dY ni
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{n[S h=
HU {n[S H K nx dU \R {hU
ix Y T
Y h_U R {@U JnI dL {n[S phAni Y nhU
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ex {S yd][Y gR dU \R {hU
}_I R ini n>
n> w phi}aU humanism pedT ox}_> w nY R pfi f_Y U
98

 ni}R R n= R p\gfU }[L R }J Lne@ adR }cR

|Un=
pHnhU aU
}caU R }[_U |w S {nH qinT U }hxn_eU odS phAnfU

U nH x{T phheU Y | > qinT

.ncR fadU cdU >w
nH dbfhU p\gfU }[L paHR nR
U neU Y U T
{= ni dL ~T}x
nH w nY R ...U Y

nY pT}A }cR T
pfehw Y pU{U eeU }x}> n in@ }hdT p]dH pU U {_= nehR
.(Laicite) phined_dU {hge> Un@ x{U

|w dL dU \R {hU
}_I R ini n> nL e> cex
h= nfU TnY }^U }h`U
nghR jZi U ph=}`U nhU Y T
eeU

nghR {hU
nhU pfi gaY ]>

nghR jZi U phYH ph=}_U

}I fU :hincY ngfY }T|Un= B

TnY |gU nT {bR .}>

nfw pfinR hdL }h?j> R rhA }h= Y ph=fU

phAn\U {U rhA

Un_U p]x}B eZU > w .ngHni Y }_I R pfcY |w \A w

..n _Y xn> YH =}_U

cI h _eY {n[S R \U |gU h> B Y U .. hT

.nI qbH neT n ie\Y h S}aY

og<eT
og@m[T |H eT II

A x{bU Y n hUncI n ehdS > {=

}_U R }I fU nT

pBnU nYnbeU phed_U U \>

ph_hZU
pfx{eUnR .hU

U pH{beU

Un= nwnf_Y nghR}`@

ngi .nhUn= ngUn[> eU pxngi
R pd[ Y nhUU

=nbY }J Y [ > .ngU hQ

{Y ngijT A }[Un= phAni Y [ >
|gR .ngU {Y ngijT A (Un_U R }bY }T) U }bY b=
99

R
nL i neT dU \R {hU
f\A R {U eU nhU h= =nZU
rhA f\A =nZU hL R ph=fU
{hgI }ZY JY T
phAn\U R

HnU }bU nxngi Y {= }I fU R InL Y _= B Y

Rn[U {eA }LnZUnT pfxnY SY Y fL T i hU A }ZL

LhZU o>ncU }U ( ) pg@ = }`eU
afU

phd@
R }~U }hw ined_U
pfx{eU }T|U fU h=nT
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nT nedY .{AU nceU R Un_eU daU pe? nx i nh_dU

=U {h_H {eY gfh= Y x}Z_U ? R hee_eU

x{U n@}U

Y }\x ngLnS R pfx{edU }B @ pe?

afU
nT }LnZU e_eU

U wnbeU _cY

}hcH
dU _n= Y _U pR }~U }hw UB
phw|U
nbU
U f ex i (LhZU) }~U {h_H UnB bx .pfx{eU

Y {L fi
ph\aU
= nYnbedU

..}baU dL nxn= pe_]eU

n dJ nfw U w }I {eY }Y x}T }Y hA Y YnL @ nf=

nL hZdU
.hhLhI

:J R afU Rn[U {eA bx

eH |U {
L
J nx n
}

neK nx nx

_R

U {d=
ngi dL q d @
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R qd@
qi

:bx

hd> {d= }`U

~n_U
hZU ngfc>

znZY
{d= n[R

~
nf@ >{d=

.}wn^U ng]H =nZeU ngLnS n \x ngdR ph=fU phAn\U nY

100

pdegeU
{h_U ph_hZU }J Y n@ }bR e>

ngdw R w
ngZU f_e= pd[ Y pxnbL YL phZh_Y
nHj= gfh= nehR dLna>

R nbeU eU w phAn\U {Q A }^feU nY }cR phfhU

.dY J

phAn\U }I fU h= nY pUjeU |w R }hT nfw hai U H

ph=fU
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bR n> :new ..}_I neH hdU hUnA R dU \R {hdU

}_ZU

n> H K nx nhU HU {n[S ix R {bfU

.h_U R {@U JnI dL ix R be_U Yn_U
|^H Q zaeT aQ m=

{bi bR xn> n> xT|eU

hix{U nY^fY {n[S

phnh= dU Y {x nT nhU HU {n[S R }LnZUnR .e_U dL

HkeU
Y {= xnU HU bfx rdx nY i n h= Y

[x A {A {A RqhU w nA R ]x ? Y P{eY

R {bx
L{U @ U
i .nhU U @ H nedL phYH

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.( x{U {x
h=) US

o_[x rhA {n[S R zxnU padR Y A R }LnZU B{x

{dB = bx nY dL (zxnU ) w nY peHnA p=@ U U

nY pY{beU
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R
nT cU .phgU bU n T}Y

U }[f> nbU U }_ZU A}hR @}U { R }_Z= zxnU

.YgU U nhYhU

101

nghR }LnZU }> {L

qh= pneU ng\_= ax U >nY^fY Y }hcU R
gR .n _Y L}U phL}U {Sni ij= nA =nfx {Sni nY = n Rnw

>n@ R HU phL i ...}n? SB

YH }LnI i L }x

Y _= B Y neU R efU }x .U _h=nfx hfeU

(p=|eU)}nU .}nU nw >ax (nB cZ=

qhU w {eY)

.hex neT

= qedL neT A

ngTnR hU A fdeA

hU{U hU

nwnSnR

ngbR qeH
Qn= ceU

? }ex Un_U L qd >

=|Y }hQ hR }>
_> p

h@{U }x hdL

[x
h_\U dL T

(nhU HU {n[S/}LnI phR {h[S Y)

UU dL xT|eU
hix{dU phYH {n[bU R di h]i

{nbL ng\_= Y neU Y }hcdU px{bi

}> Y px}_I JnfY

...HnhH Rnb? xn> _U _I Lne@ }B _U gbR

Y pLnfbU TU

:
{bi R bx gR |cw
ninex {>
n A nex

ninU

nhfYn=

( H K nx)

R TU
gai nfi

`>
|

}cU bU
}f> ~_U b>

cx eL = eB nB}H Y n aU kY {B cx h= TUnR
.hhU x|w Y w gU }h={dU n ehd>
:bU
}`dU eL {hdbU {bi R bx

102

}cU p_dU Y nf>nHjY }H

n =ni n H nfU nw_f

nYnf {
bi nfij=

nYneQ n[U R d g x

...nY{S bx
ng= R

|dU ffi nfhdL

( H K nx)

phS}I
nhef
n]x cex neT }`U n]x |w phef[U { bi ]Un=

{S nf h]> =nT R Zhi nT lR .}hT phYH

n H ]A

U pb=nU ph=}`U n\U R }hT phfR

phinix Y pbA
phadR

px}_I
d eU YH }ZU R nf= }x{@
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}_ZU pRnbU R }]hY }hT nf dL gi S {I

ei
ja=
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x{U pHnhU

...zU...n_U }]U ~U

J adH ..>ncx{U =}`U b_U S Y S

w |U ZU {bi U
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nbU pin@ pQ U x
nfdnY Y pUjY T
hA cx {hU

>nh= Y w |w) d]eU h]_U phY{_U

U kx nY Y K R

.(H K nx x Y R px~egU

R}U ]U nhU = f_x hU nhU hex nY {bfx w

nH}U eH Y _> {b_Y khg>

U bx w .eU
bA (
Y HnT)
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nY U nfd lR ....Un_U pT ng=n Y _x nY

phHnhH

nhUnH }hZU }ZHnT }`Un= }ZU pSL R }n_Y phxn>

gR neU hH dL
x{bU {bi R L }> px{bi
JnbY nghR ^fY
103

}[U zxnU }a>

ph=}Q p_f e_U dL w nfU eL

pxne_H
R}_eU nhU .nww dL hR oQ}> nY h> b> ngLneJ {x ne=
w hh=}`U
hR~U
{xj= pLf[eU i pL{B L{U |w Y R

x Y na[U }^fx) ..nH

= } Y }ZU pax~Y
phi
.(H K nx
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nx_U pddH {bfx w

Y px}U
:ne_H YnbU aR
n\UnT px{U pS}U

}aeUn=
R {x
}R n\A w n\U
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w px}U

R... nfi }hR }nU

...panB ai _ }bR h= h_U Y nY

{S pUne? nxnb= neU Y o_x

nhT

( nhU HU {n[S)

A> ]U nw{hIni R ]> }hJnH nR}U

( H K nx)

( H K nx)

:bx {bi
e_=

hU x}]U }_i U dU dL nfdc> nfi nfi

L dL neU {b>
Yk> >
w rhA Y pYU
>|U dU >ax
:phxnU pe[_U }ca=
nY[_Y n H{bY
}i neU Y nhi hJ
nfi

( H K nx)

:}n_Y T}I ijT gx f cU

104

hfH oTY R nfAnaT R h_i

nfL R Yn_dU {eU

nfL R Yn_dU {eU

nh\U {U r_x

T @ Y
hY nT

ni }[fx @ Y

( nhU HU {n[S)

b> nhU HU {n[S H K nx {n[S Y n= SY R

}[U SY Y }n_Y SeT
= hx}_ZU
ncU nf`dU pibxjT h]dR

^L dU H}U gUnS }hB hb? gx nx Y {x

|U x{bU

{L U pheUn_U }U {_= ngJbH {gY

U phine_U phT}U pU{Un= }Y
...ad=
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xn>
f cU n ha n e^i nHjeU ^fx
{@
B Y }nUn= neU =}x

:US B Y n T{Y p_[U pYnbeU U pxngfU R qadx

hdU nA R {bU R eZU }ZU nin^i ]x {S
x]U ni{Y R }eU
bd_U }[U TjfH ni }hQ

( H K nx)

S
w UnU {bfU ]beUn= dU \R {hU
}_I Y bU |w B
:(nhU HU {n[S) Y > hin_Y R
ei hJ
phbfU
dbU R hU hbU T
nfi
phw|U
nin]B ei nghin_Y gR i ni }hQ

x{ai n i[Y n H{S n]B _R

phH
c=

px}A
R n]B h_> nhd_U eU B H dL

( H K nx)

105

(ZdT
TmT oghmX) :|^H Q ad^T m= III

a i hhYH dU \R {hU
ix{U {bfU bR n> {n[S h=

{@U JnI dL {n[S R > he_U n> {n[S }T|U

heU
~U lR .phfU R phLi pRnY w pRnY h_U R

h= nY n [I }LnZU Y _x nh@U{x{x Y }_ZU }bx

U dL
p`dU R }LnZU gedU Y nA pe?
rhA LU oh]U
.hU
R }LnZU _x }h[S ngd_x nhU pf@ Y bx
|w T

hex |U }U
dU pAnY Y |Bjx nU eQ }U dS nY }A
.p^LeU {bfU U = hex neY
}T y]ZU U }LnZUn=

}LnZU h= phAni Y {nbU HnhU hbaU h= phUncI |w ]>

{U R ni ]bY aR .@}U n_I Y TnY R }B phAni Y UnU

nx Y }LnZU }x nY }wnK h= L} }> > }g^x H K nx Y

:bx {baeU }U pbaB x{U {@neU

x{U
nx}U aU

Y U {@neU {U R ni

{eU R AU yeU U i }hQ

... ZU @
Y gfx

( H K nx)

B Y }B ncY R .phbhbU xw bhbA L kdU L{x nY U

:bx i Y :kH

nU nhU R nxnb= nfhnY nI i i

Y i

( H K nx)

:n _Y }nU neU dL }aA |U pbhbA A kU |w R

106


}= x|x hJn= \x
ng]
T
neU U nT

( H K nx)

:d^eU afU }B R }bUn= dx

S w }Y = gfhU

U
fU nxnb= nwf= ~g>
px}A
x

nU
in_eU Y n hA xngU R }bU ex rhA

( H K nx)

() {@U JnI dL h>{LneU h LeY {n[S L~i

{n[S R nw|= _= L p>Y (>nR pfH ) h_U R

Y bU {n[S R gR .H {n[S R Un\fU HnhU ~U

nhU H
}Tn= x}_> dU }cY n SI }g^x @U }H R }cax
{h[S R d]eU }eB Y }I i bx px@U phbx~hRnheU pdH

.(pfH }eL n_U h@ qf= R p=cY) f_= U

dL }LnZU {@U y aU dS {@U JnI dL {n[S R

p_h]U Un_Y ngfY pn= @eU R @U }H }eU oU

.R

}nfL gZY
ncT }eU h= @U nU Zx nY x
he@
nfw
nY }e? }w Y nghR ne= p_h]U oTcU
oU {UY n a bx

:dS R

cfY dL }aUnT

iqUnginR\U}Lq@

o_deU
R fU gi U

bdeU

o\U
ddU nx hfhL

Y >}eB A qZL

107

je^hR

>

 dL x}> qi

TY R nhJ Y \U

\U nL oU fx

[U niw A p[S R
( {@U JnI dL)

.( {@U JnI dL) = S{A

: }edU bx b=

kH {h_x dhU nghex U >}Y dL ffx dhU nT w nfw w

}dhI nY Y neU phR[U phinY}U }_I kH x{bU =}_U {@U

.}eU oU }L @Un= phinY}U |w B Y {hU
dx hUnRi

R _U ng\_U }nfL |i B Y pfnT Un_U {A }x ijcR

.`U w n]U pT}U hbi oU w p_Yn@ pT}A

phH{bU }H {wnZY R =}L = hU nI |U R[U f_eU w |w

i Un]Y
.oA pT}A Un_U @ w U pT}U :bx rhA phgU

n bheL dU \R }LnZU {hU

` .( phed_U ocU )
> qhb= phU phinY}=
ngY {@U JnI dL {n[S R }edU

fU y]ZU {A dL qaS ngi }> R[U ne`i A

nB pSL w nY R Z_U oUnR...hR }Yn`> U hR Q> U
pw~i heU
p R (}c= = = {eY x{U eI) hbU

= ngfY
n eH hH Y n x}S ( }h= =}_U ncU ) hSnZeU

{@U U oU nZU ZU i{U Z_U {gU nw}= Y

w ngB oU neH }Y
(...nhgU
UU

R}L R Y|Y ng_he@

w) U = bx .bU p`dU R djR gU nY () Z_U

}x gU dL :gU
=nT R (}_Y f H hbR hbU
=nT

R {gU cx {S .fU } U b_U Y @}x fR R An[=

108

= }hR {w~U R cx {S d_U = }Y nY {

U An[= }hR d_U

gU nT lR .( }h= =}_U ncU ) nx}U U

w p=}Un= oJ}U oZ_U _= n[U Y ZY
Z_U lR bU f_x

_x ZU }eU dL pU U }BjeU
Y{H |U i{U rhB

HnH R oU
...}hQ ^L Y dU R oZfx nY n ZU ~A w

{hdbU YH baU {H |cw .zU...}] dbU }_U {fL

YnT n hR}_Y ng@
.oU
} I Y }x|U gU |U
p`dU } Y

fU Z_U A =}_U [bU pf U ncU Y pU Y{_x U

|gU n (..inQ R n_I if@ hS A inga nxncA)

baU n> jT ...nadB nd@ nT ngbR nL
n[S
ngU
Z_U Y YH eeU }hg]> i w (e^_Y R f
H w){nU
nxncA hR ne= U Y n efY eeU n> cx U ]Un= .n Z_U
YH =}_U zxnU e> w U ZL ncU nadU

n A}]Y nT }T|U pai phgbaU px~U Y }Y @ h= oU Y

x{bU {U ngfL }L
c=
p_h]U {

U d> nhU p_hJ px}ZU

:US B Y pR}J pJn=
.}h_= ng Sni ox
f> ngA

pLne@ w n hL{= n B ngbaU ?}= Y }eU oU [d B x|U

=}L = }T [eU
U{i fdU pUnA}UnT
gfY }_U pR[eU

pUnH n =nT {A d> U dnH T B Y ( UeU)

nAaU nw}=
}hcU LHY w {d Y x}ZL R }Zi) phceU

R nwU
}U dbU @ .(H R odbU }U {LS R
U T }I
..nwH odbU odS }U hRn_U dS }H

=}_U nZi naU {L {h_H x{b> hb> =}L = nH :}^fx)

109

RnT gfY }aU ...( A Y =}L = naUkY) .(

~x}> eI ix R UeU Y}U x{U @ >nhU~Q
R }hZU
x{U {x}R
=nhfU n]_U }_x
...}h]U d]fY R =nhfU n]_U
Un_U @ w U pT}U =}L = }x .odbU R fU ij= Z_U

.( phed_U ocU ...phH{bU }H {wnZY) oA pT}A

SY }eU {`> U|U n _>
:bx .dU }=
pUY w gU }dU
>

hR
}L Y R}_x }U
^L deU Un_U Y hU
}eU Y S
(/ n phceU nAaU) U
{@ pT}A j= Un_U {@

R phR[U ZT {= Y ZT w =}L = = nS |U Un_dU rhijU

....rx{U x{bU hxnU

Y hix R dU \R {hU
ni}T nY T
n_I b> x :n fA

}LnZU {x JnbeU {_Y

L{= nghR ]bY T
pdhe@ phnfQ {h[S R

neL R x fh_eH Ub= }edU phdJ

`ZU {@U Y phai

B Y phwU R nf`U :hhf_e=

nfw nf`U .nf`U {A Y> }eUn=

:US

.nilR nhUn= dU U
}H
pwU pL Y i

f ei nY bU f `x dU }cH R }gfU f ei

nfU {d x U {hZi YAj= `x

{bR fh_eHnR

( {@U JnI dL)

:US B Y eU R ohU nfR

fR oA
\QnR
i R qI neahT id>

110

phde_U
phYhU
>}hH R i ne= .}eU oU
R hU [x nY [S w

B Y U U w nI {S .d_Y w neT nhU Y }B TnY R nT

: US

f Q UnY c= UnY

fL i {[>
>nhA

( {@U JnI dL)

nT .nw}nfL p_h]U Y d> nT }eU Y dU ngai {Un=

.>nhU }B n A}Y ngfU _x nY nhU }H YjdU
h>naY ed x hdU

phiYnw ni }g^hU p_h]U Y }nfL oU {n[S R }T|x nY n UnQ

n hd T }x U i f_e= .na\U dL n aS b= }I neT f cU .@U

qS R pYnbeU HkY
.y]Zx U {@=

Y HnhH hbR i y@

.[U |w dL }[U }g^R UnA }LnI w

R oh`U ni w h_U R x R pxY {h[S {hdU

R R pdA }LnZU nw}_x @U }aY R phdYj>

pdA w U

\Y :pLd= UjhU oh`U |w i }U |i U nghR }hZx oh`U

b> }H }LnZdU ya> @ Y w ohQ nx x U {h_= \Y

= pbd _Y pdH .Un_U nL dL pbd _Y pdH [= ngdeY R {h[bU

p=}> U nI {haeU Y chH .@ rhA Y n =@ }^f> }hY

dU i U w eU
|U nY eUnR phR[U {fL eU
eU

:J_U nhehH dU \R {hU

nY
}_I L =nT R iA ~Y . hex

U
nH R {x{@ Y }^fU U L{x Y J_U nhehH

gR [U
ngA}bx U px}U R >nY ohT}> nL U @dU

:UnU ~T}eU kU L p=n@U _> nhehH

111

U hR n hU n LY a= U
x> dL |U `Z> hT

_ZU egax U nY gaU px_I nf ncY nfw w R}_Y Y

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ni

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( h_U R)

nhehH w U
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112

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113

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114

pad eU n_U {hUnbU @ R Zh_> }eU qinT |U hU

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n_= {_Y n SdY pUnH oAn

n ini }eU
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115

m
phHnhU
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116

nghUkY
ngY nR {_= (ngh= )
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ngh= L nghUkY

qSU R x{U Y
nfU phL> R nghUkY
n Y

gehd_>
p @

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pn_Y
n hHnhH
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A hdU

U kY w H R
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.ngh= L

Q hU pbhR qinT
p @~U qinT
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ng?{x
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w ofx e= pini
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cU
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}? k> U {fL ]h> U nHjeU T
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n ini SeU nx}T R hU

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pUnA h_x = ph>

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R nx = {fL w ?
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117

}hY R qinT U {nbU p ini qinT ngaSY nbH ng aJnL }>

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118

pT}U
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phSB

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R }R Unfw hU pehbU R U|U =nx

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U }ax U {hUnb> R eeU |w dL b> U }eU

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119

 x hcR gUbL {S dL ghx gUbL

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120

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()

121

 d K d K Sz@ nw cT
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x= n^fUn= h]Un= Yk> phfw phHkY
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122


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.
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123

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(oGjdT
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128

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130

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(http://sayedfadlullah.com/article/465).

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131

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pa ph> pa :ha U }_x |U ninR x}B f_Y R hini

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T
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nx{U {x}@ x~U nw . BvU ~T}Y SY ()

taakhi.org/index.php/9-taakhi/16-2012-06-19-06-59-51

. ~U {fU ()
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141

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142

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146

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arabic.bayynat.org.lb/articlePage.aspx?id=14497#_ednref3

147

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160