ĐHĐN.công Nghệ Cán Và Thiết Kế Lỗ Hình Trục Cán - Lưu Đức Hòa, 229 Trang

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn
Chng 1
Tng quan v qu trnh

sn xut cn
1.1. Sn phm cn
Sn phm cn c s dng rt rng ri trong tt c cc ngnh kinh t quc
dn nh: ngnh ch to my, cu ng, cng nghip t, my in, xy dng,
quc phng... bao gm kim loi en v kim loi mu. Sn phm cn c th phn
loi theo thnh phn ho hc, theo cng dng ca sn phm, theo vt liu... Tuy
nhin, ch yu ngi ta phn loi da vo hnh dng, tit din ngang ca sn phm
v chng c chia thnh 4 loi chnh sau:
1.1.1. Thp hnh
L loi thp a hnh c s dng rt nhiu trong ngnh Ch to my, xy
dng, cu ng... v c phn thnh 2 nhm:
a/ Thp hnh c tit din n gin
Bao gm thp c tit din trn, vung, ch nht, dt, lc lng, tam gic, gc..
H.1.1. Cc loi thp hnh n gin.
1 Thp trn c ng knh = 8 200 mm, c khi n 350 mm.

2 Thp dy c ng knh = 5 9 mm v c gi l dy thp, sn phm
c cun thnh tng cun.
3 Thp vung c cnh a = 5 250 mm.
4 Thp dt c cnh ca tit din: h x b = (4 60) x (12 200) mm2.
5 Thp tam gic c 2 loi: cnh u v khng u:
- Loi cnh u: (20 x20 x 20) (200 x 200 x 200).
- Loi cnh khng u: (30 x 20 x 20) x (200 x 150 x 150)
b) Thp hnh c tit din phc tp: l cc loi thp c hnh ch I, U, T,
thp ng ray, thp hnh c bit.
H.1.2. Cc loi thp hnh phc tp
Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005
1.1.2. Thp tm
c ng dng nhiu trong cc ngnh ch to tu thu, t, my ko, ch
to my bay, trong ngy dn dng. Chng c chia thnh 3 nhm:
a/ Thp tm dy: S = 4 60 mm; B = 600 5.000 mm; L = 4000 12.000 mm
b/ Thp tm mng: S = 0,2 4 mm; B = 600 2.200 mm.
c/ Thp tm rt mng (thp l cun): S = 0,001 0,2 mm; B = 200
1.500 mm; L = 4000 60.000 mm.
1.1.3. Thp ng
c s dng nhiu trong cc ngng cng nghip du kh, thu li, xy
dng... Chng c chia thnh 2 nhm:
a/ ng khng hn: l loi ng c cn ra t phi thi ban u c ng
knh = 200 350 mm; chiu di L = 2.000 4.000 mm.
b/ ng cn c hn: c ch to bng cch cun tm thnh ng sau cn
hn gip mi vi nhau. Loi ny ng knh t n 4.000 8.000 mm; chiu
dy t n 14 mm.
1.1.4. Thp c hnh dng c bit
Thp c hnh dng c bit c cn theo phng php c bit: cn bi, cn
bnh xe la, cn v t v cc loi c tit din thay i theo chu k.
H.1.3. Mt s loi sn phm cn c bit
1.2. my cn
1.2.1. Cc b phn chnh ca my cn
H.1.4. S my cn
I- nguin ng lc; II- H thng truyn ng; III- Gi cn
1: Trc cn; 2: Nn gi cn; 3: Trc truyn; 4: Khp ni trc truyn;
5: Thn gi cn; 6: Bnh rng ch V; 7: Khp ni trc; 8:Gi cn; 9:
Hp phn lc; 10: Hp gim tc; 11: Khp ni; 12: ng c in
My cn gm 3 b phn chnh dng thc hin qu trnh cng ngh cn.

a/ Gi cn: l ni tin hnh qu trnh cn bao gm: cc trc cn, gi,
trc cn, h thng nng h trc, h thng cn bng trc,thn my, h thng
dn phi, c cu lt tr phi ...
b/ H thng truyn ng: l ni truyn mmen cho trc cn, bao gm hp
gim tc, khp ni, trc ni, bnh , hp phn lc.
c/ Ngun nng lng: l ni cung cp nng lng cho my, thng dng
cc loi ng c in mt chiu v xoay chiu hoc cc my pht in.
1.2.2. Phn loi my cn
Cc loi my cn c phn loi theo cng dng, theo s lng v phng
php b tr trc cn, theo v tr trc cn.
a/ Phn loi theo cng dng:
1 My cn ph: dng cn ph t thi thp c gm c my cn phi thi
Blumin v my cn phi tm Slabin.
2 My cn phi: t sau my cn ph v cung cp phi cho my cn hnh v
my cn khc.
3 My cn hnh c ln: gm c my cn ray-dm v my cn hnh c ln.

4 My cn hnh c trung.
5 My cn hnh c nh (bao gm c my cn dy thp).
6 My cn tm (cn nng v cn ngui).
7 My cn ng.
8 My cn c bit.
b/ Phn loi theo cch b tr gi cn
b.
e
d
H.1.5- Phn loi my cn theo cch b tr gi cn

a-my cn n, b-my cn mt hng, c-my cn hai cp, d-my cn nhiu cp,
e-my cn bn lin tc, f-my cn lin tc.
1 My c mt gi cn (my cn n a): loi ny ch yu l my cn phi

thi Blumin hoc my cn phi 2 hoc 3 trc.
2 My cn b tr mt hng (b) c b tr nhiu l hnh hn.
3 My cn b tr 2 hay nhiu hng (c, d) c u im l c th tng dn tc
cn cc gi sau cng vi s tng chiu di ca vt cn.
4 My cn bn lin tc (e): nhm gi cn th c b tr lin tc, nhm gi
cn tinh c b tr theo hng. Loi ny thng dng khi cn thp hnh c nh.
5 My cn lin tc (f): cc gi cn c b tr lin tc , mi gi ch thc
hin mt ln cn. y l loi my c hiu sut rt cao v ngy cng c s dng
rng ri. B truyn ng ca my c th tp trung, tng nhm hay ring l.
Trong my cn lin tc phi lun lun m bo mi quan h:
F1.v1 = F2.v2 = F3.v3 = F4.v4 .... = Fn.vn; trong F v v l tit din ca
vt cn v vn tc cn ca cc gi cn tng ng.
c) Phn loi theo s lng v s b tr trc cn
1 My cn 2 trc o chiu: sau mt ln cn th chiu quay ca trc li
c quay ngc li. Loi ny thng dng khi cn ph, cn phi, cn tm dy.
2 My cn 2 trc khng o chiu: dng trong cn lin tc, cn tm mng.
3 My cn 3 trc: c loi 3 trc cn c ng knh bng nhau v loi 3 trc
th 2 trc bng nhau cn trc gia nh hn gi l my cn Layma.
4 My cn 4 trc: gm 2 trc nh lm vic v 2 trc ln dn ng c
dng nhiu khi cn tm nng v ngui.
H.1.6. Cc loi gi cn
a: Gi cn 2 trc; b: gi cn 3 trc; c: Gi cn 3 trc lauta; d: Gi cn 4 trc
5 My cn nhiu trc: Dng cn ra cc loi thp tm mng v cc mng.

My c 6 trc, 12 trc, 20 trc v.v... c nhng my ng knh cng tc nh
n 3,5 mm cn ra thp mng n 0,001 mm.
6 My cn hnh tinh: Loi ny c nhiu trc nh ta vo 2 trc to lm
bin dng kim loi. My ny c cng dng l cn ra thnh phm c chiu dy rt
mng t phi dy; Mi mt cp trc nh sau mi ln quay lm chiu dy vt cn
mng hn mt t. Vt cn i qua nhiu cp trc nh th chiu dy mng i rt
nhiu. Phi ban u c kch thc dy S = 50 125 mm, sau khi qua my cn hnh
tinh th chiu dy sn phm c th t ti 1 2 mm.
H.1.7. S my cn hnh tinh

1: L nung lin tc; 2: Trc cn ph (ch ng); 3: My dn phi
(dn hng); 4: Trc cn hnh tinh; 5: Trc ta; 6: Trc l sn phm.
7 My cn vn nng: loi ny trc cn va b tr thng ng va nm

ngang. My dng khi cn dm ch I, my cn phi tm ...
8 My cn trc nghing: dng khi cn ng khng hn v my p u ng
1.3. Quy trnh chung ca qu trnh sn xut cn

Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: hnh dng sn
phm, mc thp, iu kin k thut v nhng c trng ring ca my cn; ngoi ra
cn ph thuc vo trng lng ca thi thp c, thit b hin c ca phn xng
cn v.v...
1.3.1. Quy trnh cng ngh cn thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp
a/ S cng ngh hnh 1.8a: Dng cho quy trnh cng ngh cn thp hnh
c ln, cn phi tm v phi thi. Theo s ny my cn ph v my cn phi
tm, phi thi phi c ng knh trc cn D = 1,100 1.150 mm; nng sut cn
rt ln n trn 2,5 triu tn/nm. Thi c c trng lng G = 4,5 10 tn, c khi
t ti 15 20 tn. Khi cn phi tng nhit 2 3 ln.
Thi c
Nung nng thi c
Lm ngui
a/
Ct u rt, lm sch bavia
Lm iu nhit
b/
Cn ph hoc cn phi
tm
Cn phi
Cn trn my cn lin
tc
Ct, lm ngui,
kim tra, lm sch
Lm ngui sn phm
Nung phi
Nung thi c
c/
Kim tra, tinh chnh
Cn ra sn phm
Thnh phm
Lm ngui, tinh chnh

Kim tra, lm sch
Thnh phm
H.1.8. S cng ngh cn thp cc bon v hp kim thp.
b/ S cng ngh hnh 1.8b: Dng cho quy trnh cng ngh cn thp hnh
trung bnh. Cng c th cn trn my cn ph hoc cn phi c ng knh trc D =
650 900 mm. Thi c trng lng nh. Khi cn phi tng nhit 2 3 ln.
c/ S cng ngh hnh 1.6c: Dng cho quy trnh cng ngh cn thp hnh
c nh. Quy trnh ny ch c 1 ln nung phi, qu trnh sn xut ngn hn. Cc my
cn c b tr hng. Tuy nhin cht lng sn phm khng cao.
1.3.2. Quy trnh cng ngh cn thp hp kim
Trong qu trnh cn thp hp kim, c mt s cng on trung gian v sau
khi qua mt s ln cn b mt ca thp hp kim b bin cng ln cn phi lm
mm kim loi li, gim ni lc, lm thnh phn ho hc ca cc nguyn t hp kim
v t chc ht u.
Thi c
Thi c trng thi nng
Lm ngui thi c
Tng nhit trong l ging
(nu cn)
Cn ph
Kim tra, lm sch
p rn
Nung thi c
Ct phi, lm ngui
Cn ph
p rn
Ct phi, lm ngui
(nu cn)
Ty ra axt (tm thc)
Kim tra, lm sch
Nung phi
Cn thnh sn phm
Ct, lm ngui
Nhit luyn, ty ra axt
Kim tra, lm sch
Thnh phm
Hnh 1.9. Quy trnh cng ngh cn thp hp kim.
a/ Quy trnh cng ngh theo s hnh 1.9a: thng c dng trong cc
nh my luyn kim hin i c dng my cn ph Blumin. Thi c c nung
nng trong l ging ri a ra cn hay rn trn my ba. Quy trnh cng ngh ny
i hi tay ngh ca cng nhn cao, phng php nu luyn chnh xc v bo m
cht lng. Thi c phi t khuyt tt. Tuy nhin n c u im l khng mt thi
gian lm ngui, khng cn trung gian, qu trnh cn ngn v c nng sut cao.
b/ Quy trnh cng ngh theo s hnh 1.9b: Sau khi phi c ngui hon
ton, ta tin hnh kim tra b mt v kh cc khuyt tt (nu c). Qu trnh lm
ngui rt quan trng, nu ngui nhanh s ho trng. Trong qu trnh cn phi tin
hnh trung gian kim loi do hn v gim tr khng bin dng.
1.4. Phi thp c
Ty theo tnh cht ca tng nh my, hnh dng, kch thc ca sn phm
m phi ban u l thi c hoc l phi qua cn. Suy cho cng vt liu ban u
ca sn xut cn l thi c.
1.4.1. Hnh dng v khi lng ca thi c
Hnh dng v khi lng ca thi c ph thuc vo tnh cht sn xut ca
tng nh my.
a/ Hnh dng tit din ca thi c
Thi c c tit din ch nht v vung c dng rng ri v t nt v xc
khi c, vn chuyn thun li, vt cn d n vo trc v cng vng trong l hnh.
b/
a/
H.1.10: a. hnh dng thi c; b. tit din thi c.
b/ Trng lng ca thi c

Trng lng ca thi c c nh hng ln n cht lng kim loi. Thi
c cng ln th thnh phn ho hc v cc tnh cht vt l cng khng ng nht;
c bit l cc thi c c cha nhiu Cr, Ni, W... Da vo lng cha cc nguyn
t hp kim m trng lng thi c c cc loi:
- Thp hp kim cao cp v thp c bit: 200 500 kg.
- Thi thp hp kim cao: 500 3.500 kg.
- Thi thp hp kim trung bnh: 3.500 5.500 kg.
- Thi thp hp kim thp v thp cc bon: 7 20 tn, c khi n 100 tn.
Ngoi ra, thi thp c cn ph thuc vo kch thc v loi my cn. Hin nay
thi thp c thp ccbon c khi lng t 10 72 tn dng cho my cn phi thi;
my cn phi tm c thi c nng 40 45 tn. i vi phi tm dy th thi c
c khi n 60 100 tn.
b/
a/
H.1.11a. Khun c thp si; b. Khun c thp lng
1.4.2. Cc khuyt tt ca thi c

Khuyt tt ca thi c nh hng ln n cht lng ca sn phm cn, n
l nguyn nhn gy nn ph phm v th phm. Ngoi ra khuyt tt thi c cn
lm hao mn thit b v nhng hng hc trong qu trnh cng ngh. Mt s khuyt
tt thng gp l:
a/ Thin tch
Thin tch l s khng ng nht v thnh phn ho hc trong thi c khi
ng c. Khi ngui, thi c ngui t ngoi vo trong v vy mt ngoi v y bao
gi tp cht cng t hn cc ni khc sinh ra thin tch vng.
Thi c ln th thin tch nhiu, thp hp kim th d xy ra thin tch hn.
Thin tch lm cho cc phn ca thi c c thnh phn khc nhau, tnh nng khng
ging nhau, c, l tnh gim c khi thnh ph phm.
b/ Tp cht - phi kim loi: Trong bt k thi c no cng tn ti tp cht
phi kim loi do 3 nguyn nhn sau:
- X ln ln vo kim loi.
- Do lin kt ho hc trong qu trnh nu luyn. Cc tp cht Al2O3, SiO2, MnO
v.v...c to ra khi kh xy trong gu rt.
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- Do cc lin kt ca nhng xyt trn m to ra cc cht d chy.

Tc hi ca tp cht phi kim loi l lm cho c, l tnh ca kim loi gim.
c) Bt kh: nguyn nhn gy ra bt kh l do kh b ln vo kim loi lng khi
rt vo khun.
d/ R co: do thi c khi lm ngui bn ngoi ngui trc bn trong nn kh
bn trong thot ra ngoi to nn.
/ Cc vt nt n: do b mt thi c khng c bng phng; cc vt nt
ngang l do khe h gia m gi nhit v thn thi c to ra. Cc vt nt dc sinh
ra khi tc lm ngui qu ln. Hin tng ny thng xy ra g mp v cnh
gc l ni tp trung ng sut v ngui nhanh. Cc vt nt ln c th gy nn ph
phm.
e) Mng cng mt ngoi: khi nc kim loi rt vo khun vi tc v lu
lng ln n s bn ln v dnh vo thnh khun v ngui trc to thnh mt mng
cng bm vo mt ca thi c. Cn phi lm sch mng cng ny ri mi tin
hnh cn.
f) Lm co mt ngoi: khi rt kim loi lng vo khun, cc b mt thi c
tip xc thnh khun ngui trc, gia ngui sau nn khi ng c chng co rt
ko kim loi ph trong lp v ngoi ng c to nn nhng lm co gn lp v
ngoi. Hin tng ny khng nhng gy ra ph phm m cn lm h hng b phn
dn hng v l hnh trc cn.
1.4.3. iu kin k thut ca thi c
iu kin k thut ca thi c phi c gim c thng qua trn c s quy
nh chung ca nh nc. iu kin bao gm nhng im tng qut sau:
1 Bo m thnh phn ho hc, nu luyn ng mc thp quy nh.
2 Kch thc v hnh dng thi c ng bn v k thut yu cu.
3 B mt thi c phi sch, khng b khuyt tt nu c khuyt tt b mt
phi nm trong phm vi cho php. Vt nt phi < 3mm; nu >3 mm th phi kh
sch trc khi cn.
4 Lp bt kh ca thp si khng c cch b mt ca thi c > 10 mm.
5 Phi ng mc thp v m nu luyn tht r rng.
6 Phi c cc chng t thng k t nu luyn, c, kim nghim, th
nghim, phn tch thnh phn ho hc, mc thp v.v...
7 nh gi cht lng thi c v a ti a im vn chuyn sau khi nu
luyn.
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1.4.4. Kh b cc khuyt tt ca thi c v phi trc khi cn

y l mt vic v cng quan trng v n quyt nh ti cht lng sn
phm cn. Nm vng cc iu kin k thut v cc khuyt tt, ta tin hnh kh b
cc khuyt tt c bit l b mt bn ngoi ca phi cn.
a/ trng thi b mt thi c v phi trc khi cn
Trong gia cng kim loi bng p lc th vic nghin cu s phn b ng sut
ng u hay khng c mt tm quan trng to ln, n quyt nh ti nng sut v
cht lng sn phm. Trong sn xut cn cng vy ng sut phn b u th sn
phm khng b cong vnh, nt n, b mt nhn bng v.v...ng sut phn b khng
u dn n ph phm.
1 Nhng nguyn nhn phn b ng sut khng u bao gm:
- Do nhit nung khng ng u.
- T chc kim loi sau kt tinh ln nhiu tp cht phi kim loi, c s thin
tch, c s khc nhau v c l tnh trong tng tinh th.
- Do bin dng ca kim loi khng ng u.
- Hnh dng dng c gia cng, lc ma st v.v...
2 Cc khuyt tt b mt gy ra s tp trung ng sut: ta bit rng cc khuyt
tt b mt gy ra s tp trung ng sut thi c v phi. Ngc li s phn b ng
sut khng u l nguyn nhn gy ra cc khuyt tt b mt. V vy khi kh b
khuyt tt b mt ta ht sc ch vi nhng bin php thch hp. Nu ta khng
thc hin ng th ngay trong qu trnh kh b khuyt tt v ct b 2 u thi c,
cc g mp v.v...li gy ra hin tng tp trung ng sut.
b/ Bin php t chc kh b khuyt tt
Tu thuc vo quy trnh cng ngh cn m ngi ta c th dng cc bin
php t chc kh b khuyt tt khc nhau. Nhn chung c cc bin php t chc
sau:
- Dng my chuyn dng b tr nm trong trong dy chuyn cng ngh sn
xut kh b cc khuyt tt.
- Kh b khuyt tt trc khi a vo sn xut. Qu trnh ny phi tin hnh
trng thi ngui.
- Kh khuyt tt phi m phi ny c cn t thi c cha c kh
khuyt tt.
Ngoi cc bin php trn ngi ta cn phi da vo yu cu ca sn phm
bao gm kch thc, cht lng v cc yu cu c bit m kh khuyt tt ca thi
c trc khi cn v phi sa khi cn.
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i vi thp hp kim vic kh b khuyt tt li cng quan trng v cp thit.

Cc bin php phi thn trng v nhiu cng on hn, c th gm cc bin php
sau:
thi c kh cc ng sut d v lm mm kim loi.
Gt o khuyt tt bng ba hi.
Ct bng kh.
Tin bc hon ton v ngoi ca thi c (vi phi trn cho cn ng).
Mi, phay b mt cho t yu cu k thut.
c/ Mt s phng php kh b khuyt tt
s b
Vi mc ch gim v kh ng sut d cng vi lm mm kim loi gia
cng c kh c d dng v lm gim tr khng bin dng ca kim loi khi cn.
Vic kim loi cng cn thit i vi thp hp kim, thp ccbon cao, thp gi, thp
khng g v.v...
Qu trnh ph thuc vo thnh phn ho hc v kch thc ca thi c m
tin hnh theo nhng biu thi gian v nhit trong cc l nung (l bung, l
ging). Ngoi ra khi ly thi c ra khi khun ta nn lm ngui chm trnhs
hin tng rn nt v xut hin cc m trng.
lm cho thnh phn ho hc ca thi c c ng u nht l nhit
(1050 11500C) th thnh phn ca kim loi phn b rt u. Nhit nn ly t
ng AC1 tr ln hoc khong gia AC1-AC3 hoc AC1-ACm trong gin trng
thi Fe-C.
Tm thc (ty bng axt)
Tm thc kim loi thng dng i vi phi cn, i khi cng dng i vi
thi c. Ta bit cc lp vy st bm vo b mt phi cn ch yu l Fe2O3 v FeO.
Theo ti liu nghin cu th Fe2O3 chim khong (20 50)%, cn FeO chim
khong (50 85)% vy st.
lm cc lp vy st ny bong ra khi b mt kim loi ngi ta dng cc
axt H2SO4, HCL, HNO3 v cc mui ca n cho tc dng vi cc lp xt to nn
vy st . Ta thng dng 2 phng php tm thc:
- Tm thc bng in phn nhit bnh thng.
- Bng axt c nung nng nhit t (80 85)0C
Phng php 1 c s dng trong vic ch to cc loi thp tm trng km,
trng thic v.v...trc khi sang nguyn cng m.
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Phng php th 2 c s dng rng ri trong qu trnh tm thc vi cc

phn ng sau:
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
FeO + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2O
Sau : H2SO4 + Fe = FeSO4 + H2
Kh H2 cng nhiu cng tt v khi n bay ra s lm tung cc lp vy st v
cc xt khc cha kp tc dng ho hc ri xung y b tm thc.
Tm thc kim loi mang ngha c hc l ch kh H2 sinh ra lm bt tung
cc lp vy st bc quanh mt kim loi. Tng t nh vy khi dng kh HCl v
HNO3. Kim loi sau khi c tm thc phi ra bng nc l sau ra qua nc
nng. Sau khi hon thnh phi tin hnh kim tra b mt. Nu b mt cha sch
phi tin hnh x l bng phng php khc.
Lm sch bng la
Qu trnh lm sch b mt thi c v phi bng la gm 2 nguyn cng
chnh:
- Nung kim loi (nung cc b).
- Lm sch khuyt tt.
u tin ngi ta nung ch c khuyt tt ca thi c phi t ti nhit
khong (1050 1350)0C bng kh l cc v acetylen, sau ngi ta thi O2 vo,
oxi tc dng vi C2H2 to ra nhit lng ln nhit ny lm cho kim loi ti ch c
khuyt tt chy ra:
2C2H2 + 5O2 = 4CO2 + 2H2O + Q
Di nhit t 2500 30000C v p lc kh ca cc vi phun C2H2 vi O2
m kim loi lng v x c to thnh c y ra b mt kim loi.
- Tc t kim loi ti nhit chy c nh hng ti nng sut lm sch
b mt. Vi mc ch tng tc nng chy ch khuyt tt b mt kim loi ngi
ta dng nhng thanh thp trn cacbon thp = (4 5)mm t chy v cho cc gt
kim loi nng chy ri vo ch khuyt tt nh kh ri lm sch - lm nh vy
nng sut tng rt nhiu.
Do vic t nng ch tin hnh cc b nhng ni c khuyt tt, nn sau khi
kh xong phi ngui i rt nhanh v truyn nhit vo cc vng ln cn. V nh vy
ng sut ph tp trung c to thnh. ng sut ph tp trung l ng sut do tc
nung khng u gy ra nn hoc do kh b khuyt tt gy nn. N khc ng sut d
(l ng sut cn li sau khi gia cng). Do ng sut ph tp trung sinh ra m mt s
loi thp c hin tng nt sau khi lm sch bng la.
Cc nh kim loi hc nghin cu hin tng v cho ta thy rng:
- Nt sau khi lm sch bng la l cso s bin i ca t chc kim loi khi
14
lm ngui. Nu t chc stenic cng bn th kh nng nt cng nhiu. Lng cha

cacbon trong thp cng cao th sau khi lm sch tc ngui cng nhanh.
- Mun gim bt cc vt nt y th phi nung kim loi nhit cao hn
quy nh bnh thng nu l kim loi dn nhit km, ngha l thp hp kim cao phi
nung nhit cao hn thp hp kim thp v thp cacbon thng. Khi lm ngui
n cng phi tc chm hn ci thin t chc kim loi v ng sut ph tp
trung khng th vt qu gii hn bn ca n.
- Tu thuc thnh phn ca kim loi ch yu l thnh phn cacbon v crom
(Cr) m ngi ta chn nhit nung kim loi trc khi lm sch bng la. Theo
thc nghim th phi nung s b phi nhit t (200 450)0C sau nung t
ti (1050 1350)0C th c th tin hnh nung bt k l no. Thp cacbon c hm
lng < 0,5% v thp hp kim c thnh phn nguyn t hp kim <0,25% th khng
cn nung s b nhit (200 450)0C.
- Theo ti liu mt s nh my cn Lin X cho ta thy gi tin lm sch
bng la so vi gi tin lm sch bng bua hi ch bng mt na c bit n r hn
10 ln so vi gi tin lm sch b mt bn phng php mi.
- Phng tin lm sch bng la c th tin hnh bng th cng hoc c kh.
Hin nay ngi ta ch to ra cc my lm sch bng la t trong dy chuyn
sn xut cn. My c b tr u dy chuyn cng ngh. Nhit t nng ca
my t rt cao.
My lm sch c tt c cc loi thp c thnh phn khc nhau. Tuy nhin
c nhc im l lm chy nhiu kim loi.
Lm sch bng in (h quang)
My hn
L mt phng php tin tin da trn nguyn tc dng my hn c dng

in mt chiu vi cng sut khong (14,5 17,5 kw), cng dng in t (300
310) ampe hiu in th l 60Vn.
Thi tan
Cc dng (+) c ni vo vt
Phi
c kh (thi c hoc phi).
Cc m (-) ni vi thi than c
+
tit din (10 10) mm v di t
(100 150) mm.
H.1.12. Nguyn l lm sch bng in
Di nhit ca h quang kim loi v cc tp cht khuyt tt chy v tch
khi b mt phi. tp cht kim loi ch khuyt tt chy ra c d dng, phi
c t nghing i mt gc nht nh hoc c vi dn khng kh c p sut t 23
atmtphe cn gi l ng chuyn dng 9 thi kim loi lng v x vng ra ngoi.
Lm nh vy th nng sut cao hn so vi cch lm thng thng t 3 4 ln gi
thnh h hn so vi vic dng ba hi, phi li t b nt.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l kh quan st khi mun kim tra khuyt
tt cn hay khng phi dng li do nng sut b hn ch.
15
. Lm sch bng ba hi
Dng ba hi lm sch khuyt tt ca phi thi c l mt phn php
hin vn ang s dng rng ri.
Hnh dng ch lm sch v t s H/b > 1/6 ( ni phn cng ngh cn
thp hp kim)
- Ba hi c su mi ln t 2 3 mm.
- Tc c khong 0,3 m/pht.
- Khi c khng c c theo vng trn ca phi v thi c, khng c
to ra cnh g vung gc trnh cc ng sut d ph gy ra nt n v cc khuyt
tt khc.
. Lm sch bng my bo
kh khuyt tt trn b mt thi c ngi ta dngmt loi my c cu to
c bit nh my bo.
Tc ct ca my t 3 5 m/pht n ph thuc cng ca thi c v
trng thi b mt. Phng php ny nng sut khng cao m gi thnh li t.
. Lm sch bng my phay v my tin
Vi thi trn c < 300mm v trng lng t (500 550)kg c th kh
khuyt tt trn my tin. Phng php ny ch dng vi thp hp kim c bit l
trong sn xut ng khng hn. V khi cn ng t thp hp kim b mt phi ng phi
c lm sch ht sc cn thn v kh b ht khuyt tt, c khi ngi ta tin bc i
hn mt lp v ngoi.
Ngi ta cng c nhng loi my tin chuyn dng cho thi c tit din
vung hoc ch nht. Vi nhng thi c khng cn thit tin ht m ch kh
khuyt tt tng vng th ngi ta dng my phay kh khuyt tt ti vng .
. Lm sch bng phng php mi
L phng php kh khuyt tt t tin nht. Mi ch s dng vi nhng thi
c qu nh khng th kh bng cc phng php c, tin, ba hi ...Mi c
tin hnh trc tip bng mi vi nguyn tc:
- Thp mm th dng mi cng v ngc li thp cng th dng mi
mm ( mi cng hay mm l do s lin kt cc ht tinh th mi c chc hay
khng). Ta c th gii thch nguyn tc nh sau:
- Thp cng lm cho mi chng mn. mi mm th ht d vng ra, ht
vng ra to thnh lp mi lm mn thp. Ngc li thp mm dng mi cng
v khi mi ht b lu mn ht phi lin kt vng chc vi nhau mi lu mi
b vng ra.
- Kch thc mi ph thuc vo kch thc ca phi v s vng quay ca
trc mi. i vi thp cacbon cao v thp hp kim c trng lng v kch thc
16
ca thi c nh th mi c dng c = (400 500)mm, rng (chiu dy) t

(60 80)mm.
- Tc quay ca mi ph thuc vo lin kt ca vt liu. V d cht
lin kt l gm th tc t (25 30)m/s. Nu lin kt l pa-k-lit th tc t t
(35 45)m/s.
S c xt do lc ma st sinh ra khi mi rt ln dn n phi c nhit ln.
Vi nhit cao y b mt phi c th b chy v nt n. V vy phi chn mi
c vt liu ph hp vi mc thp, tc quay, cng p mi ln b mt kim
loi. Khi mi sinh ra bi nhiu v vy cn trnh bi cho cng nhn khi thao tc
1.5. Nung phi khi cn
1.5.1. Mc ch ca vic nung nng
Nung nng kim loi trc khi cn ch yu l gim lc chng bin

dng, tng tnh do cho kim loi d gia cng. Ngoi ra, nung phi cn lm
gim lc cn, gim tiu hao nng lng, tng tui th ca trc cn v thit b,
tng nng sut, tng cht lng sn phm.
1.5.2. Mt s vn xy ra khi nung
a/ Nt n: hin tng nt n xut hin bn ngoi hoc bn trong kim loi.
Nguyn nhn: Do ng sut nhit sinh ra v s nung khng u, tc nung
khng hp l v.v...ng sut nhit ny cng vi ng sut d sn c ca phi (cn,
c) khi vt qua gii hn bn ca kim loi s gy ra nt n. (i vi thp thng
xy ra nt n t0 < 8000C).
b/ Hin tng xy ho: kim loi khi nung trong l, do tip xc vi khng
kh, kh l nn b mt n d b xyho v to nn lp vy st. S mt mt kim loi
n 4 6%, cn lm hao mn thit b, gim cht lng chi tit v.v...Qu trnh xy
ho xy ra do s khuyt tn ca nguyn t xy vo lp kim loi v s khuyt tn
ca nguyn t kim loi qua lp xyt mt ngoi vt nung to thnh 3 lp vy
st: FeO-Fe3O4-Fe2O3.
Nhit nung trn 5700c, lp vy st tng mnh v trn 10000c lp vy st
dy c ph kn mt ngoi vt nung, nhit tip tc tng lp xt ny b chy,
ng thi to nn lp xt mi. xt ho c th do xy a vo, hoc do kh CO2,
H2O tch ra.
c/ Hin tng mt ccbon: Hin tng mt ccbon ca mt ngoi vt nung
lm thay i c tnh ca chi tit, c khi to nn cong vnh, nt n khi ti. Kh lm
mt C l O2, CO2, H2O, H2... Chng tc dng vi ccbt st Fe3C ca thp:
2Fe3C + O2 = 6Fe + 2CO
17
Fe3C + CO2 = 3Fe + 2CO

Fe3C + H2O = 3Fe + CO + H2
Fe3C + 2H2 = 3Fe + CH4
Tc dng mnh nht l H2O ri n CO2, O2, H2...
Qu trnh mt C ngc vi qu trnh xy ho v xy ra trn b mt kim loi
cng mt lc vi xy ho. Tc ca hai qu trnh khc nhau. Bt u nung tc
mt C nhanh sau gim dn, cn tc xy ho th ngc li. Khi tc xy ho
ln hn tc mt C th lp mt C gim i. Hp l nht l cn to nn lp xy ho
mnh hn mt C . Lp mt C bt u pht trin khi t0 = 6008000C v tng khi
nhit tng. Lng mt C tng khi thi gian tng nhng tc mt C gim.
gim s mt C c th dng cht sn ph ln b mt vt nung. Hin nay
hay dng cht sn sau y ho vi nc hoc vi cn tyl:
60%SiO2+ 15%Al2O3+ 11,2%CaO + 4,4%MgO +5%(K2O+N2O) + 0,8%Fe2O3.
d/ Hin tng qu nhit: Nu nhit nung qu cao th ht stenit cng ln
lm cho tnh do ca kim loi gim nhiu, c th to nn nt n khi gia cng hoc
gim tnh do ca chi tit sau ny. i vi thp ccbon nhit qu nhit di
ng c khong 1500 tr ln (t0qn> toc- 1500C). Nu thi gian gi nhit qu
nhit cng lu ht stenit cng ln th kim loi cng km do. Hin tng ny c
khc phc bng phng php . V d: Thp ccbon 750 9000C, nhng vi
thp hp kim th rt kh khn.
/ Hin tng chy: Khi kim loi nung trn nhit qu nhit (gn ng
c) vt nung b ph hu tinh gii ca cc ht do vng tinh gii b xy ho mnh
lit. Kt qu lm mt tnh lin tc ca kim loi, dn n ph hu hon ton bn
v do ca kim loi. Khi chy kim loi s pht sng v c nhiu tia la bn ra.
Sau khi b chy th kim loi b vt i hoc cht ra tng khc nu li.
1.5.3. Ch nung kim loi
a/ Chn khong nhit nung
t0C
t0C
tmax
tmax
tmin
O
tmin
%c
0,8
1,7
%c
0,8
2,1
a)
b)
H.1.13. Gin chn khong nhit gia cng i vi thp cc bon
a) Gin l thuyt b) Gin thc t
18
Yu cu: m bo kim loi do nht. Kim loi bin dng tt v hao ph t

nht. Cht lng vt nung phi c bo m. i vi thp ccbon da trn gin
Fe-C chn khong nhit GCAL.
Trong thc t c th chn
00c
nhit nung khi gia cng p lc
Vng chy
1350
theo phm vi nhit nh hnh sau.
Vng qu
nhit
Trong sn xut xc nh
khong nhit ca cc kim loi v
Vng GCAL
1100
hp kim thng dng bng. i vi
cng nhn trong iu kin thiu
dng c o c th xc nh nhit
800
theo mu sc khi nung.
vng bin cng
1,1 % cacbon
0,8
V d: i vi thp khi nung
H.1.14. Phm vi nhit gc. p lc
mu s sng dn t mu xm
0
0
(500 c) n sng trng (1250 c).
b/ Thi gian nung
Ch nung hp l cn m bo nung kim loi n nhit cn thit trong
mt thi gian cho php nh nht. Nhit phi phn b u trn ton b tit din
phi. Qu trnh nung c 3 hnh thc: i lu (khi t0 < 6000c th i lu l ch yu),
bc x (khi t0 > 6000c th bc x l ch yu), truyn nhit (c qu trnh nung). Thi
gian nung t nhit bnh thng n nhit ban u gia cng c th chia thnh
2 giai on:
Giai on nhit thp: Thi gian nung giai on ny cn di, tc nung
chm, nu khng kim loi d nt n hoc bin dng. Tc nung ny gi l: tc
nung cho php v c th tnh theo cng thc:
5,6 .
(oc/gi).
K=
3
. r
K - Tc nung
- Gii hn bn.. - H s dn nhit.
E - Modul n hi. - H s n di. r - Bn knh phi hnh tr.
K ch yu ph thuc vo cn cc thng s kia khng ng k.
Giai on nhit cao: (850oc n nhit bt u gia cng)
Khi nhit vt nung trn 850oc tnh do tng, tc xy ho mnh. Tc
nung giai on ny khng ph thuc nhiu vo h s dn nhit na, v th c th
tng nhanh tc nung nhm tng nng sut nung, gim lng oxy ho v chy
ccbon, hn ch s ln ln ca cc ht kim loi, gim hao ph nhin liu.vv...
Tc nung ca giai on ny gi l tc nung k thut, n ph thuc
vo cch xp phi, di phi v.v...
19
Bng 1.1. Nhit kt thc v nhit chy ca mt s thp

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Mc thp v thnh phn ho hc

Thp cc bon c %C = 1,5
Thp l xo C60, C65
Thp hp kim niken (Ni = 3 %)
Thp hp kim Ni - Cr
Thp hp kim Cr - Vanadi
Thp gi
Nhit kt thc nung

(0C)
1050
1080
1120
1180
1250
1320
1350
1250
1250
1250
1250
1280
Nhit
chy
1140
1180
1280
1280
1350
1470
1490
1350
1370
1370
1350
1380
1.5.4. Thit b nung

Trong sn xut cn, cc loi l nung c s dng nhiu l cc l nung v h
nung (l ging), c th nh sau:
- Nung thi c cho my cn ph th dng l ging.
- Nung phi thi cho my cn Ray-dm th dng l lin tc v l bung
H.1.13. Cu to l nung lin tc
- Nung phi v thi c cho my cn hnh v cn ng th dng l lin tc, l

c y xoay.
- Nung phi, thi c thp hp kim th dng l lin tc c bung t s b
20
v l bung.
- Nung thi c, phi cho my cn tm th dng l bung, l lin tc v l
c y di ng.
Vic b tr nung thi c v phi cn l no cn ph thuc vo my cn v
sn phm. V vy cn phi chn l nung cho hp l m bo tng nng sut
nung v nhn c tt nht vi gi thnh h.
Mt s nhn xt:
- L ging ch nung thi c v phi c kch thc ln, n ph hp vi cng
ngh cn th, cn ph v cn khng lin tc.
- L lin tc thch hp khi nung cho tt c cc loi phi v thi c khc nhau,
n ph hp vi cn lin tc nh cn thp hnh, thp tm v.v...
- m bo c nhit v nng sut nung chnh xc v cao, cn phi trang
b cc dng c o nhit, my y phi, my lt phi v cc thit b khc t ng
ho qu trnh nung.
H. 1.14. L ging hon nhit

1: bung tch nhit nung khng kh; 2: bung tch nhit nung kh; 3:xe ch x; 4: khu
vc t thit b o v kim tra; 5: vng cha my pht in; 6: ng ra ng khi;
7: ni lp cp nhit xung; 8: van o kh -khng kh
21
Chng 2
Cc khi nim c bn
ca qu trnh cng ngh cn thp
2.1. L hnh trc cn
2.1.1. Khi nim v l hnh trc cn
Tt c cc loi thp hnh c tit din n gin nh thp trn, vung, ch nht
v.v...v c bin dng phc tp nh thp ch I, U, thp ng ray v.v... u c cn
trn cc trc c to cc rnh c bin dng tng ng. Bin dng rnh ca 2
hay 3, 4 trc to thnh mt bin dng calip gi l l hnh trc cn.
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 2.1. Rnh ca trc cn to thnh l hnh.

a) 2 trc;
b) 3 trc;
c) 4 trc
Trong cng ngh cn thp tm th qu trnh cn c tin hnh trn trc

khng to rnh (trc phng) song vic xc nh ch p, phn b lng p v tnh
ton xc nh bin dng trc cn t c sn phm c chiu dy ng u cng
c gi l thit k l hnh trc cn.
Ni chung trn mi l hnh ch cn mt ln, song cng c th cn nhiu ln
bng cch thay i khe h gia 2 trc cn.
2.1.2. Cc thng s c bn ca mt l hnh
Thng s c bn ca l hnh chnh l cc i lng cn tnh ton to nn
l hnh, n tu thuc vo hnh dng cc l hnh:
a) L hnh hp ch nht
r
h
r1
h1
B
Hnh 2.2- L hnh hp ch nht.
h - chiu cao l hnh

b - chiu rng y l hnh
B - chiu rng ming l hnh
- nghing thnh bn l hnh
h1 - chiu su rnh l hnh
r1 - bn knh ln vnh trc
r - bn knh ln y l hnh
t - khe h gia 2 trc cn
22
nghing thnh bn l hnh cn gi l lng thot phi khi cn v c

biu th bng t s gia hiu s chiu rng ming v y l hnh v chiu cao rnh
l hnh tnh theo %.
nghing thnh bn l hnh khng nhng to cho phi ra vo l hnh d
dng m cn to iu kin phc hi li ng kch thc ban u khi phc hi li
trc. nghing thnh bn l hnh c th chn t 1 10% hoc ln hn.
Bn knh gc ln r v r1 nhm loi tr s tp trung ng sut trong trc cn
ng thi trnh gc nhn cho vt cn do trnh c bavia, nt rn do rch gc
khi nhit thp v gim tnh do.
C th chn: r = (0,1 0,15)h; r1 = t.
b) L hnh thoi
i vi l hnh thoi v l hnh vung th bn knh ln r1 ming l hnh c
th ly ln hn mt t to iu kin cho gin rng thun li trnh to bavia. Bng
cch chn bn knh ln c th iu chnh c chiu cao v chiu rng ca l hnh.
h - chiu cao l hnh khng c bn knh ln.
h1 - chiu cao l hnh c bn knh ln
b - chiu rng hnh thoi
b1 - chiu rng ming l hnh
r v r1 - cc bn knh ln
t - khe h gia 2 trc cn
c/ L hnh vung
L hnh vung c s phn bit vi hp vung cch b tr l hnh trn trc
cn. L hnh vung b tr rnh theo hnh cho. L hnh hp vung b tr rnh theo
cnh a.
b1
b1
b
b
Hnh 2.3- L hnh thoi.
r1
h
h1
h
h1
r1
Hnh 2.4- L hnh vung.
d/ L hnh van
L hnh van c nhiu cch cu to: van mt bn knh, van nhiu bn
knh, van bng, van ng.
Tu theo yu cu cng ngh m khi thit k l hnh ta chn cho ph hp:
23
R1
R1
r
R
Hnh 2.5- Cc thng s c bn ca l hnh van

a. van mt bn knh; b. van hai bn knh; c. van bng
/ L hnh trn
d1
Thng thng l hnh trn c mt ng

knh d, song cng c mt s trng hp khi cn
cc loi sn phm ln th l hnh trn c
thit k theo 2 ng knh: ng knh thng
ng d v ng knh nm ngang d1.
Hnh 2.6- L hnh trn.
2.1.3. Cch phn loi l hnh

a/ Phn loi theo hnh dng
L hnh n gin: ch nht, trn, vung, van v.v...
L hnh phc tp: l hnh gc, ch I, ch U, v.v...
b/ Phn loi theo cng dng
L hnh gin di (cn ph): nhm gim nhanh tit din ca phi.
L hnh cn th: ng thi vi gim tit din ca phi phi to c dn
hnh dng v gn vi hnh dng ca sn phm.
L hnh trc thnh phm: tc dng khng ch c kch thc ca thnh phm
L hnh tinh: cho ra kch thc v hnh dng ca sn phm trng thi nng
v phi m bo c dung sai ca sn phm.
c/ Phn loi theo cch gia cng l hnh trn trc cn
L hnh h: phn ln gp l hnh n gin, chng c ng phn chia khe
h gia 2 trc cn x-x nm trong phm vi rnh ca trc cn d cho rnh c
gia cng trn mt hay 2 trc.
x
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 2.6- L hnh h.
L hnh kn: c ng phn chia khe h gia 2 trc cn x-x nm ngoi phm
24
vi rnh l hnh c cu to bi mt phn li v mt phn rnh ca 2 trc cn.

x
Hnh 2.7 L hnh kn.
L hnh na kn
loi l hnh ny trn trc cn
va c phn li va c phn lm. Khe
h gia hai trc cn c cu to
thnh bn ca l hnh.
Hnh 2.8. L hnh na kn.
2.1.4. ng trung bnh ca trc, ng cn, ng trung tuyn ca l

hnh trc cn
a. ng trung bnh ca trc cn
ng trung bnh ca trc cn l ng nm ngang chia i khong cch
gia 2 tm trc cn.
b. ng cn
ng cn l ng trn phn b l hnh trc cn.
Tm ca truc cn trn
y
Dtt/2 + y
Dtt/2
b/
Dtt/2 - y
a/
Dtt/2
Tm ca truc cn di
Dtt
Dtt/2
ng trung bnh ca
truc cn v ng cn
Dtt/2
Dtt
Tm ca truc cn trn
ng trung bnh
ca truc cn
ng cn
Tm ca truc cn di
c. ng trung tuyn ca l hnh

ng trung tuyn ca l hnh l mt ng thng i qua trng tm ca l
hnh ng thi phi m bo tng hp lc ca kim loi tc dng ln mt trn v mt
di ca l hnh bng nhau. Chiu su rnh ca 2 trc u bng nhau.
ng trung tuyn c th trng vi ng trung bnh v ng cn trong
mt s trng hp.
Nu nh lc ma st v h s ma st c hai trc nh nhau th s cn bng
tc c th thay bng s cn bng ng knh trung bnh 2Rtb ca trc cn.
Rtbt = Rtbd
2Rtbt - ng knh lm vic trung bnh ca trc trn.
2Rtbd - ng knh lm vic trung bnh ca trc di.
25
Rtbt
Rtbt
Rtbd
Rtbd
Rtbt
Rtbd
Nu khng xc nh ng ng trung tuyn ca l hnh c th ph v khp

ni hoc trc ni, gy tn tht nng lng, lm mn nhanh cc thit b dn hng
v l hnh, gy ng sut trong vt cn.
xc nh c ng trung tuyn ca l hnh c nhiu phng php.
i vi cc l hnh n gin:
Hnh 2.9- ng trung tuyn ca l hnh.
i vi trc cn c l hnh phc tp (dm ch I, ng ray): loi l hnh

ny cng c trc i xng v vy ng trung tuyn chnh l trc i xng
nm ngang.
Hnh 2.10 ng trung tuyn ca l hnh.
i vi cc l hnh kn v cc l hnh nh hnh khc

Ni chung vi l hnh kn th ng trung tuyn khng trng vi trc i
xng, ng thi vi nhng l hnh khng c tnh i xng th ng trung tuyn s
l ng i qua trng tm la l hnh. Phng php xc nh trng tm ca l hnh
phc tp, trong thc t dng phng php chia l hnh phc tp thnh nhng l hnh
n gin xc nh trng tm sau tng hp to trng tm cacc phn n
gin thnh trng tm ca l hnh.
B
z
q1
y2
y1
q2
ng trung tuyn ca l hnh
q2
Hnh 2.11- S xc nh to trng tm thp ch U.

q1, q2 - din tch tit din tng phn. y1 - to trng tm
ca q1; y2 - to trng tm ca q2
q1 = d. B mm2;
q2 =
ba
.h mm2
2
26
ng thng N - N l ng trung tuyn gi thit ca l hnh c to y.

M + 2 M 2 q 1 y1 + 2 q 2 y 2
y= 1
=
Ta c:
q1 + q 2
q1 + q 2
trong , M1 v M2 - mmen tnh ca tit din.
Phn thn ca thp ch U l mt hnh ch nht, c trng tm i qua ng
chia u d.
d
y1 =
2
To trng tm phn chn ca ch (hnh thang) c cch tnh nh sau:
y2 =
h 2a + b
3 a+b
hnh 2.11 c Z = d +y l khong cch t cnh ngoi ca l hnh n ng

trung tuyn N - N.
2.1.5. ng knh lm vic trung bnh (tip xc) ca trc cn
ng knh tip xc Dtx (lm vic) ca trc cn l ng knh m n bo
cho vn tc ra ca vt cn khi trc cn khng c s vt trc (vn tc ca vt cn
v vn tc di ca trc cn bng nhau).
Chng ta bit rng tc di ca trc cn v tc ca kim loi khi ra khi
l hnh lin h vi nhau theo cng thc:
Vvc = (1 + S)vtr
Vvc - vn tc ca vt cn, m/s.
Vtr - vn tc di ca trc cn, m/s.
S - lng vt trc.
V v tr Vvc
S = vc
=
1
v tr
v tr
.D tx .n
60
Khi cn trong l hnh th tc cn tnh theo ng bao ca l hnh trn trc
cn. ng knh lm vic (tip xc) Dtx ca trc cn khc nhau. Do , tc ca
vt cn theo chiu rng ca l hnh cng khc nhau. V th phi xc nh mt
ng knh lm vic trung bnh, trn c s xc nh tc ra phi v cc i
v tr =
lng bin dng khc.
D tb =
1
D tx
n
Phng php xc nh ng knh lm vic trung bnh theo cn bng lc ma

st l rt kh. C th xc nh chng theo 3 phng php n gin hn:
n Theo b mt tip xc ca l hnh
Ta c biu thc:
D tb =
27
D tx .k
F
Trong :
Dtx - tng cc ng knh lm vic ti tng im trn b mt tip xc
gia kim loi vi trc cn.
D
D min
k - h s phc hi li trc cn, k = max
D0
D0 - ng knh ban u ca trc cn. D0 thay i t Dmax n Dmin.
F - din tch b mt tip xc gia kim loi v trc cn.
ng knh trc cn chn trn c s cng ngh: iu kin n kim loi,
bn, cng sut ng c, tc cn v.v...
H s phc hi trc cn ca tng my cn c th nh sau:
My cn ph, cn phi
: k = 0,08 0,15
My cn hnh
: k = 0,08 0,15
My cn dy thp
: k = 0,05 0,09
My cn tm nng
: k = 0,04 0,07
My cn tm ngui
: k = 0,03 0,06
Mc gim ng knh khi phc hi DPH rnh l hnh hay vnh trc trong
phm vi cho php sau:
L hnh tinh:
1 1
Khi cn sn phm n gin: D PH D 0 .
5 6
1 1
Khi cn sn phm phc tp: D PH D 0
4 5
L hnh th
1 1
Khi cn sn phm n gin: D PH D 0
4 5
1 1
Khi cn sn phm phc tp: D PH D 0
3 4
Theo chiu cao trung bnh ca l hnh th ng knh lm vic trung
bnh ca trc cn c tnh:
F
D tb = D tt h tb = D tt
b
Dtt - khong cch gia 2 tm trc cn.
htb - chiu cao trung bnh ca l hnh
F - din tch tit din ca phi khi ra khi l hnh (din tch ca l hnh)
b - chiu rng ca phi khi ra khi l hnh (chiu rng l hnh)
Phng php ny n gin nhng vi cc l hnh phc tp th cho kt qu
28
khng chnh xc, v khng tnh n nh hng thnh bn ca l hnh.

Theo ng bao ca l hnh: thng dng khi cn trong l hnh phc
tp, l hnh vung h v kn.
Di y gii thiu cch xc nh ng knh lm vic trung bnh ca trc
cn mt s l hnh thng dng:
L hnh van
+ Theo b mt tip xc ca l hnh
Dtb = D + 2Rov(1-costb)
D - ng knh lm vic y l hnh; Rov - bn knh van.
tb - gc xc nh v tr ng knh lm vic trung bnh.
Kov = Qov/B(h-t)
Dtt
Dd
m/2
b
C
tb = 0,25 arcsin ov + arcsin
2 R ov
2 R ov
bov - chiu rng vt cn khi ra khi l hnh

C - cnh vt cn vung a vo l hnh van
+ Theo chiu cao trung bnh ca l hnh
Rov
h
m
m/2
t
bov
B
Hnh 2.12-L hnh van xc nh Dtb.
D tb = D tt
Fov
;
b ov
0,78
0,77
0,76
0,75
0,74
0,73
0,72
0,71
0,70
0,69
0,68
0,67
1,4
1,8 2,2
2,6
3 3,4
B/h.t
Hnh 2.13. Xc nh h s van kov
Fov = b ov (h ov m ) + Fbn ; Fbn = k ov .b ov .m
y, kov ly theo th hnh 2.13 chn theo t s bov/m

m = 2 R ov 2 R 2ov 0,25C 2
Dtt
n gin hn ngi ta xc nh ng knh lm vic trung bnh ca trc cn

2
hnh thoi nh sau vi hnh van mt bn knh un: D tb = D tt h .
3
L hnh trn
d1
Dtb = Dtt - 0,785d
d - ng knh thp trn.
+ Theo chiu cao trung bnh ca l hnh
D tb = D 0 h tb = D 0
d 2
= D 0 0,785d
4d
29
L hnh vung
Dtb = Dtt - hv + 0,35.hv = Dtt - 0,65hv.
+ Theo chiu cao trung bnh ca l hnh:
F
D tb = D tt v
bv
L hnh thoi
bt
= 1,75 ; = 1200
ht
r1
h
h1
t
b1
b
r1
h
h1
Dtb = Dtt - ht + 0,2.bt

Dtb = Dtt - ht + 0,35ht = Dtt - 0,65ht .
0,5b t h t
D tb = D tt
= D tt 0,5h t
bt
L hnh lc gic
r1
q
D tb = D tt
b
q - din tch tit din l hnh lc gic.
b - chiu rng vt cn khi ra khi l hnh
+ Theo chu vi ng bao l hnh:
(D h )b d + 2D d .a ; D = D t h
D tb = tt
d
tt
b d + 2a
2
L hnh phc tp
D tx .l = D1l1 + D 2 l 2 + ... + D n l n
D tb =
l1 + l 2 + ... + l 3
l
b1
Dtt
Dd
h1
Dah
Dhh
b
B
Dtt
Dd
hh
bh
H
Dhk
ak
- ng knh lm vic trung bnh chn kn cho trc di:

2 D H .H + 2 D h.k .h k + D d (B 2 b k ) + 2 D a.k .a k
D k. k =
2 H + 2 h k + (B 2 b k ) + 2a k
DH
Dd'
hk
bk
Dak
l1, l2, ..., ln -tng phn t ng bao.

D1, D2, ...Dn - ng knh lm vic trung
bnh tng ng vi cc phn t ng bao.
V d: vi l hnh dm ch I th:
- ng knh lm vic trung bnh chn h
2 D h.k + D d (B 2 b h )
cho trc trn: D k.h =
2h h + B 2b h
ah
30
T nhng phn tch trn c th tham kho cch xc nh ng knh lm

vic (tip xc) ca mt s l hnh thng gp (bng 2.1)
Hnh minh ho
ng knh lm vic
Dtt
Dtx
Tn l hnh
Dtx = Dtt - h
Dtt
L hnh hp
Dtt
Dtx
Dtx
L hnh phng
ng
Dtt
L hnh vung
Dtx
Dtx = Dtt - h
Dtx = Dtt - 0,76a
Dtx
Dtt
Bng
Dtx = Dtt - 0,8d
Dtt
Dtx
L hnh trn
Dtx = Dtt - 0,55h
Dtt
1. Dtx = Dtt
2h + m
3
2. Dtx = Dtt
b.h + 0,2h 2
b
Dtt
L hnh van
Dtt
Dtx
L hnh thoi
Dtt
Dtx
L hnh 6 cnh
h C
D tx = D tt 1 +
2
b
F
b
F
Dtt
L hnh phc tp
D tx D tt
Dtx
Dtx
Dtt
Dtx
Dtx
F
b
31
2.1.6. B tr l hnh trn trc cn

a. Kch thc trc cn v ng cn
DDtx
DVD
DD
Dtt
DVT
DT
DTtx
b tr c l hnh trn trc cn phi xut pht t cc kch thc c bn

ca trc cn.
ng knh trc cn Dtt ca my cn l khong cch gia 2 ng tm ca
trc cn trn v di v tr bnh thng khi cn.
D + DD
D tt = T
DT/4
2
Khi 2 trc tip xc nhau hon ton
khng c khe h ta c ng knh ban
u ca trc cn:
DD = DVD + t
DT = DVT + t ;
t - khe h gia 2 vnh trc
Hnh 2.14- B tr l hnh trn trc cn.
DVT , DVD - ng knh theo vnh trc
ng tip xc ca 2 ng knh ban u DT, DD gi l ng cn.
DTtb, DDtb -ng knh trung bnh ca trc trn v di.
DTtx, DDtx - ng knh lm vic ca trc trn v di.
i vi cc l hnh n gin nh hp ch nht, vung, thoi, van, trn khi b
tr l hnh trn trc cn th trc i xng nm ngang ca l hnh (ng trung
tuyn) lun trng vi ng cn. Trong thc t nhm n nh phi lc ra khi l
hnh i theo mt hng, ngi ta s dng s chnh lch ng knh ban u ca 2
trc cn. Nu DT > DD: ta gi l c p lc trn (phi lun cong xung di lc ra
khi l hnh, nu DT < DD ta gi l c p lc di. p lc trn DT v p lc di
DT c biu th:
DT = DT - DD ;
DD = DD - DT .
Khi cn cc sn phm c bin dng phc tp th dng p lc i vi trc no
c cha phn rnh l hnh kn. Khi cn hnh ngi ta dng p lc trn. Ap lc trn
c tr s 1 3 mm cho my cn hnh c nh v 10 mm cho my cn hnh c ln.
p lc di thng dng cc my cn m phi cn c trng lng ln (cn
tm nng) vi tr s p lc 10 15 mm.
Trong trng hp b tr l hnh c s dng p lc trn vi mt i lng DT
= DT -DD th ng cn phi l ng v tr thp hn ng tip xc gia 2 ng
knh ban u ca trc trn v trc di mt khong cch l DT /4 bi v:
D T D TTB D T
D D D DTB D D
=
+
=
+
;
2
2
4
2
2
4
V DTTB = DDTB cho nn biu thc trn c th vit:
DT - DD = DT
Trong trng hp s dng p lc di th ng cn s nm v tr cao hn
32
ng trung bnh ca trc cn mt i lng DT/4. V ng trung tuyn ca l

hnh nm trng vi ng cn nn khng cn phi xy dng mt ng ph trung
bnh ca trc cn m ta c th tnh ng knh trc trn v trc di nh sau:
D T
D D
DT = D +
; DD = D
2
2
vi D l khong cch gia 2 ng tm trc, chnh l ng knh ca trc cn.
b. Sp xp v b tr l hnh trn gi cn 3 trc
Gi cn 3 trc thng gp nhiu my cn hnh b tr hng, n lm nhim
v cn ph, cn th. H l hnh thng dng cc gi ny l h l hnh hp ch
nht - vung hoc thoi - vung ty theo kch thc phi.
B tr l hnh trn gi 3 trc c hai cch: xen k v ln xung.
* B tr xen k:
Theo cch b tr ny th trn mt chiu di ca trc cn ch xp c t l
hnh. Nhng nu dng mt b trc cn 4 trc: mt trc trn, mt trc di v hai
trc gia phi l hnh th vn c th tit kim c trc cn. B tr xen k th
thit k l hnh s n gin.
* B tr ln xung:
Trong cch b tr ny th trc gia c dng chung cho trc trn v trc
di, do b tr c nhiu l hnh, qu trnh lt thp c thc hin l hnh
di. S dng cch b tr ln xung th khi thit k l hnh s phc tp hn.
2.1.7. Cc i lng bin dng khi thit k l hnh

a. H s bin dng
Trong l thuyt cn trnh by v cc i lng bin dng khi thit k l hnh:
H
b
l
=
; = ; =
B
L
h
33
Nu h s gin di sau mt ln cn l:
F l
= =
f1 L
Nu qu trnh cn phi qua nhiu ln (n) cn, c c sn phm cui cng
F
qua mi ln bin dng,
th h s gin di gi l tng lng bin dng =
fn
din tch tit din ln lt gim dn v ta ln lt c cc h s gin di tng ng:
F
F
F
1 =
; 2 = 1 ; ...... ; n = n 1
f1
f2
fn
Vy:
F F f1 fn =1
= . ....
= 1 . 2 .... n
fn f1 f2
fn
Ly gi tr trung bnh cho lng gin di ta c:

F
= = nTB hoc TB = n
fn
Tr s h s gin di trung bnh l mt i lng c trng cho cng bin
dng, mc s dng ph ti ca thit b, s tiu hao nng lng ca tng gi cn,
ng thi n c mi lin h vi cc thng s cng ngh khc v.v.. Cc h s gin
di tng phn (1, 2, 3..) ph thuc vo nhiu yu t ch yu l lc p, lng gin
rng, nhit , tnh cht thnh phn ha hc ca vt cn, trng thi b mt trc cn,
ma st...
Qu trnh thit k l hnh thng thng xut pht t iu kin cng ngh
nh: vt liu v kch thc cho trc (phi v sn phm cn c). V vy, chng ta c
th tm c s ln bin dng tng phn n:
lg F lg fn
F
= nTB n =
fn
lg TB
b. S lin h gia cc i lng bin dng
T s cn nh hnh 2.15 c th xc nh c mi lin h gia cc i
lng bin dng.
l g = R.h
lg = R.;
vi,
: gc n kim loi
lg: di cung tip xc trn trc cn
R: bn knh lm vic ca trc cn
Khi gc n kim loi nh, ta c:
R. R.h
hoc
h
R
34
T hnh ta c:
h
D
hoc
hmax = D(1 - cos)
vi, h: lng bin dng
V gc n kim loi cc i max
xut pht t iu kin ma st trn b mt
tip xc:
1
cos max =
1 + tg 2 max
cos = 1
h/2
h
h/2
lg
b/2
cos max =
1
1+ f2
Suy ra,
1
h max = D1
b/2
1+ f2
xc nh s b lng p cc i
Hnh 2.15- S qu trnh cn.
c th dng cc biu thc n gin hn
hmax = 2max.R = R.f2
Gi tr gc n kim loi tu theo my cn c th tham kho theo bng 2.2
Bng 2.2 Gc n ca kim loi khi cn thp

iu kin cn v vt liu trc cn
Gc n kim loi ()
h/DK
34
68
1/700 1/400
1/250 1/100
18 22
22 24
27 34
1/20 1/15
1/15 1/12
1/9 1/6
20 22
21 24
22
27
1/16 1/15
1/15
Cn ngui thp v thp hp kim khng nn

trc sau khi n kim loi:
C dung dch bi trn
Khng c dung dch bi trn
Cn nng:
Thp tm
Thp hnh
Thp hnh trn trc c hn vt
Cn nng kim loi mu:
Nhm 3500C
ng thau 8000C
Niken 11000C
ng 9000C
1/9
35
2.1.8. Nhng nguyn tc c bn khi thit k l hnh trc cn

Qu trnh thit k l hnh trc cn ph thuc vo sn phm cn, kiu my, c
im k thut ca my, cng sut ng c, cht lng kim loi v cc yu t khc.
c Xc nh s ln cn (ch p) phi xut pht t kh nng trc cn n
c vo kim loi (gc n ). Trong trng hp bn trc, cng sut ng c
khng m bo phi tng s ln cn. i khi s ln cn cn ph thuc vo cch b
tr gi cn...
d Xc nh lng p nhng ln cn u tin theo gc n cho php, cc
ln cn sau phi xem xt theo bn trc, cng sut ng c, cht lng sn phm.
e Xc nh lng p l hnh tinh v trc tinh theo iu kin bin dng
trong l hnh t c chnh xc ca sn phm v iu kin mi mn l hnh.
C th nh sau:
- Vi l hnh tinh: = 1,1 1,2
- Vi l hnh trc tinh: = 1,25 1,35
f Xc nh kch thc phi ban u trn c s dung sai m cho php v
xc nh nh sau:
- Kch thc phi trng thi ngui ang:
ang = a - /2
- Kch thc phi trng thi nng an:
an = (a - /2).(1,012 1,015)
(mm)
g Thit k l hnh trc cn phi xut pht t kch thc sn phm. Kch
thc l hnh s l kch thc sn phm theo tiu chun c xt n h s n nng
ca thp. V d vi thp trn c ng knh d, ph thuc vo dung sai kch thc
tnh kch thc sn phm dn trng thi nng.
h Tnh ton lng gin rng b trong l hnh phi chnh xc. Khong trng
ca l hnh dng cho gin rng bao gi cng phi ln hn lng gin rng tnh ton
bKL = (0,95 1)bLH
trong , bKL: chiu rng kim loi sau cn; bLH: chiu rng ca l hnh
i i vi cc sn phm c bin dng phc tp (thp ch , thp ch I, thp
ng ray) phi chia l hnh thnh cc phn t ring bit v tnh h s bin dng
cho tng phn t . Do cn gim bt s l hnh phc tp. Qu trnh thit k l
hnh bt buc theo hng ngc vi hng cn.
j Vi my cn b tr gi cn theo hng phi ch phn b s ln cn cc
gi cn hp l m bo nng sut cao v ph ti u trn cc gi. Vi my cn
lin tc phi bo m tc cn ln.
k Tnh n ti trng ng c. Yu t ny gip tit kim nng lng, gim
gi thnh sn phm.
l Tnh n tui bn ca trc. Yu t ny dn n trnh phi thay trc nhiu
ln, gim nng sut ca xng.
36
2.1.9- Phn tch c im cc h thng l hnh gin di

Cc l hnh cn th (to s gin di) rt a dng, chng c dng gim
nhanh tit din vt cn. Ty thuc vo tit din, h s gin di, ng knh trc
cn... m dng l hnh gin di c hnh dng khc nhau theo mt th t ni tip
nhau nht nh.
Tp hp mt lot cc l hnh to s gin di cng mt kiu theo mt th t
gi l h thng l hnh. Cc h thng l hnh to s gin di thng dng l:
- H thng l hnh hp ch nht - vung.
- H thng l hnh hp - trc phng.
- H thng l hnh van - vung.
- H thng l hnh thoi - vung.
- H thng l hnh van bng - van ng.
- H thng l hnh van - trn.
- H thng l hnh thoi - thoi.
- H thng l hnh vung - vung.
- H thng l hnh vn nng
- H thng l hnh hn hp.
a) H thng l hnh hp ch nht - vung
H thng ny tp hp mt lot cc l hnh ch nht v l hnh vung. Trong
qu trnh cn c th c lt phi hoc khng lt phi. H thng ny c dng my
cn ph, cn phi lin tc, cc gi cn th ca my cn hnh, dng sn xut phi
cho my cn thp dm.
Hnh 2.16- H thng l hnh hp ch nht - vung.
1 c im
- u im: su rnh nh, cho lng p ln v ng u, tiu hao nng
lng t, thun tin cho vic c gii ho khi a vt cn t l hnh n sang l hnh
kia. Trong mt l hnh c th cn c nhiu ln bng cch thay i khong cch
tm trc cn, c gc n ln ( = 200 300).
- Nhc im: D to ra b mt li nu qu in y, d b lch phi khi i
vo l hnh, kh nhn c phi vung chnh xc.
2 Xc nh kch thc v cc thng s ca h thng
- Chiu rng ca y l hnh bK c th chn theo chiu rng phi vo l hnh.
bK (0,95 1)BI
- Chiu rng ming ca l hnh BK:
BK = BI + b
37
BF
15%
r1
hK
2025%
vi, b l lng gin rng

trong l hnh, b = 5 10mm
Nu cn nhiu ln trong l
hnh th phn tch tng lng
gin rng b ca cc ln
cn xc nh c chiu
rng ming l hnh BK:
BK = bK + b
y l hnh c li 10
bK
15%, nghing thnh
bn ca l hnh chn trong
phm vi 20 25%, h s hn
BK
ch gin rng kb c gi tr:
Hnh 2.17- Kch thc l hnh hp.
kb =0,6 0,8
- Lng gin rng b c th xc nh theo biu thc:
2 b TB .h.k b
b =
(2.1)
n
(H + h )1 + (1 + ) b TB
R.
hoc:
trong ,
h
h
(2.2)
R.h
2H
2f
H, h: chiu cao vt cn trc v sau khi cn.
bTB: chiu rng trung bnh vng bin dng.
: gc n kim loi, rad.
R.: di cung n.
n = 1 khi bTB < R.; n = 2 khi bTB > R.
h: lng p, h = H - h
t: nhit cn.
f: h s ma st khi cn, f = n1.n2.n3(1,05 - 0,0005.t)
(2.3)
n1: h s xt n trng thi b mt v vt liu ch to trc cn;
n1 = 1 i vi trc thp, n1 = 0,8 i vi trc gang.
n2: h s xt n nh hng ca tc cn (hnh 2.18).
n3: h s xt n nh hng ca thnh phn ho hc ca vt liu
cn (bng 2.3).
H s ma st f cn c th tnh theo biu thc Ghely:
+ Cn trn trc thp: f = 1,05 - 0,0005t - 0,056V
+ Cn trn trc gang: f = 0,92 - 0,0005t - 0,056V
vi V: tc cn (V < 5m/s); t: nhit cn (t > 7000C).
b = 1,15.
38
Bng 2.3 H s n3 ph thuc vo vt liu

Vt liu
H s n3
Thp Cacbon (CT1)

Thp P18 (ledeburit)
Thp Peclit - mactenxit
Thp ostenit (X13H49)
Thp ferit (1X17A)
Thp ostenit + ccbit (X15H60)
n2
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
1
1,1
1,24 1,3
1,4
1,55
1,6
12
16
18
20
Hnh 2.18- Xc nh n2 theo tc cn.
Vi h thng l hnh hp nh hnh 2.16, cn c vo kch thc phi v sn

phm, iu kin phn b h s gin di xc nh cc kch thc l hnh vung
trung gian, sau mi tnh cc kch thc l hnh ch nht. Qu trnh tnh ton
c thc hin bng cch cho trc mt lng gin rng b, da vo biu thc
cho xc nh cc kch thc bK, BK, hK...
Trn c s cc biu thc ny, tnh cc i lng gin rng b theo cc biu
thc 1 v 2, nu gi tr lng gin rng b tnh c c gi tr tng ng vi
lng gin rng b chn th khng tnh ton li. Song, nu khng ph hp th
phi cn c vo lng gin rng b tnh ton xc nh li cc kch thc ca l
hnh hp ch nht.
xc nh s b cc kch thc ca l hnh hp ch nht trung gian dng
cc biu thc:
h2 = C3 - k3(b2 - C3)
b2 = C1 - k2(C1 - h2)
Nh vy, c chiu cao ca l hnh hp ch nht trung gian l:
(1 + k 3 )C 3 (k 3 + k 2 k 3 )C1
h2 =
1 k2k3
trong ,
k2, k3: cc h s hn ch gin rng trong l hnh, vi l hnh cn th
k2, k3 thay i trong phm vi 0,25 0,3.
39
Nu chn k2 = k3 = 0,3 th ta c:
1,3C 3 0,39C 1
h2 =
0,91
T h2 ta tnh li b2.
Nu xc nh kch thc ca l hnh hp ch nht theo gc n , tnh lng
p h theo gc n .
V d: vi = 260 c h = Dk(1 - cos).
Vy, h = 0,1Dk, suy ra:
C1 - h2 = 0,1(D - h)
C 0,1D
h2 = 1
0,9
C3
h2
C1
(D: ng knh ban u ca trc cn)
C3
b2
C1
Hnh 2.19- S xc nh tit din l hnh hp trung gian.
Tm c kch thc h2 xc nh b2 v b2 cng vi cc thng s khc ca l

hnh theo cu to ca n. C th chnh li kch thc sao cho ph hp vi iu kin
n, gin rng trong l hnh vung th ba.
b) H thng l hnh hp - trc phng (khng rnh)
H thng ny c dng nhm gi cn th ca my cn lin tc, cc my
cn b tr theo bn c v ch Z.
H thng ny vn nng hn v c th thay i lng p h bng cch thay
i khong cch 2 trc cn, d kh b vy rn khi cn trn trc phng.
II
III
IV
Hnh 2.20-H thng l hnh hp - trc phng.
V h s gin di th h thng ny km hn h thng trc. Song vi 2 u

im trn, ngi ta vn s dng. Phng php tnh ton vi h thng ny cng
tng t nh h thng trc, tuy nhin cc ln cn trn trc phng c h s gin
rng t do v gc n cho php nh hn.
40
c) H thng l hnh van - vung
Hnh 2.21-H thng l hnh van - vung.
1 c im:
c im ca h thng van - vung l gim rt nhanh tit din vt cn v
c ng dng nhiu cc my cn hnh c nh, my cn dy.
- u im: c h s gin di ln, khi cn trong l van v = 1,3 2; cn
trong l vung v = 1,2 1,6.
Trong qu trnh cn, phi
2
c lt nhiu gc nn c
tnh ca sn phm c ci
3
6 4
thin.
Phi tit din vung d
a vo l hnh van, d dng c
cu dn hng vi l hnh van,
5
t khot su vo trc, khi cn
phi vung th cc cnh vung
chuyn ra pha ngoi van, d
Hnh 2.22- Lt thp khi cn trong h thng
l hnh van - vung.
loi b khuyt tt b mt.
- Nhc im: Phi van cn trong l hnh vung kh n nh. dn
hng phi kp cht, kh t mng vng a phi t l hnh van sang l hnh
vung, c bin dng khng ng u theo chiu rng ca l hnh nn lm gim cht
lng thp sn phm.
1
H
h
H
h
bv
bv
Hnh 2.23- Bin dng khng u trong l hnh van v vung.

41
L hnh vung c khot su vo trc ln, c hin tng bin dng khng
u phi van trong l hnh vung. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta thay l
hnh van bng l hnh su cnh.
Hnh 2.24- H thng l hnh su cnh - vung.
Ngoi bin dng ng u, h su cnh - vung n nh trong l hnh vung

v d n vo trc, h su cnh - vung c s dng gi cn ph ca cc my cn
hnh loi nh, my cn dy.
T dng ca mt l hnh su cnh, khi s dng bn knh y l hnh r c th
chuyn l hnh su cnh thnh l hnh van bng v van c cnh phng.
hov
r
hov
bov
bov
a)
b)
Hnh 2.25- H l hnh van bng (a) v van c cnh phng (b).
H s gin di trong l hnh van ph thuc vo t s gia chiu rng v

b
chiu cao ca van trn trc ov v mc hn ch gin rng trong l hnh kb.
h ov
2 Tnh ton, thit k l hnh van - vung
Gi thit h c 3 l hnh nh hnh sau:
C1
hv
C2
bv
1,41C
Hnh 2.26- H l hnh van - vung.
1,41C
42
Lng p trung bnh trong l hnh van c th xc nh theo biu thc:

hTB = C1 - 0,74hov
Trn c s mc gin rng trong l hnh van ta c th c mt chiu rng
ca l hnh bov:
b ov = C 1 + b ov
= C 1 + k ov
b (C 1 0,74 h ov )
ov
b ov = 1 + k ov
b C 1 0,74 k b h ov
Xc nh t s gia chiu rng v chiu cao ca l hnh van:
ov
b ov 1 + k ov
b C 1 0,74 h ov k b
=
=a
h ov
h ov
Suy ra,
h ov =
(1 + k )C
ov
b
1
ov
a + 0,74 k b
Ta xc nh li bov: b ov = a.h ov =
a 1 + k ov
b C 1
a + 0,74 k ov
b
Biu thc ny khng cha lng p hTB, trn c s kch thc v chiu cao
v chiu rng ca l hnh van, xc nh c din tch Fov ca l hnh van:
Fov = 0,74 b ov h ov =
2
0,74 1 + k ov
b .a.C 1
(a + 0,74k )
ov 2
b
Din tch phi vung cn trong l hnh van:

Fv = 0,98.C12
Trn c s din tch tit din, tnh h s gin di trong l hnh van:
ov
Fv
0,98.C 12
=
=
Fov 0,74 1 + k ov 2 .a.C 2
1
b
(a + 0,74k )
ov 2
b
Sau khi bin i v rt gn, ta c:
ov
1,33 ov + 0,74 k ov
b
h ov
=
2
b ov
1 + k ov
b
h ov
(2.4)
T biu thc ny, ta nhn thy h s bin dng trong l hnh van ph thuc
b
vo mt bin s trong t s gia chiu rng v chiu cao ca l hnh ov v vo
h ov
mc hn ch gin rng trong l hnh k ov
b . Theo l thuyt v gin rng th hai
43
bin s ny cng ph thuc ln nhau.

T biu thc (2.4) ta c th hnh thnh mi quan h gia ov, cnh vung a
v k ov
b nh bng sau:
Bng 2.4- H s gin di ov theo a v k ov
b
a=
b ov
h ov
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
Tr s ov theo k ov
b
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,38
1,66
1,95
2,24
2,53
1,31
1,55
1,80
2,10
2,30
1,25
1,46
1,68
1,90
2,10
1,20
1,38
1,57
1,77
1,96
1,15
1,31
1,48
1,65
1,83
1,11
1,25
1,40
1,55
1,71
Trn c s biu thc (2.4) ta c th tnh ton thit k cu to l hnh van

mt cch ti u:
ov =
1,33 a i + 0,74 k ov
b
a i 1 + k ov
b
T kinh nghim thc tin, ngi ta nhn thy rng:

+ C1 = (50 100) mm khi k ov
b = 0,5 0,6; a = 2 th ov = 1,55 1,65.
+ C1 = (20 50) mm khi k ov
b = 0,6 0,8; a = 2 3 th ov = 1,44 2.
+ C1 = (7 20) mm khi k ov
b = 0,8 1; a = 2,5 3 th ov = 1,4 1,7.
(trng hp ny k ov
b kh ln gn nh c gin rng t do).
i vi l hnh vung ca h van - vung th trn thc t h s gin di ov
cng ph thuc vo din tch tit din van cn trong l hnh vung, c ngha l ph
b
b
thuc vo t s ov = a v h s hn ch gin rng trong l hnh vung k vb =
,
h TB
h ov
ta c:
v
h ov = b v k v b b ov
TB h TB
= 1,29.C 2 k v b (0,74.b ov 0,76.C 2 )
h ov = 1,29 + 0,76.k v b C 2 0,74.k vb .b ov
(tr s bv = 1,29C2 v ta xt n bn knh ln vnh trc r = 0,15C2).

b ov
b ov
=a=
Vi,
v
h ov
1,29 + 0,76.k ov
b C 2 0,74.k b .b ov
T 2 biu thc trn c th tnh li cc kch thc ca tit din l hnh van:
44
b ov =
h ov
(1,29 + 0,76.k ).a.C

v
b
1 + 0,74.a.k vb
b ov 1,29 + 0,76.k v b C 2
=
=
a
1 + 0,74.a.k vb
Chiu cao trung bnh ca l hnh vung:

h vTB
Fv 0,98.C 22
=
=
= 0,76.C 2 (c bn knh ln y)
b v 1,29.C 2
Din tch tit din phi van cn trong l hnh vung:

Fov = 0,74.b ov .h ov =
)
)
0,74 1,29 + 0,76.k v b .a.C 22
(1 + 0,74.a.k
v 2
b
Fv = 0,98.C 22
H s gin di trong l hnh vung v:
Fov 0,755.a. 1,29 + 0,76.k vv

v =
=
2
Fv
1 + 0,74.a.k v
(2.5)
T biu thc ny, ta c nhn xt: h s gin di trong l hnh vung ph

thuc vo t s ca din tch van ca hai trc cn trong l hnh v ch s hn ch
gin rng ca l hnh vung. Tr s v theo a v k vb cho trong bng 2.5.
Bng 2.5- H s gin di v theo a v k vb
a=
b ov
h ov
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
Tr s v theo k vb
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
1,38
1,52
1,58
1,61
1,62
1,31
1,39
1,42
1,42
1,40
1,24
1,29
1,29
1,27
1,23
1,19
1,21
1,19
1,15
1,11
Trn c s bng 2.4 v 2.5 ta thy h s gin di trong l hnh vung nh

hn nhiu so vi trong l van. Do c th a ra cc kt lun:
v
- Ty theo tr s k ov
b v k b m h s gin di trong l hnh van v vung
c mi quan h:
ov = 1 + (1,2 1,8)(v -1)
Thng thng, hay dng: ov = 1 + 1,5(v -1)
- Theo t s gia chiu rng v chiu cao
(2.6)
b ov
= 2,2 2,7 vic chn h s
h ov
gin di phi m bo c iu kin n nh ca phi khi cn

45
Gc n ()
3 Cc bc thit k l hnh van - vung

- T gc n cho php, tm h s gin di v trong l hnh vung (hnh 2.27 )
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
50
= 1,6
= 1,5
= 1,4
= 1,3
= 1,2
60
34
32
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150

Cnh vung a(mm)
= 1,5
= 1,6
28
= 1,4
24
b)
20
= 1,3
16
12
10
20
Gc n ()
Gc n ()
a)
= 1,2
30
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
5
40
50
60
70
80 90 100 110 120

Cnh vung a(mm)
= 1,4
= 1,5
= 1,45
= 1,3
= 1,35
= 1,25
10
15
20
25
30
= 1,2
35 40 45 50
Cnh vung a(mm)
c)
46
Gc n ()
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
0
= 1,45
= 1,5
= 1,4
= 1,35
d)
= 1,3
= 1,25
= 1,2
10
20
30
40
50
60 70 80 90 100
Cnh vung a(mm)
Hnh 2.27- Cc th xc nh v theo v cnh vung a theo

h thng l hnh van - vung cho cc ng knh trc cn.
a) D = 800mm;
b) D = 500mm;
c) D = 250mm;
d) D = 350mm
hv
m/2 S' m/2
- Trn c s biu thc (2.5) v (2.6), xc nh h s gin di ov l hnh

van ln (nu tnh ngc hng cn).
- Trn c s v v ov, xc nh c h s gin di t l hnh vung
trc n l hnh vung sau: = v. ov. Sau c th iu chnh li kch thc
ca l hnh van trung gian.
Chiu cao ca l hnh van c th tm theo th hoc tnh ton theo lng
gin rng b trong l hnh vung v l hnh van. Qu trnh tnh ton phi m bo
s in y bnh thng, trnh bavia. Kch thc ca l hnh van sau khi xc nh
lng gin rng b phi chnh li.
- Tnh din tch ca l hnh van v l hnh vung.
+ i vi l hnh van:
Fov = b ov (h ov S ) + b ov S
4
Gi a0 l t s gia chiu rng bov
v chiu cao hov khi khe h S = 0:
Rov
b'ov
b ov
a0 =
bov
(h ov S )
khi , din tch l hnh l:
q' = a0.bov(hov - S)
Nu nh l hnh khng c in y th din tch q' c dng:
q' = a0.b'ov(hov - S')
b' ov
a0 =
(h ov S')
Hnh 2.28- Cu to l hnh van.
vi,
47
Theo hnh 2.28, ta c:

m = hov - S' v m = 2 R ov 2 R 2ov 0,25b 2ov
Bn knh van:
R ov
b 2ov + h' 2ov

, trong : h'ov = hov - S'
=
4 h' ov
0,785
a0 = q/bov(hov-s)
hov
0,76
Rov
0,74
bov
0,72
0,70
0,68
1,0
1,4
1,8
2,2
2,6
3,0 3,4
3,8
4,2
b ov
(h ov S )
Hnh 2.29- Xc nh din tch van.
h'v
hv = 1,141C
+ i vi l hnh vung:
b'v = 1,141C - S
bv = hv = 1,41C
Kch thc thc t c bn
knh ln:
b'v = hv = 1,141C - S
h'v = 1,141C - 0,828r
vi r 0,15C th:
F'v = Fv - 0,858.r2 0,98C2
bv = 1,41C
Hnh 2.30- Xc nh kch thc l hnh vung.
d) H thng l hnh thoi - vung

H thng ny c dng nhiu cc my cn hnh c trung bnh v nh trn
my cn phi lin tc.
I
II
III
Hnh 2.31- H thng l hnh thoi - vung.

IV
48
vi,
1 c im:
H s gin di trong l hnh thoi v vung gn ging nhau v c tr s:
v t = 1,15 1,4
v: h s gin di trong l hnh vung.
t: h s gin di trong l hnh thoi.
Gc n = 110 1150.
- u im:
+ Cho sn phm vung chnh xc, sc cnh.
+ c p t mi pha ca l hnh.
+ Kh tt vy rn.
- Nhc im:
+ Rnh ca l hnh khot su vo trc.
+ D hnh thnh bavia khi qu in y l hnh.
2 Tnh ton h s gin di v kch thc ca l hnh thoi - vung:
Gi thit c 3 l hnh v cc kch thc c ghi nh hnh 2.32.
C2
h1
h2
ht
C1
b2
bt
b1
Hnh 2.32- Xc nh kch thc h thng l hnh thoi - vung.
- Kch thc ca l hnh thoi khng c bn knh ln:

b t = 1,41C 1 + k tb (h tTB ......)
k tb
(1,41C1 h t )
= 1,41C 1 +
2
k tb
k t b .h t
bt = 1 +
.1,41C 1
2
2
trong , k tb : h s gin rng trong l hnh thoi.
Ta c:
Suy ra:
k t
k t .h
1 + b .1,41C 1 b t
2
2
bt
=a=
ht
ht
ht
(1 + 0,5.k ).1,41C
=
t
b
a + 0,5.k tb
(2.7)
(2.8)
49
T hai biu thc (2.7) v (2.8) ta tm c bt:

b t = a.h t =
a. 1 + 0,5.k tb .1,41C 1
a + 0,5.k tb
Din tch l hnh thoi:
h t .b t a 1 + 0,5.k t b C 12
Ft =
=
2
2
a + 0,5.k t
H s gin di trong l hnh thoi:
(
(
)
)
F
C2
a + 0,5.k t b
t = v = 1 =
Ft
Ft a 1 + 0,5.k t
b
2
2
T biu thc ny, ta c th vit di dng:

ti
(a
=
+ 0,5.k tbi
a i 1 + 0,5.k tbi
)
)
2
2
Trong bng 2.6 cho tr s ca ti theo ai v k tbi :

Bng 2.6- H s gin di ti theo k tbi
()
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
a=
bt
ht
1,19
1,30
1,43
1,57
1,73
1,92
2,15
Tr s ti theo k tbi
0
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
1,19
1,30
1,43
1,57
1,73
1.92
2.15
1,13
1,20
1,29
1,39
1,50
1,63
1,79
1,12
1,18
1,26
1,35
1,45
1,57
1,72
1,10
1,16
1,24
1,32
1,41
1,52
1,65
1,10
1,15
1,22
1,29
1,37
1,47
1,59
1,09
1,14
1,20
1,25
1,34
1,43
1,55
T bng ta thy khi a tng th ti tng, ng thi khi k tbi tng th ti gim.
T thc tin, ta nhn thy rng:
+ Khi C1 = 10 50mm; = 1100 1200 vi k tbi = 0,5 0,8 th ti = 1,2 1,45
+ Khi C1 = 50 100mm; = 1050 1150 vi k tbi = 0,4 0,6 th ti = 1,15 1,4
- Kch thc l hnh vung ca h thng thoi - vung:
Theo hnh 2.32 ta c:
ht = 1,41.C2 - 0,5. k vb (bt - 1,41C2) = 1,41C2(1 + 0,5 k vb ) - 0,5. k vb .bt
vi,
bt
bt
=a=
ht
1,41C 2 1 + 0,5k vb 0,5k vb b t
50
a 1 + 0,5.k v b .1,41.C 2
Suy ra:
bt =
Tnh li:
b t 1 + 0,5.k v b .1,41.C 2
ht =
=
a
1 + 0,5.k v b .a
1 + 0,5.k v b .a
T hai biu thc trn, tnh din tch hnh thoi:
(
(
(2.9)
h t .b t a 1 + 0,5.k v b .C 22
Ft =
=
2
2
1 + 0,5.a.k v
b
Tnh h s gin di trong l hnh vung tip theo:
F
F
a 1 + 0,5.k v b
v = t = t2 =
Fv C 2 1 + 0,5.a.k v
b
vi =
hoc tng t:
a i 1 + 0,5.k vbi
(1 + 0,5.a .k
i
)
)
)
)
2
2
v 2
bi
T biu thc (2.9) v bng 2.7 cho ta mt s gi tr theo ai v k vbi :

Bng 2.7- H s gin di vi theo k vbi
()
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
a=
b ti
h ti
1,19
1,30
1,43
1,57
1,73
1,92
2,15
Tr s vi theo k vbi
0
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
1,19
1,30
1,43
1,57
1,73
1.92
2.15
1,13
1,21
1,28
1,36
1,44
1,53
1,62
1,11
1,18
1,25
1,31
1,37
1,44
1,52
1,10
1,16
1,21
1,27
1,32
1,37
1,42
1,09
1,14
1,19
1,23
1,27
1,31
1,34
1,08
1,12
1,16
1,19
1,22
1,25
1,27
T thc tin nhn thy rng:

+ Khi C2 = 5 30mm; k vb = 0,4 0,65 th v = 1,19 1,37.
+ Khi C2 = 40 120mm; k vb = 0,3 0,4b th v = 1,18 1,44.
Ni chung khi tnh theo h thng l hnh thoi - vung nh nu trn ta
c th chn t v.
Th t cc bc tnh ton v thit k h thng l hnh thoi - vung cng
tng t nh vi h thng van - vung.
- i vi nhng l hnh thoi c gc ln th din tch hnh thoi:
F't = 0,98.b't.h't = 0,49.bt.ht
51
vi:
rt = 0,15.ht;
r = (0,15 0,2)Ct;
bt
Ct =
ht
2. cos
2
2
Ty theo gc n nh l hnh thoi, c th tham kho kch thc l hnh
khi c bn knh ln nh bng 2.8.
Bng 2.8- Kch thc l hnh thoi khi c bn knh ln
bt
= tg
b't
F't
h't
()
ht
2
2. sin
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
1,19
1,30
1,43
1,57
1,73
1,92
2,15
ht - 0,61r
ht - 0,52r
ht - 0,44r
ht - 0,37r
ht - 0,31r
ht - 0,28r
ht - 0,21r
Ft - 0,29r2 - 0,59S2
Ft - 0,23r2 - 0,65S2
Ft - 0,18r2 - 0,72S2
Ft - 0,14r2 - 0,79S2
Ft - 0,112r2 - 0,87S2
Ft - 0,085r2 - 0,96S2
Ft - 0,052r2 - 1,08S2
bt - 1,19S
bt - 1,30S
bt - 1,43S
bt - 1,57S
bt - 1,73S
bt - 1,92S
bt - 2,15S
e) H thng l hnh van bng - van ng
hI
hov
hIII
H thng ny dng ch yu cc my cn hnh c nh lin tc c trc bng

v trc ng xen k.
1 c im:
H thng l hnh
I
II
III
IV
van bng - van ng c
u im l khng cn lt
h
phi, c t s = 1,2 1,3 ,
b
bo m n nh phi trong
l hnh, cht lng b mt
Hnh 2.33- H thng l hnh van bng - van ng.
sn phm tt.
2 Tnh ton h s gin di, kch thc trong h thng van bng - ng:
Gi thit c 3 l hnh
I
II
III
vi cc k hiu nh hnh
2.34.
Vi t s chiu rng
h
v chiu cao I = 1,2 ; ta
bI
bI
bov
bIII
Hnh 2.34- S cu to l hnh van bng - van ng.
c:
h ov = h I + b ov
I
ov
= h I + k ov
b b TB b TB
52
I
ov
= 1,2 b I + k ov
b b TB b TB
= 1,2 b I + k ov
b (0,75b I 0,74 b ov )
ov
h ov = 1,2 + 0,75k ov
b b I 0,74 k b b ov
k ov
b =
Mc gin rng:
t:
a II =
h ov
, ta c:
b ov
b
h TB
a II =
(1,2 + 0,75k )b
ov
b
0,74 k ov
b b ov
b ov
T 2 biu thc trn, ta suy ra:

b ov
(1,2 + 0,75k )b
=
ov
b I
a II + 0,74 k ov
b
h ov =
a II + 0,74 k ov
b
Din tch l hnh van bng II:

Fov 0,74.b ov .h ov =
a II 1,2 + 0,75k ov
b b I
2
0,74.a II 1,2 + 0,75k ov
b b I
(a
II
+ 0,74 k ov
b
Din tch l hnh van ng I:
FI b I .h I 0,75.1,2.b I .h I 0,9.b 2I
4
Tm h s gin di trong l hnh van bng II:
ov
h
1,215 ov + 0,74.k ov
b
F
b ov
= I =
2
h
Fov
ov
1,2 + 0,74 k ov
b
b ov
Ta nhn thy, h s gin di ov ph thuc vo aII v k ov

b , c th vit di dng:
ov =
(
)
(1,2 + 0,74k )
1,215 a II i + 0,74.k ov
b i
a II i
ov 2
b i
Bng 2.8 cho ta tr s ca ov theo aII i v k ov

b i .
Bng 2.8- H s gin di ov i theo k ov
b i v aII i
Tr s ov i theo k ov
b i
b
a = ti
h ti
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
1,16
1,43
1,69
1,95
1,14
1,37
1,61
1,86
1,13
1,33
1,55
1,77
1,11
1,29
1,49
1,68
1,10
1,27
1,45
1,63
1,09
1,23
1,39
1,55
1,07
1,20
1,35
1,49
1,07
1,18
1,31
1,44
53
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng chn
h ov
= 2 2,5 v tng ng c h s gin
b ov
di ov = 1,61 1,18.
i vi l hnh van ng III ta c:
III ov
III
b III
ov = b 2 k b h TB h TB
= b III k III
b (0,74.h ov 0,9.b III )
III
III
b III
ov = 1 + 0,9.k b b III 0,74.k b .h ov
aI =
vi
(1 + 0,9k )b
III
b
h ov
III
0,74.k III
b .h ov
b ov =
Bin i v rt ra c:
h ov =
(1 + 0,9k )a .b
III
b
II
1 + 0,74.a I .k III
b
Din tch tit din ca l hnh van bng II:
(1 + 0,9k )b
III
b
III
III
1 + 0,74.a I .k b
(
)
(1 + 0,74.a .k )
2
2
0,74 1 + 0,9.k III
b .a I .b III
III 2
b
Bng cch tnh ton nh trn ta rt ra c h s gin di 2 trong l hnh

van ng III:
Fov 0,822.a I 1 + 0,9.k III

b
2 =
2
F2
1 + 0,74.a .k III
(
)
0,822.a (1 + 0,9.k )
=
(1 + 0,74.a .k )
I
hoc:
Ii
III 2
b i
III 2
b i
Bng 2.10 cho mt vi tr s 2 c tnh ton theo cng thc trn.

Bng 2.10- H s gin di 2 theo ai v k III
b i
ai =
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
h ov
b ov
Tr s 2 theo k III
b i
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
1,17
1,37
1,53
1,65
1,12
1,27
1,37
1,43
1,09
1,21
1,26
1,27
1,07
1,14
1,16
1,17
1,04
1,09
1,10
1,08
Trn thc t, ngi ta thng s dng aI = 2 2,5 v k III

b =0,3 0,5 v cho
h s 2 = 1,37 1,14.
54
Nu cho trc mt h s gin di 2 c th xc nh h s gin di trong l

hnh van bng theo biu thc:
ov 1 + (1,2 1,3)(2 - 1)
(2.10)
3 Cc bc tnh ton v thit k theo h thng van bng - van ng:
- Tm mt h s gin di tng qut t l hnh van ng ny sang van ng
kia: = ov.2 = 1,4 1,9. y gi tr nh ng vi bI = 5 15 mm, gi tr ln
ng vi bI = 30 40 mm.
- Xc nh mi kch thc ca l hnh van ng (theo nhim v thit k).
- Xc nh din tch tit din v cc kch thc ca l hnh van bng trung
gian (trn c s v biu thc *). ng thi phi xc nh lng gin rng b
trong l hnh van ng v van bng theo cc biu thc tnh lng gin rng.
f) H thng l hnh van - trn
H thng ny thng s dng cn thp trn cc my cn hnh c trung,
c nh, cn dy thp, s dng cc h blc cn dy.
1 c im:
- u im: khng c gc nhn, phi ngui ng u, m bo cht lng b
mt sn phm cn, lng p ng u nn hn ch c ng sut d trong sn
phm. t mi mn l hnh hn so vi h thng van - vung.
- Nhc im: phi van vo l hnh trn kh, hay vn vt cn trong l hnh,
phi dng dn hng nghim ngt (cng), h s gin di khng ln (2 = 1,2 1,4).
2 Tnh ton h s gin di ca h thng:
Gi thit c 3 l hnh nh hnh sau:
II
III
hov
bov
d0
Hnh 2.35- H thng l hnh van - trn.
Tng t nh h van - vung ta c:

b ov = d 0 + b ov
F0
= d 0 + k ov
0,74.h ov
b
d0
= d 0 + k ov
b (0,8.d 0 0,74.h ov )
ov
b ov = 1 + 0,8.k ov
b d 0 0,74.k b .h ov
d0
55
b ov
=a
h ov
(1 + 0,8.k )d
ov
b
Ta c:
Suy ra:
h ov =
(1 + 0,8.k )d
0,74.h ov .k ov
b
h ov
ov
b 0
a + 0,74 k ov
b
b ov =
a. 1 + 0,8.k ov
b d 0
a + 0,74 k ov
b
Din tch tit din ca l hnh van:

=a
2
0,74.a. 1 + 0,8.k ov
b .d 0
(a + 0,74k )
ov 2
b
Din tch tit din phi trn vo l hnh van:

.d 02
FO
= 0,785.d 02
4
H s gin di trong l hnh van:
ov
(
(
F
1,06 a + 0,74 k ov
b
= O =
2
Fov
a. 1 + 0,8.k ov
b
y h s gin di trong l hnh van cng ph thuc vo t s a v h s

hn ch gin rng k ov
b , v vy:
ov =
(
)
a .(1 + 0,8.k )
1,06 a i + 0,74 k ov
b i
ov 2
b i
Xc nh h s gin di trong l hnh trn, ta c:
I
h ov = d I + k Ib b ov
TB h TB
= d I + k Ib (0,74.b ov 0,8.d I )
h ov = 1 + 0,8.k Ib d I 0,74.b ov .k Ib
Vi t s
b ov
= a c th bin i tng t nh trn v tm c cc gi tr
h ov
ca bov v hov:
h ov =
(1 + 0,8.k ).d
I
b
1 + 0,74.a.k Ib
Din tch tit din ca phi van:

b ov =
a. 1 + 0,8.k Ib d I
1 + 0,74.a.k Ib
)
)
0,74.a. 1 + 0,8.k Ib .d 2I
(1 + 0,74.a.k
I 2
b
56
Din tch l tit din phi trn:

.d 2I
FI
= 0,785.d 2I
4
H s gin di trong l hnh trn:
F
0,94.a. 1 + 0,8k Ib
I = ov =
2
FI
1 + 0,74.a.k I
Vit di dng tng qut:

I i =
0,94.a i . 1 + 0,8k Ib i
(1 + 0,74.a .k )
i
2
I
b i
g) H thng l hnh thoi - thoi

H thng ny thng s dng nhiu cc my cn hnh c ln v trung bnh
khi cn thp cht lng, thp hp kim.
b1
II
C2
III
b2
3
C3
h3
h2
1
C1
h1
b3
Hnh 2.36- H thng l hnh thoi - thoi.
1 c im:
- u im: sc cnh, d nhn c tit din vung chnh xc, lng gin
rng trong l hnh nh.
- Nhc im: vt cn d b lt trong l hnh, d hnh thnh bavia, h s gin
di nh ( = 1,1 1,3).
2 Quan h kch thc v s hnh thnh h s gin di bin dng:
b1 = h1 .tg 1 ;
b 2 = h 2 .tg 2
Theo hnh ta c:
2
2
H s gin di trong l hnh II:
h12 .tg 1
F
0,5.b1 .h1
2
2 = 1 =
=
F2 0,5.b 2 .h 2
h 22 .tg 2
2
Nu nh b2 = 0 th h1 = b2. Vy:
h1 .tg 1 .tg 2
h .b
b
2
2 = tg 1 .tg 2
2 = 1 1 = 1 =
(2.11)
h 2 .b 2 h 2
b2
2
2
57
Nu nh khi cn c gin rng b th h s gin di s gim i cng vi s

tng ca k tb v mi s tnh ton s tng t nh h thng thoi - vung. Nh
bng 2.6, khi k tb = 0 th h s gin di trong l hnh thoi bng h s gin di trong
l hnh vung.
t = v =
b1
= tg
h1
2
Vi h thng thoi - thoi, nu hai gc ca hnh thoi lin k nh nhau 1 = 2

th t biu thc (2.11) ta c:
2 =
.
V vy,
h12
h 22
b12
b 22
b1 = b 2 . 2 ;
C 12
C 22
h1 = h 2 . 2
c ngha l khi bit c 2 ta c th xc nh c kch thc ca l hnh trc

(tc l hnh I).
Nu vi mt lng gin rng b = 0 (h1 = b2) th:
b1 b1
=
= 2
b 2 h1
2
suy ra 2 = 1 = tg 2 1
2
h1
Khi mt l hnh thoi c gc nh 1 = 1000 th h s gin di 2 trong l
hnh thoi II:
100
2 = tg 2 1 = tg 2
= (1,19)2 = 1,416
2
2
Ta c nhn xt rng, vi h thng thoi - vung, khi kb = 0, ta c:
v = t = 1,19
(bng 2.6 v 2.7)
Khi thit k theo h thng thoi - thoi phi xt n khong trng cho gin
rng v lng gin rng c th tnh theo biu thc:
b h2
b = (0,35 0,4 ) (b1 h 2 )R k 2 . 1
= b 2 h1
b1
Khi dng h
thng thoi - thoi nh
hnh 2.37 th Rk2 l bn
knh lm vic y l
hnh tng ng c gc
= 24 260; r 0,2C;
a = C/3; R1 = C.
B
Hnh 2.37- Cu to l hnh thoi c bn knh m rng.
58
h) H thng l hnh vn nng

H thng ny l tp hp l hnh cc loi nh: vung, trc phng, van ng,
van bng, trn. H thng ny c s dng nhiu cn cc loi thp trn t thp
c cht lng, thp hp kim trn cc my cn c ln, trung bnh.
Hnh 2.38- H thng l hnh vn nng.
1 c im:
- u im: bng cch thay i khe h ca trc cn, trong l hnh c th cn
c nhiu kch thc thp trn. mt s l hnh c gin rng t do nn loi tr
c khuyt tt, d lm sch vy rn, m bo cht lng b mt sn phm.
- Nhc im: h s gin di trong l hnh van nh (ov = 1,2 1,25).
2 Kt cu ca cc l hnh van ng v van bng ca h thng l hnh
vn nng:
S
H
C'
C
a)
B
B
b)
c)
Hnh 2.39- Kt cu kch thc l hnh van.
- van ng kiu hp vung (hnh 2.39a):

S = 3 10mm; = 20 25%; r = 0,2C; gc n cho php = 21 220 vi
= 1,3 1,35.
Khi cn trn trc phng th phi vung c p theo chiu cao vi h s gin
di = 1,1 1,2; h s hn ch gin rng trong l hnh vung kb = 0,7.
- van ng kiu trn (hnh 2.39b):
L hnh ny cho php cn thp trn vi 4 5 loi kch thc. Tm bn knh
R thp hn ng nm ngang khi khe h S nh nht.
V d, cn thp trn 20 33 mm th van ng kiu trn c kch thc B
59
= 36 mm, h = 15 mm, R = 18,3 mm. Vi = 27 mm th S = 3 mm, H = 33 mm. Vi

= 33 mm th S tng ln S = 6 mm.
- van bng (hnh 2.39c):
L hnh ny c khe h rt ln, thun li cho vic kh vy rn. Chn cc kch
thc nh sau: chiu rng B = 1,15d + 5 mm (d bng ng knh ngoi thp trn
ln nht trong nhm sn phm c cn ra), h = 25 7 mm, ph thuc vo ng
knh ngoi ca thp trn.
l hnh ny = 1,18 1,24.
Kch thc phi vung (hnh 2.39a): C0 = 1,3d.
60
Chng 3
Cc i lng c trng cho s bin dng ca

kim loi khi cn
3.1- Cc thng s hnh hc ca vng bin dng
Quan st m hnh cn vi hai trc cn c tm O1 v O2 quay ngc chiu
nhau vi cc tc V1 v V2. Bn knh trc cn l R1 v R2, cc im tip xc gia
phi cn vi trc l A1B1B2A2, gc tm chn cc cung A1B1 v B2A2 l 1 v 2.
E
Vi cc k hiu nh trn, ta c cc
V1
khi nim v thng s hnh hc ca
O1
vng bin dng khi cn nh sau:
R
1
A1 1 K
- A1B1B2A2: vng bin dng hnh hc
h1
- A1B1nB2A2m: vng bin dng
B1
H
h
thc t.
m
n
h2
- m, n: bin dng ngoi vng bin
2 B2
A2
R2
dng hnh hc.
O2
- 1, 2: cc gc n.
- A1B1, A2B2: cc cung tip xc.
V2
lx
- lx: hnh chiu cung tip xc ln
b/2
phng nm ngang.
- H, h: chiu cao vt cn trc v
sau khi cn.
B
b
- B, b: chiu rng vt cn trc v
sau khi cn.
b/2
- L, l: chiu di vt cn trc v
Hnh 3.1- S cn gia hai trc.
sau khi cn.
3.2- Mi quan h gia cc i lng hnh hc
H - h = h: lng p tuyt i.
Hh
h h
= 1 =
: lng p t i.
H
H H
b - B = b: dn rng tuyt i.
bB b
b
= 1 =
: dn rng t i.
B
B
B
3.3. Lng p
Khi cn, tit din ngang ca vt cn u gim xung khi qua cc l hnh trc
cn. S gim tit din ngang chnh l s gim chiu cao ca vt cn sau mi ln cn
qua cc l hnh ta gi l lng p.
61
Lng p trong mi ln cn phi da vo cc yu t sau y m phn chia

hp l cho tng l hnh:
Thnh phn ha hc, c l tnh ca kim loi cn
H thng l hnh, tng loi l hnh c th.
Lc cn cho php ca trc, cng sut ng c, mmen cn v.v..
Thit b ph khc ca my cn cho php tin hnh quy trnh cng ngh.
Ngoi cc yu t trn cn phi lu ti nng lc ca thit b trong khi cn m
iu chnh cho ph hp ng thi khng ngng ci tin v tm ra quy trnh cng
ngh mi hp l hn t c lng p ln nht.
Lng p ln nht (lng p cc i) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D
h MAX = L . 2 (mm)
(3.1)
2
trong :
DL - ng knh lm vic ca trc cn.
- gc n ca vt cn
DL
Trong qu trnh cn, trc cn lun lun
DH
b mi mn v vy b mt lm vic ca trc dn
khng t c yu cu k thut. p kim
loi c tt v m bo cht lng b mt ca
sn phm chng ta phi tin hnh mi, tin li
trc cn.
H s mi li trc cn c tnh nh sau:
D MIN
D
K = MAX
(3.2)
DH
trong :
K - h s mi li
DMAX - ng knh trc cn mi ch to
DMIN - ng knh trc cn c mi li ln cui cng.
DH - ng knh trc cn danh ngha
Trong thc t K = 0,08 0,12 i vi trc cn phi;
K = 0,1 i vi trc cn hnh
Ngoi ra hMAX dng cho my cn ph 2 trc o chiu c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
1
(3.3)
h MAX = D L 1
(mm)
2
1+ f
trong : f - h s ma st gia vt cn v trc cn (c tnh theo L thuyt cn).
Trong trng hp ang cn m tnh do ca kim loi b gim buc ta phi
iu chnh li lng p th phi kim tra li mmen un ca trc v lc cn theo
a b
(3.4)
cng thc sau:
M u = P
4 8
62
0,8.D 3 . u
trong : P =
(3.5)
(2a b )
Thay (3.5) vo (3.4) ta c:
M u = 0,1.D 3 . u
(3.6)
L
trong : D - ng knh trc cn

a
a = L + l: tng chiu di thn trc v c trc cn
b - chiu rng vt cn
u - ng sut un cho php ca vt liu lm trc
Ch : Khi xc nh lc cn theo (3.5) v mmen un theo (3.6) th ta b
qua mmen xon ca trc cn.
Lc cn sau mi ln cn c xc nh bng cng thc:
P = Ptb.F = Ptb.B.ltx
Trong : Ptb: p lc trung bnh ca kim loi ln trc cn
B: chiu rng trung bnh ca kim loi cn
ltx: chiu di vng bin dng, nh vy ta suy ra lng p sau mi ln cn:
1 P
P
h =
R.h =
Ptb .B
R Ptb .R
(3.7)
3.4. Lng p trung bnh v tng lng p
Khi thc hin ch p cn thit phi bit c kch thc ca thi thp c
hay kch thc ca phi cn ban u, kch thc ca sn phm cn v tng lng
p.
B
V d: cn phi cn ra mt sn phm
1
2
c tit din hnh vung t phi thp tit din
5
hnh ch nht (H.3.1). Tng lng p c
6
tnh theo cng thc:
h = m.[(A a ) + (B a )] (3.8)
trong : m - h s bin dng ngang ca vt
3 4 7
cn, i vi trc cn phng m = 1,15.
a
Lng p trung bnh sau mi ln cn:
H.3.1. S cn thp vung
t phi thp ch nht
h
h tb =
(3.9)
n
trong : n - s ln cn, htb = (0,80,9)hMAX.
i vi trc cn phng s ln cn c tnh theo cng thc:
1,15[(A a ) + (B a )]
(3.10)
n=
h tb
i vi trc cn hnh, v tit din mt ct ngang ca thp hnh phc tp nn
kh phn tnh ton phn phi lng p, cho nn ngi ta da vo s phn phi h
63
s gin di cho tng ln cn v tnh din tch mt ct tin hnh quy trnh cng
ngh.
Tng bin dng c th c biu hin qua tng h s gin di:
F
F
F
F F
= 0 = 0 = 1 = 2 ... n 1 = 1 . 2 . 3 ... n = n. tb (3.10)
Fn F1 F2 F3 Fn
trong F0, Fn - din tch tit din ngang ca phi v sn phm cn.
S ln cn c th c xc nh theo cng thc:
lg lg F0 lg Fn
=
(3.11)
n=
lg tb
lg tb
Nh vy, bit c din tch tit din ngang ca phi v sn phm cn, bit
c h s gin di trung bnh, ta c th tnh c s ln cn theo (3.11).
Mi quan h gia tb vi l hnh v kim loi c cn, cng nh vic phn
b h s tb hon ton ging nh phn b lng p theo nguyn tc:
- Dng ht kh nng p v gin di ca l hnh
- Nng sut t cao nht m s ln cn l t nht
-
ln cn u tin v cui cng th h s gin di nh hn cc ln cn

trung gian.
Trong cn ngui cng nh cn nng, lng p khng c nh m thay i
theo cc ln cn. Theo nguyn l th lng p gim dn t lt cn u n cui v
lng bin cng ngy cng tng ( th 3.1).
Tuy nhin nhng lt cn u do ph thuc vo iu kin cn nn lng p
khng ln lm sau do tit din ca vt cn nh nn khng cn ph thuc vo
iu kin cn m vo iu kin bn ca gi cn v cng sut ng c nn lng p
tng ln, tip n v kh nng mn ca trc cn nn lng p gim xung theo
th (3.2) :
Hh
.100%
h
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
th 3.1.Th t khun cn
n
2 3 4
th 3.2. S th t cc ln cn.
64
Trong thc t tb c phn phi cho mt s loi l hnh v sn phm hay

dng theo bng (3.1):
Bng (3.1): phn phi h s tb cho mt s sn phm cn v cc loi l
hnh tng ng.
Loi sn phm cn
Loi l hnh
tb
1. Loi sn phm c mt ct L hnh cn tinh
1,131,15
n gin (vung, trn, ch L hnh ch nht - vung
1,101,30
nht, dt, tam gic, ...)
L hnh thoi - vung
1,251,60
L hnh bu dc
1,201,80
L hnh vung
1,201,80
2. Loi c mt ct ngang phc L hnh tinh
1,121,20
tp ( ng ray, ch I, U, T, ...) L hnh th
1,301,40
3.5. Lng gin rng
Vt cn qua mi ln p trong cc l hnh u c s gin rng. Trong l
thuyt cn ta c lng gin rng tuyt i b c tnh theo cng thc:
b = b - B
Lng dn rng b pht sinh mt cch t nhin theo quy lut bin dng
trong khng gian ba chiu, th nhng trn thc t, trong qu trnh cn n l mt i
lng bin dng khng mong mun v b l mt thng s bin dng chu nh
hng ca nhiu thng s cng ngh cn, b cng chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra ph
phm nhiu trng hp.
V vy, m vic nghin cu i lng bin dng ngang v lng dn rng b
khi cn l rt cn thit nhm mc ch khng ch hoc cng bc khi cn thit.
Song, vn li rt kh l gii trong l thuyt cn bi v mi s din bin cc thng
s cng ngh u xy ra trong vng bin dng.
c nhiu tc gi v cng c nhiu cng trnh c cng b, mi
nghin cu u tp trung vo cc yu t lm nh hng n lng dn rng b.
Ta bit rng khi mt phn t kim loi b nn theo mt chiu th s chy do
theo hai chiu cn li, trn c s ta thy i lng h l yu t cng ngh u
tin nh hng n lng bin dng ngang b.
Mt s cng trnh nghin cu khc em li cc biu thc tnh b.
Trong tnh ton thng s dng cng thc ca B.P. Bactinov:
h
h
(3.12)
b = 1,15.
R.h
2H
2f
trong , H: chiu cao ban u ca phi cn;
f: h s ma st trn b mt tip xc.
R: bn knh trc cn; h: lng p tuyt i.
65
Vi biu thc ca Petrov, tc gi cp n nhiu yu t cng ngh nh

hng n b nh l trng thi ng sut trung bnh 2, h s ma st, yu t hnh
dng vng bin dng, lng p h...:
h h
h
(3.13)
b = 1 +
.f . R.h
H
2f H
Qua cc biu thc trn ta nhn xt: Lng dn rng b ph thuc vo cc

yu t cng ngh: chiu rng ban u vt cn B, chiu cao vt cn H, lng p tuyt
i h, ng knh trc cn D, h s ma st f, ng sut php , ng sut tip ...
Trong bng 3.2 sau y cho ta bit lng gin rng thc t ca my cn phi
thi Blumin vi ch p, gc n, s ln cn t thi c nng t 6,771 tn v tit
din (680 x 685)mm xung phi c tit din (250 x 250) mm.
Bng 3.2: ch p khi cn phi thi (250 x 250) t thi c (680 x 685) mm
Ln
Kch thc
sau cn
cn
Dy (mm)
Rng (mm)
1
2x
3
4x
5
6x
7
8x
9
10 x
11
12 x
13
14 x
15
680
600
615
540
470
400
540
460
380
300
370
290
280
240
250
685
690
605
610
615
620
410
420
435
450
315
330
300
310
250
Lng p
Dn rng
(mm)
(mm)
80
75
75
75
70
70
80
80
80
80
80
80
50
40
60
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
15
15
15
15
10
10
10
Gc n
()
23035
23035
22055
22055
22005
22055
23050
23050
23050
23050
23020
23020
17040
16030
20030
Ch thch: c du x l c lt tr phi tng ng vi hnh trnh.

3.6. Cung tip xc v gc n khi cn
Cung to bi trc cn v kim loi khi n vo trc gi l cung tip xc. Trong
l thuyt can ta chng minh cung tip xc ph thuc vo bn knh trc cn v
gc n ca vt cn vo trc:
h = D(1 - cos)
vi
D: ng knh lm vic ca trc cn.
Khi gc b ( 10 - 150) th: 1 - cos = 2sin2(/2) = 2(/2)2 = 2/2
66
h = D(1 cos ) = D.2. sin 2 = D.

2
2
Do ,
Suy ra,
Hoc:
h
R
(rad)
(3.14)
180 h
h
()
= 57,5.
R
R
3.7. S vt trc v s tr
Trn mt di cung tip xc trong vng bin dng, s chnh lch tc to
nn 2 vng phn cch bi mt tit din m ti VBcos = VH = Vh, ta gi l tit
din trung ho. Vng (1) tc ca phi nh hn tc ca trc cn (VBcos), ta
gi l vng tr. Vng (2) tc ca phi ln hn tc ca trc cn (VBcos), ta
gi l vng vt trc.
K hiu l gc tm chn bi phn cung tip xc thuc vng vt trc v
c gi l gc trung ho. Gc tm chn bi cung thuc vng tr s l ( - ).
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ngi ta nhn thy rng, nu nh di cung
tip xc lx kh ln th khng phi ch c tit din trung ho m c c mt vng trung
ho. Vng ny ngi ta gi l vng dnh. C ngha rng, trn vng ny khng tn ti
s trt trn b mt tip xc, lc ma st c gi tr rt b 0 v i du.
th tc trong trng hp ny nh hnh 2.9.
T nhng khi nim tnh by
2
trn y ta nhn thy rng, hin tng
2
tr v vt trc l mt qu trnh ng
VBcos
xy ra mt cch t nhin trong vng
1
Vh
1
Vng
bin dng. ln ca tng vng c th
VB
vt
Vng Vng
thay i ty theo cc thng s cng
trc
VH
tr
dnh
ngh xy ra trong vng bin dng, k c
lx
cc thng s hnh hc ca vng bin
dng. V vy, vic xc nh ln ca
tng vng, nht l tr s vt trc c Hnh 3.2- S tc trc v vt cn khi
tn ti vng dnh
ngha thc t trong cng ngh cn.
Khi xt mi lin h gia cc thng s hnh hc ta c: hmax = D(1 - cos).
Vi biu thc ny, nu nh ta tnh lng p ti tit din trung ho th ta c th vit:
h = h - h = D(1 - cos)
(3.15)
Suy ra,
h = D(1 - cos) + h
Theo Phike th lng vt trc c tnh theo biu thc:
[D(1 cos ) + h]cos 1
Sh% =
(3.16)
h
67
Trong (3.16) tm c Sh% cn phi xc nh c cos l ch yu. T

h
(3.17)
(3.15) ta tm c: cos = 1
D
Hoc theo biu thc rezen:
R
(3.18)
S %h = 2
h
Cng nh vt trc, i lng tr c th tnh t iu kin th tch khng i
khi phi di chuyn trong vng bin dng trong mt n v thi gian: VHF = Vhf.
(3.19)
y ta k hiu:
F/f = , do : VH = Vh/
K hiu SH l i lng tr, ta c:
V cos VH
VH
SH = B
(3.20)
= 1
VB cos
VB cos
Vi l mt gc bin i theo tit din quan st. a (3.19) vo (3.20) ta c
VH
SH = 1
(3.21)
VB cos
3.8. p lc ca kim loi ln trc cn
p lc ca kim loi ln trc cn l nguyn nhn chnh to ra trng thi ng
sut trong vng bin dng, c im bin dng ca trc cn. p lc t pha trc cn
ln kim loi c s tng tc vi vt trc, s dn rng, iu kin n kim loi. T
iu kin v cc thng s cng ngh ta c th tnh c p lc ca kim loi ln trc
cn v qua xc nh c mmen cn, cng sut cn, cng sut ng c v tiu
hao nng lng trong qu trnh cn.
Tr s v s phn b p lc trn cung tip xc ca vng bin dng c nh
hng trc tip n mc mn trc cn v do nh hng n thi gian lm
vic ca trc. Tr s mmen v cng sut cn l cc thng s cn thit tnh cc
kch thc gi cn v cc chi tit my cn. Tr s mmen khng ch ph thuc vo
p lc m cn ph thuc vo im t lc tng hp trn cung tip xc.
Xc nh c p lc trung bnh chng ta c th tnh c lc cn P:
(3.22)
P = Ptb.F
trong ,
F: din tch b mt tip xc
B+b
F = b TB .l x =
Rh
2
trong , B: chiu rng phi cn; b: chiu rng vt cn;
lx: chiu di cung tip xc
R: bn knh trc cn;
h: lng p tuyt i;
Trong thc t, khi tnh p lc cn ngi ta thng dng mt s biu thc
thc nghim. Thc cht cc biu thc ny ca mt s tc gi khi nghin cu ch xt
68
mt s cc yu t ch yu nh hng n p lc cn, kt qu nhn c tho mn

tnh ton cng ngh.
c Tnh p lc cn theo cng thc kelun - cho kt qu tho mn iu kin
cn hnh trng thi nng khi t > 8000C, vi thp Cacbon v thp Crm.
P = (K + )(1 + m)
(3.23)
trong ,
K: tr khng ca vt liu (gii hn chy nhit cn), KG/mm2
: nht (st) ca vt liu cn, KG/s/mm2
: tc bin dng trung bnh, 1/s
m: h s tnh n s tng tr khng bin dng do ma st tip xc.
- Trn c s phn tch cc s liu thc nghim, kelun a ra biu thc tnh
tr s K:
K = (14 - 0,01T)(1,4 + C + Mn + 0,3Cr)
(3.24)
0
trong ,
T: nhit cn, C
C: Hm lng ccbon trong vt liu cn, (%)
Mn: Hm lng Mangan trong vt liu cn, (%)
Cr: Hm lng Crm trong vt liu cn, (%)
- nht (st) ca vt liu cn c tnh theo biu thc:
= 0,01(14 - 0,01t)Cv
(3.25)
vi, Cv l mt i lng ph thuc vo tc quay ca trc cn, xc nh theo s
liu bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3
<6
V (m/s)
6 10
10 15
15 20
1
0,8
0,65
0,6
Cv
- H s m (nh hng ca ma st) tnh theo biu thc:
1,6.f hR 1,2 h
H+h
vi, f l h s ma st c xc nh nh sau:
Trc thp: f = 1,05 - 0,0005t
Trc gang: f = 0,8(1,05 - 0,0005t)
- Tc bin dng trung bnh tnh theo biu thc:
m=
(3.26)
h
(1/s)
(3.27)
= 2V R
H+h
d Tnh p lc cn theo cng thc Shunberge
Trn c s ca biu thc kelun, bng cch phn tch ton hc cc kt qu
nghin cu mt s my cn cng nghip, Shunberge a ra biu thc sau:
PTB = 0,011(Tch
n.l
Tc ) a + 0,001. x
h TB

.l
l
0,315 + 1 + 0,315.
h
h
(3.28)
trong ,
69
Tch: nhit chy ca vt liu nhn vi h s 0,95.

n: s vng quay ca trc cn, vg/ph
Tc: nhit cn;
a: h s xt n thnh phn ho hc ca vt cn (a = K), KG/mm2
: h s bin dng; l x = Rh ;
hTB = (H + h)/2
Nhc im ca biu thc (3.28) l th nguyn ca cc s hng khng ph

hp vi th nguyn ca cc kt qa, c ngha l biu thc thc nghim khng c
ngha v mt vt l.
e Tnh p lc cn theo cng thc Gheley
Theo Gheley c th tnh p lc trung bnh khi cn ngui v nng vi trc cn
phng theo cng thc:
.l
PTB = K f 1 + C 4 Vc
(3.29)
h
trong ,
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Kf: tr khng bin dng trung bnh, Kf = 1,15S

Vc: tc cn, m/s
C: h s thc nghim ph thuc vo t s lx/hTB xc nh theo hnh 3.3
Hnh 3.3- S ph thuc ca h s C

(h s thc nghim ca Gheley C =
lx
l
)) vo t s x .
hTB
hTB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 lx/hTB
3.9. Cng, cng sut v mmen khi cn

3.9.1. Cng lm kim loi bin dng
Theo Pavlov th cng thc tnh ton cng lm kim loi bin dng tng i
chnh xc l:
H
(3.30)
A = Ptb .V. ln
h
trong , Ptb: p lc trung bnh (n v) ca kim loi ln trc cn;
V: th tch ca kim loi;
H, h: chiu cao kim loi trc v sau khi cn;
3.9.2. Cng sut v mmen khi cn
Cng sut khi cn c tnh theo cng thc:
A
W=
t
(3.31)
70
trong , t: thi gian lm kim loi bin dng (s)

Cng sut ng c ca thit b cn c tnh ton trn c s l thuyt hoc
theo s liu thc t ca s tiu hao nng lng n v theo sn phm cn.
Trn c s tnh ton, ngi ta thng dng cch xc nh cng sut theo
mmen cn:
V
(3.32)
N = Mc.
r
trong ,
V: tc quay ca trc cn
r: bn knh trc cn
(3.33)
Mc = Mms + Mbd
Mms: mmen ma st gm mmen ma st do lc cn sinh trn c trc
cn (Mms1) v mmen ma st ti cc chi tit quay (Mms2). Mmen ma st c tnh:
Mms = Mms1 + Mms2
(3.34)
Trong :
Mms1 = f.P.d
vi, f: h s ma st trn c trc cn
P: lc cn (N, KG)
D: ng knh c trc (mm)
H s ma st (f)
Loi trc cn
H s ma st f
ma st lng
0,003 0,0005
ma st na lng
0,006 0,01
bi
0,003 0,008
trt bng thp
0,04 0,1
trt bng s
0,005 0,01
Mms2 = (0,08 0,12)(M0 + Mms1)
Mmen khng ti M0 sinh ra thng trng lng ca cc chi tit quay khi
my chy khng ti. Mmen khng ti thng bng 3 6% mmen cn:
M0 = (3 6)% Mc
Mmen ng Md = 0 khi cn khng c s tng gim tc .
Mmen cn c xc nh khc nhau theo nhng trng hp cn khc nhau:
1 i vi trng hp cn n gin, trc cn c cng ng knh v quay vi
cng mt tc :
(3.35)
Mbd = 2.P.a
vi,
a: tay n, c th la chn a trong phm vi:
a = (0,3 0,55)lx
C th tham kho theo s liu:
Khi cn nng: a = (0,45 0,5)lx
Khi cn ngui: a = (0,35 0,45)lx
71
l x = Rh
2 Trong trng hp cn c lc ko trc v sau vt cn th mmen bin

dng c th tnh theo biu thc:
(3.36)
Mbd = 2.P.a + (Qn - Qh).r
vi Qn, Qh l tr s lc ko trc v sau vt cn.
a1
M1
P
M1
P
2
P
P
M2
h1
h1
ltx
M2
a2
Hnh 3.4- Hng p lc cn

trong qu trnh cn n gin
a2
Hnh 3.5- Hng p lc cn trong

qu trnh cn trc di dn ng
3 Trong trng hp cn trn my cn ch mt trc c dn ng, lc

mmen trc trn bng khng, mmen ch c truyn qua trc di:
(3.37)
Mbd = P.a2
Trong : a = (0,350,45)ltx.
4 Khi cn trong 2 trc cn khc nhau v ng knh, lc mmen cn
phn b khng u gia 2 trc cn lc :
M1 = P.a1; M2 = P.a2
Trong thc t s chnh lch ng knh ca 2 trc cn khng ln (56%), do
c th cho a1 a2 lc :
Mbd = 2P.a
(3.38)
r.sinr
M1
r
a1
r
h
R
R
R.sinR
R
P
M2
a2
Hnh 3.6- S hng lc cn khi ng knh trc khc nhau
72
c th tnh c cng sut trn trc ng c ca my cn, chng ta cn

phi xc nh cng sut tiu hao trn h thng truyn lc t trc ng c n my
cn (trc cn). Thng thng ta xc nh cng sut tn hao ny theo mt h s hu
ch .
Vy, cng sut cn c xc nh nh sau:
N + N ms
N c = bd
(3.38)
Khi tnh ton cng thc truyn ng chnh ca my cn th ngoi cng sut
cn v cng sut tn hao trn h thng truyn lc cn phi tnh n cng sut khng
ti ca ng c. Nu nh trong qu trnh cn c iu chnh tc hoc khng th
cng phi tnh n mmen ng.
(3.39)
Mc = Mt M
trong ,
Mt: mmen ng c khi ph ti khng i (Mbd + Mms + M0)
M0: mmen khng ti ca ng c
M: mmen ng
Du (-) khi gim tc v du (+) khi tng tc
Tnh ton cng sut ng c
Cng sut ng c khi cn c tnh theo cng thc:
Nc = Mtc.c (kw)
Trong : Mtc - Mmen tnh trn trc ng c:
M + M ms1
(3.40)
M tdc = c
.i
Mc - mmen cn; = 1 . 2 . 3 - h s truyn ng hu ch ca my thng
ly bng 0,85 0,93.
1 = 0,93 0,95 - h s truyn ng hu ch ca hp gim tc
2 = 0,92 0,95 - h s truyn ng hu ch ca hp bnh rng ch V.
3 = 0,99 - h s truyn ng hu ch ca trc khp ni.
i - T s truyn t ng c n trc cn:
n
i = dc = dc
nt
t
ndc, nt - tc quay ca ng c v trc cn (vg/ph)
dc, t - vn tc gc ca ng c v trc cn (1/s)
sau khi tnh c Nc th tra bng v chn ng c cn thit cho my cn
theo iu kin:
Nc [N] (kw)
[N] cng sut cho php thc t ca ng c, kw.
Sau khi tnh ton mmen cho mt ln cn, iu trc tin l chn ng c,
xy dng th mmen tnh cho php ta tnh c cng sut ng c khi kim
73
tra y v qu ti v t nng ng c.
Khi kim tra v s qu ti cho php ca ng c th mmen nh mc ca
ng c c tnh nh sau:
M
(5.67)
M dm max
k
trong ,
Mmax: mmen cc i tnh theo th mmen tnh
k: h s qu ti ca ng c
Vi ng c khng o chiu: k = 2
Vi ng c o chiu: k = 2,5 3
Bn cnh vic tnh ton v mmen, ngi ta cng thng dng ch tiu tiu
hao nng lng trn mt n v sn phm cn xc nh cng sut cn:
3600
Ne =
G(e n 1 e n )
T
trong ,
Ne: cng sut tiu hao cho bin dng kim loi khi cn (tnh c cng
sut khng ti), KW
en-1, en: tiu hao nng lng trn mt tn thp cn, kw/gi
G: trng lng vt cn, tn
T: thi gian cn (khng tnh thi gian ngh gia cc ln cn), giy
N
Tiu hao nng lng trn mt tn thp cn c tnh: e = e
A
vi, A: nng sut cn
Tr s e thay i theo loi my cn, mc hin i ca my cn. Trn c s
cc s liu sn xut, thc t ta c th tham kho tr s ca e theo lng bin dng
tng x cho mt chiu dy thnh phm nh hnh 3.7
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
e (KWh/tn)
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
Hnh 3.7- S tiu hao nng lng khi cn

1. Bliumin; 2. Slabin;
3. Cn phi lin tc
4. Cn ray, dm
5. Cn hnh
6. Cn dy
74
Chng 4
Vn hnh, kim tra k thut, lm ngui v

tinh chnh sn phm sau cn
4.1. Cng tc vn hnh v kim tra k thut
V m bo cht lng v quy cch ca sn phm cho nn vic vn hnh
my ng k thut v kim tra qu trnh thao tc k thut l mt khu v cng quan
trng trong cng ngh cn. y khng phi ch lm sn phm c cht lng tt, tiu
hao kim loi t, my mc t hao mn v hng hc m cn ch ng ngn nga v
pht hin kp thi cc bin c xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut cn nh ph phm,
khuyt tt, cc s c my mc v.v... ch ng sn xut v nng cao nng sut,
tng sn lng. Cng tc kim tra cc quy trnh sn xut v k thut ca sn xut
cn c th chia ra cc giai on sau:
4.1.1. Kim tra m nu v ng nhn hiu
t chc qu trnh cng ngh sn xut cn c tt v lin tc th cng
vic kim tra m nu v ng nhn hiu l rt quan trng. Hng ngy trong mt
xng luyn thp hin i c th sn xut ra 7.00010.000 tn thp v cao hn na,
s lng mc thp c sn xut cng n vi chc loi. c bit i vi thp hp
kim th mi mc thp c dng theo cng dng trc tip ca n. V vy vic kim
tra m nu l rt quan trng, ng mc thp v cc k hiu khc phi tht chnh
xc. Nu ng sai nhn hiu s dn n nhng tc hi v cng ln, khng ch s
dng sai loi thp m cn lm h hng my mc trong qu trnh cn.
Mt mc thp khng ph hp vi n t hng hoc khng theo tiu chun
quc gia (TCVN) th c th dn n ph phm ton b nhm sn phm ca thp .
Vic nhm ln s m nu v nhm ln mc thp l iu khng th cho php, c
bit i vi cng ngh cn thp hnh m sn phm phi qua nhit luyn v quy
trnh nhit luyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo thnh phn ha hc ca thp.
4.1.2. Kim tra thi nung
Tin hnh kim tra thi nung qua cc cng vic sau y:
- Xc nh cht lng thi nung.
- Cn c vo cht lng thi nung v xc nh chnh xc ch cn, lng p
v s ln cn cho ph hp vi tnh ton thit k.
- Cn c vo c tnh c bit ca l nung m c th c ch cng ngh c
bit m bo cht lng sn phm.
i vi sn phm l thp thng thng th mi l ta ch ly 12 thi nung
kim tra l c. i vi cc loi thp c bit ta phi tin hnh kim tra tng thi
nung mt. Cng vic kim tra thng c tin hnh phn tch cc ch tiu v c l
tnh, thnh phn ha hc, nhit nung v.v...
75
4.1.3. Kim tra tng cng on theo th t trong quy trnh sn xut cn
Mc ch vic kim tra ny l bit cht lng ca vt cn qua tng cng
on sn xut, nhm m bo chnh xc kch thc ca tit din ngang ca vt cn
sau tng ln cn, m bo cc tnh nng v yu cu k thut ng thi tm ra cc
thiu st khc phc. Cng tc kim tra ny s kp thi pht hin nhng thiu st
v nhng khu bt hp l trong qu trnh cng ngh khc phc v ci tin cho tt
hn nhm khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm v tng nng sut.
4.1.4. Kim tra ln cui cng
Ln kim tra cui cng nhm xc nh chnh xc cht lng v kch thc
ca sn phm cn. Phng php kim tra ny phi da vo cc tiu chun v quy
cch ca nh nc ban hnh hoc theo n t hng ca c quan ban, ngi tiu
dng yu cu kim tra, kim tra ln cui cng c mt ngha quan trng ti cht
lng v nng sut ca mt nh my sn xut thp cn.
4.2. Lm ngui v tinh chnh sau cn
4.2.1. Lm ngui
y l mt khu quan trng ca giai on cui ca quy trnh cng ngh sn
xut cn. Khu ny lm tt th khng nhng cht lng sn phm tt, nng sut cao
m cng vic kim tra sn phm cng tin hnh thun tin.
Lm ngui sn phm sau cn c nh hng rt ln n t chc ht ca thp
v cc tnh nng k thut khc ca thp. Thc t cho thy rng lm ngui sn phm
sau cn thc cht l nhit luyn sn phm t c cc tiu chun k thut. Ta
bit rng nhit kt thc cn thng l trn ng Ar1 (T0 = 7230c) trong gin
trng thi Fe-C. Cc thp khc nhau c nhit kt thc cn khc nhau. Trong sn
xut cn ngi ta li dng nhit kt thc cn khc nhau kt hp vi tc
lm ngui khc nhau ca tng loi thp m tin hnh cc bin php cng ngh
t c t chc ht theo yu cu v sn phm c tnh nng k thut c cht lng
tt nht.
Hin nay tt c cc nh my luyn cn thp u lm ngui sn phm theo
mt trong 3 cch sau y tu thuc theo loi thp.
a/ Lm ngui sn phm bng nc
Dng nc lm ngui sn phm cn trong cc trng hp sau y:
1 Thp trc cng tch
Mun cho sn phm cn l thp trc cng tch c ht nh, mn v t chc
ht ng u ta phi lm ngui bng nc vi tc nhanh, lm ngui nh vy sn
phm li c c l tnh v cc tnh nng k thut khc cng tt hn. V d: thp tm
ch to t thp ccbon thp c nhit kt thc cn cao hn ng A3 th c a
vo lm ngui nhanh bng nc t c mc ch nh ni trn.
76
2 Thp sau cng tch

y ch yu l thp ccbon cao v thp cc bon dng c, ngi ta cng lm
ngui bng nc vi tc nhanh loi b s hnh thnh ca cc mng li ccbt trong thp. Tuy nhin lm ngui nhanh bng nc i vi sn phm loi thp
ny hay xy ra hin tng nt n. V vy sau khi lm ngui nhanh bng nc n
nhit chuyn bin pha th chng ta phi lm ngui chm sn phm trong cc h
nhit gim bt cc ng lc bn trong, nh vy s trnh c hin tng nt n.
3 i vi cc loi thp m sn phm i hi b mt c sch cao
Gm cc loi phi thp bn mng, phi thp tm mng, cc mng, sau khi
cn nng cho vo nc lm ngui lun. Nhiu khi ngi ta dng vi nc phun trc
tip vo b mt sn phm. Nh vy cc lp vy st bung ra hon ton. Tuy nhin
phng php ny ch ng dng i vi cc loi thp khng xy ra khuyt tt khi
lm ngui bng phng php ny.
b/ Lm ngui sn phm bng khng kh
i a s cc sn phm cn c lm ngui bng khng kh. C th lm
ngui iu kin bnh thng nhng ni kh ro, c th dng cc qut gi vi
lu lng khc nhau lm ngui sn phm.
Sn phm l phi cn thng c lm ngui bng khng kh. Mc ch ch
yu l lm gim cc ng lc bn trong phi cng thp d dng tip tc thc
hin cc bin php x l b mt ca phi cho sch s v ht cc khuyt tt.
c/ Lm ngui trong l
y l phng php lm ngui ng nhit. Phng php lm ngui ny ch
yu dng cho cc loi sn phm l thp hp kim cao v thp ccbon cao. Nu ta lm
ngui trong mi trng khng kh bnh thng th sn phm s b nt n v xut
hin m trng. V vy ta phi tin hnh lm ngui chm trong cc l hoc h
nhit. Thc cht ca phng php ny l . Tm li phi cn c vo cng dng, t
chc ht v tnh nng k thut ca sn phm cn m chng ta tin hnh cc phng
php nhit luyn nh ti, thng ho, v.v...
4.2.2. Tinh chnh sn phm sau cn
sn phm cn c kch thc chnh xc, hnh dng ng vi yu cu k
thut ta tin hnh cng tc tinh chnh sn phm vi cc nguyn cng sau:
a/ Nguyn cng ct
Sn phm cn (sau khi cn ln cui cng) t c cc tiu chun k thut,
ta tin hnh ct u, ct ui, ct cc g mp v ct ra tng on theo kch thc
quy nh ca nh nc (TCVN).
Cc my ct c dng tin hnh ct sn phm c dng rng ri trong
cc nh my luyn cn thp:
77
1 My ct li dao phng
H.4.1. S dao ct di ln ca my ct thu lc
2 My ct dao nghing:
Li dao di nm ngang,
+
+
+
+
li dao trn nghing mt gc
= 260. Gc ct = 75850;
S
gc sau = 230. n gin
0
khi mi dao cho php = 90 ;
Z
H. 4.2. My ct dao nghing
gc sau = 0.
Lc ct khng ln, ct c cc tm dy; Ct c cc ng cong; ng
ct khng thng v nhn
3 My ct chn ng
My c 2 li dao nghing to
thnh mt gc = 24300; gc trc
= 670, khi ct li ct trn ln

xung rt nhanh (20003000
ln/pht) v vi hnh trnh ngn 23
mm. Ct c tm c S 10 mm.
H. 4.3. My ct chn ng
4 My ct dao a mt cp dao
D
h
D
h
B
a/ Dao a c tm trc song song
b/ My ct dao di nghing
H. 4.4. My ct mt cp dao a
c/ Hai dao nghing
78
5 My ct nhiu dao a.
B
Li ct l 2 a trn quay ngc chiu nhau;
my c th c hai hoc nhiu cp a ct.
Gc ct 900; Z = (0,1 0,2)S
ng knh dao a: D =(40 125)S (mm).
Chiu dy dao: B = 15 30 (mm)
Z
Vn tc ct: v = 1 5 m/s
H. 4.5. My ct nhiu cp dao a
Vt liu lm dao: 50CrWSi
My ny dng ct cc ng thng v ng cong chiu di tu . Cc
tm ct mng < 10 mm.
b/ Nguyn cng nn thng
Sn phm cn ch to ra c nhng phn b cong cc b chng ta phi tin
hnh nn thng, l b mt sn phm cho bng phng.
Nn thng hoc l phng l qu trnh bin dng do kim loi ti ch b cong
ca sn phm.
Ct v nn thng sn phm cn u c th tin hnh trng thi nng hoc
ngui. Ngoi ra b mt ca sn phm khi b y ho v p ngi ta cn tin
hnh tm thc, trng thic v lm cc nguyn cng tu sa b mt khc.
b/
a/
H.4.6. S my nn thng con ln thng (a) v con ln nghing (b)
Sn phm sau khi c tinh chnh nu l dy thp th cn ng gi; Thp

tm, thp hnh c ln c a vo kho bo qun, ng mc thp v k hiu ring
bit.
4.2.3. Bo qun sn phm
y l mt khu khng km phn quan trng trong cng tc bo v cht
lng sn phm tin hnh gia cng cn tip theo hoc xut xng. Cng tc
nay bao gm bo qun cc kho cha, bi cha thi c, phi t nhin liu ban u
cho n cc kho thnh phm.
i vi kho cha vt liu ban u, chng ta ch n cch b tr kho,
phng tin vn chuyn, m bo an ton lao ng v thit b vn chuyn. Thc
t sn xut cho ta thy rng khi lng d tr kim loi trong kho ca xng cn
thng bng 810 ln nng sut ca n. Trng hp xng cn ch sn xut 1, 2
mt hng th s lng c th t hn. xut pht t khi lng d tr phi m ta sp
xp n thnh tng chng, ng theo quy nh v quy cch d dng vn chuyn
79
v c s bo qun ring bit theo yu cu c th ca thp v thc t sn xut ca

xng. Sp xp phi cn c khoa hc khng nhng to iu kin thun li cho cc
cn trc lm vic d dng m cng tc kim k cng d dng chnh xc.
i vi kho cha thnh phm: vic sp xp, phn loi sn phm li cng phi
khoa hc thun tin bc d hng, thun tin vn chuyn. Ngoi ra cn phi bao
gi, b buc sn phm theo l, theo hng v.v... i vi mt s loi sn phm c
bit cn tin hnh cc bin php chng g bng cch bi du (thp tm mng v cc
mng).
80
Chng 5
Nhng c im cng ngh c bn ca mt s

thp khi cn
5.1. Nhng c im ca mt s thp thng dng trong
cng ngh cn
Qua nghin cu l thuyt v t thc t sn xut, ngi ta c kt c
nhng kinh nghim v nhng c im chung khi tin hnh cng ngh sn xut cn
cho cc loi thp m trong cc ngnh cng nghip, xy dng cng nh cc ngnh
khc ca nn kinh t quc dn thng s dng.
5.1.1. Thp cc bon kt cu
Thp ccbon kt cu bao gm cc loi thp ccbon thp v trung bnh.
Khong nhit nung v cn ca nhng loi thp ny rng ri hn. Nhit bt
u cn thng t 117012200C. Nhit kt thc cn t 9009500C. Trong phm
vi nhit cn trn thp c tr khng bin dng nh, tnh do tt v d bin dng
khi cn. Tuy nhin chng ta cng phi ch ti kch thc, hnh dng v b mt
sn phm cng vi cht lng sn phm m kt thc cn vi nhit tht thch
hp, lm ngui vi tc thch hp t c cht lng c l tnh tt, tnh nng
k thut cao.
5.1.2. Thp ccbon dng c
c im ca loi thp ny l tnh do km, hm lng ccbon trong thp
cng cao th tnh do li cng km. Nhit cn cng h thp tnh do cng km.
Thi gian nung phi di, nhit nung cao th lng thot ccbon cng
nhiu. Nhit bt u cn thng t 105011000C. Nhit kt thc cn t
8008500C.
5.1.3. Thp hp kim kt cu
i b phn thp hp kim kt cu c tnh do rt cao. Nhiu thp hp kim
thp nhit cao c tr khng bin dng gn nh thp ccbon kt cu. V vy
cng ngh cn thp ny gn ging nh cng ngh cn thp ccbon kt cu. Nhit
bt u cn thng t 117012200C. Nhit kt thc cn t 9009500C.
iu ng ch l lp vy st trn b mt ca thp ny kh b bong ra khi
cn v lp ny c rt nhiu b mt vt cn. cho nn trong qu trnh cng ngh
phi ch khc phc.
5.1.4. thp hp kim dng c
L loi thp c cha hm lng ccbon cao v hm lng cc nguyn t hp
kim trong thp cng rt cao. Tr khng bin dng ca thp ny rt ln nn khi cn
81
phi ch ti lng p v phng h hng cho thit b.

ngn nga t chc ccbt mng tp trung hnh thnh sn phm ta nn
kt thc cn nhit thp hn nhit cn l thuyt ni chung v gi nhit
mt thi gian bng cch lm ngui trong cc l hoc h nhit.
5.1.5. Thp c cht lng cao
L loi thp c tr khng bin dng rt ln khi gia cng bng phng php
cn. Tnh do ca loi thp ny thp, nhit gim thp th tnh do ca chng
cng gim thp, ngc li th tnh do s tng.
Nhit bt u cn thng t 115012200C. Nhit kt thc cn t
9501.0000C. Do tnh dn nhit ca thp km cho nn khi nung phi c th xy ra
cc hin tng: nt n, qu nhit, mt ccbon, chy nu thi gian nung qu lu hoc
nung vi tc nhanh.
Khi tin hnh cng ngh cn ta cn ch : khng nn dng lng p qu ln
i vi cc ln cn u nn dng khong = 1525%. Khi t chc ht b ph v ri
th cc ln cn tip theo tin hnh vi lng p t t tng ln.
y l loi thp kh n vo trc cn, v vy tc cn khng nn nhanh.
Cc ln cn sau tng lng p ln ph v cc t chc mng ccbt tp trung trong
thp bo m cht lng.
phng hin tng nt n sinh ra khi lm ngui, ngi ta tin hnh lm
ngui chm sn phm cn trong l v h nhit. Khi kt thc cn xong nhit ca
sn phm khong 8000C th ta bt u lm ngui chm. Tt nht l sn phm
nhit 7500C va trnh c nt n li va x l b mt sn phm d dng.
5.1.6. Thp khng g
a/ Thp khng g Crm
L loi thp c tr khng bin dng thp, tnh do ca thp ny tng i tt.
Nhit bt u cn thng t 110011600C. Nhit kt thc cn t 8709500C.
c im ca thp l dn nhit km, v vy khi nung phi di nhit 8000C thi
nung vi tc chm trnh hin tng nt n khi nung. Loi thp ny li kh
chuyn bin pha v vy khng th da vo nhit luyn c t chc ht mn tinh
th khng th v.v... T c im mun t chc ht nh mn, chng ta phi da
vo lng p v phng php gia cng. phng t chc ht ln, th khi nung phi
ta tin hnh nung nhit khng cao lm. nhit kt thc cn ca chng loi
thp ny cng nh cng tt c th nhn c t chc ht nh mn.
b/ Thp khng g Crm-Niken
Tr khng bin dng ca loi thp ny ln, tnh do km. Nhit bt u
cn thng t 110011600C. Nhit kt thc cn t 9009500C. tnh dn nhit
km nn khi phi nung t n 8000C th ta phi tin hnh nung vi tc chm.
Nhit kt tinh li ca thp ny kh cao khong t 8509000C, v th
82
trnh hin tng bin cng trn b mt thnh phm gy kh khn cho cc bc gia
cng ct gt sau ny, ta nn kt thc cn nhit cao hn mt t. Nhng nu kt
thc cn nhit cao qu th t chc ht ca sn phm li to v th. Loi sn
phm ny c lm ngui bng khng kh, c khi lm ngui bng nc.
5.2. Ch cn v quy trnh cng ngh cn thp vng bi
5.2.1. Cng dng v nhng yu cu ca thp vng bi
Thp vng bi l mt loi thp c sn xut nhiu v s dng rng ri trong
cc ngnh: giao thng, c kh ch to my, thit b in v.v... c tnh ca thp l
chu mi mn tt, chu p lc tp trung ln, yu cu v cng ca thp cao li
phi ng u cho nn cc tp cht phi kim loi trong thp i hi rt t v thnh
phn ho hc phi m bo chnh xc.
a s thp vng b trong sn xut cn u dng thp trn v vy m i hi
b mt sn phm phi nhn bng v kch thc chnh xc. Mt s ln thp ny li
c ko ngui ra thnh phm cho nn yu cu k thut cn ca n cng i hi
cao. Thp vng bi c nhiu loi nh: OLCr6, OLCr9, OLCr15 v.v...thng dng
nht l thp vng bi OLCr15.
Thp vng bi OLCr15 c thnh phn ho hc nh sau:
C = 0,95 1,05 %; Mn = 0,2 0,4 %; Si = 0,15 0,35 %
Cr = 1,35 1,65 %; S < 0,02 %; P < 0,027 %
V cng dng ca thp ln, yu cu k thut cao cho nn cc yu cu v t
chc ht, kh vy st, b mt sn phm, cc tnh nng k thut v.v...cng i hi
phi ng vi quy nh.
5.2.2. c tnh ca thp vng bi khi tin hnh cng ngh cn
L loi thp c im chy thp, c hin tng thot ccbon v xut hin m
trng khi nung phi. Thp c h s dn nhit thp, tr khng bin dng cao. Khi
nung thp d b qu nhit c bit l tm thi c v khi thi c ng c cc tp
cht tp trung gia thp . Lng gin rng ln hn khi cn thp ccbon.
5.2.3. Ch cn v quy trnh cng ngh cn thp vng bi
a/ Chun b phi ban u
Xut pht t yu cu b mt sn phm phi bng p, cht lng tt cho nn
phi tin hnh x l v lm sch b mt ca thi c v phi ban u cho tt.
Chng ta tin hnh x l phi v lm sch b mt phi ban u trng thi ngui
nu chng c hnh dng v tit din ngang nh, trng thi nng nu chng c
hnh dng v tit din ngang ln.
V h s dn nhit thp nn khi x l b mt thp bng la chng ta phi
nung phi n nhit > 3500C khi mi tin hnh kh khuyt tt bng la c
v c th dng phng php mi.
83
b/ Nung phi
Ban u phi c tng nhit vi tc nhanh. Khi phi t n nhit
800 C th tc nung phi gim li v tng nhit t t trnh hin tng mt
ccbon. Mun gim bt lng vy st, gim tiu hao nng lng th gi phi nhit
nung mt thi gian nhng thi gian nung ton b phi ngn. Nu phi ban u l
thi c th ta phi nung n nhit cao hn l thuyt mt t thng nhit
117011900C v gia n nhit khong 2 gi.
Nu nung phi c kch thc tit din nh th cn ch n hin tng thot
ccbon. Nhit nung phi c thp hn thi c v thng l 105010700C v thi
gian gia nhit cng ngn hn mt t.
0
c/ Ch cn
Thi c v phi sau khi nung ti nhit cn th tnh do ca thp rt tt,
tr khng bin dng nh v vy lng p cc ln cn ta c th tin hnh c rt
ln. Lng gin rng ca thp vng bi ln hn thp ccbon khong 20% cho nn:
vi cng mt lng p nh nhau th l hnh trc cn ca thp vng bi phi rng hn
khi cn thp ccbon mt cht trnh hin tng bavia khi cn.
V cht lng b mt ca sn phm i hi cao cho nn b mt ca l hnh
i hi phi sch, bng v khng b xy xc. Ngi ta dng h thng l hnh bu
dc-trn cn thp ny.
Nhit kt thc cn ca thp vng bi t 8009000C. r nhit ny thun
tin cho vic hnh thnh ccbt tp trung dng li trn bin gii ht. Nhit kt
thc cn cng cao, tc lm ngui chm th t chc P clit c to thnh vi ht
to v th. Nu nhit kt thc cn t 8508600C v thp hn mt cht th chng ta
nhn c t chc nh, mn v khng c s hnh thnh cc mng cc bt tp trung
b mt sn phm v bin gii ht. Tuy nhin nhit kt thc cng c s
hnh thnh mt lp mng ca t chc mng li ccbt, nhng lp ny s b loi tr
khi ta tin hnh lm ngui chm hoc thp.
Nu ta kt thc cn nhit < 8000C th cc ht tinh th s b ko di ra,
dn ti vic cc ht ccbt mng dng li v vy nhit kt thc cn nn
khong 8108500C.
i vi ln cn cui cng nn cn vi mt lng p tng i ln vi mc
ch ph v cc ht c t chc ht nh, mn v phng s hnh thnh cc mng
ccbt li trong sn phm.
d/ Lm ngui sn phm thp vng bi
phng s hnh thnh cc mng ccbt li xut hin xut hin trong sn
phm nn ngi ta lm ngui nhanh sn phm ti nhit 6006500C. Sau
phng s xut hin m trng ngi ta li tin hnh lm ngui chm (i vi sn
phm c = 2030 mm khng cn lm ngui chm). gim cng ca thp c
84
li cho vic gia cng c kh sau ny th tin hnh sn phm.

Ngoi ra cn phi tm thc b mt kh ht cc lp vy st v tin hnh
cc cng tc kim tra, tinh chnh nng cao cht lng b mt sn phm.
Tm li quy trnh cng ngh cn thp vng bi c th vn tt theo s cng
ngh sau:
Kim tra b mt thi c
Nung thi c
Cn
ct
Lm ngui chm
Tm thc
Kim tra, tinh chnh phi
Nung phi
Cn phi ra thnh phm
Ct on
Lm ngui chm
Tm thc
Kim tra, tinh chnh phi
5.3. Cc ch tiu kinh t v k thut trong sn xut cn

Cc ch tiu kinh t v k thut trong sn xut cn ch yu l nng sut
cn/gi, nng sut/ nm; cc tiu hao v in, nc, hao mn trc cn v.v...
5.3.1. Nng sut ca my cn
Nng sut gi ca my cn c tnh theo cng thc sau:
3600G
A=
(tn/gi)
T
trong , G: trng lng ca thi c hoc phi (tn)
T: chu k cn (giy) (chu k cn l mt khong thi gian bt u cn thi
th nht n thi th 2 trn cng mt gi cn. Cc my cn khc nhau c chu k
cn khc nhau.
T cng thc trn ta thy rng mun tng nng sut cho my cn ta phi tng
trng lng ca thi c hoc phi, ng thi gim chu k cn T. thc ra tng trng
lng ca thi c hoc phi, th chu k cn T cng tng theo v vy vic tng sn
lng cho my cn phi tu thuc vo iu kin c th tnh.
5.3.2. cc ch tiu tiu hao ch yu
a/ H s tiu hao kim loi
nh ta bit kim loi b tiu hao khi nung phi, ct u phi, lm sch b
mt v.v...trong qu trnh cng ngh cn. Ngi ta dng h s tiu hao kim loi K
biu th v tnh:
G
K = 0
Gn
trong , G0: trng lng ca thi c hoc phi ban u
Gn: trng lng ca sn phm.
K =
T s o ngc
85
G 0 G1 G 2 G ( n 1)
= K1 .K 2 .K 3 ...K n
.
.
...
G1 G 2 G 3
Gn
Gn
= b c gi l hiu sut ca sn phm.
G0
b/ Cc tiu hao khc

- Tiu hao in c tnh bng KW.h/tn sn phm
- Tiu hao nc c tnh bng KW.m3/h sn phm.
- Tiu hao trc cn c tnh bng KW.kg/tn sn phm.
Trong cc ch tiu tiu hao th tiu hao kim loi l ch yu, v n chim ti
90% trong sn xut cn. cho nn lm gim ch tiu v tiu hao kim loi l rt cn
thit. Chng ta s nghin cu k hn cc tiu hao ny trong cc chng sau.
110
Chng 6
Cng ngh sn xut phi

6.1. Nhng c trng c bn ca cng ngh sn xut phi
6.1.1. phm vi sn xut phi
Trong sn xut cn th cn phi chim mt khi lng rt ln v trang thit
b v sn lng. Sn phm ca cn phi l nguyn liu ban u cho tt c my cn
khc nh: cn hnh, cn tm, cn ng, cn dy .v.v...Nguyn liu ban u dng cho
my cn phi l thi c. Ngi ta chia ra 2 loi phi thi v phi tm.
a/ Phi thi
Phi thi (cn gi l thp thi) l sn phm ca my cn phi thi (Blumin).
Tit din mt ct ngang ca phi thi c kch thc t (140 x 140) mm (450 x
450) mm.
Phi thi c cn ra lm nguyn liu ban u cho my cn hnh c ln v
trung bnh ch to cc loi thp ng ray, thp ch I, ch U, ch T v.v...Ngoi
ra n cn c dng lm phi ban u cho cc my cn phi c kch thc nh
hn nh phi c tit din (40 x 40) mm, (50 x 50) mm, (80 x 80) mm, (100 x 100)
mm, v.v...
Nguyn liu ban u ch to ra phi thi trn cc my cn phi l nhng
thi c c trng lng ln.
b/ Phi tm
Phi tm l phi c tit din mt ct hnh ch nht, t s gia chiu dy v
chiu rng khong chng t (312). Phi tm c cn trn cc my cn phi tm
(Xlabin) cng c khi cn my cn tm v cn phi.
Phi tm l nguyn liu ban u cho cc my cn tm. Kch thc ca phi
tm v chiu dy c khi t ti > 350 mm v chiu rng > 2.000 mm.
Phi tm loi nh ngi ta dng ch to ra cc loi ng c hn trong cng
ngh cn ng.
Ngoi phi thi v phi tm ra ngi ta cn ch to cc loi phi c tit din
vung v ch nht nh hn. Phi tit din vung (40 x 40) mm (140 x 140) mm
dng cn cc loi thp hnh c b v dy thp. Cc loi thp phi ny ta gi l
phi thng thng.
6.1.2. Sn phm ca my cn phi
Theo TCVN c cc loi sn phm ca my cn phi sau y:
a/ Phi cn cho my cn hnh c ln, loi sn phm ny c tit din hnh vung
(200 x 200) mm (450 x 450) mm. C khi tit din l hnh ch nht c kch thc
tng t. Phi ny cung cp cho cc my cn hnh c ln v cc my cn Ray-dm
b/ Phi cn cho my cn hnh c trung bnh v c nh. Phi c tit din vung
111
vi kch thc (38 x 38)mm (150 x 150) mm. C khi tit din mt ct ngang l
hnh ch nht c kch thc tng t. Phi ny cung cp cho cc my cn hnh c
trung bnh v c nh.
c/ Phi cn cho my cn tm nng dy v dy va. Phi ny c chiu dy (65
350) mm v c chiu rng (1.800 2.000) mm.
d/ Phi cho my cn tm mng: Sn phm ny c chiu rng (150 300)mm v
chiu dy (7 30) mm.
6.1.3. Cc loi my cn phi
Hin nay trn th gii ngi ta dng cc loi my cn phi sau:
- My cn ph (thng l loi 2 trc o chiu)
- My cn phi thi ( my cn Blumin)
- My cn phi tm (my cn Slabin)
- My cn phi 3 trc
- My cn phi lin tc: cc gi cn phi lin tc thng c 2 trc khng
i chiu. My c chia ra 2 nhm: gm nhm my cn th v nhm gi cn tinh.
Mi nhm c 6 8 gi cn.
My cn phi tm dy v dy va c nng sut cao sn phm li t loi,
chng khng dng c hn hp cho cc loi phi tm v phi cn hnh trong t
hp my cn tm v hnh. V vy chng t c s dng. Cc nc trn th gii hin
nay u c xu hng dng my cn ph sn xut phi.
Chng ta bit rng dng my cn ph sn xut ra phi c tit din mt
ct nh l khng kinh t. My cn ph c ng knh trc D = 750 mm th tit din
phi b nht c cn l; (120120) mm. Nu vi ng knh y m cn phi c
tit din < (120120) mm l khng kinh t. My cn ph c D = 1.000 mm th phi
cn ra c kch thc tit din ngang nh nht (200200) mm.
cn phi cho cc my cn hnh c trung bnh, c nh, tm mng, thp
bn v.v...th ngi ta cn trn cc my cn phi chuyn dng ch to phi cho
thch hp.
cc x nghip luyn kim c chuyn mn ho th sn xut thp hnh c
trung bnh v c nh ngi ta thng t my cn phi lin tc sau my cn ph
ph hp vi nng sut ca my.
Cc x nghip cn hnh c ln v Ray-dm th dng my cn phi thi v
my cn phi tm dy khng nn dng my cn phi lin tc.
My cn ph c D 850 mm th sau my t nhng thit b c nng sut
thp hn, thit b u t cng thp hn l my cn phi 3 trc. My cn phi 3
trc c th ng c lp mt mnh m nhim sn xut phi cho thp hnh c b.
C th dng phi qua my cn ph v nung 1 ln cn my cn phi 3 trc.
Cng c th dng thi c nh vi trng lng 15 tn lm phi ban u cho my
112
cn phi 3 trc. Tit din cn cui cng t ti kch thc (38 x 38) mm.
Bng 6.1. Cc loi my cn phi
Tn my cn
ng knh
trc (mm)
My cn ph 2 7501.200
trc o chiu
G thi c
(tn)
1,216
Trc ngang
My cn phi 1.1001.500
tm
6,532
Trc ng
680940
My cn phi
3 trc
< 1,5
500800
Nhm 1:
My cn phi 600850
lin tc
Nhm 2:
450450
1,2 16
Kch thc sn phm

(mm)
(120x120)(450x450)
(75250)(5001.500)
Sn lng
tn/nm
60.000 n
350.000
(65300) x (7002.000)
> 250.000
(38 x 38) (160 x 160)

v phi cho cc my cn 20.000 n
40.000
tm mng.
(200 x 200)(300 x 300) Phi thi
60.000 n
350.000
(55 x 55)(200 x 200)
Phi tm:
(730) x 150
250.000
6.2. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut phi ca my cn ph 2 trc o chiu
trong phn ny chng ta nghin cu mt s my cn ph in hnh, cch b

tr, sp t my cn cng nh tnh nng v quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ca my v
thit b ph tr. Nghin cu ch p, tc cn v thit k l hnh trc cn ph.
6.2.1. Phn loi my cn ph
Cc loi my cn ph ch to ra phi thi v phi tm hai trc o chiu
c chia ra thnh 3 loi theo ng knh trc cn.
- Loi ln: c ng knh trc cn D = (1.100 1.300) mm.
- Loi va: c ng knh trc cn D = (900 1.000) mm.
- Loi nh: c ng knh trc cn D < 900 mm.
6.2.2. My cn ph 1150
y l loi my cn ph 2 trc o chiu loi ln. N c dng rng ri v
ph bin cc nc. My dng sn xut phi thi c tit din t (200 x 200)
mm ti (350 x 350) mm v sn xut phi tm c chiu rng t ti 1.600 mm, chiu
dy t ti 100 250 mm
Vt liu ban u ca my l nhng thi c nng t 5 10 tn. Nu sn
phm l phi tm th trng lng ca thi c l 20 tn. Nng sut my cn ph ny
t ti 3 triu tn/nm.
113
a/ S b tr mt bng ca my cn ph 2 trc o chiu 1150
H.6.1. S b tr mt bng ca my cn ph 2 trc o chiu Bluimin 1150

I- khu l nung; II- khu my cn; III- khu ct; IV- khu thu hi ph liu;
V- Khu lm ngui v kho cha; VI- khu tip liu v nguyn liu nung.
1: L nung; 2: xe ch thi; 3: con ln; 4: bn quay; 5: bng ti cng tc;
6: my o phi; 7: my cn; 8: my lm sch vy st; 9: my ct;
10: thit b phoi ct; 11: my y; 12: bn nng xp phi tm; 13: thit b lm
ngui; 14: cu trc 20/30 tn; 15: cu trc 10 T; 16: cu trc 100/20 T;
17: cu trc 75/15 T; 18; cu trc 15/3 T; 19: cu trc i 15 tn; 20: cu trc 5 tn.
T s b tr mt bng ca my cn ph ta c th thy c: khu vc l

nung c t ngang chiu vi khu vc t my cn. Kiu b tr ny hp l hn
kiu t vung gc. y l kiu b tr c s dng ph bin trong cc nh my
luyn kim.
Khu vc b tr ng c in v ph liu nm hai bn my cn. Cc vy st v
mu tha u ui sau khi ct c a vo h cha, t n c a sang phn
xng luyn thp nu luyn li.
Khu vc tinh chnh phi v kho cha phi thnh phm sau cn c b tr
vung gc vi nh t my cn. Nh vy kho cha phi thnh phm va l ca my
cn ph va l ca my cn tip theo ra thnh phm. B tr nh vy va khoa
hc, va tit kim din tch nh xng li va vn chuyn d dng.
Gian b tr l nung thng c 15 cm cp l. Mi cm c 2 l ging hp
thnh. L c nhim v nung thi c trc khi cn. Mi l ging c kch thc di
5.100 mm, rng 4.800 mm v su 3.000 mm. Mi l c th nung c 100 tn/1
m, ngha l mi l nung c t 614 thi c trong mt ln nung.
Nhin liu dng nung thi c trong cc l ging ny l kh ca l cc v
l cao. Nng sut to nhit ca kh ny l 1.4001.500 kcal/m3. Khng kh dn vo
l t c sy nng ti nhit 7508500C. Vic iu ho nhin liu t v khng
ch nhit l c s dng bng cc my mc v thit b t ng.
b/ Thit b ca my cn ph
My c 2 trc cn vi ng knh D = 1150 mm, di 2.800 mm. Trc cn
c chuyn ng quay nh 2 ng c in mt chiu cng sut 4.560 kw. Loi
114
ng c in mt chiu ny c s vng quay c thay i theo cc tc 0-50120 vng/pht hoc c loi 0-70-120 v/ph.
Trc cn pha trn c th iu chnh ln cao ti 1.500 mm. Tc cn t ti
180 mm/s. Cc thit b iu chnh lng p c truyn ng bi 2 ng c in c
cng sut 200 kw v c iu khin t ng.
Trc cn trn c nng ln nh c cu i trng y n khi trc vtme iu
chnh lng p c chuyn ng i ln.
Khi thi c chuyn ng ti my, my c c cu dn hng a vt cn n
vo ng l hnh trc cn ng thi c b phn khc phc nhng ch cha ng
u v nn nhng ch b cong ca vt cn. Trc my cn c cu trc nng phi v
lt phi a vt cn vo l hnh. Sau my cn ta b tr my ct ct sn phm
c kch thc ng vi tiu chun. My ct c lc ct ti a l 1.600 tn.
S my cn ph 2 trc o chiu 1150 (H.6.2)
H.6.2. Thit b chnh ca my cn ph Bluimin 2 trc o chiu 1150
c/ Cng ngh sn xut phi ca my cn ph 1150

Thi c t thp si v thp lng c tch ra khi khun xong u c a
ti khu vc l nung. Cc thi c ny c chuyn t xng luyn c thp sang b
phn l nung ca xng cn. Thi c c a vo l nung trng thi nng.
Trong iu kin bnh thng thi c a vo l nung c nhit t 8008500C.
Khi thi c nng khng cung cp cho l nung ta b sung thm cc thi c
ngui t kho ti l nung. Lng thi c ngui a vo l nung khng qu 10%.
Thi c c a vo l nung bng cc cu trc ngom. Nhit bnh qun ca
thi c trc khi a vo l 6500C th sau 2-3 gi nung thi c c nhit ln ti
120013000C. thi c ngui mun nung ti nhit cn phi mt t 5-7 gi.
Mun nng cao nng sut ca l nung ta phi nng cao nhit ca thi c
trc khi a vo l nung, ngha l thi c sau khi ra khun c vn chuyn sang
xng cn vi nhit m bo t (8008500C). Ngoi ra cn phi lm tt cng tc
k thut vn hnh l.
Thi c sau khi nung t ti nhit cn c cu trc ngom nhc ra
khi l a ra t ln xe, xe ny ch thi c ti my cn ph. Tu theo trng lng
ca thi c m xe ch c mt hay nhiu thi c. Tng trng lng ch l 15
115
tn. Tc ln nht ca xe ch thi l 6 m/s. Thi c c a ti bn quay v i

vo trc cn.
Bn quay ca my c th xoay c 180 quay u nh vo ng
hng n vo ca l hnh trc cn. u nh ca thi c bao gi cng n vo trc,
u to vo sau c nh vy qu trnh cn mi c thc hin d dng.
Nng sut ca my ny rt ln v vy phi b tr rt nhiu l nung mi c th
phi cung cp cho my lm vic. gim bt qung ng vn chuyn m
bo cho thi c c nhit cn ng quy nh v tng c s ln vn chuyn ca
xe ch thi. Ta thng b tr cc l nung dng ch U.
Cn c vo hnh dng v kch thc, trng lng, mc thp v.v...ca thi c
v kch thc tit din ca sn phm my cn ph phi sn xut m s ln cn
thng c tin hnh t 913 ln sn phm l phi tm th phi cn t 915 ln.
S ln quay u vt cn d n vo trc l 24 ln.
Phi thi v phi tm sau khi cn ra c qua my ct 1.600 tn ct thnh
tng on theo kch thc quy chun. Cc u, ui tha c a ra bng ti vo
h cha sau c em i nu li. Phi thi v phi tm c a vo sn lm
ngui. Sau phi c ng mc v k hiu, phn loi sn phm.
Ton b sn phm sau khi lm ngui a vo kho cha tip tc lm ngui
v tin hnh tinh chnh sn phm.
Hin nay trn th gii ngi ta ch to c nhng loi my cn ph c
ln vi ng knh trc l 1.300 mm v di 2.800 mm. My cn ny cn ra cc loi
phi thi c tit din ln (300 x 300)(450 x 450) mm v phi tm dy t (100
100) mm, rng (700 1000) mm v ln hn. Trng lng thi c cn trn my
ny nng t (10 18) tn. ng c in ca my c cng sut 6.800 kw. Tc
ca ng c iu chnh c theo cc cp 0-60-90 v/ph. Nng sut ca my cn ph
1300 t kh ln, khong 5,56 triu tn/nm. Cng ngh cn v s b tr mt
bng ging nh my cn ph 1150.
6.2.3. My cn ph 850
L loi my cn ph c ng knh trc cn D = 850 mm . My c dng
trong cc x nghip lin hp gang thp c va. Sn phm ca my l phi ban u
cho cc my cn hnh trung bnh. My sn xut ra cc loi phi thi c tit din t
(120 x 120) n (180 x 180) mm v phi tm dy t (75 100) mm, rng t (400
600)mm. Nng sut my t ti 700000 tn/nm. Mt bng ca my c b tr
nh my cn ph 1150.
Ton b xng cn do my cn ph 850 v cc thit b ph tr ca n hp
thnh. Trc cn di 2.400 mm. T s gia chiu di L v ng knh trc cn D
thng bng (2,1 2,7).
Trc cn quay nh mt ng c mt chiu c cng sut khong 3.600 kw,
tc ca ng c c cc cp (0-50-120) v/ph. Trc trn c th nng ln cao 850
116
mm. B phn iu chnh lng p c iu khin bng ng c in. Tc iu

chnh khi ln xung ca trc cn khi p l (40120) mm/s.
Trc v sau my c t bn nng h, c c cu quay phi, lt phi v
phi trc v sau my cn.
Sau my cn ngi ta b tr mt my ct 900 tn ct phi ra tng on v
ct u phi. Cc u, ui tha c bng ti a v h cha ch nu li. Sn
phm c ng mc v ghi k hiu ri a vo lm ngui sn ngui. Sau ta
tin hnh cc khu tinh chnh, bo qun thnh phm.
Ton b khu vc l nung c thit k v b tr theo hnh ch U, gm c 7
nhm l. Mi nhm c 2 l ging. c im ca l nung ca my ny l: u t
vn t, din tch nh, thao tc thun tin, ng vn chuyn thi ngn, nng sut
ch cao. Thi c cng c a ti l nung t l luyn c thp. y cu trc
ngom cng lm nhim v a thi c ra vo l nung. Phi nung t ti nhit
(1.200 12500C) c a ra l vo my cn. Tc xe ch thi t t 2 5 m/s.
Trng lng ca thi c thng < 3 tn v qua t 17 21 ln cn ta s nhn
c phi thi c tit din t (120 x 120) (180 x 180) mm hoc phi tm c kch
thc dy t (75 100) mm, rng t (400 600)mm.
C khi ngi ta dng l lin tc nung phi cho my cn ph loi nh ny.
Dng loi l ny chng nhng gim bt tin u t kin thit l li va khng dng
loi cu trc ngom. Nu ch sn xut phi c tit din (120 x 120) mm th sau my
cn ph 850 ta c th t tip my cn phi 3 trc.
6.2.4. B tr l hnh trn my cn ph
L hnh dng trong my cn ph c b tr trn trc cn gm 2 loi: Loi l
hnh b tr thun (H. 6.3a), loi l hnh b tr i xng (H.6.3b)
a/ loi l hnh b tr thun
u im: b tr l hnh theo kiu ny thun tin cho vic vt cn n vo trc
khi ta quay u thi c sau mi ln cn. Vt cn n ng vo l hnh v chuyn
ng ngang qua li t, ng i ngn. t gim c chu k cn v thi gian cn,
tng nng sut my dn n tng sn lng. B tr l hnh thun c s dng rng
ri cc x nghip luyn kim hin i v n cho nng sut v sn lng rt cao.
a/
b/
H.6.3. s b tr l hnh thun (a);
L hnh b tr i xng (b)
117
Nhc im: Do l hnh u tin b tr ngay u trc bng cch khot i

mt lp kim loi ng k cho nn khi cn s c hin tng lc cn phn b khng
u trn trc, c trc v.v...T bc trc, c trc, gi trc mn khng u nhau,
ngoi ra vy st c th ri vo c trc cn.
b/ Loi l hnh b tr theo kiu i xng
L hnh ny c dng rng ri song song vi loi l hnh b tr thun. c
im ni bt ca loi l hnh ny l: khong gia 2 trc ta khng khot rnh trc
cn to l hnh m trc trn bng phng. s tin hnh cn ph thi c
bng nhng ln cn u. Sau tu theo yu cu i hi ca sn phm m vt cn
s i vo cc l hnh b tr 2 bn trc cn.
u im: Phn nhn bng phng gia trc cn dng cn ph s b thi
c v cn phi tm l rt tt. Tit din nguy him ca trc cn nm gia khng
b yu v vy ta cn c nhng lng p ln. p lc kim loi khi cn tc dng ln
trc l rt u v c trc cng rt u. Cc vy st b bong ra ngay ln cn u
tin v lng p ln v c ri xung mng dn v h vy st. Kh nng vy st ri
vo c trc nh kiu b tr thun l khng th xy ra. Nng sut cn cao do lng
p gia trc cn ln v do thi gian ngng my t.
Nhc im: Vt cn phi chuyn ng qua li 2 bn cho nn thi gian cn
c di hn. H thng l hnh thun li cho cng ngh cn phi tm hn l phi thi.
6.2.5. Thit k l hnh trn my cn ph 2 trc o chiu
My cn o chiu thng sn xut cc phi c kch thc ln (phi thi,
phi tm) t thi c c trng lng ln. Ddng knh trc cn ln D = 800 1200
mm. Trn mi l hnh c tin hnh cn nhiu ln bng cch thay i khong cch
gia 2 trc cn. Mi trc cn c th dn ng bng mt ng c v s vng quay
ca trc cn thay i trong phm vi 0 - 50 - 120 v/ph.
a/ Phng php cn v thit k l hnh
Khi cn trn my o chiu th lng p s da vo gc n cho php, cng
sut ng c, bn trc cn xc nh s b sau tnh ton v hiu chnh li kch
thc tnh ton. Cc bc tng qut xc nh ch p nh sau:
- Xc nh c th cc s liu ban u: ng knh trc cn ban u, kch
thc phi ban u, mc thp, kch thc thnh phm v.v...
- xc nh gc n cho php trung bnh: thng tb = 260 (i vi mt s
thp ccbon th tb = 25 270; vi cc mc thp c bit tb = 24 250 ).
- Xc nh ng knh lm vic trung bnh ca trc cn theo biu thc:
DKTB = 0,9D - hKTB
(6.1)
Biu thc trn xt n ng knh nh ti thiu khi phc hi li trc
cn. hKTB: l chiu cao trung bnh ca cc chiu cao l hnh m ta cn phi trong
c xc nh bng biu thc:
118
h1 + h 2 + h 3 + h 4
(6.2)
4
trong , h1, h2, h3, h4 : cc chiu cao ca l hnh trc cn.
- Xc nh lng p trung bnh theo gc n trung bnh (tb ):
hTB = DKTB(1-costb ) 0,1DKTB
0
Nu tb = 24 25 ta c hTB = DKTB(1-costb ) 0,09DKTB
- Xc nh lng p tng cng trn cc cnh ca vt cn:
h H = h 0 h n + k (b 0 b n )
h KTB =
b = k(h0 - hn)
h B = b 0 b n + k (h 0 h n )
hn
bn
h0
Trong , k(b0 - bn) hoc k(h0 - hn) l

tng lng gin rng cc cnh khc nhau
m ta p b sung.
b
l mc gin rng khi
k=
b0 bn
b0
H.6.4. S cn theo cc cnh b0, h0
p theo cnh b0.

b
l mc gin rng khi p theo cnh h0. Thng k = 0,10,25
k=
h0 hn
- Xc nh s ln lt thp v s cn.
- Tnh ch p. Mi ln cn u phi xc nh lng gin rng theo cc
biu thc bit.
- iu chnh li ch p cho ph hp nhn c sn phm c kch thc
chnh xc.
- Thnh lp bng ch p chnh thc v cu to l hnh trn trc cn
thc hin qu trnh cn.
b/ Tc cn trn my cn o chiu
i vi my cn ph 2 trc o chiu vic s dng tc cn hp l c
ngha rt ln nh hng n nng sut ca my. Bit rng khi cn trn my cn o
chiu th th tc tng, gim.
Trong qu trnh tng, gim y chng ta phi la chn c tc phi n
vo trc v phi ra khi trc hp l, nhm gim ti a thi gian cn, thi gian ph
chung ca my.
Nh ni trn, dn ng trc cn l loi ng c c 3 cp tc : 0 - 50 100 hoc 0 - 50 - 120 v/ph. Tu thuc vo chiu di vt cn c th tnh ton s
dng tc ca trc cn mt cch hp l khng lng ph thi gian ph ca my.
T (H.6.5) cho ta s tc cn tng ng vi 4 trng hp tu theo chiu di vt
cn (H.6.5a, b, c, d).
Khi tng tc , ng c quay vi gia tc a (v/ph/s). Khi gim tc ng
c gim vi gia tc gim b (v/ph/s) (H.6.5a, b).
119
n
nr = nmax
nmax
nr
nv
nv
b/
a/
tc
t(s)
tc
t(s)
n
nr = nmax
nmax
nr
nv
nv
d/
c/
t
tp
t t
tc
tck
t(s)
tp
tc
t(s)
tp
H.6.5. S tc cn khi cn trn my o chiu
Trong :
tc: thi gian cn; tp: thi gian ph ca my
nv: tc , ti vt cn i vo trc;
nr: tc , ti vt cn ra khi trc;
nmax: tc ti a ca trc cn;
1 Tu theo chiu di vt cn v s ln lt vt cn trong qu trnh cn m
chng ta c th s dng mt trong cc s tc (H.6.5) xc nh thi gian
cn (tc) v thi gian ph ca my (tn) c hp l, ng thi cng c th tnh ton
c tc ca trc cn m phi vo trc (nv) v ra khi trc cn (nr) (H.6.5c).
(6.3)
tc = t + t + t
Trong , t: thi gian cn lc tng tc.
t: thi gian cn khi tc t cc i nmax.
t: thi gian cn lc gim tc gim chiu quay cho ln cn tip theo.
tck = tp + tp + tc
tck: thi gian quay ca mt chu k ng c.
Theo cc s liu thc t th gia tc tng a = 30 v/ph/s.
tnh c thi gian cn tc cn xc nh cc t, t, t:
n
n
nv
nr
t ' = max
; t ' ' ' = max
(6.4)
a
b
Tng ng vi thi gian t ta c chiu di vt cn l; tng ng vi t ta c
chiu di vt cn l.
120
n max n v D k n max + n v
D k 2
.
.
=
n max n 2v
a
60
2
2.60.a
n
n r D k n max + n r
D k 2
l' ' ' = t ' ' ' V' ' ' tb = max
.
.
=
n max n 2r
60
2
2.60.b
b
Tc cn tng ng vi s vng quay cc i:
D k
V' ' =
n max
60
D
60 l' '
vy: l' ' = t ' '.V' ' = t ' '. k n max suy ra t ' ' =
60
D k .n max
l' = t ' V' tb =
v l = l - l - l do : t ' ' =
n 2 n 2v n 2max n 2r
60.l
max
(6.5)
D k .n max
2a.n max
2 b.n max
Nh vy:
n max n v
n 2max n 2v n 2max n 2r n max n r
60.l
+
+
tc =
a
2a.n max
2 b.n max
b
D k .n max
Trong trng hp (H.6.5a) ta c:

t c = t '+ t ' ' ' =
n max n v n max n r
+
a
b
Trong trng hp (H.6.5c) ta c:

nv
n
t c = t ' = max
a
Trong trng hp (H.6.5d) ta c:
(6.6)
(6.7)
n max n v
n 2max n 2v n 2max n 2r
60.l
(6.8)
t c = t '+ t ' ' =
+
a
2a.n max
2 b.n max
D k .n max
2 Xc nh s vng quay cc i khi cn theo s tc (H6.5a) y ta

c: l = l + l ta suy ra:
a.b 120.l n 2v n 2r
+
+
a + b D k 2a 2 b
Nu vi a = 30 v/ph/s v b = 60 v/ph/s ta c:
n max =
(6.9)
l
n2
n2
n max = 49
+ v + r
D k 3600 7200
(6.10)
khi l = l (H6.5b) ta c:
Vi a = 30 v/ph/s ta c:
120.a.l
+ n 2v
n max =
D k
n max
l
n 2v
= 60
+
D k 3600
121
S vng quay ca trc cn nv v nr trn c s cc s liu ca cc my cn o

chiu thc t c th chn nh sau:
- Vi cc ln cn u: nv = 10 15 v/ph, nr = 15 20 v/ph, nmax = 50 v/ph
(hoc tnh theo biu thc (6.10).
- Vi nhng ln cn sau (phi cn di):
nv = 15 30 v/ph, nr = 20 40 v/ph, nmax = 60 70 v/ph .
3 Thi gian my chy khng (thi gian ph) gia 2 ln cn tnh theo biu
thc thc nghim:
tp = 0,345 + 0,781VTB
(6.11)
l
trong , VTB: tc cn trung bnh. M/s; VTB = .
tc
Nu c lt phi, thi gian chy khng ca my tp c gi tr:
(6.12)
tp = 4,24 + 0,611VTB
4 Thi gian ph gia 2 phi (t0) ph thuc vo tc quay ca vt nn v
cao trc cn trn cn di chuyn v v tr ban u lp li qu trnh cn i vi phi
tip theo (thc t 35 giy).
Sau khi xc nh c thi gian cn, thi gian ph gia 2 ln cn v thi
gian ph gia 2 phi ta c th tnh tng thi gian cn mt phi:
T = tc + tp + t0
(6.13)
Nng sut cn ca my cn o chiu c tnh theo T:
3600.G
tn/gi
(6.14)
Q=
T
trong , G: trng lng ca 1 phi cn, tn.
T: thi gian cn 1 phi (chu k cn), s.
Nu trong mt nm sn xut nhiu kch thc sn phm, mi mt sn phm
cho mt nng sut th c th tnh nng sut trung bnh QTB ca my:
100
, tn/gi (6.15)
Q TB =
an
a1 a 2 a 3
+
+
+ ... +
qn
q1 q 2 q 3
trong , a1, a2, a3...an: khi lng ca cc loi phi, sn phm khc nhau cn
trong nm, %.
q1, q2, q3...qn: nng sut cn ca cc loi sn phm, tn/gi.
Trong mt nm vi s gi lm vic l 75007700 gi. Nng sut ca my
cn o chiu trong mt nm l:
Q = 7600.k.QTB (tn)
K: h s xt gim thi gian t xut v chu k cn b dao ng k = 0,90,95
122
6.3. My cn phi 3 trc
Vi cc x nghip gang thp lin hp c nng sut khong 30 vn tn/nm,

ngi ta thng dng my cn phi 3 trc sn xut cc loi phi cho my cn
hnh c trung bnh, c nh v phi cho my cn tm mng.
6.3.1. Mt s u nhc im ca my cn phi 3 trc
a/ u im
Nng sut tng i cao, truyn ng li n gin cho nn n c ng dng
tng i rng ri. M t truyn ng ca my l loi khng i chiu nn tc
quay n nh. My c kh nng p vi tr s ln nh c kh nng qu ti ca ng
c v bnh ln. My ny rt thch hp vi cc khu gang thp loi va v nh.
b/ Nhc im
Thit b iu chnh lng p phc tp v cng knh hn my 2 trc.
My ch dng cn cc loi thi c c va v nh. Nu dng n cn thi c c
trng lng ln th phi tng ng knh, chiu di ca trc cn v thao tc kh
khn.
6.3.2. Phm vi s dng v s mt bng b tr my
a/ Phm vi s dng
i vi cc x nghip luyn kim c nng sut hng nm khong trn di 30
vn tn, ngi ta ch cn dng mt gi cn 3 trc c ng knh D = (750850) mm
hoc D = 1.100 mm l . khu gang thp Thi nguyn nng sut khong 25 vn
tn/nm nn ch cn mt gi cn phi 3 trc 650 mm.
Nhiu x nghip luyn kim c nng sut t 50 vn n 1 triu tn/nm, ngi
ta cng dng my cn 3 trc sn xut phi. Nhng my ny c th c 1 gi cn
hoc 2 gi cn 3 trc.
b/ S b tr mt bng
Mt bng my cn phi 3 trc thng b tr c dng ging nhau
23
16
2
24
20
6 5
11
21
4
5
10
23
22 8
7
15
19
12
13
14
17
18
H.6.6. S b tr mt bng my cn phi 3 trc D = 650 mm
1: my y phi vo l; 2: l nung lin tc; 3: my tng phi ra l; 4: bn quay u; 5: bn nng
h; 6: gi cn; 7: hp phn lc; 8: hp gim tc; 9: ng c; 10: my ct; 11: bn cha phoi ct;
12: my ko phi; 13: my ca nng; 14: sn cha thnh phm; 15: b ra axt; 16: b lm sch;
17: l nhit luyn; 18: xe y; 19: my tin trc cn; 20: xe ch thi c; 21: ng ra l ca
thi nung; 22: my vn chuyn; 23: ng khi; cu trc 5/30 tn.
123
c/ S ng ca my cn phi 3 trc 650
H.6.7. s my cn phi 3 trc D = 650 mm
6.3.3. Nguyn liu v sn phm ca my cn phi 3 trc

a/ Nguyn liu ban u:
Nguyn liu ban u cho my cn phi 3 trc l thi c c trng lng
khong 0,82 tn bng thp si hoc thp lng. Thi c c chiu di 1.400 mm, c
mt ct tit din hnh vung (270 x 270)mm. C khi nguyn liu ban u ca my
l phi c mt ct tit din (120 x 120)mm (200 x 200) mm. Nhng phi ny l
sn phm ca my cn ph 2 trc o chiu.
b/ Sn phm ca my cn phi 3 trc
- Hin nay my cn phi 3 trc c th cn c cc sn phm c kch
thc tit din (80 x 80) (180 x 180).
- Nu cn phi thi cung cp cho cc my cn hnh c trung bnh v nh
th phi c tit din t (65 x 65) mm n (135 x 135) mm. phc v cho cc
xng cn hnh c nh v cn dy thp ng thi phc v cho cc x nghip cn
nh a phng, my cn ra cc loi phi thi c tit din nh hn t (38 x 38)
(45 x 45) (90 x 90)mm.
- Nu sn phm l phi tm cho cc my cn tm mng th phi c tit din
ch nht (9 x 250) (18 x 250) mm.
Nng sut ca my ny thng t trn di 25 vn tn/nm.
6.3.4. Quy trnh cng ngh my cn phi 3 trc 650
Quy trnh cng ngh my cn phi 3 trc 650 trn hnh (H.6.6) m t vn tt
nh sau:
124
Thi c sau khi kim tra c a t xng thp sang xng cn v vo

l nung lin tc 2 nh my y 1. Thi c c nung ti nhit cn t (1200
12500C). sau khi ra khi l nung thi c c a ti gi cn 3 trc nh h thng
con ln. Bn nng h 5 c nng ln h xung nhp nhng ng vi tng ln cn
cc l hnh trn v di. C cu quay u 4 c nhim v quay u thi c d n
vo l hnh ca trc.
Thi c qua t (915) ln cn th ta c cc loi phi thi c tit din
ngang vung (135 x 135) (65 x 65) mm hoc phi tm c tit din ngang (918)
x 250 mm.
Da vo tnh hnh thc t sn xut v kch thc yu cu ca phi tiu chun
m chiu di ca phi sn phm c ct ra theo ng yu cu. Sn phm phi thi
v phi tm sau ct c a ln sn lm ngui. Sau sn phm c tin hnh
kim tra, tinh chnh v x l khuyt tt sau a vo kho cha.
Ngy nay do tin b khoa hc k thut khng ngng tng ln, qu c kh ho
v t ng ho qu trnh sn xut cn ngy cng c hon thin, v vy m khu
nung trung gian thng l khng cn thit nhng nhit kt thc cn ca sn
phm vn m bo ng quy nh, cht lng sn phm vn m bo tt, nng sut
cn v th m tng ln.
6.3.5. Thit k l hnh trn my cn 3 trc
a/ c im ca my cn 3 trc v gi cn ba trc
My cn ba trc c s dng vi hai chc nng:
- S dng sn xut ra cc loi phi cung cp cho cc nh my cn hnh c
trung v c nh.
- S dng cc my cn hnh cc hng gi cn u tin vi h l hnh hp
ch nht - vung.
Loi my gi cn ba trc dng rng ri trong nhiu nh my Vit nam nh:
nh my cn thp Gia Sng, nh my cn thp Lu X, cc lin doanh Vinausteel,
Nasteelvina, Cng ty Thp nng v.v...Loi gi 3 trc c kt cu n gin, khng
o chiu, vi ng c khng o chiu c th lp bnh , do cho php cn vi
lng p ln. My cn phi 3 trc thch hp vi cn thp c cht lng. My cn
phi 3 trc v gi cn th 3 trc thng b tr thnh mt hng dn ng chung mt
ng c, trn mi l hnh ch cn mt ln. ng knh trc cn t D = 550 850
mm. Ngy nay, ngi ta c xu hng thay th gi cn 3 trc bng gi hai trc o
chiu c ng knh D = 700 mm.
b/ Sp xp v b tr l hnh trn gia cn ba trc
Gi cn 3 trc thng gp nhiu my cn hnh b tr hng, n lm nhim
v cn ph, cn th. H l hnh thng dng cc gi cn ny l h l hnh hp ch
nht - vung hoc thoi - vung v.v...tu theo kch thc phi.
B tr l hnh trn gi 3 trc cn c 2 cch: xen k v ln xung
125
1 B tr xen k (H.6.8a): Theo cch b tr ny th trn mt chiu di ca

trc cn ch xp c t l hnh. Nhng nu dng mt b 4 trc cn: mt trc trn,
mt trc di v 2 trc gia phi l hnh th vn tit kim c trc cn. B tr
xen k th th thit k l hnh s n gin hn.
2
a/
b/
H.6.8. cch b tr l hnh trn gi 3 trc

a/ b tr xen k; b/ b tr ln xung
D KC = D C 2 c
DKB
h1
DKH
DH
DII
D KB D KC
+
+ h2
2
2
D
D
D II = KC + KH + h1
2
2
DI =
D KH = D H 2a
DKC
DC
h2
DI
DB
2 B tr ln xung (H.6.8b): Trong cch b tr ny th trc gia c dng

chung cho trc trn v trc di, do b tr c nhiu l hnh, qu trnh lt thp
c thc hin trc di. S dng cch b tr ln xung th khi thit k l hnh s
phc tp hn.
c/ Xc nh lc p khi b tr ln xung
Gi thit rng ng knh ban u ca ba trc l nh nhau th vi cp trc
trn v gia c lc p trn (DB) vi cp trc cn gia v di c p lc trn (DC).
Chiu cao ca l hnh di h1 ln hn chiu cao ca l hnh trn h2 (h1 > h2).
Nu lc p qu ln th vt cn b cong nhiu, v vy khi thit k l hnh cn
phi iu chnh c p lc ph hp, trnh c cc hin tng mn l hnh nhanh,
gy ng sut d v cc khuyt tt b mt vt cn. Tnh ton p lc khi thit k l
hnh gi cn 3 trc vi cch b tr ln xung (H.6.9)
Ta c:
D + DC
DI = B
2
D + DH
D II = C
2
D KB = D B 2 b
H.6.9. B tr l hnh ln xung gi 3 trc

126
D KB D KC
D
D
+
+ h 2 KC KH h1
2
2
2
2
D
D
D
D
Hoc KB KC + KC KH = D I D II + h1 h 2 .
2
2
2
2
Rt ra: D B + D C = 2(D I D H ) + 2 h 2
Vy: D I D II =
(6.16)
Trong , h2 = h1 - h2;
DB: p lc trn (trc trn v gia); DC: p lc trn (trc gia v di)
S chnh lch tc gia 2 b mt trn v di ca phi l:
n
(D KB D KC )
VB VC =
60
b p p lc th trong biu thc (6.16) v tri phi c iu kin l bng
0, ngha l:
DI - DII = h1 - h2 = h2.
Nu thit k theo cch ny s lm cho hiu s ng knh ban u rt ln v
do gc nghing ca trc ni s rt ln. trnh cho hiu s ng knh lm vic
khng ln phi khot vo trc cc rnh a, b, c sao cho tng p lc trn phn b
ng u. Ta chn:
a = 0,75h1 - 0,25 h2
(6.17)
b = 0,75h2 - 0,25 h1
c = 0,75h1 + 0,25 h2
Vi cch chn theo biu thc (6.17) phi c iu kin:
DB = DC = DH; DI = DII; DB = DC;
Ta c:
D KC D KH = h1 h 2 = (D C 2 c) (D H 2a )
h1 - h2 = 2a - 2c; h1 = a + c; h2 = c + b.
h1 - h2 = 2(h1 - c) - 2c 4c = h1 + h2
T y c th suy ra:
3
1
a = h1 h 2
4
4
3
1
b = h 2 h1
(6.18)
4
4
3
1
c = h1 + h 2
4
4
Khi thit k phi tun th nguyn tc rnh trc gia nh nht lm tng
thi gian lm vic ca trc.
Gi thit khi ng knh ban u ca trc cn khc nhau v ta nhn c
mt p lc trn bt k i vi cp trc trn v cp trc di DB v DH ta c cc
trng hp sau:
127
+ DII - DI = 0 v DB = DC = DH
DII-DI
p lc trn DB = DH = h2.
+ DII = DI = h hoc DH - DC = DC - DB = h
h k=1
p lc trn DB = DH = 0.
kh
+ DII - DI = k.h; y k = 1 0
0
Ta c p lc trn DB = DH = (1 - k)h.
(1-k)h
h
Khi c s cn bng ca p lc trn th:
H.6.10. Quan h gia p lc
2D = 2h - 2(DII - DI) hoc D = h - (DII - DI)
trn D vi hiu s ng
knh trc DII - DI
D = h - kh = (1 - k)h
(6.19)
Khi c nhiu cp l hnh i km phi dng lng p trung bnh hTB v nh
vy:
DII - DI = k.hTB
(6.20)
Trong thc t th DB DH v c (h1 + h2)/4.
Bng cch thay i tr s c c th cn bng c p lc trn v ta c th chn
c ng knh ban u hp l c c tr s c nh nht. C th chn c = (0,25
0,5)h1, tr s c cng nh vt cn cng n nh trong l hnh.
V d:
Thit k l hnh cho my cn 3 trc, cc s liu ban u:
- ng knh ban u D = 650 mm.
- S vng quay ca trc cn n = 75 v/ph.
- Vt liu lm trc cn: thp 40Cr
- Kch thc phi ban u: 240 x 240 mm.
- Kch thc ca sn phm: 110 x 110 mm
Cc bc tnh ton:
Gc n : kch thc l hnh hp xc nh trn c s gc n cc i. Cn
tnh gc n trn c s ng knh trc cn nh nht.
0
32
8500
30
24
9500
20
10500
12500
11500
10
16
10
12
14
16
H.6.11. xc nh gc n theo nhit v tc cn
Lng gin rng b tnh theo ng knh ban u D

- chiu cao trung bnh ca l hnh hKTB = 150 mm.
- ng knh nh nht sau phc hi Dmin = 600 mm.
V(m/s
Trc gang
Trc thp
0
40
128
- ng knh lm vic trung bnh

DTB = Dmin - hKTB = 600 - 150 = 450 mm.
- Tc quay trung bnh ca trc cn:
.D KTB .n 4,14.0,45.75
=
= 1,77m / s
VTB =
60
60
Theo (H.6.11) tm c gc n cho php ng vi nhit 12500C th =
26 270.
1 Ln cn th nht
Ta c kch thc phi: b0 = h0 = 240 mm;
Vi = 260 cos = 0,899.
h0 - h1 = (Dmin - h1)(1- cos) h1 = 200 mm.
Lng p h1 c tr s: h1 = 240 - 200 = 40 mm;
ng knh lm vic: DK1 = 650 - 200 = 450 mm.
Trn c s lng p h1 xc nh li gc n 1 (gc n tnh ton):
h
40
0
1 = ar cos 1 1 = ar cos 1
= 24 15' = 0,392 rad
450
D K1
Tnh lng gin rng theo biu thc:
2 b TB .h.k b
b1 =
=
n
(H + h )1 + (1 + ) b TB
R.
2.240.40.0,8
= 3,82 4 mm
=
2
(240 + 200 )1 + (1 + 0,392 ) 240

225.0,392
Chiu rng phi sau khi cn:

b1 = b0 + b1 = 240 + 4 = 244 mm
Tnh h s gin di trong l hnh th nht:
F
b h
240.240
1 = 0 = 0 0 =
= 1,18
F1 b1 h1 244.200
2 Ln cn th hai
Ta c kch thc phi: b1 = 244; h1 = 200 mm;
Vi = 260 cos = 0,899 h2 = 156 mm.
Lng p h2 c tr s: h2 = 200 - 156 = 44 mm;
ng knh lm vic: DK2 = 650 - 156 = 494 mm.
Trn c s lng p h1 xc nh li gc n 2 (gc n tnh ton):
h 2
44
0
= ar cos 1
2 = ar cos 1
= 24 15' = 0,392 rad
494
D K2
129
Tnh lng gin rng theo biu thc:

2 b TB .h.k b
b 2 =
=
n
(H + h )1 + (1 + ) b TB
R.
2.246.40.0,8
=
= 6,1 6 mm
2
(200 + 156 )1 + (1 + 0,392 ) 246

247.0,392
Chiu rng phi sau khi cn:

b2 = b1 + b2 = 244 + 6 = 250 mm
Tnh h s gin di trong l hnh th hai:
F
b h
244.200
2 = 1 = 1 1 =
= 1,25
F2 b 2 h 2 250.156
3 Ln cn th ba
ln cn ny lt phi 900. L hnh th ba c phi hp vi l hnh th t
trn (l hnh th 3: trc gi v trc di, l hnh th 4: trc gia v trc trn).
Phng php tnh cng tng t nh trn (vi kch thc phi h = b2; b = h2).
Kt qu tnh ton cho bng (6.3).
Theo thit k th hai l hnh thoi - vung cui cng phi t c kch sn
phm 110 x 110 mm, ng thi s ln cn phi l mt s l. V vy m ln cn l
hnh hp vung cng phi l ln cn l. Song ln cn th 5 cha nhn c sn
phm nh nh vy thnh phm ch c th nhn c ln cn th 7. Do l
hnh th 7 phi l l hnh hp vung v trn cc l hnh th 5 v th 6 phi gim
lng p.
Bng (6.2). Kt qu tnh kch thc l hnh hp ch nht cho my cn
ph 3 trc D = 650.
Ln
cn
I
II
Lt thp
III
IV
Lt thp
V
VI
Lt thp
VII
()
26
(mm)
240
224
250
h
(mm)
40
44
(mm)
450
494
210
167
261
168
40
43
148
128
170
173
135
135
26
(mm)
240
200
156
26
26
2415
2415
Rad
0,392
0,392
b
(mm)
4
6
1,18
1,25
440
483
2430
2415
0,428
0,392
5
7
1,15
1,20
20
20
502
522
1615
1600
0,284
0,270
8
3
1,12
1,14
38
315
2200
0,380
1,22
DKTB
i
()
-
130
Trn c s gc n cho php vi h = 40 mm chia thnh 2 ln vi h = 20

mm. Sau ln cn th 6, lt thp v nhn c l hnh th 7 sn phm phi vung
135 x 135 mm (bng 6.2). t kch thc l hnh th 7 cho php cn tip tc trong
l hnh th 8 (thoi) v l hnh th 9 (vung) nhn c sn phm cui cng theo
iu kin thit k.
4 Tnh kch thc l hnh ln cn th 8 v th 9:
Phi vo l hnh 8:
H8 = B8 = 1,41.C7 = 1,41.135 = 190 mm.
Kch thc phi ra khi l hnh 9:
h9 = b9 = 1,41.C9 = 1,41.110 = 155 mm.
Trong C: cnh hnh vung ca phi
Chn h s gin di trong c 2 l hnh:
F7 135 2
=
= 1,51
F9 110 2
Chn h s gin di trong l hnh thoi v hnh vung nh nhau:
=
T = V = = 1,51 = 1,23
Bng 6.3. Kt qu tnh ton tng hp

S ln
Dng
cn
L hnh
Phi
Hp
ch
nht
Thoi
Vung
(mm)
240
200
156
210
167
148
129
135
144
155
(mm)
240
244
250
261
168
169
171
135
206
155
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
h
(mm)
40
44
40
43
20
19
36
46
51
DK
(mm)
450
414
440
483
502
521
515
506
495
b
(mm)
4
6
5
7
2
2
6
16
11
()
2415
2415
2430
2415
1615
1530
2133
2437
2638
1,18
1,25
1,15
1,20
1,12
1,13
1,21
1,23
1,23
Lng gin rng trong l hnh thoi v l hnh vung c xc nh theo

th hnh (6.12a,b)
Ta c: b9 = 11 mm. Vy chiu cao ca hnh thoi:
h8 = b9 - b9 = 155 - 11 = 144 mm.
Din tch ca l hnh thoi: F8 = F9.9 = 1102.1,23 = 14.900 mm2.
2F
2.14900
Chiu rng hnh thoi: b 8 = 8 =
= 46 mm ;
h8
144
Lng p hnh 8: h8 = H8 - h8 = 190 - 144 = 46 mm.
ng knh lm vic: DK8 = 650 - 144 = 506 mm.
131
46
0
Gc n 8 = arcos 1
= 24 37'
506
Lng p l hnh 9: h9 = b8 - h9 = 206 - 155 = 495 mm.
51
0
Gc n 9 = arcos 1
= 26 38' .
495
=1,70 =1,60
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
=1,35
=1,30
=1,25
=1,20
=1,15
=1,10
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210

Cnh vung C hoc ng knh d
=1,70
b/
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
=1,50
=1,40
=1,30
=1,20
=1,10
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

=1,60
=1,50
=1,40
=1,30
Gin rng b
Gin rng b
a/
=1,40
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
Gin rng b
Gin rng b
=1,50 =1,45
=1,20
=1,10
c/ 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
d/
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
=1,70
=1,60
=1,50
=1,40
=1,30
=1,20
=1,10
5 15 25 35 45 55
H.6.12. Xc nh lng gin rng b khi cn phi thoi trong l

hnh vung hoc phi van trong l hnh trn.
a/ D = 800 mm; b/ D = 500 mm; c/ D = 350 mm; d/ D = 250 mm.
6.3.6. Cu to v cch b tr l hnh phi hp

Trc khi sp xp ll hnh trn trc cn gi 3 trc cn phi bit ng knh
ban u D v p lc trn D. Vi v d thit k v tnh ton trn ta c:
hTB = 40 mm.
gim c p lc trn ta chn: DII - DI = 20 mm
vy DB = DH = hTB - (DII - DI) = 40 - 20 = 20 mm.
gim bt chiu su khot vo trc gia ta chn ng knh ban u nh
sau: DB = 600 mm; DC = 620 mm; DH = 700 mm.
ng knh trung bnh ca trc cn:
D + D C 660 + 620
DI = B
=
= 640 mm
2
2
132
D H + D C 700 + 620
=
= 660 mm
2
2
Xc nh chiu su khot vo trc i vi cp l hnh phi hp th nht v
th hai, ta c:
h1 = 200 mm; h2 = 156 mm.
Vy chiu su khot vo trc gia l:
h + h 2 + D C 0,5(D H + D B )
C1 = 1
=
4
200 + 156 + 660 0,5(700 + 660)
=
= 74 mm.
4
Chiu su khot vo trc di v trc trn:
- Trc di: a1 = h1 - C1 = 200 - 74 = 126 mm.
- Trc trn: b1 = h2 - C1 = 156 - 74 = 82 mm.
ng knh lm vic:
DKB = 660 - 2.74 = 496 mm;
DKC = 620 - 2.74 = 472 mm;
DKH = 700 - 2.126 = 448 mm;
D II =
p lc trn ca cp trc di (gia v di):

DH = 472 - 448 = 24 mm.
p lc trn ca cp trc trn (gia v trn):
DH = 496 - 472 = 24 mm.
Lng p trong l hnh th 2 (trn cp truc I):
h2 = h1 - h2 = 200 - 156 = 44 mm.
Hiu s ng knh trung bnh:
DII - DI = 20 mm
Vy p lc trn ca c hai cp trc (trn v gia; gia v di):
DH = DB = 44 - 20 = 24 mm.
Vy kt qu tnh ton trn l ph hp.
ng knh lm vic i vi l hnh phi hp th 7 xc nh theo tr s p
lc trn.
Ly DK = DKC - DKH = 10 mm.
Bit rng: DII = DKC/2 + DKH/2 + h7 (H.6.9)
Hoc DII = DKH/2 + DK/2 + DKH/2 + h7 = DKH + DK/2 + h7 .
Suy ra: DKH = DII - DK/2 - h7 = 660 - 5 - 135 = 520 mm.
DKC = 520 + 10 = 530 mm.
DK7 = DKH/2 + DKC/2 = 520/2 + 530/2 = 525 mm.
nghing ca l hnh trc di: = 10 15%hr (hr l chiu su rnh l
hnh).
Chiu rng y l hnh trc di bH ly bng chiu cao l hnh trc .
133
Chiu rng y l hnh trc gia bC ly ln hn bH t 2 3 mm:

bC = bH + (2 3) mm
Chiu rng y l hnh trc trn bB ly ln hn bC t 2 3 mm:
BB = bC + (2 3) mm
Cc li y l hnh: = 1 3 mm
Cc bn knh ln y l hnh r:
r = (10 20)%b
Cc bn knh ln vnh trc r1:
r1 = r - (4 5)mm.
i vi l hnh thoi - vung khng cu to phi hp (ln - xung).
i vi my ba trc khi thit k l hnh cn ch n gc n cc i, tr s
ca n ph rhuc vo trng thi b mt trc cn v tc cn.
6.4. My cn phi lin tc
My cn phi lin tc dng ch to cc loi phi cho cc loi my cn
hnh c va, c nh, my cn thp bn v thp ng khng hn. Sn phm ca my
thng l phi thi c kch thc tit din ngang (50 x 50) (150 x 150) mm.
Ngoi ra cn ch to phi trn c ng knh khc nhau sn xut thp ng
khng hn.
u im: Nng sut rt cao, cht lng sn phm tt, t khuyt tt, d c kh
ho v t ng ho
Nhc im: Vn u t xy dng qu ln, nhiu thit b ph v chim
nhiu din tch nh xng.
Tuy c nhc im song hin nay my cn lin tc ni chung v my cn
phi lin tc ni ring c s dng rng ri cc nc c ngnh Luyn kim pht
trin nh Nga, M, Nht, c, Trung Quc v.v...
6.4.1. S b tr mt bng ca my cn phi lin tc
My cn phi lin tc vi cc gi cn c trc cn t nm ngang, my gm 2
nhm. Mi nhm gm 6 gi cn t lin tip nhau. Nhm u gi l nhm cn th,
nhm th 2 ngi ta gi l nhm gi cn tinh. Cc my ct c b tr ngay trn
ng con ln ct u, ui v ct vt cn ra tng on.
My ct th nht dng ct nhng vt cn qu di sau khi qu nhm cn
th vi mc ch l nhm cn tinh cn c d dng hn.
My ct th hai dng ct phi thnh phm theo kch thc quy nh.
Nhng con ln quay nh cc ng c ring bit, con ln quay s lm cho vt
cn chuyn ng thng tnh tin v n vo trc cn.
Nguyn liu ban u cho my cn phi lin tc l nhng sn phm ca my
cn ph. N c tit din ngang t (200 x 200) tr ln, thng thng l loi c tit
134
din (200 x 200) mm. Tt c cc trc cn ca mi nhm c chuyn ng quay

nh mt ng c in vi cng sut khong 3.680 kw.
T Blumin
Ra dn lnh
1
H.6.13. S b tr my cn phi lin tc 630/450

a/ nhm gi cn th; b/ dao ct; c/ nhm gi cn tinh
6.4.2. Quy trnh cng ngh ca my cn phi lin tc

Vt cn c nung nng trong l nung lin tc n nhit cn (1200
1250) C. sau vt cn c cn nhm gi cn th nht c trc cn D = 650 mm.
qua nhm cn th nht vt cn c tit din (200 x 200) mm xung cn (100 x 100)
mm hoc ln hn. Nu chiu di vt cn qu ln th vt cn c ct ra tng on
ngn hn my ct th nht. Sau khi vt cn qua nhm gi cn th 2 th tit din
ngang ca vt cn t c (45 x 45) mm. y cng l tit din ngang nh nht ca
my cn phi lin tc.
Ngy nay vi pht trin ca khoa hc, my cn phi lin tc hin i
c s dng rng ri trn th gii. My c b tr vi cc gi cn c trc nm
ngang v trc thng ng xen k. Theo cch b tr ny chng nhng cho ta nng
sut rt cao m cn ph hp vi cng ngh cn phi c nng sut cao v phi nh
hnh dng cho cc my cn hnh ni chung v cn hnh c bit ni ring (H.6.13).
c trng c bit ca my cn phi hin i l cc gi cn t k tip nhau
vi cc trc cn nm v ng b tr xen k, V vy m kch thc sn phm m
bo chnh xc.
S mt bng b tr thit b ca my cn phi lin tc hin i 730/530 vi
6 gi cn trc t nm ngang c khng ch v iu chnh mt cch chnh xc.
Mt im khc na l mi mt gi cn ca my cn phi lin tc hin i c
truyn ng bng mt ng c ring bit. iu cho php chng ta iu chnh tc
ca my va tt li va chnh xc.
My cn phi lin tc hin i cho php cn c ra sn phm l nhng phi
trn ln v cc phi nh hnh phc tp m vt cn khng b xon gia cc gi
cn. Ngoi ra my khng dng c cu lt tr vt cn m vt cn t ng lt tr bng
thit b c bit cho nn b mt sn phm tt hn, khng b xc v khng b cc
vt nt nh.
0
135
H.6.14. My cn phi lin tc hin i 730/530

16 - nhm gi cn th nht; 712 - nhm gi cn th 2
13: dn con ln dn phi vo; 14: dn con ln trung gian; 15: my ct;
16: dn con ln bao vin ngoi; 17: my ct 850 tn; 18: my ct bay;
19: dn con ln ra; 20: dn lm ngui; 21, 22, 23: cu trc (5/15) tn;
24: ng c in; 25: hp gim tc; 26: hp bnh rng ch V
Trn (H.6.14) gii thiu s mt bng ca my cn phi lin tc hin i

gm 2 nhm gi cn. Nhm th nht gm cc gi cn vi ng knh trc nm
ngang D = 730 mm. Nhm c 3 gi cn vi trc thng ng l (1, 3, 5), 3 gi cn
cn li (2, 4, 6) c trc cn t nm ngang. Trc thng ng c chiu di mt trc l
1.000 mm. Trc nm ngang c chiu di mt trc l 1.200 mm. Trc cn ca cc
gi c quay nh cc ng c ring bit, cng sut ca mi ng c l 1.324 kw;
s vng quay ca ng c t 250 500 v/pht.
Nhm th hai gm cc gi cn vi ng knh trc l 530mm. Cc gi 7, 9,
11 c b tr trn cc trc cn thng ng, cc gi 8, 10, 12 c trc cn b tr nm
ngang. Trc thng ng c chiu di mt trc l 600mm cn trc nm ngang c
chiu di mt trc 800mm. Mi trc cn cng c truyn ng bng mt ng c
ring bit. Cng sut ca mi ng c cng bng 1.324kw v c tc l (250
500) vng/pht. Tc cn nhm th nht thng l (1,52,5)m/s. Tc cn
gi cui cng ca nhm th hai khng vt qu 7 m/s.
Sn phm sau khi cn ra c qua my ct bay ct thnh tng on theo
tiu chun. Vi loi my 12 gi cn ny th sn phm ca n l phi c tit din (55
55) mm. Mun c sn phm l phi c tit din (120120) mm ta dng my cn
lin tc hin i 6 gi cn.
Ton b my cn phi lin tc hin i ny c t sau my cn ph Blu
min 1150.
Nu mun sn xut phi c tit din t (8080) mm n (200200) mm trn
my cn lin tc hin i th ta b tr 14 gi cn vi cc thng s (bng 6.4). Mt
bng ca n cng ging nh mt bng ca hnh 6.14.
Bng 6.4. Cc thng s c trng v trc cn v ng `c in dng trong my
cn phi lin tc hin i 900/730/530
S TT
Cch b tr
Kch thc trc cn
ng c
136
gi cn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
trc cn
Nm ngang
Nm ngang
Nm ngang
Nm ngang
Thng ng
Nm ngang
Thng ng
Nm ngang
D (mm)
900
900
900
900
730
730
730
730
L (mm)
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
Nc (kw)
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
n (v/ph)
9
10
11
12
13
14
Thng ng
Nm ngang
Thng ng
Nm ngang
Thng ng
Nm ngang
530
530
530
530
530
530
900
900
900
900
900
900
2000
2000
2000
2000
3200
3210
125 300
125 300
125 300
125 300
250 420
250 420
125 300
125 300
125 300
125 300
125 300
125 300
125 300
125 300
C im khc l 4 gi cn u tin ngi ta b tr trc nm ngang, 10 gi cn

sau mi b tr cc gi cn c trc ng v nm ngang xen k. Phi ban u cho my
cn lin tc hin i l sn phm ca my cn Bluimin 1150 c mt ct tit din l
(370370) mm.
My cn phi lin tc hin i ny c ng knh trc ln nht l 900 mm,
loi va l 750 mm v loi nh nht l 550 mm. Ngi ta vit tt l my cn phi
lin tc hin i 900/750/530.
6.4.3. Thit k l hnh cho my cn phi lin tc
Nh bit khi cn lin tc th ti mt thi im vt cn c cn trn nhiu
gi v th mun m bo c qu trnh cn th khi lng kim loi di chuyn qua
cc gi trong mt n v thi gian phi nh nhau (theo hng cn th tit din vt
cn gim i, chiu di vt cn tng ln, cho nn tc cn ca gi cn sau phi ln
hn gi cn trc ).
m bo c qu trnh cn lin tc phi c iu kin:
HBL = h1b1l1 = h2b2l2 = ..........= hnbnln
F.L = F1l1 = F2l2 .......................= Fnln .
F .l
F.L F1 .l1 F2 .l 2
=
=
= ................. = n n .
Hoc
t
t
t
t
Do , F.V = F1.V1 = F2.V2 = ..................= Fn.Vn = C (6.21)
Trong , F1, Fn, ......Fn : din tch tit din vt cn trn cc gi.
V1, V2 ..... Vn: tc cn trn cc gi.
F.V, F1.V1, F2.V2 .....Fn.Vn: khi lng kim loi i qua cc gi trong mt
n v thi gian.
137
V: hng s thit k l hnh.

Mun m bo c hng s C th hoc phi iu chnh F hoc iu chnh
V. Biu thc (6.21) cha tnh n lng vt trc trong qu trnh cn, tnh n
n ta c:
F1.V1.k1 = F2.V2.k2 = ..................= Fn.Vn.kn = C = const (6.22)
k1, k2, k3: cc h s xt n lng vt trc trong qu trnh cn.
T biu thc (6.22) ta c:
F1 V2 .k 2
F
V .k
F
V .k
=
= 1 ; 2 = 3 3 = 2 ; n = n + 1 n + 1 = n ; (6.23)
F2 V1 .k 1
F3 V2 .k 2
Fn + 1
Vn .k n
S vng quay ca trc cn c tnh:
.D K .n
V=
(6.24)
60
Kt hp 2 biu thc (6.22) v (6.24) ta c:
(6.25)
F1.DK1.n1.k1 = F2.DK2.n2.k2 = ......= Fn.DKn.nn.kn = C = const
Hoc:
F1.DK1.n1.(1+Sh1) = F2.DK2.n2.(1+Sh2) = ......= Fn.DKn.nn.(1+Shn) = C (6.26)
Trong ;
: Lng vt trc trn cc gi cn, %.
Sh1, Sh2, Shn
: S vng quay ca trc cn cc gi, vng/pht.
n1, n2, n3
DK1, DK2, DK3 : ng knh lm vic ca trc cn cc gi, mm.
Trong thc t nu nh khng c hin tng ko phi hoc n y phi th
h s C (hng s thit k l hnh) rt d dng gia c chnh xc. Song iu
trn thc t kh thc hin c bi v khi mt trong cc iu kin bin dng thay
i d l nh (nhit cn, h s ma st do s mi mn l hnh, khe h gia 2 trc
cn v s mi mn trc v.v...) cng lm cho kch thc vt cn lc ra khi l hnh
b thay i do tr s lng vt trc cng thay i.
Do nhng iu kin thc t nn khi thit k l hnh cn lin tc ngi ta
thng thit k vi mt lng ko cng nh gia cc gi phng s to vng v
in y gia cc gi gy nguy him cho thit b cn. C ngi l khi lng kim
loi i qua gi sau ln hn gi lin k trc mt lng l 12%. Trong trng
hp khi thit k l hnh c th khng xt n h s vt trc:
C = F.D.n
(6.27)
V d: nhm gi cn tinh c 6 gi th hng s thit k l hnh C gi th 6
cui cng l:
C6 = F6 .D K 6 .n 6
Hng s thit k l hnh C gi th nm l:
C6
F .D .n
C5 =
= 6 K6 6
1,01 1,02 1,01 1,02
Tng t ta c:
138
C5
F .D .n
= 5 K5 5
1,01 1,02 1,01 1,02
................................................
C2
F .D .n
C1 =
= 2 K2 2
1,01 1,02 1,01 1,02
Hng s thit k l hnh c tnh ton trn c s cc iu kin c th ca
my cn, ngha l vi my cn truyn ng ring l hay truyn ng chung nhiu
gi hoc phi iu chnh tc quay hay iu chnh tit din l hnh, hay iu
chnh ng knh lm vic ca trc cn. Trng hp phi iu chnh tit din v
ng knh lm vic th ng thi phi thay i cc thng s nh: h, h, b, khe h
gia 2 trc cn S, v.v...
H l hnh thng dng my cn lin tc:
- Vi my cn phi: h l hnh hp ch nht - vung; h thoi - vung v.v...
- Vi cc my cn hnh: h van - vung; su cnh-vung-van-trn.
Nu dng h thng l hnh hp th nn thit k nghing ca l hnh ln v
c u im sau:
- Trong cng mt l hnh c th cn vi nhng lng p khc nhau khi thay
i khe h gia 2 trc cn S.
- Gim c lng vt trc nh gim thp nh hng ca tc cn.
- Gim c p lc ca kim loi ln trc cn, nn gim c ng sut trong
trc cn.
- Gim mn thnh bn ca l hnh nn tng tui th ca trc cn.
nghing thnh l hnh xc nh theo cng thc:
B bK
tg = K
100%
2h r
C4 =
Mt s ch khi s dng l hnh hp ch nht my cn phi lin tc:

h
- Chn lng p
= 20 30 %
= 30%
H
100
= 35 %
- Chn khe h S gia 2 trc cn S =
96
20 30% chiu cao l hnh (chn S ln
= 25 %
i%
cho l hnh u).
92
= 20 %
- Chiu rng y l hnh ly bng
88
chiu rng phi vo l hnh br = bk.
10
20
30
40
50
tg
- Mc in y l hnh theo gc
nghing v lng p t i . y :
Fph i
100% = 96 98%
i=
FLH
H.6. 15. S ph thuc ca tg vo s

in y l hnh v lng p t i
Th t xc nh cc thng s ca l hnh hp:
(6.28)
139
1 Chn chiu rng y l hnh br.

2 Xc nh i% (cho trc) theo (H.6.15), tm theo lng p t i %.
S = 0,1h
3 Chn mt t s S theo th (H.6.16)
H/hr
H
S = 0,15h
tm th s
theo y xc nh tr s hr (chiu
4
hr
su rnh) ca l hnh.
4 Xc nh cc thng s khc:
h = 2hr + S;
BK = bK + 2hr.tg;
5 Xc nh cc bn knh ln:
r = (0,12 0,2)bk; r1 = (0,08 0,12)bk;
S = 0,2h
S = 0,075h
3
2
10
20
30
40
H.6.16. Xc nh t s H/hr
theo v khe h gia 2 trc S
6.4.4. V d v thit k l hnh khi cn lin tc

Cho mt my cn phi lin tc 630/450 sn xut cc loi phi. Nh ta
bit khi cn lin tc th phi bo m hng s cn lin tc C. Trong trng hp my
cn lin tc truyn ng ring l th qu trnh thit k th s cn c vo hng s C
gi cui cng v tnh ngc hng cn xc nh s vng quay cn thit cho cc
gi cn tip theo trn c s hng s cn lin tc. Vi nhng my c truyn ng
chung th qu trnh tnh ton cng s thc hin ngc hng cn v cng trn c s
hng s cn lin tc ca gi cn cui cng. y trn mi gi tip theo s vng
quay n ca trc cn xc nh. Mun m bo hng s cn phi trn c s kch
thc l hnh v ng knh lm vic ca trc cn.
a/ Cc s liu ban u
1 My cn lin tc truyn ng theo nhm; Kch thc phi ban u: 285 x
285 mm; Kch thc sn phm cui cng: 60 x 60 mm; Kch thc sn phm trung
gian: 120 x 120 mm; ng knh ban u ca trc cn:
+ Nhm th nht: D = 630 mm.
+ Nhm th hai: D = 450 mm.
2 D kin cc kch thc vung trung gian:
80 x 80 mm; 100 x 100 mm; 120 x 120 mm; 150 x 150 mm
3 S vng quay ca trc cn cc gi, (vng/pht).
Nhm gi cn th nht (tm gi):
n3 = 15,8
n5 = 26,46 n7 = 38,76
n1 = 9,2
n4 = 20,4
n6 = 31,86 n8 = 48,42
n2 = 11,6
Nhm gi cn th 2 (6 gi):
n11 = 93,88
n13 = 155,6
N9 = 61,64
n12 = 115,75
n14 = 201,6
N10 = 75,69
4 Chn h s ko cng gia cc gi ca nhm gi cn th nht k = 1,01 v
nhm gi cn th 2: k = 1,015.
140
5 Chn h s hn ch gin rng kb 2 gi u tin kb = 1, cc gi cn

cn li kb = 0,7.
b/ Cc bc thit k v tnh ton:
900
I
900
II
III
h8
h7
900 60 x 60
h14
h12
h11
h10
h9
IX
b8
b7
900
80 x 80
900
100 x 100
h13
h6
h5
160 x 160
b10
VIII
120 x 120
VII
b6
b9
h4
900
VI
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
V
IV
h3
h2
hh
h0
285 x 285
b11
b12
b13
b14
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
H.6.17.
h
ngthng
dng
trnsn
myphm
cn lin
Theo sS
l cn
hnhphi
vung
chn th
c tc
tit630/450
din 100 x 100
mm; 120 x 120 mm; 150 x 150 mm s cn c trn cc gi th 6, th 8, th 10 v

sn phm c tit din 80 x 80 mm; 60 x 60 mm s cn c trn cc gi cn th 12
v 14.
Trc tin phi tnh ton cho gi cn th 2 sau mi tnh ton cho nhm
gi cn th nht.
Tnh ton l hnh trc cn cho nhm gi cn th hai.
Vi sn phm c dung sai m ta chn cnh vung a14 trng thi nng ng
bng kch thc 60 mm: a14 = 60 mm.
m bo iu kin n phi bnh thng khi tnh ton dng ng knh
nh nht sau khi phc hi li trc cn ln cui cng.
- Tnh hng s cn lin tc gi cn cui cng (th 14):
Din tch l hnh khng c bn knh ln:
2
F14 = a 14
= 60 2 = 3600 mm 2 .
ng knh lm vic ca trc cn:

h
1,44.a 14
D k14 = D 0 14 = 450
= 408mm .
2
2
h14: chiu cao l hnh gi 14.
Hng s cn lin tc C14:
C 14 = F14 .D K14 .n14 = 3600.408.201,6 = 297.10 6 .
- Xc nh hng s cn lin tc t gi 13 n gi 9:
C 13 =
C 14
297.10 6
=
= 293.10 6
1,015
1,015
C 12 =
C 13
293.10 6
=
= 289.10 6
1,015
1,015
C 11
C 12
289.10 6
=
=
= 285.10 6
1,015
1,015
C 10
C 11
285.10 6
=
=
= 281.10 6
1,015
1,015
141
C 10
281.10 6
=
= 277.10 6
1,015
1,015
- Tnh kch thc l hnh cho cc gi 13 trc ng v 14 trc nm
ngang:
Chiu cao l hnh vung gi 14:
h14 = 1,419.a14 = 1,414.60 = 85 mm.
Chiu rng l hnh vung gi 14:
b14 = h14 = 85 mm.
H s gin di trong c 2 l hnh:
80.80
13:14 =
= 1,78 .
60.60
Chn h s gin di gi 13 bng gi 14:
C9 =
13 = 14 = 13:14 = 1,78 = 1,33 .
Din tch tit din vt cn sau l hnh 13:

F13 = F14.14 = 3600.1,33 = 4780 mm2.
xc nh c chiu cao l hnh thoi 13 cn phi bit c lng gin
rng khi cn phi hnh thoi trong l hnh vung b14.
Tr s b14 c th tm trn th (6.12a, b, c, d) khng c trng hp ng
knh trc cn D = 450 mm nn phi xc nh b14 theo phng php ni suy t 2
th D = 500 mm (6.12b) v D = 350 mm (6.12c).
Vi D = 500 mm ta c b = 11
Vi D = 350 mm ta c b = 8
b14 = 11 mm. Vy:
Chiu cao l hnh thoi gi 13 l:
h13 = b14 - b14 = 85 -10 = 75 mm.
Chiu rng l hnh thoi gi 13 l:
2F
2.4780
b13 = 13 =
= 127mm.
h13
75
Lng p trong l hnh vung gi 14:
h14 = b13 - h14 = 127 - 85 = 42 mm.
142
Lng p trong l hnh thoi gi 13:

h13 = 1,41.a12 - h13 = 1,41.80 -75 = 38 mm.
Khong trng dnh cho lng gin rng trong l hnh thoi gi 13:
B13 = b13 - 1,41.a12 = 127 - 1,41.80 = 14 mm.
Lng gin rng tnh ton trong l hnh thoi gi 13:
b13 = 0,4 (1,41.a 12 75)
450 75
8mm
2
(6.29)
b13 tnh ton theo cng thc c gi tr rt nh so vi khong trng dnh cho
n B13 . V vy cc kch thc ca l hnh thoi gi 13 c th gi nguyn.
ng knh lm vic ca trc cn gi 13:
D K13
C 13
293.10 6
=
=
= 396 mm.
F13 .n 13 4780.155,5
ng knh danh ngha ca trc cn gi 13:

h
75
D 013 = D k13 + 13 = 396 +
= 433mm.mm .
2
2
Gc n gi 14:
h 14
14 = ar cos(1
) = 26 0 30'
D min 14
Dmin14 - ng knh ch su nht ca l hnh.
D min 14 = D 014 h14 = 450 85 = 365mm .
Vy:
14 = ar cos(1
42
) = 28 0 .
365
Gc n gi 13:
38
) = 26 0 30'
430 75
- Tnh kch thc l hnh gi 11 v 12:
Hai l hnh ny cng l thoi (11) v vung (12), v th phng php v trnh
t tnh ton cng nh i vi 2 l hnh 13 v 14.
H s gin di vi 2 l hnh 11 v 12:
F
100.100
11:12 = 10 =
= 1,78 chn:
F12
80.80
13 = ar cos(1
11 = 12 =
100 2
80 2
= 1,25 .
Theo th (6.12) xc nh c b12 = 9 mm, do :

h11 = b12 - 9 = 1,41.80 - 9 = 104 mm.
2F
b11 = 11 = 154 mm.
h11
143
Khong trng dnh cho lng gin rng l hnh thoi:

B11 = b11 - 1,41.a10 = 154 - 1,41.100 = 13 mm.
Lng gin rng tnh ton trong l hnh thoi gi 11:
D 0 h11
450 104
= 0,4 (1,41.100 104 )
= 8,5mm
2
2
V vy cc kch thc ca l hnh thoi khng phi tnh li.
Mc in y l hnh:
141 + 8,5
i=
100% = 97% .
154
Cc l hnh tip theo tnh theo h s hnh hp ch nht - vung.
Khi tnh theo h thoi-vung th bin dng theo chiu rng l hnh l khng
ng u. Cc s liu tnh ton trn y cho lng p trong l hnh (14, 13, 12, 11)
u ly theo chiu cao ti a. Song tnh ton lng p hp l hn th nn ly theo
lng p trung bnh trn c s din tch tit din tng ng.
- Tnh l hnh 10:
Tit din l hnh vung khng c bn knh ln:
F10 = 100 x 100 = 10.000 mm2.
ng knh lm vic trc cn gi 10:
b11 = 0,4 (1,41.a 10 h11 )
D K10 =
C 10
281.10 6
=
= 382 mm
F10 .n10 10000.75,69

D 010 = D k10 + h10 = 382 + 100 = 482 mm.mm .
Gc n gi 10:
10 = 23 0 = 0,401rad
cos10 = cos230 = 0,920

Lng p tuyt i gi 10:
h10 = D 010 (1 cos 10 ) = 482.(1 0,920) = 27mm .
Chiu cao ca phi vo l hnh 10:
H10 = h10 + h = 100 + 27 = 127 mm.
Lng gin rng trong l hnh 10:
144
2.b tb .h10 .k b
=
2
(h 9 + h10 )1 + (1 + 10 ) b tb
R.10
2.97.27.0,7
= 5mm
2
97
(127 + 100 )1 + (1 + 0,401)

191
.
0
,
401
b10 =
btb = 97 mm (cho rng b = 100 mm ra khi l hnh, B l chiu rng phi vo

l hnh, B < b).
- Tnh l hnh 9:
Chiu cao ca l hnh 9:
h9 = b10 - b10 = 100 - 5 = 95 mm.
Chiu rng ca l hnh 9:
b9 = H10 = 127 mm.
Din tch tit din ca l hnh 9:
F9 = h9.b9 = 95 x 127 = 12.000 mm2.
H s gin di gi 10:
F
12000
10 = 9 =
= 1,2 .
F10 10000
D K9
C9
277.10 6
=
=
= 374 mm
F9 .n 9 12000.61,64

D 09 = D k 9 + h 9 = 374 + 95 = 469 mm.mm .
Gc n gi 9:
9 = 210 = 0,366 rad
cos9 = cos210 = 0,932

Lng p tuyt i gi 9:
h 9 = D K 9 (1 cos 9 ) = 374.(1 0,932) = 25mm .
Chiu cao ca vt cn vo l hnh 9:
H9 = h9 + h = 95 + 25 = 120 mm.
Lng gin rng trong l hnh 9 vi btb = 125 (cho rng b9 = 127 mm; H9 =
B9 =120 mm):
145
2.b tb .h 9 .k b
=
2
(H 9 + h 9 )1 + (1 + 9 ) b tb
R. 9
2.125.25.0,7
= 5mm
2
125
(120 + 95)1 + (1 + 0,366 )

187.0,366
b 9 =
Chiu rng ca vt cn lc vo l hnh 9:

B9 = b9 - b9 = 127 - 5 = 122 mm.
Cn phi hiu chnh li l hnh gi 9 v 10.
Theo d kin trn gi 8 cn mt phi vung 120 x120 mm. Theo kt qu tnh
ton li c 12o x 122 mm. loi tr c sai st ny phi thay i kch thc vt
cn vo gi 10. lm c iu ny c 2 phng php:
Phng php 1:
T chn mt lng p gi 10 (tham kho gi tr h10 tnh ton c):
h10 = 25 mm
H10 = h10 + h10 = 100 + 25 = 125 mm.
Gc n gi 10:
h
25
9 = ar cos(1 10 ) = ar cos(1
) = 210 = 0,366 rad
D K10
382
cos10 = cos210 = 0,932
Lng gin rng trong l hnh 10 vi btb = 125 (cho rng h10 = 100 mm; H10
=120 mm):
2.b tb .h10 .k b
=
b10 =
2
(H10 + h10 )1 + (1 + 10 ) b tb
R.10
2.125.25.0,7
= 5mm
2
(125 + 100 )1 + (1 + 0,366 ) 125

187.0,366
Chiu rng ca vt cn khi vo l hnh 10:

B10 = b10 - b10 = 100 - 5 = 95 mm.
F9 = h9.b9 = H10.B10 = 125 x 95 = 11.650 mm2.
146
H s gin di gi 10:
F
11650
10 = 9 =
= 1,16 .
F10 10000
D K9
C9
277.10 6
=
=
= 385mm
F9 .n 9 11650.61,64

D 09 = D k 9 + h 9 = 385 + 95 = 480 mm.mm .
Lng p tuyt i vn gi nguyn nh trc:
h9 = 25 mm
Chiu cao ca vt cn a vo l hnh 9:
H9 = h9 + h = 95 + 25 = 120 mm.
Gc n gi 9:
9 = 20 0 30' = 0,38rad
Lng gin rng trong l hnh 9 vi btb = 122:

2.b tb .h 9 .k b
=
b 9 =
2
(H 9 + h 9 )1 + (1 + 9 ) b tb
R. 9
2.122.25.0,7
= 5,2 5mm
2
(120 + 95)1 + (1 + 0,38) 125

192.0,38
Chiu rng ca vt cn khi vo l hnh 9:

B9 = b9 - b9 = 125 - 5 = 120 mm.
F9 = b9.h9 = 125 x 95 = 11.650 mm2.
H s gin di gi 9:
F8 120 2
9 =
=
= 1,24 .
F9 11650
Phng php 2:
S dng mt s biu thc xc nh li kch thc cn tm khi bit kch
thc vt cn vo mt s l hnh nht nh v kch thc ca l hnh tip theo.
Phng php ny thun tin khi sai s gia tnh ton v kch thc cn xc nh
khng ln.
C th dng cc biu thc sau tnh:
b k 10 (b 8 + k 9 .h 8 h10 )
(6.30)
h 9 = 10
1 k 9 .k 10
147
b9 = b8 + k9(h8 - h9)
(6.31)
Trong :
h9: chiu cao ca vt cn khi ra khi l hnh 9 (sau hiu chnh)
b9: chiu rng ca vt cn khi ra khi l hnh 9 (sau hiu chnh)
k9, k10: cc h s hn ch gin rng gi 9 v 10.
b 9
5
k9 =
=
= 0,2.
h 9 25
k 10 =
b10
5
=
= 0,185.
h10 27
Vy suy ra chiu cao ca vt cn sau hiu chnh:

100 0,185(120 + 0,2.122 100)
h9 =
= 95mm
1 0,2.0,185
Chiu rng vt cn sau hiu chnh:
b9 = 120 + 0,2.(122 - 15) = 125 mm.
Kch thc ca l hnh hp ch nht xc nh c ging nh khi hiu chnh
theo phng php th nht nn cc thng s khc nh ng knh lm vic, lng
gin rng, gc n l khng thay i.
Tnh ton l hnh trc cn cho nhm gi cn I
Xc nh hng s cn lin tc cho nhm gi cn th nht khi c bn knh
ln:
C8 = 0,98.F8.Dk8.n8
ng knh lm vic ca trc cn gi 8:
h
1,41.120
D k 8 = D 08 8 = 639
= 545mm .
2
2
Vy:
C8 = 0,98.F8.Dk8.n8 = 0,98.14400.545.48,42 = 380.106
- Xc nh hng s cn lin tc t gi 7 n gi 1:
C 8 380.10 6
C7 =
=
= 377.10 6
1,01
1,01
C6
C5
C4
C3
C 7 377.10 6
=
=
= 374.10 6
1,01
1,015
C
= 6 = 371.10 6
1,01
C
= 5 = 368.10 6
1,01
C
= 4 = 365.10 6
1,01
148
C3
= 362.10 6
1,01
C
C 1 = 2 = 359.10 6
1,01
- Tnh kch thc l hnh cho cc gi 7 trc ng v 8 trc nm ngang:
Chiu cao l hnh vung gi 8:
h8 = 1,41.a8 = 1,41.120 = 169 mm.
Chiu rng l hnh vung gi 8:
b8 = h8 = 169 mm.
Din tch tit din ca l hnh 8 (khng c bn knh ln):
F8 = 120 x 120 = 14400 mm2.
H s gin di trong c gi 7 v gi 8:
150.150
7,8 =
= 1,56 .
120.120
Ta phn b h s gin di trn gi 7 v gi 8 nh nhau:
C2 =
7 = 8 = 7,8 = 1,56 = 1,25
Din tch vt cn sau l hnh thoi gi 7 (khng bn knh ln):

F7 = F8 . 8 = 14400.1,25 = 18.000 mm 2 .
Nu c bn knh ln:
F7 = 0,98.18000 = 17600 mm2.
Lng gin rng ca phi hnh thoi trong l hnh vung 8 xc nh trn
th (6.12):
b8 = 13 mm
Chiu cao l hnh thoi gi 7 l:
h7 = b8 - b8 = 169 -13 = 156 mm.
Chiu rng l hnh thoi gi 7 khng bn knh ln l:
2F
2.18000
b7 = 7 =
= 230 mm.
h7
156
Lng p tuyt i trong l hnh vung gi 8:
h8 = b7 - h8 = 230 - 169 = 61 mm.
Lng p tuyt i trong l hnh thoi gi 7:
h7 = 1,41.a6 - h7 = 1,41.150 -156 = 56 mm.
D K7 =
C7
377.10 6
=
= 555mm
F7 .n 7 17600.38,74
149
h7
156
= 555 +
= 633mm .
2
2
Khong trng dnh cho lng gin rng l hnh thoi 7:
b7 = b7 -1,41.a6 = 226 - 1,41.150 = 14 mm.
Lng gin rng tnh ton cn phi vung trong l hnh thoi gi 7:
D 07 = D k 7 +
D 07 h 7
633 156
= 0,4 (1,41.150 156 )
= 12,2 mm
2
2
V vy cc kch thc ca l hnh thoi khng phi tnh li.
Gc n gi 8:
b 7 = 0,4 (1,41.a 6 h 7 )
8 = 28 0 40'
Gc n gi 7:
56
) = 25 0 20'
633 150
Khi tnh ton cc i lng v lng p h, ng knh lm vic v.v...theo
h thng thoi-vung nn dng lng p trung bnh trn c s tit din tng ng
nh hc chng 2.
Tnh ton kch thc ca h l hnh hp ch nht - vung t 1 6:
7 = ar cos(1
- Tnh l hnh 6:
Tit din l hnh vung c bn knh ln:
F6 = 0,98.1002 = 22.050 mm2.
D K6
C6
374.10 6
=
=
= 530 mm .
F6 .n 6 22050.31,84

D 06 = D k 6 + h 6 = 530 + 150 = 680 mm .
Gc n gi 6:
6 = 24 0 = 0,419 rad
cos6 = cos240 = 0,913

Lng p tuyt i gi 6:
h 6 = D k 6 (1 cos 6 ) = 530.(1 0,913) = 45mm .
Chiu cao ca phi vo l hnh 6:

H6 = h6 + h6 = 150 + 45 = 195 mm.
Lng gin rng trong l hnh 6 vi btb = 145 mm :
2.b tb .h 6 .k b
=
2
(H 6 + h 6 )1 + (1 + 6 ) b tb
R. 6
2.145.45.0,7
= 7,5 8mm
2
145
(195 + 150 )1 + (1 + 0,419 )

265
.
0
,
419
b 6 =
- Tnh l hnh 5:
Chiu cao ca l hnh 5:
h5 = b6 - b6 = 150 - 8 = 142 mm.
Chiu rng ca l hnh 5:
b5 = H6 = 195 mm.
F9 = 0,98.(h5.b5) = 0,98.195 x 142 = 27200 mm2.
H s gin di gi 6:
6 =
F5 27200
=
= 1,23 .
F6 22050

D K5
C5
371.10 6
=
=
= 515mm
F5 .n 5 27200.26,46

D 05 = D k 5 + h 5 = 515 + 142 = 657mm. .
Gc n gi 5:
5 = 25 0 = 0,436 rad
cos5 = cos250 = 0,906

Lng p tuyt i gi 5:
h 5 = D K 5 (1 cos 5 ) = 515.(1 0,906) = 48,3 48mm .

H5 = h5 + h5 = 142 + 48 = 190 mm.
Lng gin rng trong l hnh 5 vi btb = 190:
150
151
2.b tb .h 5 .k b
=
2
b tb

(H 5 + h 5 )1 + (1 + 5 )
R
.
2.190.48.0,7
= 7,2 7mm
2
190
(190 + 142 )1 + (1 + 0,436 )

252
.
0
,
436
Cc l hnh tip theo t 1 4 ca h l hnh hp ch nht - vung u

c cch tnh tng t nh trn v kt qu tham kho cho bng (6.5).
Qu trnh tnh ton ngc hng cn nn kch thc ca hnh gi trc l:
b 5 =
- Khi khng lt vt cn: h = h + h; b = b - b.

- Khi khng lt vt cn: h = b - b; b = h + h.
Hiu chnh li kch thc gi 1 v gi 2.
Theo s liu tnh ton ngc hng cn th nhn c phi c kch thc
285 288, khc vi phi cho ban u l: 285 285. S khc nhau ny phi khc
phc ln cn 1 v 2.
hiu chnh li ta ly: h2 = 50 mm
Vi chiu cao phi vo l hnh 2 s l:
H2 = h2 + h2 = 240 + 50 = 290 mm
Gc n l hnh 2: 2 = 24 0 50' = 0,433rad
Lng gin rng trong l hnh 2 vi btb = 240 mm:
2.b tb .h 2 .k b
b 2 =
=
2
(H 2 + h 2 )1 + (1 + 2 ) b tb
R. 2
2.240.50.1
= 6,8 7mm
2
(290 + 240 )1 + (1 + 0,433) 240

270.0,433
152
Chiu rng phi a vo l hnh 2:

B2 = b2 -b2 = 242 - 7 = 235 mm.
Bng 6.5. Kt qu tnh ton kch thc l hnh hp ch nht - vung t gi I
IV ca my cn lin tc 630/450
L
hnh
IV
n
C
vng/pht C.106
31,76
Lt thp
V
26,46
IV
20,40
Lt thp
III
15,8
II
11,6
Lt thp
I
9,2
DK
D0
Rad
bTB
374
150 150 22050 530 680 24
0,419 45
145 8
1,23
371
368
142 195 27200 515 657 25

190 188 35000 500 690 29
0,436 48
0,506 60
190 7
184 8
1,29
1,26
365
362
180 250 44000 510 690 29

240 242 57000 550 790 20
0,506 60
0,453 54
245 8
240 7
1,29
1,18
359
235 291 68000 575 810 24
0,419 50
293 6
- Gc n cho php; n - s vng quay ca trc cn

b - Kch thc phi sau mi ln cn (mm).
B - Kch thc sn phm sau mi ln cn (mm).
b - Lng gin rng tnh ton cho mi ln cn.
h - Lng p sau mi ln cn (mm).
1: H s dn di tnh ton cho mi ln cn.

DK - ng knh lm vic trung bnh ca mi
ln cn (mm).
D0 - ng knh ban u ca trc cn (mm).
F - Din tch tit din phi cn (mm2).
C - Hng s cn lin tc.
- Trn gi 1:
Din tch tit din phi sau l hnh 1:
F1 = 0,98.(h1.b1) = 0,98.(290 x 235) = 66787 mm2.
H s gin di gi 2:
F
66787
2 = 1 =
= 1,18 .
F2 57000
Din tch tit din phi trc khi vo l hnh 1:
F0 = 0,98.(h0.b0) = 0,98.(285 x 285) = 79.600 mm2.
H s gin di gi 1:
F
79600
1 = 0 =
= 1,19 .
F1 66787
D K1 =
C1
359.10 6
=
= 582 mm
F1 .n1 66787.9,2
153
ng knh ban u ca trc cn gi 1:

D 01 = D k1 + h1 = 582 + 235 = 50 mm. .
Lng p tuyt i gi 1:
h1 = H 0 h1 = 285 235 = 50 mm .
Gc n l hnh 1:
1 = 24 0 = 0,419 rad
Lng gin rng trong l hnh 1 vi btb = 287 mm:

2.b tb .h1 .k b
=
2
(H 0 + h1 )1 + (1 + 1 ) b tb
R.1
2.287.50.1
= 5,2 5mm
2
(285 + 235)1 + (1 + 0,419 ) 287

286.0,419
Cc s liu tnh ton c thng k trong bng (6.6).

Khe h gia hai vnh trc cn ly nh nhau:
b1 =
- nhm th nht S = (0,15 0,2)h.

- nhm th nht S = (0,15 0,2)h.
Trn y chng ta xem xt cch thit k l hnh cho my cn lin tc i
vi h thng l hnh hp ch nht - vung v thoi - vung. Qu trnh thit k s
tng t khi s dng h thng l hnh van - vung, 6 cnh vung hoc van - trn.
Cc h thng ny c s dng rt rng ri trn cc my ct hnh c trung, c nh
v my cn dy thp lin tc.
86
Bng 6.6: Kch thc l hnh nhm gi 630 my cn li

Dng
l
hnh
Phi
Hp
Kch thc l
C
F
n
DK D
hnh
h b
6
c.10
h
b
a
Dmax
Dmin
0
285 285 285 - 79600
24
25030
1
235 290 50 5 67400 9,2 582 817 359 1,19
Lt thp
2
Hp 240 212 54 7 57000 11,6 550 790 362 1,18 24050 26030
3
Hp 180 250 60 8 44000 15,8 510 690 365 1,29 28010 28040
Lt thp
4
Hp 190 188 60 8 35000 20,4 500 690 368 1,26 28020 28030
5
Hp 142 195 48 7 27200 26,46 515 657 371 1,29
250
26030
Lt thp
6
Hp 150 150 150 45 8 22050 31,46 530 680 374 1,23
240
25010
Lt thp
7
Thoi 156 226 56 12 17600 38,74 555 633 377 1,25 25010 26030
Lt thp
8 Vung 169 169 120 57 13 14400 48,42 545 630 380 1,25 28040
300
h - chiu cao, mm; b - chiu rng, mm
a - cnh vung, mm; h - lng p, mm; b lng gin rng, mm; F - Din tch tit din, mm2
n - s vng quay ca trc cn, vng/pht;
DK - ng knh lm vic trc cn, mm;
D - ng knh ban u, mm
- h s gin di;
C - hng s cn lin tc C.106;
0
- gc n cho php, ( );
S
gi
161
Chng 7
Sn xut thp hnh

7. 1. Sn xut thp hnh trn my cn hnh c ln
7.1.1. Cc loi sn phm thp hnh
Cc loi sn phm thp hnh c ln a s c sn xut ra trn my cn hnh
c ln, cn li mt s t c sn xut trn my cn ray-dm. Cc loi sn phm
thp hnh c ln cng bao gm cc loi thp ray, thp ch I, ch U, thp ch T, ch
L, thp gc, thp vung, trn v.v...Cc loi sn phm ny c kch thc tit din v
trng lng theo chiu di c sn xut trn my cn hnh c ln 650 v 550 trnh
by trong Bng 7.1:
Bng 7.1: Mt s sn phm ca my cn hnh c ln 650 v 550
Loi
my
cn
Kch thc sn phm

Thp
Ray
Ch
bn
(kg/m)
T
(mm)
(mm)
Thp
trn
(mm)
Thp vung a
(mm)
650
70220
70x70220x220
350
2433
550
50150
50x50150x150
300
24
Ch I
Ch U
Thp gc
(mm)
220
N016N030
N016N030
150
N010N020
N010N020
90x90
220x220
75x75
150x150
i vi my cn hnh 750 v ln hn th sn phm trn c kch thc ln hn.

7.1.2. My cn hnh c ln
My cn hnh c ln c ng knh trc cn tinh t 500 750 mm v c khi
ln hn thng c b tr theo kiu hng v c chia ra 2 nhm: nhm cn th v
nhm cn tinh.
a/ Nhm gi cn th:
Gm mt gi cn 2 trc o chiu c ng knh trc D = 800 mm t
hng th nht v 1 gi cn th 3 trc t hng th 2. Vt liu ban u ca my
cn c khi l thi c cng c khi l phi. Cc gi cn th c nhim v cn th cc
dm ch I, U, T v cc loi hnh c ln khc.
Ring i vi my cn th 2 trc o chiu ny c vn u t c bn v tng
chi ph ln hn so vi gi cn th 3 trc. Gi cn th o chiu ny cho php thay
i lng p theo s ring c lp v cho ta mt kh nng vi lng p ln v
vy m s ln cn c gim i.
b/ Nhm gi cn tinh:
Gm 2 gi cn trong c 1 gi cn 3 trc v mt gi cn 2 trc. Gi cn 2
trc c ng knh trc 650 mm. Gi cn 2 trc ny dng cn tinh li ln cui
162
cng cho sn phm. S dng gi cn tinh 2 trc c u im: cng vng ln, iu
chnh trc nhanh v chnh xc bo m cht lng sn phm v.v...
Trc cn ca gi cn tinh 2 trc quay c nh mt ng c ring bit
truyn ng qua trc bnh rng ch V v trc khp ni vn nng. Gia gi cn 2
trc v 3 trc ngi ta t d phng mt thit b truyn ng bng khp ni vn
nng khi c mt s c no xy ra vi mt trc ni no ca h thng th trc
ni d phng s lm vic. Nh vy tt c cc trc cn ca 2 gi cn vn lm vic
bnh thng bng mt ng c in khc.
i vi cc loi my cn hnh c ln ni ring v cn hnh hin i ngy nay
th cc trc cn c s vng quay thay i tng i rng v c mt ng c in c
kh nng iu chnh tc trong mt khong rng v chnh xc. Ngoi ra my cn
c mt h thng ng con ln chuyn dch phi hon ton t ng c my o lt
phi, c cu dch chuyn, bn nng thu lc v cc c cu c kh hin i khc.
a s cc my cn hnh c ln loi (650 750) mm c t trong cc nh
my cn thp c my cn Ray-Dm c ln. B tr nh vy c th sn xut c tt
c cc loi thp hnh c ln c kch thc khc nhau.
Cc loi my cn hnh hin i dng cn cc thp hnh c ln c chn
rng, n khc vi my cn vn nng gi cn tinh cui cng l loi gi cn tinh 2
trc.
My cn hnh c ln thng c b tr hng, i khi b tr theo hnh ch Z
(cn gi l bn c). S phn chia cc loi my cn hnh cng ph thuc vo quy c
ca tng nc. Vit Nam th s phn chia nh sau: my cn hnh c ln 500 c
ngha l my cn hnh c ln y c gi cn tinh cui cng l gi 500.
Khi ni gi cn 500, th ta hiu rng gi cn y c khong cch tm ca 2
trc bnh rng ch V l 500 mm, cn ng knh trc cn trong gi 500 c kch
thc t (500 530) mm. Mt my cn hnh c ln c th c t (3 7) gi cn.
7.1.3. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thp hnh trn my cn hnh c ln
Cc my cn hnh c ln sn xut ra cc loi thp ch I, U, T, thp ng
ray, thp trn, vung, gc c ln v cc loi khc. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
cho tng loi thp hnh c nhng c im v quy trnh khc nhau nhng quy
chung li u qua cc bc sau:
1 Chn phi ban u v lm sch b mt
My cn hnh c ln dng cc loi phi thi ca my cn ph Bluimin hoc
ca my cn phi c kch thc tit din t (125 x 125) mm n (200 x 200) mm.
chiu di ca phi t (5 6) m v c trng lng t (0,6 1,8) tn.
Kh khuyt tt v lm sch b mt ca phi hon ton ging nh cng vic
kh khuyt tt v lm sch b mt ca phi cn trong chng 6. Cng vic kh
163
khuyt tt ca phi y c phn no n gin hn v phi qua tinh chnh sau

khi cn phi, ngoi ra phi ban u rt t khi dng l loi thi c thun tu.
2 Nung phi trc khi cn:
y l mt khu v cng quan trng trong quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thp
hnh. i vi cc loi phi ca thp hnh c ln th ch nung v cc yu cu
chung ca qu trnh nung phi cng ging nh khi nung phi cn ni chung. Ngha
l nung ti nhit cn quy nh m phi khng b chy, khng b qu nhit
v.v... Kinh nghim cho thy rng:
- i vi cc loi thp ccbon c hm lng thp (<0,45%) nh thp C08
C40. Cc loi thp hp kim thp nh 15Mn, 30Mn2, 15CrMo v.v...th phi nung ti
nhit t (1200 1220)0C l tt nht.
- Cc loi thp ccbon cao nh C50, C60, C65; cc loi thp hp kim
60CrSi2, 30CrNi3, 35CrMnSiA v.v... th nhit nung ca phi l (1140 1200)0C.
- Cc loi thp C70, C85, CD70, CD80 v.v...c nhit nung phi tt nht l
(1140 1160)0C.
trong cn hnh c ln th cc loi sn phm cn u l cc loi thp ccbon
thng v thp, cc loi thp hp kim thp cho nn chng ta tin hnh nung phi
n nhit t (1200 1220)0C l tt nht v c nung trong l lin tc.
3 Cng ngh cn
Khi nung phi ti nhit cn quy nh th c y ra khi l v chy
trn ng con ln ti gi cn th u tin. Vt cn ln lt qua cc l hnh ca gi
cn th, gi cn trc tinh v gi cn tinh cui cng ra sn phm. Tu theo kch
thc khc nhau v cc loi sn phm khc nhau m s ln cn cng khc nhau.
Cc bc cng ngh cn cc loi thp ch I, U, T, ng ray, thp trn, vung v.v...
c vn tt biu din nh sau:
Phi
Kim tra, lm sch
Ca, ct on
Nung
Cn
ng k hiu
Thp vung, trn

thng thng
Lm
ngui
Phi ng
Tinh chnh
Thp ccbon cao

Thp cht lng tt
Lm ngui
chm
Nhp
kho
164
Mt iu cn ch l phi kt thc cn ng vo nhit quy nh

cht lng sn phm c tt v c cc tnh nng k thut t yu cu, cc loi thp
hnh c ln khng phi nhit luyn.
My cn hnh c ln 650 c b tr lm 2 hng. Hng th nht ch b tr
mt my cn ph 2 trc o chiu c ng knh trc cn = 800 mm. hng th 2 b
tr 3 gi cn bao gm 2 gi cn 3 trc 650 v 1 gi cn 2 trc 650.
Gi cn 2 trc 650 l gi cn tinh, n c t cui cng trong hng gi cn
th 2 v gi cn ny ch tin hnh mt ln cn tinh cui cng m thi (xem Hnh
7.1)
Ton b quy trnh cn ca my cn hnh c ln 650 hnh 7.1 c tm tt
nh sau: Phi c tit din (125x125) mm n (200x200) mm a vo nung l
nung lin tc (4). Phi a vo nung c th trng thi ngui hoc trng thi
nng, nhit ca phi khi ra l l (1250 1280) 0C. Nhit cn t (1200
1220)0C, khng cn phi nhit < 11500C.
Phi chy trn ng con ln i vo gi cn ph (6), ti y vt cn c cn
vi lng p tng i ln. Tip n vt cn ln lt i qua 2 gi cn 3 trc 650
hng gi cn th 2 v gi cn tinh 2 trc 650. Ti gi cn tinh 2 trc ta tin hnh
cn vi lng p nh nht khng ng k lng p m bo chnh xc, b mt
bng p v.v...
S ln cn trn my 650 i vi cc loi thp ch I, U, T, V t No16 No30
l (7 13) ln, tu theo kch thc sn phm m s ln cn nhiu hay t, cn cc
loi thp trn, vung c ln khc cng c s ln cn tng t nh trn. Nhit kt
thc cn khng di 8000C.
Sn phm sau khi ra khi gi cn tinh cui cng c a ti my ca nng
(13) ca ra tng on theo kch thc quy nh t (6 19) m. Sau sn
phm c a ti sn lm ngui (17). Khi sn phm ngui ti 500C th n c
a sang my l phng, nn thng p u (16).
Hnh 7.1. Mt bng my cn hnh c ln 650

1. Phi thi hoc thi c; 2. Sn cha phi cn; 3. My y phi vo l nung; 4.
L nung lin tc; 5. h cha vy st; 6. Gi cn ph 2 trc 800; 7. gian ng c
in; 8. My ca a; 9. My cun, dp p ph liu; 10. Gi cn th 3 trc; 14.
My ca a; 15. Sn xp sn phm; 16. My nn thng; 17. Sn ngui
165
Bng 7.2a. Cc thng s, tnh nng k thut, sn phm ca my cn hnh

c ln
Kiu my
My cn 650,
kiu b tr 2
hng
Trc cn
(mm)
800
650
650
L(mm)
Kiu b tr
2100
1700
1200
Ngang
Ngang
Ngang
My cn 500
hin i b tr
lin tip nhau
630
530
530
530
965
965
965
965
Ngang
Ngang
Ngang
Ngang
My cn 650 b
tr 1 hng (kiu
c) 3 gi, 3 trc
650
650
650
1500
1500
1500
Ngang
Ngang
Ngang
S gi cn
ca my
34
Cng sut ng c
M lc
n(v/pht)
4000
6200
1500
3000
2500
1500
2500
3150
3150
2500
060120
80180
100120
300
300600
300600
300600
500
500
500
Tc cn
(m/s)
6
Bng 7.2b. Cc tnh nng k thut, sn phm ca mt s my cn hnh c ln

Loi sn phm
Kch thc c bn
(mm), (kg/m)
Trn: 220
Dt : 300
Ray: 24 kg/m
Thp I, U: N016N0300
Thp gc: N09N020
Vung: (50 x 50)
(150 x 150)
Sn phm cn li ging
trn
Ray: 11 24 kg/m
Gc: N075N0150
Trn: 150
Vung: 100 x 100
Thp I, U: N010N020
Phi ban u
K. thc tit L (mm) Tr. lng
din (mm)
(kg)
250x250
300x300
2500
6000
1230
4230
125 x 125
200 x 200
5000
6000
6001800
150 x 150
200 x 200
250 x 250
275 x 275
275 x 275
2500
6000
800
350
Nng sut
my cn
(tn/h)
Loi l nung
S l, kch
Nng sut
thc, kiu l
l (Tn/h)
80
150
6 29
l lin tc
(5 x 16) m
120240
5 l
(5 x 16) m
- L bung
80
- L lin tc
60
50
166
7.2. My cn hnh c trung bnh
7.2.1. Nhng c im chung ca my cn hnh c trung bnh

Khi nghin cu qu trnh cng ngh cn phi ta thy rng: My cn phi lin
tc c nng sut rt ln so vi cc my khc. Do xu hng hin nay ngi ta c
gng tm cch dng my cn lin tc cn thp hnh c trung bnh. My cn hnh
c trung l my c ng knh trc cn tinh nm trong khong > 350 v < 500 mm.
Thc t th ngc li cn lin tc truyn ng tp th kh nhn c sn
phm c hnh dng phc tp. Nh vy: Khi to ra mt mi quan h hp l gia tc
quay ca trc v lng ko trong mi l hnh (V vt cn b cng hoc chng
gia cc gi cn).
Sn phm cng c hnh dng phc tp th kh khn cng ln. S khc
nhau v ng hc trong nhng phn khc nhau ca l hnh s sinh ra ng sut. Tr
s ng sut ny c th vt qu gii hn bn lm ph v cc t chc ca kim loi
dn n ph phm v gy ra khuyt tt.
Lng p khng ng u trn ton b sn phm v mi quan h khng m
bo quan h hp l gia tc quay ca trc cn v lng ko trong mi l hnh s
dn n lm sai hnh dng v kch thc sn phm.
T nhng nguyn nhn trn, khi cn sn phm c hnh dng phc tp ngi
ta cha dng my cn lin tc. Thc t quy trnh cng ngh c hiu qu nht l
dng my cn b tr kiu ch Z (cn gi l bn c). Dng my ny cn c thp
hnh trung bnh c tit din phc tp c chnh xc cao ng yu cu k thut,
mt khc my mc b tr hp l c kh ho v t ng ho cao.
So snh vi my cn lin tc th my cn b tr kiu ch Z c nhng u im
sau y:
- Vt cn cng ch cn trong mi l hnh iu kin ny lm cho thit b lm
vic bnh thng bo m. Sn phm tt, khng sinh ra khuyt tt v khng c hin
tng ko cng v chng gia cc gi.
- chnh xc v kch thc tit din v cht lng b mt c nng cao.
Trn my ny c th cn c cc sn phm vi dng sai b nht.
- Mi gi tr c th iu chnh kch thc l hnh lng p v tc quay v
cc my truyn ng bng cc ng c ring r.
- Nh c truyn ng ring l m c th cn c trn my cn ny vi tc
cao ng thi s dng hp l khong nhit gia cng.
Nhc im:
My b tr kiu ch Z so vi my cn lin tc c nhc im ln l:
- Thit b ph nhiu, cng knh (nh xch mc trc ln ...)
- Din tch b tr my ln, s lng cn b cng nhn cng nhiu.
- Thit b cng nhiu hn v truyn ng ring l. Tt c nhng vn y
dn n vn u t xy dng c bn ln, lm nng cao cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.
167
Hnh 7.2 cho ta s b tr cc my cn hnh kiu ch Z

Thit b vn
chuyn
Thit b vn chuyn
Hnh 7.2a. S b tr cc my cn hnh kiu ch Z
Thit b vn
chuyn
Thit b vn chuyn
Hnh 7.2b- S b tr my cn hnh ch Z 3 dy b tr nghing.
Hnh 7.2c. Kiu ch Z c nhm gi cn tinh b tr bn c.
S gi cn th nhiu hay t ph thuc vo kch thc ca thi c hoc phi

ban u, cn s gi cn tinh th t 3 - 5 gi n ph thuc vo kch thc ca sn
phm cn ra. ng knh trc cn thng t (350 450) mm. Mt s nh my cn
c vn cn kiu my cn b tr hng ( mt hng, hai hng).
7.2.2. Sn phm ca my cn hnh c trung
Sn phm ca my cn hnh c trung ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Mt my
khng ch cn ra mt loi sn phm nht nh m cn ra nhiu loi khc nhau.
Trn cc my cn b tr theo kiu bn c (ch Z) cn c nhiu loi sn
phm hn khi cn trn my cn hnh b tr theo hng. Bng 7.3 cho bit kch thc
168
v cc thng s k thut ca cc loi sn phm my cn hnh c trung.

Bng 7.3. My cn hnh trung bnh v cc sn phm ca chng
My cn
My cn
450
My cn
350
Trn
(mm)
40
125
25
90
Vung
a(mm)
40 x 40
125x125
25 x 25
90 x 90
Cc kch thc ca thp hnh (mm)

Dt
Gc
Ch U
Ch I
B(mm)
(mm)
H(mm)
H(mm)
200
150
50 x 50
120x120
45 x 45
90 x 90
80
160
50
100
Ray
(kg/m)
Ch T
H(mm)
100
160
< 15
< 120
100
100
7.2.3. Mt bng b tr thit b v quy trnh cng ngh ca my cn hnh c

trung bnh
Sau khi nghin cu sn phm, cch b tr ca my v mt vi phng php
sn xut thp hnh c trung chng ta i vo nghin cu cch b tr mt bng v quy
trnh cng ngh ca my.
H.7.3. My cn hnh trung bnh 350 b tr theo hng

1, 2, 3, 4: Nhm gi cn th 450; 5, 6, 7: Nhm gi cn gia 400;
8, 9, 10: Gi cn 300; 11: Gi cn tinh 300; 12: Hp truyn lc;
13: Hp gim tc; 14: ng c
My cn hnh 350 cn ra cc loi thp trn c ng knh (20 75) mm,

thp vung c cnh a = (18 x 18) (65 x 65) mm, thp lc lng c ng knh
ngoi tip t (20 68) mm, thp bn c chiu rng t (40 120) mm v dy t (5
40) mm, thp gc c cnh (45 x 45) mm n (90 x 90) mm, thp ch I cao 100 mm
v ch U c chiu cao t (50 100) mm. ngoi ra my cn sn xut nhiu loi thp
hnh n gin v phc tp khc.
Phi cho my cn hnh 350 c tit din ngang t (100 x 100) n (170 x
170) mm, di 6.000 mm v c trng lng t (450 1.350) kg.
169
Hin nay trong cc nh my cn hin i cn hay dng my cn hnh c

trung 300 b tr lin tc v mt bng b tr thit b c trnh by trn (Hnh 7. 4):
H.7.4. Mt bng b tr thit b ca my cn hnh lin tc 300

1. l nung; 2. My ct; 3. Gi cn trc thng ng; 4. Gi cn trc nm ngang; 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12,
14, 16 v 18: Cc gi cn c trc nm ngang; 7, 13, 15 v 17: cc gi cn c trc t thng ng;
10, 19, 25: My ct bay; 20: Thit b vn chuyn; 21: Tang cun thp dt; 22: Tang cun thp
dy; 23: My y phi vo l; 24: sn cha phi; 26: sn cha sn phm; 27: Cu trc
7.3. My cn hnh c nh
7.3.1. Nhng c im khi cn hnh c nh

My cn hnh c b l cc my cn hnh c ng knh trc cn t 250 mm
n < 350 mm. nu ng knh trc < 250 th c gi l my cn Mini.
a/ Trng lng v kch thc thp hnh c nh
Trng lng v kch thc thp hnh c nh ph thuc vo tit din ca sn
phm v ni s dng theo yu cu ca k thut. Cc loi sn phm ny c ct ra
tng on v b li thnh b c trng lng khong (100 150) kg. Cc loi dy
thp th cun thnh tng b c ng knh cun bn trong l (500 700) mm, trng
lng t (80 200) kg. i vi cc my cn dy lin tc th trng lng cun t
ti (250 350) kg.
Cc loi thp bn (dt) c cun thnh tng b c hnh bu dc khng ln
v cu d dng c cnh di t b = (1200 2500) mm. Trng
b
lng cun t (25 125) kg. Chiu di tng cng ca thp
c cun ph thuc vo kiu my v kch thc ca phi.
b/ Vt liu ban u
Vt liu ban u l phi c kch thc khc nhau tu theo kiu my v kch
thc ca sn phm. Nhng loi phi thng gp trn my cn ny l (40 x 40)
(80 x 80) mm, di 9 m. Tu thuc vo l nung c phi di 1.500 mm v tit din l
(200 x 200) mm cn ra cc loi sn phm ln v di hn bnh thng.
170
c/ Nung phi trc khi cn

Do c im phi b v sn phm l thp hnh c nh cho nn khi nung phi
phi nung cao hn nhit nung theo quy nh mt t v phi nung ngui nhanh
hn so vi thp hnh c trung v ln. c bit phi nung cho tht u theo tit din
v theo chiu di v khi cn c th dn n tnh trng khng in y hoc qu in
y l hnh gy ra khuyt tt v ph phm.
d/ Cc yu cu i vi thp hnh c nh
C 2 yu cu c bn:
- Cc sn phm cn thp hnh c nh phi c dung sai b nht, mc ch l
tit kim kim loi.
- Cc sn phm cn phi c sai lch ging nhau v nh nht theo kch
thc tit din trn ton b chiu di vt cn, iu y c ngha rt ln khi gia cng
ct gt kim loi tip theo, c bit l thp trn v n thng dng ch to bulon,
inh tn, vt v.v... trn cc my t ng. Nu khng m bo c yu cu trn th
trc khi a vo my tin t ng phi qua bc gia cng s b. Dy thp, nu sai
lch kch thc cng b th khi ko ngui dy thp tip theo cng t ln ko.
Mun t c dung sai b nht th kt cu ca my c phi c g lp
bn vng, l hnh trc cn chnh xc v iu chnh trc cng phi chnh xc.
Mt s thp hnh trn b c sn xut ra di dng thp cun (dy thp).
Nu trng lng cc cun cng ln th nng sut cng cao. Nng sut thp cun
cng cao khi ton b qu trnh cn u c c kh ho v t ng ho vi tc
cn ln, m bo s chnh lch gia nhit u v cui ca vt cn l nh nht.
7.3.2. Cc loi my cn hnh c nh
Cc loi my cn hnh c nh hin i c th chia lm 3 nhm chnh sau:
a/ My cn hnh
Trn cc loi my cn hnh loi ny ngi ta tin hnh cn cc loi sn phm
c hnh dng n gin v phc tp dng thanh hoc cun.
b/ My cn thp bn (thp dt)
Cc sn phm ca loi my cn ny l thp bn dng thanh hoc cun. Cc
loi my cn ny thng c chuyn mn ho nh: my chuyn cn thp bn lm
nhp t, lm l xo, my cn bng thp tng cun v.v...
c/ My cn thp dy
L nhng my b tr hng, my cn dy thp bn lin tc v lin tc chuyn
sn xut dy thp c ng knh nh t (5 9)mm dng cun. Bng 7.4 trnh by
my s tnh nng ca my cn hnh c b.
171
Bng 7.4. My cn hnh c nh v cc sn phm ca chng

My cn
My cn
300
My cn
250
Trn
(mm)
Vung
a(mm)
16
60
8
30
16 x 16
60 x 60
8x8
30 x 30
Cc kch thc ca thp hnh (mm)

Dt
Gc
Ch U
Ch I
B(mm)
(mm)
H(mm)
H(mm)
100
60
20 x 20
60 x 60
20 x 20
40 x 40
Ray
(kg/m)
50
65
Ch T
H(mm)
60
30
7.3.3. Cch b tr my cn hnh c nh

Hin nay trong cn hnh c nh ngi ta dng nhiu kiu my c s gi cn
b tr lin tc (gi l my cn hnh lin tc) hoc my bn lin tc b tr theo hnh
ch Z ngha l gi cn th th b tr cn lin tc cn cc gi cn tinh th b tr hng
hoc bn c. My cn lin hp cng c s dng nhiu trong thi gian gn y
cn dy thp v thp bn hp
Do tnh cht cng ngh v yu cu ca sn phm nn khng th hoc kh
dng my cn lin tc c cng mt ch tc . Chng ta c th nghin cu ti
cc dng b tr my cn c nh bn lin tc hay lin tc thng sau:
a/ My cn hnh c nh bn lin tc
Cc my trong nhm gi cn th b tr lin tc cn nhm gi cn tinh th
cn chu k hoc cn vng c khi t hp vng v chu k (hnh 7.5):
Cn lin tc
Cn chu k
Cn vng
H.7.5. S b tr cc gi cn bn
lin tc theo th - chu k - vng
172
Cc my trong nhm gi cn th c b tr lin tc, nhm gi cn tinh

va b tr lin tc va b tr vng (xem Hnh 7.6):
Nhm my cn th lin tc
Nhm cn tinh lin tc
Nhm cn tinh b tr vng
lin tc theo kiu gi cn th lin
tc, gi cn tinh lin tc - vng
Ch :
- Cc gi cn u ( nhm gi cn th) trong my cn bn lin tc c nhim
v gim kch thc tit din ca phi m khng c s thay i hnh dng. V vy
cc my ny b tr lin tc v c truyn ng chung.
- cc my ny u cn phi c tit din (45 x 45) (75 x 75) mm vi chiu
di 9 12 m. V trn nhm cn tinh c thao tc bng tay cho nn thao tc bng tay
cho nn tc cn trn cc gi cui cng khng vt qu (8 15) mm/s. Chnh y
l nhc im ca my cn bn lin tc, c bit l khi cn sn phm thp hnh c
nh lm cho nng sut gim. nhng gi cn tinh cui cng ngi ta dng mng
vng dn vt cn n vo trc thay sc ngi.
- V nhit u v cui vt cn c s chnh lch kh ln cho nn dn n
kch thc tit din theo chiu di s khc nhau, dung sai s khc nhau theo tit
din v kim loi co do nhit khc nhau. Vt cn cng ln, cng di th thi gian nm
trn nn xng cng lu do dung sai theo tit din cng khc nhau.
Hnh 7.7. l mt kiu b tr hp l ca my cn hnh bn lin tc:
1
2
3
4
Nhm my cn th lin tc
1. My y phi vo l
2. My y phi ra l
3. L nung; 4. My ct
5. Sn lm ngui
5
tc, gi cn tinh vng - lin tc
Nhm cn tinh lin tc
173
- khc phc nhc im , ngi ta b tr trn my bn lin tc nhm

cn vng v nhm cn tinh sau nhm cn th. Nhng my cn ny th nhm gi
cn tinh lin tc ch cn ra nhng sn phm thp hnh n gin m thi. Nhng sn
phm thp hnh phc tp phi cn nhm cn vng.
Ngoi ra my c th b tr theo bc thang nhm gi cn tinh, my ny
dng cn thp trn c ng knh = 6 35 mm:
Nhm my cn th lin tc
tc, gi cn tinh bc thang
Sn lm ngui
b/ My cn hnh lin tc
Cc my cn hnh c nh lin tc thng b tr cc gi cn nh sau: ngoi
cc gi cn c trc cn b tr nm ngang ra cn c nhng gi cn ng p kim
loi 2 bn cho ng kch thc v khi cn vt cn khng c lt tr.
10 11 12 13
H.7.9. S b tr cc gi cn ca my cn hnh lin tc
Theo s 7.9 th c 13 gi cn: 3 gi cn (8, 10, 12) c trc b tr thng

ng, cn cc gi khc c trc b tr nm ngang.
Tr 5 gi cn (2 6) c truyn ng chung cn cc gi khc u c
truyn ng ring bit iu chnh tc quay c d dng. My cn ny ch
yu cn cc loi thp trn t (13 18) mm, thp bn c chiu rng (50 127)
mm. Tc ln nht ca vt khi n i ra khi gi cn cui cng l 9 m/s, 10 m/s,
20 m/s, loi my hin i tc c th t n v = 50 m/s. Qu trnh cn t u n
kt thc hon ton t ng ho. Khong cch gia cc gi cn trong my cn lin
tc ph thuc ch yu vo thao tc ca qu trnh cng ngh v khi sa cha.
174
Trong my cn lin tc lun c cc gi cn c trc c b tr thng ng

p 2 bn kim loi. V vt cn khng lt tr c khi cn trong my cn c gi b tr
theo hng v c trc thng ng nn mt ln ch cn c mt vt cn m thi (my
c trc cn ngang th c th cn nhiu vt cng mt lc theo nhng l hnh khc
nhau).
Vt cn t gi ny sang gi khc hon ton t ng. Tc cn t cao nn
nng sut tng cao hn (20 30)% so vi my bn lin tc, my cn dy lin tc
hin i tc cn t ti (40 45) mm /s hoc ti 60 m/s.
u im ca my cn lin tc:
- Nng sut cao
- Thao tc nh nhng, hon ton t ng ho
- S lng cn b v cng nhn t
Nhc im ca my cn lin tc:
- Kh iu chnh v g lp, nht l iu chnh tc cho ph hp.
- Thi gian iu chnh lu, ph phm nhiu.
- Vn u t ln.
khc phc vic kh iu chnh tc cn ca cc gi, ngi ta b tr
truyn ng ring l cho tng gi c th iu chnh tc cn cho ph hp.
Do nhng nhc im ca cc my cn hnh lin tc c nh nn n ch s
dng khi gii hn v kch thc sn phm hp l kinh t nht. Ngha l dng khi
cn t loi sn phm v sn phm n nh. V khi thi gian thay trc cn, g lp
trc, iu chnh l rt t.
Qua phn tch trn ngi ta i n kt lun my cn bn lin tc hoc b tr
kiu ch Z l thch hp i vi cn thp hnh Vit Nam. Bi v iu kin nc
ta nhu cu v cc chng loi thp th nhiu nhng s lng li khng ln lm, trnh
c kh ho v t ng ho cn thp, sn lng li khng cao cho nn chng ta
dng my bn lin tc l tt nht v chng va cn c thp hp kim va cn c
thp thng.
i vi cc nc tin tin nh M, Nht, Nga, c v.v... th dng nhiu my
cn hnh lin tc v cho nng sut rt cao. Vit Nam trong tng li cng s tin n
vic s dng cc dy chuyn cn lin tc trong cng nghip sn xut thp.
c/ My cn hnh c nh b tr kiu bn c (ch Z)
My cn hnh c nh b tr kiu bn c (ch Z) dng cn cc loi thp
hnh c nh, theo s ny th cn thp trn 20 mm l nng sut nht.
S 7.10 gm 10 gi cn b tr theo hnh ch Z. Gi u tin c ng
knh trc l 400 mm, gi tip theo c ng knh trc t (340 375) mm, cc gi
cn li c ng knh trc l (315 335) mm. Dy th nht c 6 gi cn, khong
cch gia cc gi l: 9,5 m; 18,3 m; 1,5 m; 30 m; 1,5 m; 46,5 m; 57 m.
175
10
H.7.10.S my cn hnh c nh b tr kiu ch Z (bn c)
Hai cp gi 3, 4 v 5, 6 cn vt cn trn cng mt lc, cc gi cn khc ch

c mt vt cn c cn trn tng gi, khng c cng 1 vt cn cng mt thi
im nm trn 2 gi nh 3, 4 v 5, 6.
Vi my ny c th cn c cc sn phm sau:
- Thp trn 20 28 mm.
- Thp vung cnh a = (20 25) mm
- thp gc cnh (35 45) mm
- Thp lc lng (36 x 28)
- Thp dt (50 x 6) (40 x 12)
Cc thng s k thut chnh ca my cn hnh c nh c b tr theo hnh
ch Z c trnh by trong bng 7.5:
Bng 7.5: Cc thng s k thut ca my cn thp hnh c nh theo hnh z
Tn
10
360
320
59,8
405
360
65,8
375
330
64,5/
129
405
350
78,3/
156
375
340
98,4/
196
375
340
131/
263
378
340
149/
298
335
315
185/
367
335
315
200/
400
335
315
250/
500
Cng sut ng
c (KW)
550
T s truyn
6,28
550
5,37
1100
4,65
(chung)
3,83
1840
3,05
chung
2,28
chung
2,04
1250
1,09
chung
1,0
chung
1,0
trc max (mm)

trc max (mm)
s vng/pht
Gi1
Quy trnh cng ngh ca my cn ny nh sau: Vt cn i t gi ny n gi

kia bng h trc ln, vt cn i t dy ny sn dy khc cng bng h trc ln b tr
nghing. di ca cc h thng trc ln l 36,7 m v 42 m, sau khi ra khi gi
cn th 10 vt cn theo trc ln ti sn lm ngui 2 pha.
176
7.3.4. Nung phi trc khi cn

Nh ta bit nhit nung khi cn thp hnh c nh phi cao hn nhit
quy nh mt t v phi nh, ngui nhanh. Ngoi ra phi nung u trnh ph
phm v.v... Phi c kch thc tit din (40 x 40) (75 x 75) (100 x 100) di t (9
12) m c nung trong cc l lin tc c chiu di l ti 15 m. L t bng kh l
cc v l cao c nng sut to nhit l 1500 Kcal/m3. Nng sut l nung t t 100
200 tn/h tu thuc vo loi l v cch b tr sp xp ca l.
Thp c mc khc nhau th c ch nung khc nhau. Khi chn nhit
nung trc khi cn cn phi ch ti yu cu ca nhit kt thc cn gim bt
ph phm, khuyt tt v t nng sut cao.
7.4. My cn thp dy
Thp trn c ng knh t 5 9 mm c cn trn my cn dy hin i.
Sn phm thp trn ny ta gi chung l dy thp.
cn cc loi dy thp ny ngi ta dng 3 loi my chnh:
- Loi my b tr hng
- loi my bn lin tc
- Loi my lin tc
Khi chn my cn dy thp ta da vo quy trnh cng ngh v biu cn,
chng trnh lm vic ca my, da vo s sn xut sn phm c rng ri v s
lng sn phm c nhiu khng.
My cn dy hin i l my cn bn lin tc v lin tc c s dng nhiu
cc nc pht trin vi cc thit b cn lin tc v chng chim t l ln t 70
85%. Tc cn t ti 60 m/s.
Trn hnh 7.11 trnh by cch b tr mt bng ca my cn dy lin tc
H.7.11. My cn dy lin tc 250

1. Sn cha phi cn; 2. sn cha ph phm; 3. My y phi vo l; 4. L nung lin tc; 5. My ct
bng la; 6. My y phi ra l; 7. My hn ni u; 8. L nung cm ng; 9. My ct u; Nhm gi
cn th 450; 11. My ct on; 12. Nhm gi cn 300; 13. Phn nhnh cn dy; 14. Nhm gi cn 250;
15. nhm gi cn tinh 250; 16. Tang cun dy; 17. My vn chuyn; 18. sn vn chuyn; 19. Mc lt
bng ti; 20. My tho thp cun; 21. Xe vn chuyn.
177
Trn Hnh 7.11 cho ta thy cch b tr mt bng ca my cn dy lin tc

vn nng 250: Vt liu ban u dng cho my cn dy thp lin tc hai nhnh l
thp vung c tit din 60 x 60 mm, di 12 m v nng khong 330 kg. Phi c
nung trong l nung lin tc c y nghing di khong 15 m. Nng sut l t ti
100 tn/gi. Phi cn c a vo l nh my y phi 3, sau khi nung t ti
nhit cn v ra khi l nh my tho phi 6, cc phi cn c ni li vi nhau
nh my hn tip u ri i vo l nung cm ng 8 gia nhit, trc khi vo nhm
cn th phi cn c ct mt u bng my ct u 9 loi b cc khuyt tt.
Phi cn i vo nhm cn th 10 vi 9 gi cn 450, sau khi ct on vt cn
tip tc i vo nhm cn trung gian th nht 12 gm 4 gi cn 300, tip n vt cn
c phn thnh 2 nhnh i vo 2 nhm cn trung gian 14 vi 4 gi cn 250 mi
nhnh. sau khi ra khi nhm cn trung gian th hai cc vt cn mi nhnh li
phn ra 2 hng qua nhm cn tinh 15.
My c 4 hng gi cn tinh, mi hng c 4 gi cn c b tr xen k 2 gi
c trc thng ng v 2 gi c trc nm ngang v cui cng l 1 gi c trc c b
tr nm ngang. Nh vy mi hng gi cn tinh c b tr 5 gi cn c ng knh
trc bng nhau l 250 v thc hin cn tinh 2 dy cng mt lc. Mi mt hng ca
nhm cn tinh ch cn c mt dy thp. Tc cn ln nht i vi dy thp c
ng knh (5 6) mm nhng gi cn sau cng t ti 40 m/s.
Ra khi gi cn cui cng sn phm c tang cun dy 16 cun thnh tng
b (trng lng ca mi b khong 80 330 kg) ri c vn chuyn ra sn lm
ngui nh sn 18 v xe vn chuyn 21.
Trong nhm cn tinh c s b tr xen k cc gi cn c trc nm ngang v
thng ng m bo cht lng vt cn tt, an ton khi my cn vi tc ln
v m bo cho dy thp c thng trong khi cn ngay c khi c cu dn hng b
nghing.
Thp c cn trong cc my cn dy lin tc c nhiu mc khc nhau c
hm lng ccbon (0,03 0,8)%. Nng sut trung bnh ca my ny t (32 37,2)
tn/gi hoc cao hn tu thuc vo ng knh ca dy thp.
S cn thp trn trn my cn hnh trung bnh v nh c th hin qua
hnh sau:
178
179
7.5. Thit k l hnh cho cn thp gc

7.5.1. Khi nim s cn thp gc
cn c thp gc th cng vic thit k l hnh l quan trng. Vic thit
k l hnh da vo kiu my, kch thc phi ban u v nhng nguyn tc chung
v cu to l hnh nhm gi cn th, cn trung gian v cn tinh.
Hnh 7.12: S nguyn l thit k l hnh.

a. Cn thp gc khng cn; b. Cn thp gc cn
180
H.7.14. S thit k l hnh cn thp gc vi s lng l hnh ti thiu, kt hp vi h

l hnh vn nng gi cn trung gian v th.
Thp gc N03,5 4,5; a. Thp gc N05(50x50x5); b. Thp gc N04(40x40x4).
181
H.7.15. S thit k l hnh cn thp gc trn my cn lin tc

theo h l hnh h. Cc gi cn X, XII, XIV trc ng
182
H.7.16. S thit k l hnh cn thp gc N03,5(35x35x4) v N04(40x40x4)

trn my cn lin tc theo h l hnh h. Cc gi X, XII, XIV trc ng
183
184
S nguyn l (hnh 7.12) hin nay c s dng rng ri. Cc l hnh

nh hnh u l nhng l hnh kn v c s lng l hnh ti thiu. S lng l hnh
kn ph thuc vo kch thc sn phm (s hiu ca thp gc theo TCVN), vo tnh
nng v vo my cn.
s thit k (hnh 7.12) ch c 4 l nh hnh. cc nhm gi th v
trung gian th l hnh c cu to vn nng v thc t vi cch thit k ny hin nay
c ng dng rng ri (hnh 7.14).
Theo s (hnh 7.14) ch c 4 l nh hnh v c th cn c thp gc
nhiu loi kch thc khc nhau nh tnh cht vn nng cc nhm gi cn trung
gian v th. Mt s tc gi nh: Cnblox, Xindin... th thit k cn theo mt s
cn trong l hnh h, th vic g lp trc s thun tin, n gin, nng cao c
nng sut ca my, d dng t ng ho ng thi nng cao c bn rnh trc,
c ngha l cho php tng chiu dy lp bin cng (nhit luyn) ca trc cn. Trn
c s cc s liu thc t ngi ta tin hnh thit k l hnh cn thp gc trn my
cn hnh c nh 250 t phi vung 60 60mm.
Trn cc my cn hnh c nh b tr lin tc c cc gi tr tc ng xen k
th s thit k l hnh c th tham kho trn hnh 7.15 v 7.16.
T hnh 7.15 v 7.16 c th thy vi mt kch thc ca thp gc cn cn
tng ng c mt kch thc phi c cn trn cc nhm cn trung gian, gi cn
th theo h thng l hnh vn nng.
7.5.2. Hnh dng, kt cu l hnh tinh khi cn thp gc
Nhim v ca l hnh tinh l
thc hin nn thng cnh trc khi hnh
thnh gc vung nh, ng thi p
chiu dy cnh (hnh 7.17). Chiu rng
ca l hnh tinh ( hnh chiu nm
ngang) ly bng hoc ln hn chiu
rng ca phi a vo l hnh tinh
trnh hin tng tp cnh. i vi l
hnh tinh khi to bin dng rnh ca trc Hnh 7.17. S bin dng trong l hnh
tinh khi cn thp gc
trn phi ch n b mt (chiu dy)
lp bin trng (trc gang).
Trnh l hnh b mn su vo lp gang xm to nn nhm trn b mt sn
phm. V cu to l hnh tinh th c th c hai loi: l hnh tinh vi hn ch gin
rng v l hnh tinh c gin rng t do (hnh 7.18).
Vi l hnh tinh hn ch gin rng th u cnh c gia cng tt do m
bo kch thc bn knh u cnh. Song n d to bavia, khi iu kin cng ngh
cn khng n nh (nht , trng thi b mt trc, h s ma st ...).
Hin nay, ngi ta thng thit k l hnh tinh c gin rng t do. u im
185
ca n l c th cn mt s loi sn phm. Khi iu kin cng ngh cn thay i,

n ch lm thay i i cht t nhiu chiu dy cnh m khng to ra bavia, song
bn knh u cnh khng m bo tt.
Hnh 7.18: Cu to l hnh tinh khi cn thp gc

a. c hn ch gin rng; b. c gin rng t do
Thit k l hnh tinh phi xt kh nng co khi ngui nh v kh nng d

nn trn my nn. V khi co, nh ca thp gc c th b thay i v sai lch. Cu
to l hnh c xt hai yu t trn cho hnh 7.19. Cc thng s trn hnh 7.19 c
th tham kho nh sau:
a = (0,1 0,15)l
i vi l hnh tinh:
h= 0,25 0,3 mm.
i vi l hnh trung gian:
h= 2 5 mm.
Bn knh cong Rvng
R vng
(
l a )2 + 0,25
=
2
(7.1)
H.7.19. Cu to l hnh tinh c xt n kh nng

co khi ngui nh v nn thng trn my nn.
S sp xp v tr l hnh tinh trn trc cn i vi thp gc cn th ch cn

cnh ca mi mt bn lm vi ng thng ng mt gc 450 l (khng c lc
chiu trc).
i vi thp gc khng cn (thp L) th v tr l hnh tinh c hai cch b tr:
c lc chiu trc v khng c lc chiu trc.
- Trng hp c lc chiu trc p1 v p2:
ng phn gic ca nh gc vung vung gc vi ng thng nm ngang
i qua nh gc vung (hnh 7.20a), v vy phi c nh chiu trc cn thn trn c
s kt cu lp ghp hai trc cn.
- Trng hp trnh lc chiu trc (p1 = p2):
ng phn gic ca nh gc to vi ng thng ng mt gc nht nh
(hnh 7.20b). Trng hp ny c ng dng nhiu trong thc t.
186
H.7.20. Hai v tr l hnh tinh trn trc cn khi cn thp gc khng cn (thp L).
a. C lc chiu trc (p1 p2 ); b. khng c lc chiu trc (p1 = p2)
7.5.3 S gin rng trong l hnh nh hnh khi cn thp gc

Tng t nh cn thp dt, trong cc l hnh nh hnh s gin rng ch yu l do
lng p h to ra v ta c th xc nh theo biu thc:
b = 0,2h
(7.2)
Chiu di ca cnh qua mi ln cn (theo hng cn) s chnh l chiu dai ca
cnh trc khi cn c cng thm 1/2 b tnh c (c th ly theo ng trung bnh ca
mt trn, di ca cnh).
Cc nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi (Trecmarep; Merekin ...) cho thy lng gin
rng t l vi chiu di ca cnh, c ngha l lng gin rng trn mi mt cnh khc nhau
(khi cn thp gc khng cn).
cc l trung gian ta c:
Vi cnh ln:
Vi cnh ln:
b a
b
=
la
la + lb
b b
b
=
lb
la + lb
(7.3a)
(7.3b)
Trong :
b -Tng lng gin rng c trn hai cnh. ba - Lng gin rng cnh ln.
bb - Lng gin rng cnh nh. la; lb - Chiu di cnh ln v nh.
Trong thc t ta thy lng gin rng tnh t l hnh u tin n l hnh cui (theo
hng cn) c gi tr ln hn lng gin rng tnh theo lng p, bi v trong cc l hnh
187
nh hnh c s bin dng ngoi vng tip xc rt ln nht l cc l hnh u tin, phi b
un cong. Khi s un cong khng ng k ( mt s l hnh trung gian) th nh hng ca
lng gin rng ph c th b qua. Ring i vi l nh hnh u v l nh hnh tinh th
lng gin rng do un cong cnh l ng k v khng th b qua. Tuy nhin cho n nay
vn cha c phng php no y xc nh lng gin rng do bin dng ngoi vng
tip xc to ra. Theo nghin cu ca Merekin th vi l nh hnh u tin l hnh trc
tinh v l nh hnh tinh c th tnh theo biu thc:
bph = 0,01(la + lb)
(7.4)
Nh vy tng lng gin rng trn mt cnh l:
b a = b b =
h
+ 0,01l
2
l = la = lb
b a = b
Vi thp gc cn:
Vi thp gc khng cn:
b b = b
la
+ 0,01l a
la + lb
lb
+ 0,01l b
la + lb
(7.5)
Lng gin rng tnh theo biu thc (7.4) v (7.5) c th tnh theo di ng
trung bnh ca mi cnh.
Theo c im bin dng trong cc l hnh nh hnh nh nu trn, th tr s
gin rng b c hai cnh vung c th xc nh theo biu thc:
b =
2 b tb .h.K b
b
(H h )1 + (1 + ) TB
y:
Kb = k.k
k = 0,7 0,8;
k: H s xt n gin rng do un cong cnh.
bTB: Chiu di cnh tnh theo ng trung bnh (i vi gc cn: bTB = 2l;
i vi gc khng cn: bTB = la + lb).
Tr s ca k v k c th tham kho trong bng 7.6.
Bng 7.6. Tr s k v k
L hnh theo
hng cn
I
II
III
IV
V
()
k.k
Ghi ch
180
130140
110115
95100
90
90
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,75
0,75
1
1
1,5
1,7
1,9
2
2
0,7
1,05
1,2
1,4
1,5
2
l gc nh
gim t 1300
n 900
7.5.4. H s bin dng v cc thng s lin quan n cu to l hnh

a/ nghing u cnh ca l hnh
10-15%
188
nghing ny c tc dng kp cht

phi cn v gia cng u cnh. Tu theo
dy cnh m nghing c th chn (1015)%. Chiu dy cnh cng ln th nghing
cng ln (hnh 7.21).
b/ H s bin dng theo chiu dy cnh
Khi thit k l hnh cn thp gc th h s bin dng theo chiu dy cnh =
H
h
phn ln c chn theo s liu thc t t hnh thnh mt th tham kho. (H:
chiu dy cnh trc khi vo l hnh; h: chiu dy cnh sau khi cn).
1,6
H s bin dng =H/h
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,0
Vi 0
1
2
3
4
5
6 thp
gc c kch thc cng nh th h s bin
dng
qua
mi
ln
cn
cng
ln,
ng
nhin
Theo hng cn l hnh tinh
phi m bo ph hp vi cng sut ng c v bn trc cng nh l gc n cho php.
Hnh 7.22: th tham kho h s bin dng chiu dy cnh theo gc
189
c/ o khe h ca l hnh
Hnh
7.23:cho
Cuton
to
htit
trong
l l
hnh
. cng vi thit k
Nhm m bo
n nh
b o
chu khe
vi ca
din
hnh
a. khe
hai h
ulthn
trc
b. trc
gia thn
cnh nm pha trn
bn knh ln, phi o
hnh.
Vicn;
l hnh
tinh trc
th khe
rT: bn knh ln u trn ca(hnh
cnh:7.23).
rT = (0,350,4)h; h: chiu dy cnh
d/ B tr l hnh thp gc trn trc cn
b tr l hnh trc ht phi tm ng trung tuyn ca l hnh (xem chng 5).
t ng trung tuyn l hnh trng vi ng cn (nu cn c p lc phi tm ng cn).
/ Cu to ca l hnh un cnh (cnh m)
190
Trong nhiu phng php thit k l hnh cn thp gc: cn theo cnh thng, cn
theo cnh m, cn c gin rng t do v.v... th phng php thit k theo kiu un cnh
(cn theo cnh m) c ng dng ph bin nht. Di y chng ta tm hiu cu to ca
l hnh m (hnh 7.24).
Thit k l hnh cnh m
(hnh 7.24) phi bt u t l hnh
trc tinh (ngc hng cn).
b: chiu di on cnh thng
R: bn knh un cnh.
H: chiu su ca rnh trn trc
cn trn.
B: chiu rng ca l hnh (hnh
chiu bng cc l hnh).
X: khong cch t nh gc n
ng thng qua tm vng trn c
bn knh m R.
T cu to ca mt l hnh
Hnh
Cua
tophi
cc vo
kchlthc
cathng
un cnh trc tinh, ta thy: nu b cng
ln, 7.24:
cng d
hnh c
v bn
d nn
l
hnh
un
cnh
(cnh
m).
cnh. Bn knh R cng ln, un cong cng nh, cng bo m cht lng b mt sn
h-khng
chiu dy
phm (khng xc,
gp cnh.
np...).l- chiu di cnh.
bn knh
ln
nh.
H cng nh, bn trc cng bo m do R ng
knh
trc cn
khng cn ln. B
rbn
knh
ln
u
= 2X, trong X l khong cch t nh l hnh n tm bn knh R, vcnh.
th chiu rng B
v tr s X phi la chn sao cho bo m a phi vo l hnh tinh thun li, ngha l
chiu rng ca l hnh tinh phi ln hn chiu rng ca phi a vo l hnh. Nh vy cc
kch thc ni trn u c mi lin h vi nhau v mt hnh hc.
- gc gia cnh l hnh v ng ngang: = 900 - 0,5 (7.6)
- gc nh ca l hnh (hnh 7.24)
l - b = R.(rad) vy R =
l b'
0,0175(d)
X = b.cos + Rsin = 0,5B.

H = b.sin +R(1-cos)
T biu thc trn suy ra:
R=
H sin
X
b'
v X =
b'
1 cos
sin tg
(7.7)
(7.8)
(7.9)
(7.10)
Nu nh = 900 (vi l hnh trc tinh phi c gc nh phi l 900 th l hnh

tinh mi m bo gc nh 900) th c gi tr:
= 900 - 0,5 = 900 - 450 = 450
T cc biu thc trn ta c cc gi tr sau:
R = 1,275(l - b)
X = 0,707b + 0,707R = 0,5B
H = 0,707b + 0,293
R = 1,414X - b
X = 2,414H - b
Cc cng trnh nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi v thit k k l hnh trc tinh cn
thp gc a ra cch chn cc thng s thit k nh sau:
Vi thp gc cn:
H = (0,4 0,5)l
R = (0,8 0,95)l = const
Vi thp gc khng cn:
191
H = (0,4 0,45 )
ln + ld
2
Rn = (1 1,1)ln = const
Rd = (0,7 0,8)ld = const
b = (0,2 0,6)l
l - chiu di cnh tnh theo ng trung bnh.
b
= 0,2 0,6
l
T cc biu thc trn ta c t s:
b
ta c cc mi quan h vi cc thng s khc ca l hnh
l
Trn c s ca t s
trc tinh cho trong bng 7.7:
Bng 7.7: Gi tr mt thng s ca l hnh trc tinh khi = 450

b n 1
l n 1
R n 1
l n 1
H n 1
l n 1
X n 1
l n 1
B n 1
l n 1
0,2
1,02
0,440
0,861
1,722
0,25
0,955
0,457
0,852
1,704
0,30
0,893
0,473
0,842
1,684
0,35
0,827
0,489
0,830
1,660
0.40
0,764
0,507
0,823
1,646
0,45
0,701
0,523
0,810
1,620
0,50
0,637
0,541
0,803
1,606
c th gim c chiu rng ca l hnh t l hnh trc tinh n l hnh u
tin th tr s on thng bn-1 = (0,2 0,4)ln-1, tr s cc thng s cn li cho trong bng
7.7.
7.5.5. Xc nh chiu rng v cc thng s ca cc l hnh cn th
a/ Xc nh chiu rng ca l hnh trc tinh
Chiu rng l hnh bn tinh xc nh theo cc biu thc cho trong bng 7.7. Chiu
rng ny phi bo m a phi vo l hnh d dng. Chiu rng B ca cc l hnh trc l
hnh tinh (ngc hng cn) phi nh dn, tr s B c th xc nh trn c s nghing
u cnh ca thp gc (hnh 7.25).
Nu nh nghing u cnh l 10% th gim chiu rng ca l hnh gn bng
0,1h (h cho trn hnh 7.25). Trong cc tnh ton chn chiu rng l hnh nh sau:
B = B - (1 2) mm
B- chiu rng l hnh trc.
B - chiu rng l hnh sau (theo hng cn).
Ngoi ra chiu rng ca l hnh cn lin quan n chiu rng ( di cnh) cnh
gc c c khi tnh lng gin rng, gc un tr s b, di un cong (1-b) tng dn
t l hnh trc tinh n l hnh u tin (ngc hng
B
cn).
0,5b
Theo cc biu thc 7.7 n 7.10 ta c:
B
B = 2 X = 2 b'. cos + 2 R sin =

= 2 b'. cos + 2.
l b'
0,01745.
. sin
0
= 900 - 0,5.0
(7.11)
10%
10%

0,05h
H.7.25. Gin rng l hnh nh hnh
192
B n 1 = 1,414.b' n 1 +1,414.R n 1 =
1,414 b' n 1 +1,8(l n 1 b' n 1 ) =
= 1,8.l n 1 0,386.b' n 1
bn-1 - di don cnh thng.
ln-1 - chiu di cnh gc.
R - bn knh un cnh,
R=
l n 1 b' n 1
0,785
b/ Xc nh chiu rng l hnh th:

Khi gc = 1300 th = 250.
1 b'
) chiu rng B l hnh l:
0,436
B 1 = 2.0,906.b'1 +2.0,423.R1 = 1,812.b'1 +0,864.R1 = 1,94 l1 0,126 b'1
Vi R1 =
Nu on cnh thng b c gi tr b = 0,4.l th:

Bn-1 = 1,646.ln-1 v B1 = 1,889.l1
Chiu rng l hnh th nht ly nh hn chiu rng l hnh trc tinh bng mt
lng gin rng.
Mun bo m cho chiu rng l hnh tng dn theo hng cn th khi thit k l
hnh trc tinh chn on cnh thng b nh v nh vy phn un cnh tng ln, cho nn
chiu rng l hnh ln ln. Nh vy nhng l hnh th u c th chn b = 0,5.l vi
nhng l hnh v sau (theo hng cn) b = (0,2 0,4).l.
Sau khi xc nh c chiu rng B tnh cc kch thc cn li ca l hnh th bng
cc biu thc bit.
0,5.B = X = b'. cos +

suy ra:
lb
0,01745. 0
sin
l. sin
0,5.B
0,01745. 0
b' =
sin
cos
0,01745.
l b'
R=
0,01745. 0
H = b.sin + R(1 - cos)
V c = 1300 suy ra = 250
Do :
l.0,423
0,5.B 1
0,436
b' =
= 15,6(0,97.l 0,5.B 1 )
0,423
0,906
0,436
l b '1
R=
= 2,29.( l b'1 )
0.436
H = 0,423.b + 0,094R1
193
Gi thit rng vi l hnh trc tinh ta chn bn-1 0,3.ln-1. Sau khi xc nh chiu
rng ca n v chiu rng ca l hnh u tin, sau dng cc cng thc bit tnh li
on cnh thng b v nhn c gi tr qu ln, v d b1 > 0,6.l1 th cc kch thc ca l
hnh trc tinh phi tnh li vi gi tr
bn-1 = (0,2 0,25).ln-1
tham kho v n gin ho qu trnh tnh ton c th s dng cc gi tr ca
on cnh thng b theo tng ln cn nh sau
Khi c 5 ln cn:
b1 = 0,6.l1; b2 = 0,35.l2; b3 = 0,25.l3; b4 = 0,2.l4;
Khi c 6 ln cn:
b1 = 0,6.l1; b2 = 0,4.l2; b3 = 0,35.l3; b4 = 0,25.l4; b5 = 0,2.l5;
Vi cch chn nh trn bo m chiu rng l hnh tng dn theo hng cn. Chn
chiu rng phi theo chiu rng ca l hnh th nht vi mt khong trng cho gin rng
t 2 10 mm.
c/ Xc nh bn knh ln nh v u cnh
Bn knh ln nh phi m bo in y tt gc, h s gin di nh nn ly
di hn cnh.
- Xc nh h s gim chiu cao nh l hnh. Trn c s hnh 7.26 xc nh
dy m nh:
m=
Khi = 450 ta c:
m=
h + R(1 cos )
h
R
+
R =
cos cos
cos
h + 0,293.R
0,707
V gc l hnh tinh v trc

tinh u nh nhau v vy:
h = .h;
R = .R
h, h - Chiu dy cnh trc v
sau khi cn.
R, R - Bn knh nh ca phi
trc v sau khi cn.
- h s bin dng nh gc.
m' .h + 0,293..R
=
=
m
h + 0,293.R
H.7.26. Xc nh bn knh ln l hnh
(7.12)
Nu R = .R th h s gim chiu cao nh v cnh s nh nhau. Vy c s
in y tt nh th bn knh ln nh s phi ly ln hn tr s .R.
V d:
Xc nh bn knh ln khi c 5 ln cn nh hnh (ngc hng cn):
R5; R4 = 4.R5; R3 = 3.R4; R2 = 2.R3; R1 = 1.R2
y:
1, 1, 1, 1, 1 - cc h s bin dng xc nh t trc.
Cc bn knh u cnh (hnh 7.26):
r4 = r5 + h5
r2 = r5 + h3
r3 = h4
r1 = h2
Hoc cng c th chn: r = 0,5.h v r = 0,35.h
194
7.5.6. V d v thit k l hnh cn thp gc N010 theo TCVN

a/ Cc s liu ban u
Thit k l hnh cn thp gc N010
theo TCVN (hnh 5.16)
l = 100 mm vi dung sai 2;
h = 6,5; 7; 8 mm vi dung sai 0,60
h = 10; 12; 14; 16 mm vi dung sai
0,65; R1 = 12 mm; r = 4 mm.
Vt liu: thp CT38.
ng knh trc cn D = 500 mm
Tc vng quay trc cn n = 120
vng/pht.
kch
thcton
cac F =
V thp gc c nhiu chiu dy h nn y taHnh
chn7.26:
h = 10Cc
mm
tnh
0
2
10
TCVN
thp
gc
N
1920 mm .
b/ Thit k v tnh ton
Xc nh cc kch thc ca sn phm trng thi nng
Chiu di cnh l = (100 - 1,5).1,013 100 mm
Chiu dy cnh h = (10 - 1,5).1,013 9,6 mm (c xt n mt phn dung sai m).
Tng chiu di cnh tnh theo ng trung bnh (khi khai trin thp gc):
2.ltb = 2.(100 - 0,5.9,6) = 190,4 mm.
Vi thp gc N010 chn 5 ln cn nh hnh. Tham kho th hnh 5.12 v cc s
liu thc t chn h s gim chiu cao nh sau:
= 1,25.1,45.1,6.1,6.1,6 = 7,41
Xc nh chiu cao phi ban u:

H = 9,6.7.41 71 ly trn 70 mm
Chiu di cnh qua tng ln cn (theo hng cn)
h1 = 70/1,6 44 mm
h4 = 17/1,45 12 mm
h5 = 12/1,25 9,6 mm
h2 = 44/1,6 27,5 mm
h3 = 27,5/1,6 17 mm
Lng p h ca tng ln cn
h1 = H - h1 = 70 - 44 = 26 mm
h2 = h1 - h2 = 44 - 27,5 = 16,5 mm
h3 = h2 - h3 = 27,5 - 17 = 10,5 mm
h2 = h1 - h2 = 17 - 12 = 5 mm
h2 = h1 - h2 = 12 - 9,6 = 2,4 mm
Kim tra li gc n vi ln cn u tin khi ng knh trc Dmin = 450mm:
26
h
0
= ar cos 1
1 = ar cos 1
= 20 36'
450 44
D min h1
Vi s vng quay ca trc cn n = 120 vng/pht suy ra:
V=
3,14.0,45.120
= 2,82 m / s
60
Theo th (hnh 6.11) ta tm c gc n =250, vy lng p trn l cho php.

i vi cc ln cn khc nhau ta cng th li tng t. Trn c s lng p ta
tm lng gin rng trong l hnh t biu thc (2.1) vi kb = k.k (bng 7.6).
Lng gin rng trong l hnh V, l hnh tinh
195
b 5 =
2 b tb .h 5 .K b
2.190.2,4.2
=
= 1,2 mm
2
2
190,4
b
( h 4 + h 5 )1 + (1 + ) TB (12 + 9,6)1 + (1 + 0,11)

270,2.0,11
R.
2.btb = 2.l (tnh theo ng trung bnh).

Chiu rng vt cn lc i vo l hnh V (chiu rng l hnh IV)
2.b4 = 2.btb5 - b5 = 190,4 - 1,2 = 189,2 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh IV, trc tinh
b 4 =
2.189,2.2,5.1,5
2
189,2
(17 + 12)1 + (1 + 0,152)

219.0,152
= 2,5mm
Chiu rng vt cn lc i vo l hnh IV (chiu rng l hnh III)

2.b3 = 2.btb4 - b4 = 189,2 - 2,5 = 186,7 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh III
b 3 =
2.186,7.10,5.1,4
2
186,7
(27,5 + 17)1 + (1 + 0,214)

216.0,214
= 5,9 mm
Chiu rng vt cn lc i vo l hnh IV (chiu rng l hnh II)

2.b2 = 2.btb3 - b3 = 186,7 - 5,9 = 180,8 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh II (th)
b 2 =
2.180,8.16,5.1,2
2
180,8
(44 + 27,5)1 + (1 + 0,279)

211
,
3
.
0
,
279
= 7,7mm
Chiu rng vt cn lc i vo l hnh IV (chiu rng l hnh I)

2.b1 = 2.btb2 - b2 = 180,8 - 7,7 = 173,1 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh I (th)
b1 =
2.173,1.26.1
2
173,1
(70 + 44)1 + (1 + 0,355)

203.0,355
= 9 mm
Chiu rng B ca phi c xc nh theo chiu rng ca l hnh I

B = 2.btb2 - b1 = 173,1 - 9 = 164,1 mm
Xc nh cc gc nh ca l hnh th
Theo phng php thit k th bo m gc nh ca thp gc l 900 th l
hnh tinh v trc tinh chn gc = 900:
4 = 5 = 900
i vi l hnh I, chn 1 = 1300.
Xc nh cc gc nh ca l hnh II v III (2, v 3)
Tng lng p trong cc l hnh II; III; IV l
196
h2, 3, 4 = h2 + h3 + h4 = 16,5 + 10,5 + 5 = 32 mm

Trong cc l hnh ny gc gim dn t = 1300 n = 900 do :
= 2 + 3 + 4 = 1300 - 900 = 400
H s t l gim gc so vi lng p h l: m =
= 40 = 1,25
h 32
.b = 130 1,25.16,5 109,4 0

2
h
.b = 109,4 1,25.10,5 96 0
Gc l hnh III l: 3 = 2
3
h
Nh vy gc l hnh II s l: 2 = 130 0
Gc l hnh IV l: 4 = 900;
5 = 900
Kt qu tnh ton ca 5 l hnh c tng hp trong bng 7.8
Bng 7.8. kt qu tnh ton
S l hnh
h (mm)
2btb (mm) 2b (mm)
h (mm)
()
Phi
70
1,6
44
26
173,1
9
130
I
II
1,6
27,5
16,5
180,8
7,7
109
III
1,6
17
10,5
186,7
5,9
96
1,45
12
5
189,2
2,5
90
IV
V
1,25
9,6
2,4
190,4
1,2
90
- h s bin dng = H/h ; h - chiu dy cnh; h - lng p
2.btb - chiu rng tng 2 cnh; b - tng gin rng trn 2 cnh; - gc un nh
c/ Cu to cc l hnh
1 L hnh 5: l hnh tinh
L hnh c cnh thng, bn knh ln nh Rf = 12 mm; r = 4 mm
Gin rng trong l hnh l gin rng t do v thp gc N010 theo TCVN c nhiu
chiu dy cnh h khc nhau. Song cn c sn phm ny ch cn mt l hnh tinh vi
hai l hnh trc tinh nhm m bo c dung sai trn chiu di cnh l 2 mm. Mt l
hnh trc tinh cn thp gc dy 6,5; 7; 8 v 10 mm, l hnh trc tinh kia cn thp gc
dy 12; 14 v 16mm.
Chiu rng l hnh tinh:
B5 = 2.l5.cos5 = 2.95,5.0,707=135 mm
Chiu rng ming rnh trc trn chn
B5 1,7.l5
B5 = 1,7.100 = 170 mm
Chiu su rnh trc
H 5 = 0,5.B' 5 =
170
= 85mm
2
2 L hnh trc tinh IV - un cnh

Chiu di cnh l4 = 94,6 mm
Theo bng s liu (bng 7.8) th chiu
dy cnh trong l hnh IV (H. 7.28) l:
Chiu dy cnh h4 = 12 mm
Gc c tr s 4 = 900 v 4 = 90 - 1/24
450.
H. 7.27.Cu to l hnh tinh ca

thp gc N010 TCVN
197
V nguyn tc phi xc nh c on cnh thng b sao cho chiu rng ton b

l hnh phi gim dn ngc hng cn. Mun vy phi xc nh chiu rng ca l hnh I
(th). Trn c s y thit k li kt cu l hnh trc tinh IV c un cnh.
Gi thit chn b4 = 0,3.l4 = 0,3.94,6 = 28,4 mm
Chiu rng B ca l hnh IV tnh theo biu thc (7.11)
B = 2.X 4 = 2.b'. cos + 2.
l b'
. sin
0,01745. 0
= 2.28,4.0,707 + 2.1,275.(94,6 28,4).0,707 = 160,1mm
i vi l hnh th I, ta c
- Chiu di cnh:
l1 =
173,1
= 86,6 mm
2
- Gc 1 = 1300 v 1 = 250
Gi thit chn b1 = 0,6.l1 = 0,6.86,6 = 52 mm
- Chiu rng ca l hnh I
B 1 = 2.X 1 = 2.b'. cos + 2.
l b'
. sin
0,01745. 0
86,61 52
= 2.52.0,906 + 2.
.0,423 = 161,3mm
0,436
T cch tnh trn y chiu rng B4 = 160,1 mm khng ph hp gi thit rng s

bin i chiu rng t l hnh II, III, IV ch vi 1 mm qua tng l hnh th chiu rng B
ca l hnh IV phi l B4 = 164,1 ( trn ta tnh c B4 = 160,1mm).
Nh vy tng c chiu rng ca l hnh IV ta phi chn li tr s b4 nh i
(nh hn 28,4 mm), v d:
b4 = 0,2.l4 = 0,2.94,6 = 19 mm
B4 = 2.X4 = 2.19.0,707 + 2.1,275.(94,6 - 19).0,707 = 163,9 164 mm
Bn knh un cnh trn ng trung bnh
R4 = 1,275.(94,6 - 19) = 1,275.75,6 = 96,5 mm
Bn knh un cnh mt trn ng trung bnh
R' 4 = R 4
h4
12
= 96,5
= 90,5mm
2
2
Bn knh un cnh mt di ng trung bnh
R"4 = R 4 +
h4
12
= 96,5 +
= 102,5mm
2
2
Chiu cao rnh trc trn tnh theo biu thc (5.9)
H4 = 0,707.19 + 0,293.96,5 = 41,7 mm
Bn knh ln nh gc
R14 = 4.R15 = 1,45.12 = 17 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh
r4 = r5.h5 = 4.2,4 = 6,4 mm
Cc s liu tnh ton ghi ln bn v l hnh (hnh 7.28)
3 L hnh III - l hnh th
l3 = 93,4 mm
Theo s liu bng 7.8 c
h3 = 17mm; = 960
Chiu rng ca l hnh III
198
B3 = B4 - l = 163,9 - 1 = 162,9 mm
di on cnh thng b3 tnh theo biu thc (7.11):
l 3 . sin 3
0,5.B 3
0,01745. 3
b' 3 =
sin 3
cos 3
0,01745. 3
vi 3 = 90 - 0,5.3 = 90 - 0,5.96 = 420 =

0,733 rad
sin420 = 0,699; cos420 = 0,743
0,669
0,5.163
0,733
= 21mm
0,669
0,743
0,733
93,4
b' 3 =
Bn knh un cong cnh theo ng trung

bnh
R3 =
93,4 21
= 98,5mm
0,733
Bn knh un cnh mt trn ng trung

bnh
R' 3 = R 3
h3
17
= 98,5 = 90 mm
2
2
Bn knh un cnh mt di ng trung

bnh
R"3 = R 3 +
h3
17
= 98,5 +
= 107mm
2
2
Chiu cao rnh trc trn tnh theo biu

thc (7.9)
H3 = B3.sin3 + R3.(1 - cos3) = 21.0,669
+ 98,5.(1 - 0,743) = 40,3 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh
r = h4 = 5 mm
Bn knh ln nh gc
R13 = 1,6.R14 = 1,6.17 = 27 mm
nghing u cnh chn 10%
4 L hnh II - th
Theo s liu bng 7.8
l2 = 90,4 mm; h2 = 27,5 mm; 2 = 1090; 2
= 35030
0
sin 35 30= 0,5807; cos35030= 0,8141
Xc nh di on thng b2:
0,581
0,5.162
0,619
= 31,7mm
0,581
0,814
0,619
90,4
b' 2 =
Trng i hc Bch khoa nng

- 2005Cu to l hnh cn thp gc
H.7.28.
N010 TCVN, cnh cn
199
Chiu rng ca l hnh II:

B2 = B3 - l = 162,9 - l 162,9 mm
Bn knh un cong cnh theo ng trung bnh
R2 =
90,4 31,7
= 95mm
0,619
Bn knh un cong cnh mt trn ng trung bnh
h2
27,5
= 95
= 81,25mm
2
2
R' 2 = R 2
R"2 = R 2 +
h2
27,5
= 95 +
= 108,75mm
2
2
H2 = 31,7.sin35030 + 95.(1 - cos35030) = 36,2 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh
r2 = r3 + h3 = 4 + 10,5 = 14,5 mm
Bn knh ln nh gc
R12 = 1,6.R13 = 1,6.27 = 43 mm
5 L hnh I - th
Theo s liu bng 7.8
L1 = 86,6 mm; h1 = 44 mm; 21 = 1300; 1 = 250
sin 250 = 0,423; cos250 = 0,906
0,423
0,5.161
0,436
= 54,7mm
0,423
0,906
0,436
86,6
b '1 =
Chiu rng ca l hnh I

B1 = B2 - l = 162 - l 161 mm
Bn knh un cong cnh theo ng trung bnh
R2 =
86,6 54,7
= 73,2 mm
0,436
R'1 = R1
h1
44
= 73,2
= 51,2 mm
2
2
R"1 = R1 +
h1
44
= 73,2 +
= 95,2 mm
2
2
H1 = 54,7.sin250 + 73,2.(1 - cos250) = 30 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh
r1 = h2 = 16,5 mm
Bn knh ln nh gc
R1.1 = 1,6.R1.2 = 1,6.43 = 68 mm
Chn chiu rng phi vo l hnh I
200
Theo tnh ton (bng 7.8) ta c

Chiu cao phi h0 = 70 mm.
Chiu rng phi phi ph hp vi chiu rng ca l hnh I, ngha l:
B0 = 161 - 9 = 152 mm
V chiu dy cnh ca l hnh I ln, gc un cnh nh, phi d vo l hnh v th
ch cn mt khong trng cho gin rng nh, cho nn chn B0 nh sau:
B0 = 155 mm
Tt c cc s liu tnh ton c thng k li trong bng 7.9
7. 5.7. V d v thit k l hnh cn thp gc khng cn (ch L) N0 12,5/8
a/ Cc s liu ban u
ng knh trc cn: D = 500 mm.
S vng quay ca trc cn: n = 120 vng/pht.
Kch thc thp gc N012,5/8 TCVN; Vt liu: thp CT38.
la = 125 2 mm ; lb = 80 2 mm (dung sai 2);
h = (7 8)0,6 mm (dung sai 0,60); h = (10 12)0,65 mm (dung sai 0,65)
R1 = 11 mm; r = 3,7 mm.
Thit k cho h = 10 mm c din tch tit din F = 1970 mm2.
Bng 7.9. Cc thng s thit k l hnh cn thp gc N010 TCVN
b/ Tnh v thit k l hnh
1 Xc nh cc kch thc ca sn phm trng thi nng (ly mt phn dung sai
m)
la nng = (125 - 1,5).1,013 = 125 mm
lb nng = (80 - 1,5).1,013 = 80 mm
Chiu dy cnh
hnng = (10 - 0,5).1,013 = 9,6 mm
Chiu di 2 cnh tnh theo ng trung bnh:
la nng + lb nng = 125 + 80 - 9,6 = 195,4 mm
Trn c s th (hnh 7.22) xc nh cc h s bin dng ca tng ln cn nh
sau:
h
Chiu cao phi
S
l
hnh
I
II
III
IV
V
lb
= 1,25.1,45.1,6.1,6.1,6 = 7,41
h0 = 9,6.7.41 71 ly trn 70 mm
R
R1
r1
Phi
155 70
86,6 54,7 31,9 161 44 130 73,2 51,2
95,2
30 68
16,5 10
90,4 31,7 58,7 162 27,5 109 95 81,25 108,75 36,2 43 14,5
10
93,4 21 72,4 163 17
96 98,5
90
107
40,3 27
50 10
94,6 19 75,6 164 12
90 96,5 90,5 102,5 41,7 17 6,4
10
95,2
9
90
67,3 12
4
-
l - chiu di cnh, mm
h - chiu cao, mm
b - on cnh thng, mm
B - chiu rng l hnh, mm
h - chiu dy cnh, mm
- gc un cnh,
R - bn knh un cnh, mm;
R- bn knh un mt trn ng trung bnh, mm
R-bn knh un mt di ng trung bnh, mm
H - chiu cao rnh trc, mm
R1 - bn knh ln nh, mm
r - bn knh ln u cnh mt di, mm
r1- bn knh ln u cnh mt di, mm
K - nghing u cnh, %
Chiu di cnh qua tng ln cn (theo hng cn)

h4 = 17/1,45 12 mm
h1 = 70/1,6 44 mm
h2 = 44/1,6 27,5 mm
h5 = 12/1,25 9,6 mm
201
h3 = 27,5/1,6 17 mm
Lng cn h ca tng ln cn
h1 = H - h1 = 70 - 44 = 26 mm
h2 = h1 - h2 = 44 - 27,5 = 16,5 mm
h3 = h2 - h3 = 27,5 - 17 = 10,5 mm
h2 = h1 - h2 = 17 - 12 = 5 mm
h2 = h1 - h2 = 12 - 9,6 = 2,4 mm
Xc nh gc n 1 i vi ln cn I khi ng knh trc D = 450mm
26
h
0
= ar cos 1
1 = ar cos 1
= 20 36'
450 44
D min h1
Vi s vng quay ca trc cn n = 120 vng/pht suy ra
V=
3,14.0,45.120
= 2,82 m / s
60
Theo th (hnh 6.11) tm c gc n =250 - iu kin n c tho mn.

Xc nh lng gin rng tng l hnh (v c kch thc tng t nn c th s
dng cc i lng gin rng v d 7.6)
b5 = 1,2 mm; b4 = 2,5 mm; b3 = 5,9 mm;
b2 = 7,7 mm; b1 = 9 mm;
Tng chiu di ca tng ln cn (tnh theo ng trung bnh)
la4 + lb4 = 194,2 mm; la3 + lb3 = 191,7 mm;
la2 + lb2 = 185,8 mm; la1 + lb1 = 178,1 mm;
thit k l hnh cn bit chiu di ca cnh di v cnh ngn. Trn c s lng
gin rng chung, tnh lng gin rng ring trn mi cnh theo biu thc:
b a =
b.l a
la + lb
b b =
b.l b
la + lb
Trn c s tnh ton c cc gi tr sau:

ba5 = 0,7 mm; la5 = 120,2 mm; ba5 = 0,5 mm;
ba4 = 1,5 mm; la4 = 119,2 mm; ba4 = 1,0 mm;
ba3 = 2,2 mm;
ba3 = 3,7 mm; la3 = 118 mm;
ba2 = 4,8 mm; la2 = 114,3 mm; ba2 = 2,9 mm;
ba1 = 5,5 mm; la1 = 109,5 mm; ba1 = 3,5 mm;
la5 = 75,2 mm
la4 = 74,7 mm
la3 = 73,7 mm
la5 = 71,5 mm
la1 = 68,6 mm
Gc nh tng t nh v d 7.6
1 = 1300; 2 = 1090; 3 = 960; 4 = 5 = 900
Bng 7.10. Cc tr s tnh ton cho v d 7.7
S l hnh
Phi
I
II
III
IV
V
h (mm)
h
(mm)
la + lb
70
1,6
44
26
178,1
1,6
27,5
16,5
185,8
1,6
17
10,5
191,7
1,45
12
5
194,2
1,25
9,6
2,4
195,4
- h s bin dng = H/h ;
h - chiu dy cnh, mm;
h - lng p, mm
la + lb - chiu rng tng 2 cnh, mm;
la
lb
(mm)
2b (mm)
109,5
68,6
9
114,3
71,5
7,7
118,0
73,7
5,9
119,5
74,7
2,5
120,2
75,2
1,2
la - chiu di cnh ln, mm
lb - chiu di cnh nh, mm
b - lng gin rng, mm
- gc un nh,
()
130
109
96
90
90
202
Thit k cc l hnh: bt u t l hnh tinh

2 L hnh V - tinh
V nguyn tc nn b tr l hnh sao cho chiu cao H ca cnh ln v nh nh
nhau, ngha l phi c mt s cn bng theo hnh chiu ng ca cc cnh
T kt qu trn bng 7.10
la.sina = lb.sinb
Ta c:
l a sin b v = 900 - v sin = cos nn

=
a
b
a
b
l b sin a
l
la
= tg b suy ra b = arctg a
lb
lb
120,2
b = arctg
= arctg1,6 = 58 0 ; a = 900 - 580 = 320
75,2
Chiu rng l hnh tinh:

B5 = lacosa + lbcosb = 120,2. cos320 + 75,2.cos580 = 141,8 mm
Chiu su rnh l hnh:
H5 = 1,2.lb.sinb = 1,2.80.sin580 = 81,4 mm
Chiu rng ming l hnh trc trn
B5 = H5(cotgb + cotga) = 81,4.(cotg580 + cotg320) = 181 mm
Bn knh ln nh: R5 = 11 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh: r5 = 3,7 mm
c th cn thp gc c nhiu chiu dy cn s dng 2 l hnh sau:
- L hnh tinh cho h = 7 mm
- L hnh tinh cho h = 10 mm
Vi chiu dy h = 9 mm v h = 12 mm (bng 7.10) ch cn thay i khe h ca 2 l
hnh trn.
3 L hnh trc tinh IV
Theo bng s liu (bng 7.10) ta c:
la = 119,5 mm; lb = 74,7 mm; h4 = 12 mm; 4 = 900 (hnh 7.29)
L hnh trc tinh b tr sao cho ng phn gic trng vi ng thng ng a =
0
b = 45 . Sau xc nh bn knh un cnh nh thnh bn knh un to chiu rng ca l
hnh ca tt c cc ln cn (hnh 7.29).
Chn bb4 = 0,2.lb4 = 0,2.74,7 = 14,9 mm
Hnh chiu nm ngang ca cnh nh;
Xb4 = 0,707.14,9 + 1,275.(74,7 - 14,9).0,707 = 64,7 mm
Chn bb1 = 0,6.lb1 = 0,6.68,6 = 41,2 mm; = 1300 ta c
X b1 = 41,2.0,906 +
68,6 41,2
.0,432 = 63,7mm
0,436
Kt qu cho thy s khc nhau gia hai chiu rng Xb qu nh. Cho nn ta chn li
bb1 = 0,7.lb1 = 0,7.68,6 = 48 mm
X b1 = 48.0,906 +
68,6 48
.0,432 = 63,4 mm
0,436
Cn c vo cc gi tr trn ta chn cc gi tr Xb nh sau:

Xb4 = 64,7 mm; Xb3 = 64,1 mm; Xb2 = 63,7 mm; Xb1 = 63,4 mm
Nh vy tng chiu rng ca l hnh c tng ln 11,5 mm theo hng cn
i vi cnh ln, hnh chiu nm ngang c gi tr sau:
203
Xa4 = Xb4 + la4 - lb4 = 64,7 + 119,5 - 74,5 = 109,7 mm

on thng la4 - lb4 = 44,8 mm chnh l phn nm ngang ca cnh ln.
Chiu rng ton b l hnh:
B4 = Xa4 + Xb4 = 109,7 +64,7 = 174,4 mm
Bn knh
H.7.29. Cu to l hnh cn thp gc N012,5/8 (ch L)
un cnh
trn ng trung bnh

R4 = 1,275.(74,7 - 14,9) = 76,0 mm
Bn knh un cnh mt trn ng trung bnh
R' 4 = R 4
h4
= 70 mm
2
R"4 = R 4 +
h4
= 82mm
2
Chiu cao rnh trc: H4 = 0,707.14,9 + 0,293.76 = 32,8 mm

Bn knh ln nh gc:
R1 = 4.R15 = 1,45.11 = 16 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh:
r = 0,5.h = 6 mm
nghing u cnh chn 10%.
4 L hnh th III
Theo s liu bng 7.10:
lb3 = 73,7 mm; h3 = 17 mm; = 960; 3 = 420; Xb3 = 64,1 mm
0,669
64,1
0,733
b' 2 =
= 18,3mm
0,669
0,743
0,733
73,7
204
R3 =
Bn knh un cong cnh:
73,7 18,3
= 75,5mm
0,733
R' 3 = R 3
h3
17
= 75,5 = 67mm
2
2
R"3 = R 3 +
h3
17
= 75,5 + = 84 mm
2
2
on nm ngang ca cnh ln: la3 - lb3 = 1180 - 73,7 = 44,3 mm

Hnh chiu nm ngang ca cnh ln: Xb3 = 64,1 + 44,3 = 108,4 mm
Chiu rng ca l hnh: B3 = Xa3 + Xb3 = 64,1 + 108,4 = 172,5 mm
Chiu cao ca rnh l hnh:
H2 = 18,3.sin420 + 45,5.(1 - cos420) = 31,6 mm
Bn knh ln nh gc:
R13 = 1,6.R12 = 26 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh (trn):
r2 = h3/2 = 6 mm
5 L hnh th II
Theo s liu bng 7.10
lb2 = 71,5 mm; h2 = 27,5 mm; = 1090; 2 = 35030; Xb2 = 63,7 mm
0,581
63,7
0,619
Xc nh di on thng b2: b' 2 =
= 28,6 mm
0,581
0,743
0,619
71,5 28,6
Bn knh un cong cnh: R 2 =
= 69,2 mm
0,619
71,5
R' 2 = R 2
h2
27,5
= 69,2
= 55,4 mm
2
2
R"2 = R 2 +
h2
27,5
= 69,2 +
= 83mm
2
2
on nm ngang ca cnh ln: la2 - lb2 = 114,3 - 71,5 = 42,8 mm

H2 = 28,6.sin35030 + 69,2.(1 - cos35030) = 29,5 mm
Bn knh ln nh gc:
R12 = 1,6.R13 = 42 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh (di):
r2 = h3/2 = 14 mm
6 L hnh th I
Theo s liu bng 7.10
lb1 = 68,6 mm; h1 = 44 mm; = 1300; 3 = 250; Xb1 = 63,4 mm
Xc nh di on thng bb1:
205
0,423
63,4
0,436
= 48mm
0,423
0,906
0,436
68,6.
b' b1 =
S l
lb
bb
l a- l b l b - b b
B
h
Xb
Xa
R
R
hnh
Phi
160
70
68,6
48
40,9
20,6
167,7
44
130
63,4 104,3
47,2
25,2
I
II
71,5
28
42,8
42,9
170,2 27,5
109
63,7 106,5
69,2
55,4
III
73,7 18,3
44,3
55,4
172,5
17
96
64,1 108,4
75,5
67
IV
74,7 14,9
44,8
59,8
174
12
90
64,6 109,4
76
70
V
75,2
141,8
9,6
90
39,8
102
l - chiu di cnh, mm
- gc un cnh,
b - on cnh thng, mm
R - bn knh un cnh, mm;
la -lb - on nm ngang ca cnh ln, mm
R- bn knh un mt trn ng trung bnh, mm
la -bb - on nm ngang ca cnh ln, mm
R-bn knh un mt di ng trung bnh, mm
B - chiu rng l hnh, mm
h - chiu dy cnh, mm
Bn knh un cong cnh:
R1 =
68,6 48
= 47,2 mm
0,436
R '1 = R 1
h1
44
= 47,2
= 25,2 mm
2
2
R"1 = R1 +
h1
44
= 47,2 +
= 69,2 mm
2
2
on nm ngang ca cnh ln: la1 - lb1 = 109,5 - 68,6 = 40,9 mm

H1 = 48,8.sin250 + 47,2.(1 - cos250) = 25,1 mm
Bn knh ln nh gc:
R11 = 1,6.R12 = 67 mm
Bn knh ln u cnh (trn):
r1 = 0,35.h1 = 15 mm
7 Xc nh chiu rng phi
Theo bng 7.10 ta c chiu cao phi h0 = 70 mm
Chiu rng phi B0 = B1 - b1 = 167,7 - 9 = 158,7 mm
Thit k l hnh nh trn cho php thc hin hn ch gin rng. V vy chn B0
=160 mm.
Tng hp cc s liu ta lp c bng 7.11
Bng 7.11. Cc thng s thit k l hnh cn thp gc khng cn N0 12,5/8 TCVN

69
8
8
8
R
r
206
144
7.6. Thit k l hnh cn mt s sn phm n gin

7.6.1. Thit k l hnh cn thp trn
a/ My cn thp trn v phng php cn
Thp trn c cn trn cc my sau:
- My cn dy D = 250 300 mm.
- My cn hnh c nh D = 250 350 mm.
- My cn dt v bng thp D = 300 450 mm.
- My cn hnh c trung D = 400 550 mm.
- My cn hnh c ln D = 600 750 mm.
Cc my cn hnh mi v hin i c ng knh trc cn nh hn so vi
ng knh trc cn ca cc my b tr hng, ch Z (bn c) v.v ...
My cn hnh hin i c nng sut cao, tc cn ln, b tr lin tc thnh
tng nhm gi: cn th, cn trung gian, cn tinh. Cn trung gian v cn tinh c th
c 2 nhm gi song song, gia cc nhm gi lin tc c c gi trc ng v gi trc
nm ngang xen k. Phi liu cho my cn lin tc c tit din vung (80 x 80) v
(100 x 100) di 12 m, sn lng t n 0,9 triu tn/nm.
H.7.30. Cc h thng l hnh thng dng cn thp trn
Th t v cc bc tnh ton cho 1 sn phm thp trn nh sau:
145
1 Chn h thng l hnh cn th theo kiu my (b tr hng hay lin tc) vi

kch thc ca thp trn.
2 Qu trnh tnh l ngc hng cn, c tnh n mt phn dung sai m,
nhit kt thc cn.
Xc nh kch thc sn phm trng thi nng
3 Xc nh h s gin di l hnh tinh, trc tinh, tm din tch tit din
ca l hnh van v vung trc tinh. xc nh 2 h s gin di ni trn c th
tham kho thng s thc nghim nh trn th hnh 7.31 ta c:
tron = 1,1 1,2
ov(t)
trn(vung)
ovan = 1,18 1,28
1,3
4 Tnh lng gin rng trong l hnh
tinh xc nh kch thc l hnh van trc 1,2
tinh. Theo din tch tit din ca l hnh vung
trc tinh xc nh cnh v cc kch thc khc 1,1
5
25
75
100
125 150
50
ca l hnh vung, t l hnh vung ny tr v
sau tnh theo h thng l hnh gin di ( hc
ng knh d (cnh a), mm
chng 2).
H.7.31. th xc nh h s gin di
l hnh
tinh v trc tinh
5 Tnh cc kch thc ca l hnh th theo h thng
chn
b/ Thit k l hnh cn thp trn trn my cn lin tc

Ngy nay cc my cn hnh lin tc c thit k v ch to rt ph bin.
Khi cn lin tc phi m bo hng s cn l lin tc ng thi khi cn lin tc c
th phi lt thp gia cc gi, hoc khng lt thp nu c cc gi trc ng v trc
nm ngang xen k. Khi thit k l hnh phi s dng mt lng ko cng gia cc
gi v do sau khi lt phi th thng phi khng n nh cho nn mun dn
hng vo phi kp cht phi, iu ny lm mi mn nhanh b mt dn hng v
chng h hng.
Khi cn lin tc nhiu x nghip s dng c hiu qu h l hnh van v
van cnh nhm gi cn tinh c trc ng v trc nm ngang xen k. H s gin
di ca h thng ny thng l = 1,4 1,45 t van cnh n sang van cnh kia
(H.7.30 )
Cc bc thit k l hnh cn thp trn theo h thng vn v van cnh trn
my cn hnh c nh sau:
1 Xc nh kch thc theo l hnh tinh v trc tinh sau n cc l hnh
th (Hnh 7. 30c)
2 Tm kch thc ca van cnh trn c s cc th th hin mi lin h
gia gc n, tc cn, h s gin di t cc hnh 7.32 v 7.33.
H s gin di trong l hnh van chn nh sau:
ovan = 1 + 1,25(ov-c - 1)
3 Tm h s gin di t van cnh n sang van cnh kia:
= ov.ov-c
146
tron =
Ta c:
F0
= 1 . 2 ... n .
Fn
= 1,5
Gc n ()
36
= 1,4
= 1,3
28
= 1,2
20
= 1,1
12
4
10
15
20 25
30 35 40 45
50
Chiu rng l hnh van cnh (mm)
55
H.7.32. Quan h gia gc n, h s gin di v chiu rng ca l

hnh van cnh (ng knh trc cn D = 250 mm
Trc ht tm din tch v kch thc ca tt c cc l hnh van cnh:

h ov c
h
= 1,2 1,25; chn ov c = 1,25;
Ly t s:
b ov c
b ov c
Ta c
Fov-c = hov-c.bov-c = 0,94b2ov-c.
Vy
b ov c = 1,06.Fov c ; hov-c = 1,25.bov-c
Gc n ()
40
= 1,5
= 1,4
= 1,3
32
= 1,2
= 1,1
24
16
8
10
20
30 40
50 60 70 80
90
100
H.7.33. Quan h gia gc n, h s gin di v chiu rng ca l

hnh van cnh (ng knh trc cn D = 350 mm
4 T din tch ca l hnh ovan cnh tm h s gin di v din tch ca cc

l hnh van trung gian.
Ta c:
= ov . ov c = ov c [1 + 1,25( ov c 1)] = 1,25 2ov c 0,25 ov c ;
Vy:
ov c =
ov =
0,25 + 0,063 + 5
.
2,5
ov c
; ta c: Fov = ov c .Fov c .
147
Lng gin rng b,mm
5 tm kch thc ca cc l hnh van trung gian phi tm lng gin

rng trong cc l hnh ovan cnh theo th hnh 7.34 v 7.35
10
ov-c = 1,5
ov-c = 1,4
ov-c = 1,3
0v-c = 1,2
ov-c = 1,1
2
0
10
15
20
25
30 35 40 45
50 55
60
H.7.34. Xc nh lng gin rng theo chiu rng ca van cnh

v h s gin di (ng knh trc cn D = 250 mm
16
ov-c = 1,5
Lng gin rng b,mm
14
12
ov-c = 1,4
10
ov-c = 1,3
0v-c = 1,2
6
ov-c = 1,1
4
2
10
20
30
40
50 60 70 80
90 100
H.7.35. Xc nh lng gin rng theo chiu rng ca van cnh

v h s gin di (ng knh trc cn D = 350 mm
Trong trng hp ng knh trc cn khng ph hp phi lm theo phng

php ni suy:
b = B.
D
350
b: tr s tm c trn th khi ng knh trc cn D = 350 mm.

Nh vy chiu rng v chiu cao l hnh van l: b ov = b ov c b
h ov =
3Fov
2 b ov + S
148
S: khe h gia 2 trc cn (mm).

C th tnh li lng gin rng trong l hnh van theo biu thc:
h
b ov = (0,45 0,5). h TB .R KTB ' TB
b TB
bov: lng p trung bnh = (bTB - bov-TB)
RKTB: bn knh lm vic
bTB: chiu dy ca phi van cnh
bov-TB: chiu dy trung bnh ca l hnh van
Chiu cao ca l hnh van:
h ov = h'+ b ov
C th hiu chnh li kch thc tnh ton cho ph hp.

c/ V d cn thp trn d = 16 mm trn my cn lin tc D = 250
Cc s liu ban u
Nhm gi cn tinh: 2 gi cui vi ng knh trc cn D = 280 mm; cc gi
cn li vi ng knh trc cn D = 330 mm.
Phi vo nhm gi cn tinh c cc kch thc: h7.b7 = 44,38 mm. Din tch
tit din: F7 = 1280 mm2.
H thng l hnh th: van - van cnh.
Qu trnh tnh ton l ngc hng cn.
Thc hin tnh ton
- L hnh trn tinh:
0,5
d ng = 16
= 15,75 mm
2
d15 = 15,75.1,014 = 16 mm
2
.d 15
3,14.16 2
=
= 201mm 2
4
4
Chn 15 = 1,15 v 14 = 1,2 (theo th 7.31)
- L hnh van trc tinh
Din tch tit din:
F14 = 15.F15 = 1,15.201 = 231 mm2.
- Lng gin rng trong l hnh trn xc nh theo th hnh 6.12 ta c: b
= 2 mm.
Chiu rng l hnh trn gi 14:
b14 = d15 - b15 = 16 - 2 = 14 mm
Chiu cao l hnh van trn gi trc ng 14 vi khe h S = 2 mm.
3F14
3.231
=
= 23,1mm .
h 14 =
2 b14 + S 2.14 + 2
F15 =
149
Cc l hnh cn li cc gi cn khc nhau s tnh theo h thng van-van

cnh.
H s gin di chn nh sau: ov-c = 1,2 1,3
H s gin di l hnh van: ov-c = 1,25 1,4
H s gin di t van cnh n sang van cnh kia: = ov. ov-c = 1,5 1,8
Ti gi 13:
L hnh van cnh ca gi c trc nm ngang:
F13 = 14 .F14 = 1,2.231 = 277mm 2 .
Phi i t gi th 7 n gi 13 do c 3 cp l hnh van cnh vi:

F7 = 1280 mm2.
Vy:
= ov . ov c = 3
F7 3 1280
=
= 1,665 .
F13
277
Ni chung khi cn lin tc c tc ln, nhm gi cn tinh khng nn

dng h s gin di ln trnh mn l hnh, l hnh van ly h s gin di ln
hn l hnh van cnh. Bit c h s gin di xc nh din tch tit din v cc
kch thc ca l hnh.
Din tch van cnh:
F13 = 0,75.b13.h13 = 277 mm2.
Vy chiu rng l hnh:
b13 = 1,06.F13 = 17,1mm ;
Chiu cao l hnh:

h13 = 1,25.b13 = 21,4 mm.
- Lng gin rng trong l hnh xc nh theo th H.7.34 v H.7.35:
b13 = 3 mm.
Gi cn 12 - van:
Din tch l hnh: F12 = 338 mm
Chiu rng l hnh: b12 = b13 - b13 = 17,1 -3 = 14,1 mm
Chiu cao l hnh, khi khe h S = 3,5 mm:
3F12
3.338
=
= 32 mm ;
h 12 =
2 b12 + S 2.14,1 + 3,5
Bn knh l hnh tnh theo biu thc: R12 =
b 2ov + h 2ov
4 h ov
Gi cn 11 - van cnh:
Din tch l hnh: F11 = 426 mm2.
Chiu rng l hnh: b11 = 1,06.F11 = 1,06.426 = 21,2 mm
Chiu cao l hnh: h11 = 1,25. 21,2 = 26,5 mm
Vi 11 = 1,28 tm b11 theo th H.7.34 v H.7.35 ta c: b11 = 4 mm
Kim tra li lng gin rng gi 12 theo biu thc:
150
h
b12 = (0,45 0,5). h TB .R KTB ' TB
b TB
338
Vi
h TB = 0,75.21,2
= 15,9 10,8 = 5,4 mm
32
330 10,5
R KTB =
= 159,8mm ;
2
5,4
b 12 = 0,45. 5,4.159,8 (
) = 4,5mm .
15,9
Khong trng dnh cho gin rng l hnh gi 12:
B12 = h 12 h 11 = 32 26,5 = 5,5mm .
Cc kch thc van khng phi thay i li v lng gin rng c th iu

chnh bi khe h gia 2 trc cn.
Gi cn 10 - l hnh van
Din tch l hnh: F10 = 337 mm2
Chiu rng nm ngang (chiu dy l hnh):
b10 = b11 - b11 = 21,2 - 4 = 17,2 mm
Chiu cao l hnh, khi khe h S = 5 mm.
3F10
3.537
h10 =
=
= 40,8mm ;
2 b10 + S 2.17,2 + 5
2
2
b10
+ h 10
Bn knh l hnh tnh theo biu thc: R10 =
4 h 10
Gi cn 9 - van cnh:
Din tch l hnh: F9 = 709 mm2.
Chiu rng l hnh: b 9 = 1,06.F9 = 1,06.709 = 27,4 mm
Chiu cao l hnh: h9 = 1,25. 27,4 = 34,2 mm
Tm b9 theo th H.7.34 v H.7.35 ta c: b9 = 4,5 mm
Kim tra li lng gin rng b10 theo biu thc:
Vi
h
b10 = (0,45 0,5 ). h TB .R KTB ' TB
b
TB
537
h TB = 0,75.27,4
= 20,5 13,1 = 7,4 mm
40,8
330 13,1
= 158,5mm ;
2
7,4
= 0,45. 7,4.158,5 .(
) = 5,6 mm .
20,5
R KTB =
b 10
151
Khong trng dnh cho gin rng l hnh gi 10:

B10 = h 10 h 9 = 40,8 34,2 = 6,6 mm .
Cc kch thc van khng phi thay i li v lng gin rng c th iu
chnh bi khe h gia 2 trc cn.
Gi cn 8 - van
Din tch l hnh: F8 = 920 mm2
Chiu rng nm ngang (chiu dy l hnh):
b8 = b9 - b9 = 27,4 - 4,5 = 22,9 mm
Chiu cao l hnh, khi khe h S = 6,5 mm.
3F8
3.920
=
= 52,8mm ;
h8 =
2 b 8 + S 2.22,9 + 6,5
Din tch phi vo l hnh 8:
F7 = h7.b7 = 44.38 = 1672 mm2
Khong trng ca l hnh van dnh cho gin rng:
b 8 = h 8 h 7 = 52,8 44 = 8,8mm ;
Kim tra li lng gin rng theo biu thc:
920
h TB = 0,75.38
= 28,5 17,4 = 11,1mm
52,8
330 17,4
= 156,3mm
2
11,1
b 8 = 0,45. 11,1.156,3 (
) = 7,3mm
28,5
Do 7,3 < 8,8 nn qu trnh cn s khng to bavia.
Din tch tit din van c th tnh chnh xc bng biu thc:
Fov = hov.S + Kbn.hov(bov - S).
S: khe h gia 2 trc cn;
hov: chiu cao van trc ng;
bov: chiu dy (rng) van;
h ov
; (hnh 7.36)
Kbn: h s tnh theo t s
b ov S
R KTB =
F
= D 0 h TB .
b
D0:ng knh ban u v l khong cch gia 2 ng tm trc cn khi
g lp trc cn.
ng knh vnh trc: Dv = D S trong thc t l ng knh danh ngha,
trn c s ca ng knh ny ngi ta tnh ng knh lm vic trung bnh DKTB.
Hng s cn lin tc c tnh t gi cui cng (gi 15) vi V = 15 m/s; suy ra n =
1023,6 vng/pht.
D KTB = D 0
152
H.7.36. th xc nh Kbn
ng knh lm vic trung bnh:

F15
201
= 280
= 267,4 mm
d
16
K15 = F15.DKTB.n = 201.267,4.1023,6 = 55.106.
D KTB = D H 0 = D
d/ Cu to l hnh tinh v 2 l hnh trc tinh

1 cu to l hnh tinh
C nhiu cch thit k l hnh tinh khi cn thp trn.
Kch thc ca l hnh trn, vi phi trng thi nng:
2
d nng = (1,012 1,015 )d 1
2
Trong :
1: dung sai dng ca sn phm
2: dung sai m ca sn phm
Thng thng th ng knh phi trng thi ngui theo dung sai m l:
d ngui = d 2
2
i vi thp c cht lng th ng knh phi trng thi ngui theo dung
sai dng c tnh nh sau:
2
d ngui = d + 2 ; hoc: d ngui = d 1
2
2
V d, cn thp trn vi chnh xc thng d = 20 +00,,45 v vi chnh
xc cao d = 20 +00,,24 .
Ta c:
+ 0,2 0,4
= 19,9 mm
2
= (1,012 1,015 ).19,9 20,16 mm .
d ngui = 20
d nng
Khi thit k l hnh trn tinh thng thng ta c:
153
- Chiu rng l hnh trn BK (ng knh thp trn trng nng) nh trn
hnh 7.37a:
B K = (d + 1 )(
. 1,012 1,015) ;
1 1
- Khe h gia cc vnh trc: s = .D ;
8 25
D: ng knh trc cn.
- Bn knh vnh trc:
r 0,1d
d: ng knh thp trn.
H.7.37. Cu to l hnh trn tinh

a/ cu to thng thng; b/ cu to c nghing
i vi thp trn c ng knh nh th khe h gia cc vnh trc l hnh c

mt nghing (lm rng ming l hnh) nhm trnh bavia trn sn phm
(H7.37b). Cch cu to l v vng trn c ng knh trng thi nng ca sn
phm (dnong = 1,013.d) sau k trc nm ngang v xc nh khe h S, tip theo k
mt ng nghing vi trc nm ngang tip tuyn vi vng trn (H7.37b).
T hnh v ta thy:
AB AD
k=
=
= tg .
OB DC
Vi nghing k khc nhau (ty theo kch thc sn phm) tm c gi tr
Bk (chiu rng l hnh) bng 7.12.
Bn knh ln vnh trc: r = (0,080,1).d
2 Cu to l hnh van v vung trc tinh
i vi l hnh van (H2.28) v ta c biu thc (xem li chng 2):
Bn knh v van:
R ov
b 2ov + h 2ov
;
=
4 h ov
Khe h gia 2 trc cn S = (0,010,05).D
154
Bng 7.12. nghing v ng knh nm ngang ca l hnh tinh
Bk
105 50
55 50
45 30
30 10
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
11020
16040
21050
26035
1,021.dnong - 0,2.S
1,050.dnong - 0,3.S
1,081.dnong - 0,4.S
1,12.dnong - 0,5.S
: gc nghing vi tip tuyn

Bk: chiu rng l hnh
D: ng knh sn phm
k: nghing
L hnh vung c bn knh ln (H.2.30):

H = b = 1,14.C
Kch thc thc t: b 'v = 1,14.C S; hv = 1,14.C 0,82.r; r = 0,15.C
3 V d: xc nh cc kch thc ca l hnh tinh, trc tinh (van) v trc
l hnh van theo phng php th cn thp trn d = 50 mm.
L hnh tinh
Khng xt dung sai ta c ng knh sn phm trng thi nng nh sau:

d nong = 1,013.50 = 50,7mm
Chn k = 0,4 v S = 5 mm. Theo bng 7.1 ta c:
d nong B k = 1,081.d nong 0,4.S = 1,081.50,7 0,45 = 52,8mm
Bn knh ln vnh trc: r = 0,08.50,7 = 4 mm
H.7.38. th xc nh chiu cao van mt bn knh theo

ng knh thp trn thnh phm
155
L hnh van trc tinh (mt bn knh).

Theo th hnh 7.38 vi thp trn d = 50 mm ta tm c h/d = 0,93. Vy
chiu cao ca l hnh van l: h = 0,93.d = 0,93.50 = 46,5 mm.
T th hnh 7.39 vi thp trn d = 50 mm ta tm c h/b = 0,65.
H.7.39. Quan h gia n knh thp trn d

vi t s h/b ca trc van mt bn knh
Do chiu rng l hnh van l: b =
h
46,5
=
= 71,5mm .
0,65 0,65
Chn khe h S = 5 mm.

Bn knh v van:
b 2 (h S ) 71,52 (46,5 5)
R ov =
=
= 41mm
4(h S )
4.(46,5 5)
Din tch tit din van:
2
2
F0 v = b.S + b(h S ) = 71,5.5 + 71,5(46,5 5) = 2327,5mm 2 ;
3
3
2
L hnh vung trc l hnh van
Ni chung phi i vo l hnh van (trc tinh) c nhiu dng: hnh vung,
van mt bn knh hoc nhiu bn knh, van cnh, su cnh, trn v.v...
y tnh cho mt dng l hnh l hnh vung (h vung-van-trn). i
vi phng php ny c th chn kch thc cnh C ca l hnh vung trc l hnh
van trc tinh theo kch thc sn phm thp trn d. Mi quan h gia cc kch
thc ny c th xem trong bng 7.13 trn c s cc thng s thc nghim.
156
Bng 7.13. mi quan h gia cc kch thc ca 3 l hnh: tinh, trc

tinh v trc trc tinh khi cn thp trong thng thng.
wng knh sn Quan h kch thc van v van sn phm
phm trn d (mm)
57
79
9 11
12 15
16 20
21 25
26 35
36 40
42 50
52 60
65 80
> 80
Cnh vung C
C
b
2,35 2,5
1,75 2,1
1,67 1,8
1,6 1,7
1,5 1,6
1,47 1,5
1,47 1,5
1,4 1,5
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
0,69 0,78
0,75 0,85
0,80 0,85
0,80 0,87
0,87 0,90
0,90 0,92
0,90 0,94
0,9
0,91
0,92
0,92
0,92
57
79
d + (0,25 0,5)
d+1
d+2
d+3
d+3
d + (47)
d + (812)
d + (1215)
d + (1215)
d + (1215)
50,7
r4
46,5
58
r6
81,8
r7
T v d trn vi thp trn d = 50 mm, ta c:

Cnh l hnh vung trc l hnh van: C = d + 8 = 50 + 8 = 58 mm
Bn knh ln nh l hnh:
r = (0,1 0,15).C = 0,12.58 = 7 mm.
Din tch l hnh vung:
Fv = C - 0,86.r2 = 582 - 42 = 3322 mm2.
41
71,5
52,8
81,8
H.7.40- Cc kch thc l hnh cn thp trn ng knh d = 50mm.
4 V d tnh kch thc l hnh vung-van-vung theo phng php

th. H l hnh ny trn hnh 7.41
A
bov
H.7.41 H thng l hnh van - vung.
Sa
hov
a
ra
157
Vi A = 45 mm, theo th hnh 7.42 tm c

b
A
a
= 1,68;
= 1,16 ; ov = 2,35.
h ov
h ov
h ov
A
45
=
= 26,8mm .
1,68 1,68
Khe h S c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
Sov = (0,15 0,2).A
Sov = (0,15 0,2).hov
h ov =
1,0
A/h; a/h; b/h

1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Vy:
b ov
h ov
10
15
20
25 30 35
40 45
Cnh ca phi vung A (mm)
H.7. 42. Quan h gia kch thc ca phi vung
cnh A a vo van theo h thng van-vung
Khe h S cng c th chn theo th hnh 7.39 nh sau:

Sov = 0,15.hov = 0,15. 26,8 = 4 mm
Chiu rng ca van: bov = 2,25.hov = 2,35.26,8 = 63 mm.
A
h ov
a
50 h ov
632 (26,8 4 )
R ov =
= 49,25mm ;
Bn knh van:
4(26,8 4 )
Cnh ca l vung (a) tip theo:
A = 1,16.hov = 1,16.26,8 = 31 mm;
Khe h ca l hnh vung cnh A: SA = 5 mm.
Khe h ca l hnh vung cnh a:
Sa = 0,12.31 = 4 mm
Bn knh ln nh l hnh vung A: rA = 5 mm
Bn knh ln nh l hnh vung a: ra = 4 mm.
Din tch hnh vung A:
FA = 452 0,86.52 = 2004 mm2;
Din tch l hnh van:
Fov = bov.S + 2/3bov(hov-S) = 63.4+2/3.63(26,8-4) = 1212 mm2
Din tch hnh vung a:
Fa = 312-0,86.42 = 947 mm2.
F
2004
= 1,65
H s gin di trong l hnh van: ov = A =
Fov 1212
2
158
H s gin di trong l hnh vung a:
a =
Fov 1212
=
= 1,28 .
Fa
947
Trong trng hp bit cc cnh a v A, ta tm chiu rng ca l hnh van

trn c s cnh A. Sau tm chiu cao van trn c s cnh a.
V d: c cnh A = 30 mm v a = 21 mm, theo th hnh 7.42 tm c t
s A/h = 1,69; b/h = 2,53.
A
30
h ov =
=
= 17,75mm ;
Vy chiu cao ca van l:
1,69 1,69
Chiu rng ca l hnh van:
bov = 2,53.h = 2,53.17,7 = 45 mm;
tm chiu cao tht ca l hnh van, tm a/h, quy c rng a = Aquy c =21
mm. Theo th hnh 7.13 ta c: a/h = 1,28; vy:
a
21
h=
=
= 16,4 16,5mm ;
1,28 1,28
Ly hov = 16,5. Cc kch thc khc c tnh nh sau:
SA = 4 mm, rA = 4 mm, Sov = 3 mm, Sa = 3 mm, ra = 3 mm.
Bn knh van:
Rov = 40,9 mm.
Din tch tit din FA = 886 mm2, Fov = 540 mm2, Fa = 433 mm2.
F
886
= 1,64 ;
H s gin di trong l hnh van: ov = A =
Fov 540
H s gin di trong l hnh van: a =
Fov 540
=
= 1,25 ;
Fa
433
3,5
cc my cn dy thp v kch thc sn phm nh nn cn phi m bo

nhit cn cui cng do phi ng dng h s gin di ln (phi m bo iu
kin n kim loi) v vy mi quan h gia cc kch thc c th tham kho cc
th hnh 7.43.
2,5
2,0
A
h ov
1,5
1,0
A/h; a/h; b/h
3,0
b ov
h ov
a
h ov
10
15
20
25 30 35
40 45
50
Cnh ca phi vung A (mm)
H.7. 43. Quan h gia kch thc ca phi vung v van
theo h thng vung- van-vung trn my cn dy
159
/ V d:thit k l hnh cn thp dy 6,5 mm trn my cn dy lin tc

1 Cc s liu ban u
My cn dy gm nhm gi cn th 9 gi; hai nhm gi cn trung gian mi
nhm 4 gi; hai nhm gi cn tinh mi nhm 6 gi. My c th cn dy vi ng
knh 5,5 6 mm sau 21 ln cn; cn dy 6,5 sau 19 ln cn (b gi 16 v gi 17nhm gi cn tinh); Kch thc phi vung 80 x 80 x 12000. (Cng c my cn dy
vi ng knh 6,5 t phi vung 60 x 60 sau 17 ln cn.
Qu trnh bin dng xy ra ch yu nhm gi cn th, lng p chn theo
gc n cho php. cc gi cui ca nhm gi cn tinh, h s gin di chn theo
iu kin bo m chnh xc ca sn phm, trnh s mi mn l hnh. nhm
gi cn trung gian, h s gin di chn theo kh nng ca h l hnh van-vung.
2 Tnh v thit k l hnh
Nu vi dy 6,5 mm c dung sai 0,5 mm th ng knh dy trng thi
ngui c tnh nh sau:
2
0,5 05
d ngui = d 1
= 6,5
= 6,5mm ;
2
2
ng knh dy trng thi nng:
d nng = 1,014.d ngui = 1,014.6,5 = 6,6 mm ;
Din tch l hnh tinh:
2
.d 19
3,14.6,6 2
=
= 34,2 mm 2 ;
4
4
Cho rng sau 17 ln cn s c dy ng knh 8 mm v ng knh dy
trng thi nng:
F19 =
0,5 0,5
d nng = 8
1,014 = 8,1mm ;
2
H s gin di t sau ln cn 17 n ln cn 19 s l:
8,12
1719 =
= 1,51 ;
6,6 2
H s ny tng i cao do phi chnh li ln cn th 17 sao cho:
1719 = 1,4 1,45 ;
Chn h s gin di trong l hnh tinh 19 = 1,15.

1,42
Vy ln cn th 18 ta c: 18 =
= 1,23 ;
1,15
Din tch tit din l hnh 18: F18 = 19 .F19 = 39,3mm 2 ;
Din tch tit din l hnh 17 van cnh hoc trn):
F17 = 1,23.39,3 = 48,5mm 2 ;
160
T gi 10 n gi 17 l qu trnh cn theo h thng van-vung

Do h s gin di t l hnh vung n n l hnh vung kia l:
H s gin di tng t sau ln cn 15 n ln cn 17 (vung-van-trn) l
1517 = 1,45 cho rng ln cn th 17 c th nhn c dy 8 mm. Kch thc cc l
hnh vung trung gian ghi trong bng 7.14. Trn c s kch thc cc l hnh vung
tm kch thc v din tch ca cc l hnh van v van trc tinh.
Bng 7.14. Kch thc l hnh vung nhm gi cn trung gian cn dy thp d = 6,5mm
S gi cn
S ln cn
9
11
13
15
19
9
11
13
15
17
Din tch tit

din F, mm.
286
168
105,8
70,3
48,5
H s gin di
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,45
Cnh hnh
vung C, mm
17
13,2
10,9
8,5
-
ln cn 18 trn gi trc ng, lng gin rng trong l hnh trn c th

tnh theo biu thc thc nghim sau:
b19 = 0,03. D . d = 0,03. 270 . 6,6 1,3mm
c c mt khong trng d phng ta ly b19 = 1,5 mm.

Vy b18 = 6,6 - 1,5 = 5,1 mm
Chiu cao l hnh van trc tinh
3.F18
3.39,3
h 18 =
=
= 10,5mm
2.b 18 S 2.5,1 1
L hnh van cnh ln cn 17
trn d nh sau ln cn 17 c th nhn c dy d = 8 mm; song khi
cn dy d = 6,5 mm th l hnh ny phi gim tit din.
F17 = 48,5 mm2
h
Vy nu chn l hnh ny vi t s trc: 17 = 1,15
b17
Th t hnh 2.13 ta c:
2
2
F17 = 0,75.h 17 .b17 = 0,75.1,15.b17
= 0,86.b17
= 48,5mm 2 ;
Do :
b17 =
48,5
= 7,5mm ; h17 = 1,15.7,5 = 8,6 mm;
0,86
L hnh trung gian 16

Tng h s gin di trong 2 l hnh 16 v 17:
16-17 = 1,45
161
L hnh 16 l mt l hnh van trc tinh khi cn dy d = 8 mm. V th h s

gin di ln cn 16 v 17 ly nh nhau:
16 = 17 = 1,45 = 1,21
Din tch van sau ln cn 16 l:

F16 = 17 .F17 = 1,21.48,5 = 58,5mm 2 ;
Khi h s gin di 17 = 1,21 v chiu rng van cnh b17 = 7,5 mm th lng
gin rng trong l hnh 17 chn theo th 7.35 v ni suy ta c:
b17 = 1,8mm ;
Chiu dy van (chiu rng nm ngang) ca l hnh 16:
b16 = b17 b17 = 7,5 1,8 = 5,7mm ;
Chiu cao l hnh (gi trc ng):
3.F16
3.58,5
h 16 =
=
= 13,1mm ;
2.b16 + S 2.5,7 + 2
L hnh van 14 (gi trung gian)
Ta c 14-15 = 1,5. y chn h s gin di l hnh van ln hn l hnh
vung:
ov = 1 + 1,25( v 1).
vi
= ov . v = v [1 + 1,25( v 1)] ;
0,25 + o, o63 + 5.
; ng thi v =
;
2,5
ov
Do :
v =
Vy:
15 = v =
0,25 + 0,063 + 5.1,5

= 1,2 ;
2,5
14 =
1,5
= 1,25 ;
1,2
Din tch van: F14 = 15 .F15 = 1,2.70,3 = 84,5mm 2 .

Khi C15 = 8,5, 15 = 1,2 chn lng gin rng b15 theo th hnh 7.44 c
b15 = 3 mm.
Chiu cao ca van: h 14 = 1,14.C 15 b15 S = 1,14.8,5 3 2 = 7mm ;
b14 =
Chiu rng van:

L hnh van
3.F14
3.84,5
=
= 15,8mm ;
3.h 14 + S 2.7 + 2
ln cn 12
Ta c: 12-13 = 1,6
Vy:
13 =
0,25 + 0,063 + 5.1,6

= 1,24 ;
2,5
Din tch van: F12 = 13 .F13 = 1,24.105,3 = 130mm 2 .
12 =
1,6
= 1,29 ;
1,24
162
Lng gin rng b, mm
= 1,7
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
b
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
a/ Cnh vung C, mm
20
b
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
= 1,7
= 1,6
= 1,5
= 1,4
= 1,3
= 1,2
= 1,1
15
25
35
45
b/
55
65
75
85
95
Cnh vung C, mm
= 1,7
= 1,6
= 1,5
= 1,4
= 1,3
= 1,2
= 1,1
40
60
c/
80
H.7.44. th quan h gia b, v C

khi cn phi van trong l hnh vung.
a. ng knh trc cn D = 250 mm;
b. ng knh trc cn D = 350 mm;
c. ng knh trc cn D = 500 mm;
100 120 140 160

Cnh vung C, mm
Lng gin rng b13 chn theo th hnh 7.44 c b13 = 3,8 mm.
Chiu cao ca van h12:
h 12 = 1,14.C 13 b13 S = 1,14.10,9 3,8 2,5 = 9,1mm ;
Chiu rng van 12:
b12 =
3.F12
3.130
=
= 18,6 mm ;
3.h 12 + S 2.9,1 + 2,5
L hnh van- ln cn 10
Tnh tng t ta c kt qu sau:
11 = 1,27; 10 = 1,34; F10 = 214 mm2;
h10 = 11,1; b10 = 26; b11 = 5 mm;
Kim tra xem lng gin rng khi cn phi van trong l hnh vung c bo
m khng.
Vi C9 = 17 mm; D10 = 350 mm; Vy lng gin rng c tnh:
163
h TB
C h TB
= 0,4 (C h TB ).R KTB .
=
C
C
17 8,2
= 0,4 (17 8,2 ).171.
= 8mm
17
Nh vy khong trng dnh cho gin rng trong l hnh vung l:
B v = b10 C 9 = 26 17 = 9mm ;
b = 0,4 h TB .R KTB .
Nh vy lng gin rng nh hn khong trng dnh cho n. Vi cc l hnh

khc cng phi kim tra nh trn.
Trn nhm gi cn th v cn trung gian vi cc my cn lin tc dng h
thng hnh hp ch nht-vung cho phi c tit din vung 80 x 80 mm cc gi
cn u, sau dng h thng l hnh van-vung.
Ngoi cch tnh trn ngi ta cng c th dng phng php th, phng
php phn b h s gin di. Hng s cn lin tc cng phi xut pht t tc cn
gi cui cng xc nh.
e/ Cn v thit k l hnh cho thp vn
d +d
ng knh danh ngha ca thp vn tnh theo biu thc: d d = 1
2
d1: ng knh ngoi ca thp vn, mm;d: ng knh trong ca thp vn, mm
Thp vn c ch to theo cc kch thc dd = 6 90 mm, mc thp l
CT51 hoc thp hp kim thp. Qu trnh cn thp vn c thc hin trn my cn
hnh c nh, trung bnh v my cn dy. H l hnh s dng y cng nh h l
hnh cn thp trn, ch kch thc ca 2 h l khc nhau. Kch thc v hnh dng
l hnh cn thp vn cho trn hnh 7.45. Theo hnh 7.45 th l hnh tinh (H.7.46) v
l hnh trc tinh (H.7.47) cn thp vn khc vi cn thp trn.
H.7.45. Hnh dng v kch thc ca thp vn
164
Khi ch to l hnh tinh cn thp vn ngi ta thc hin 2 bc:

- Tin rnh trn trc theo kch thc ng knh trong d ca thp vn.
H.7.46. L hnh tinh khi cn thp vn
H.7.47. L hnh trc

Phay trn b mt rnh theo kch thc g ca thp vn.
tinh khi cn thp vn
ng g dc theo thanh thp do khe h gia 2 trc cn
to
nn trong qu trnh cn. Nu thit k l hnh khng ng hoc thc hin cng ngh
khng ng th kch thc (chiu cao) ca g dc s khc vi kch thc ca g
(vn).
Thp vn c cn theo dung sai m:
+0 , 3
0,5
- Vi dd = 6 20 mm, c dung sai d d
+0 , 5
1 , 3
- Vi dd = 20 90 mm, c dung sai d d
m bo c kch thc v hnh dng

ca thp vn th iu quan trng l phi chn
c hnh dng v kch thc ca l hnh van
trc tinh.
Khi cn thp vn i hi s tiu hao nng lng ln. S cn thp vn cho
trn hnh 7.48. T hnh 7.48 ta d dng nhn thy l iu kin n khi cn thp vn
thun li hn khi cn thp trn, c ngha l iu kin ma st ln hn, chiu di cung
tip xc cng ln hn.
C th so snh:
- Khi cn thp trn: f = tg; Rk. = lx.
- Khi cn thp vn: f = C1.tg; Rk. =C2.lx;
l x = R k .h .
Ta c: = C 2 .
h
;
Rk
do : f = C 1 .C 2 .
h
.
Rk
H.7.48. S cn thp vn
Suy ra:
h MAX =
(C 1 .C 2 )
165
.f 2 .R k
Trong , C1, C2 - cc h s so snh qu trnh n khi cn thp trn v cn

thp vn. Mt khc ta c: h max = 2 R k (1 cos ) .
V th hai h s C1, C2 c th tnh c khi bit gc n v ng knh lm
vic ca trc cn Dk. T iu kin n vi mt gc = 29 0 30 0 C (cc i) v vi
h s ma st f = 0,36 (tng ng nhit cn trong phm vi 800 11000C) v tch
s C1.C2 = 1,13 c th tm c iu kin c c mt b mt g xon tt nht
v tc cn ti a mi im trn b mt sn phm.
d
iu kin l: d = 0,1
Dk
dd: ng knh danh ngha ca thp vn (ng knh trung bnh).
Dk: ng knh lm vic ca trc cn.
Khi cn thp trn vi kch thc nh
v trung bnh th l hnh van trc tinh c
D
th dng l hnh van mt bn knh. Nhng
khi cn thp vn, nu dng kiu l hnh
van mt bn knh s km hiu qu v
B
trong l hnh tinh v c ng phay rnh
d
nn tn ti tnh cht bin dng, cha k n
s bin dng khng u do hnh dng l
hnh to ra (van cn trong l hnh trn).
hmax
Nh vy tnh cht bin dng khng
u khi cn thp vn l nhiu hn nu dng
l hnh van mt bn knh, do d gy ra
Hnh 7.49- S cn phi van
trong l hnh tinh khi cn thp vn.
hin tng kch thc g xon khng ng.
Khi nhit nh l hnh van mt bn knh b ngui (khng ng u
nhit trn tit din phi.
Hnh dng v kch thc ca phi van a vo l hnh tinh trn hnh 7.49
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cng nh t thc t sn xut cho thy cn
thp vn, tt nht dng h l hnh van bng trc tinh c hnh dng nh hnh 7.47.
S liu thit k l hnh van bng trc tinh khi cn thp vn ty theo kch thc
ng knh cho trong bng 7.15 v cc hnh 7.45 7.47.
Vi l hnh vung trc l hnh van, khi kho st thc nghim ngi
ta thy rng: phi vung a vo l hnh van c th c nhng tit din khc nhau:
phi c tit din vung cho thp vn c ng knh nh (dd < 16 mm; phi c tit
din ch nht cho thp vn c ng knh dd = 18 45 mm v phi c tit din c
bit cho thp vn c ng knh ln hn (d > 45 mm).
166
Bng 7.15. Kch thc thit k l hnh van bng trc tinh khi cn
thp vn c ng knh khc nhau.
dd
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
32
36
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
d
d1
H
9,3
11,3
8,5
11
13,5
10
13
15,5
12
15
18
14,5
17
20
15
19
22
18
21
24
19
24
27
23
26,5
30
26
30,5
34
28
34,5
39,5
35
38,5
43,5
36
43
49
37
48
54
38
53
59
41
58
64
48
68
74
58
77,5
83,5
66
87,5
93,5
77
d1: ng knh ngoi ca thp vn, mm
d: ng knh trong ca thp vn, mm
dd: ng knh danh ngha ca thp vn, mm
H: chiu cao van, mm
B
t
R
17
2
4
20
3
5
22
3
6
24
3
7,5
26
3
8,5
30,5
3
9
35
3
12
40
3
12
45
4
12
53
4
18,5
58,5
5
21
64
5
23
72
6
26
90
8
24
95,5
8
28
96
11
28
115
12
38
135
13
50
154
19
65
B: chiu rng van, mm
t: khe h, mm
R: bn knh ln ca van, mm
S: vng ca van, mm
S
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Theo thc nghim th hnh dng v kch thc ca phi vo l hnh van
bng trc tinh cn thp vn cc loi (bng 7.15).
C th ni rng vic thit k l hnh cn thp vn cc loi l ht sc linh
hot v phi xut pht t kinh nghim thc t la chn tit din phi a vo l
hnh van. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch tng gim khe h gia hai trc cn
c th s dng phi c nhng tit din khc nhau khi cn trong l hnh tinh m
bo s in y v t kch thc theo tiu chun ca thp vn.
Khi dng phi c tit din khng phi l vung a vo l hnh van th
chn t s gia chiu cao H v chiu rng B ca phi nh sau:
H
= 0,84 0,65 ;
B
Nu phi a vo l hnh van c tit din vung th cnh A ca hnh vung
tnh theo biu thc sau:
A = (1,2 1,25).dd;
Trn hnh 7.50 gii thiu ba l hnh cui cng khi cn thp vn c dd = 10
25 mm.
H.7.50. Hnh dng v kch thc ca 3 l hnh cui cng (tinh, trc tinh v
trc trc tinh) khi cn rhp vn c ng knh danh ngha dd = 10 25 mm
167
168
7.6.2. Thit k l hnh cn thp vung

Thp vung theo TCVN c cnh C = 5 250 mm. Thp vung c cnh C
100 mm c gc vung sc cnh, theo n t hng c th c cnh C 50 mm c
gc vung sc cnh.
Dung sai ca thp vung c cnh C 100 mm:
-
Vi chnh xc thng C +00,,54 ;
Vi chnh xc cao C +00,,24 ;
Thp vung c cnh C > 100 mm gc vung c bn knh ln R 0,15. C

Dung sai ca thp vung c cnh C > 100 mm:
-
Vi chnh xc thng C +10,,76 ;
Vi chnh xc cao C +10,,55 ;
Thp vung c cnh C 14 mm c xut xng dng cun.

Cc h thng l hnh dng cn thp vung thng l: thoi - vung; van vung; hp ch nht - vung. Nhng vi 3 l hnh cui cng bt buc phi l
vung-thoi-vung.
a/ Cc bc tnh ton v thit k l hnh cn thp vung
Tng t nh cn thp trn.
1 Theo kiu my, kch thc sn phm
Xut pht t kiu my v kch thc sn phm thit k mt h l hnh cn
th. V d: vi kch thc sn phm nh dng h l hnh van-vung; vi kch
thc sn phm ln dng h l hnh thoi-vung.
2 Qu trnh tnh ton l ngc hng cn.
Tnh kch thc cho 3 l hnh cui cng trc tin, sau tnh kch thc l
hnh th.
3 Xc nh kch thc l hnh tinh.
Kch thc l hnh tinh c thit k trn c s kch thc ca sn phm
trng thi nng c xt n dung sai.
4 Xc nh h s gin di.
Xc nh h s gin di l hnh tinh v trc tinh theo th hnh 7.31.
5 Tnh din tch v cnh ca l hnh vung trc tinh.
6 Xc nh kch thc ca cc l hnh th.
Nu chn h l hnh van-vung, phng php tnh tng t nh vi thp
trn. Nu chn h l hnh thoi-vung phng php tnh tng t nh h l hnh
van-vung.
169
Theo th hnh 7.51 tm h s gin di theo gc n cho php, tnh din tch
ca l hnh thoi v vung th. Theo th hnh 7.52 tm lng gin rng b. Khi
cn phi c tit din hnh thoi trong l hnh vung, cho php ta tm c chiu cao
v chiu rng ca l hnh thoi trung gian.
7 Tng hp thnh bng cc s liu tnh ton v v l hnh.
H.7.51. Quan h gia gc n v h s gin di v cnh vung c theo h

thng l hnh thoi-vung.
a. ng knh trc cn D = 250 mm; b. ng knh trc cn D = 350 mm;
c. ng knh trc cn D = 500 mm; d. ng knh trc cn D = 800 mm.
b/ V d v thit k l hnh cn thp vung cnh Cn = 25 mm, trn my

cn hnh 350 b tr hng
Cc s liu ban u
My gm 2 hng: hng gi cn th mt gi c ng knh trc cn D = 550
mm; hng cn tinh 5 gi vi ng knh trc cn D = 350 mm; s vng quay n =
270 v/ph.
Phi ban u l thp vung c cnh C0 = 45 mm; cn ra sn phm thp
vung c cnh Cn = 25 mm vi dung sai = +00,,24 ;
cc bc tnh ton.
- Xt mt phn dung sai m, tnh kch thc l hnh vung trng thi nng:
0,4
C nng = 1,0013 C n = 1,0013 25

= 25,2 mm ;
2
2
Din tch l hnh vung tinh:

F1 = C 12 = 25,2 2 = 635mm 2 ;
L hnh tinh khng c bn knh ln.
170
Theo th hnh 7.31 ta c 1 = 1,11. Vy din tch l hnh thoi trc tinh
l:
F2 = 1 .F1 = 1,11.635 = 705mm 2 ;
H.7.52. Quan h gia lng gin rng b, cnh vung C v h s gin di

khi cn phi hnh vung. H thng l hnh thoi-vung.
a. ng knh trc cn D = 250 mm; b. ng knh trc cn D = 350 mm;
c. ng knh trc cn D = 500 mm; d. ng knh trc cn D = 800 mm;
T th 7.52b ta c b1 = 2 3mm :
Vy chiu cao l hnh thoi l:
h 2 = 1,14.C nng b1 = 1,14.25,2 3 = 32,5mm ;
Chiu rng l hnh thoi:
2.q 2 2.705
=
= 43,4 mm ;
b2 =
h2
32,5
Cc kch thc hnh hc khc xem chng 2.
T th hnh 7.52b ta c h s gin di l hnh thoi trc tinh 2 = 1,2.
Vy din tch l hnh vung trc tinh l:
F3 = 2 .F2 = 1,2.705 = 845mm 2 ;
Cnh hnh vung trc tinh l:

C 3 = q 3 = 845 = 29mm ;
Cc l hnh tip theo cng l h l hnh thoi-vung. Nu tc cn l 5 m/s

v nhit cn l 10000C th t th hnh 6.11 tm c gc n cc i = 200.
171
Khi gc n = 200, cnh vung C3 = 29 mm ta c h s gin di l hnh

vung 3 l: 3 = 1,3 (hnh 7.52b).
Vi l hnh thoi 4 ta ly h s gin di nh l hnh vung 3: 4 = 3 =1,3.
Vy din tch l hnh vung 5 l:
F5 = 3 . 4 .F3 = 1,3.1,3.845 = 1430mm 2 ;
Cnh hnh vung 5 l:

C 5 = F5 = 1430 = 37,8mm ;
Khi gc n = 200, cnh vung C5 = 37,8 mm ta c h s gin di l hnh

vung 5 l: 5 = 1,2 (hnh 7.52b).
H s gin di l hnh thoi tip theo 6 = 1,2.
Vy din tch l hnh vung 7 l:
F7 = 5 . 6 .F5 = 1,2.1,2.1430 2060mm 2 ;
Cnh hnh vung 7 l:

C 7 = F7 = 2060 = 45,5mm ;
- Xc nh kch thc ca l hnh thoi trung gian

L hnh thoi 4:
H s gin di l hnh 4 v l hnh 3 l:
4 . 3 =
C 52
C 32
37,8 2
29 2
= 1,697 1,7 ;
Chn h s gin di l hnh vung v l hnh thoi nh nhau:

4 = 3 = 1,7 = 1,3 ;
Din tch l hnh thoi 4 l:

F4 = 3 .C 32 = 1,3.29 2 1096 mm 2 ;
T th hnh 7.52b; cnh vung C = 29 mm; h s gin di 3 = 1,3 ta c

b3 = 5 mm, nh vy:
Chiu cao l hnh thoi 4 l:
h 4 = 1,14.C 3 b 3 = 1,14.29 5 = 36 mm ;
Chiu rng l hnh thoi 4:
2.F4 2.1096
b4 =
=
= 60 mm ;
h4
36
Kch thc ca l hnh vung 5: b 5 = h 5 = 1,14.C 5 = 1,14.37,8 = 53mm ;
Khong trng dnh cho gin rng l hnh thoi 4:
B 4 = b 4 1,14.C 5 = 60 53 = 7mm ;
172
Theo th hnh 7.52b th lng gin rng a phi vung vo l hnh

thoi vi 4 = 1,3 v cnh hnh thoi quy c
C 4 = 1095 = 33mm ; l b4 = 5,5 m.
trong khi khong trng tnh ton cho gin rng l 7 mm vy khng cn thay i
kch thc l hnh thoi 4.
L hnh thoi 6:
Din tch l hnh thoi 6 l:
F6 = 5 .C 52 = 1,2.37,8 2 = 1715mm 2 ;
T th hnh 7.52b; cnh vung C5 = 37,8 mm; h s gin di 4 = 1,2 ta c

b5 = 5 mm, nh vy:
Chiu cao l hnh thoi 6 l:
h 6 = 1,14.C 5 b 5 = 1,14.37,8 5 = 48mm ;
Chiu rng l hnh thoi 6:
2.F6 2.1715
b6 =
=
= 71,44 70 mm ;
h6
48
Kch thc ca phi a vo l hnh 6:
b 7 = h 7 = 1,14.C 7 = 1,14.45 = 63,5mm ;
Khong trng dnh cho gin rng l hnh thoi 6:
B 6 = b 6 b 7 = 70 63,5 = 6,5mm ;
Trn c s cnh quy c ca l hnh thoi l:
C 6 = F6 = 1715 = 41mm ;
T th hnh 7.52b; cnh vung C6 = 41 mm; h s gin di = 1,2 ta c

b6 = 5 mm, nh vy kch thc l hnh thoi 6 khng cn hiu chnh.
Trong qu trnh tnh ton trn y khng xt n bn knh ln nh v
vnh trc ca l hnh thoi v l hnh vung. Nu c bn knh ln th kch thc l
hnh c thay i cht t v din tch, song h s gin di thay i khng ng k v
c s b tr gia nh l hnh v vnh trc cn.
c/ Cn thp vung theo phng php phn tch th ca h thng l
hnh thoi-vung.
i vi phng php ny c cc th biu th cc quan h gia cc i
A h a
lng ; ; vi cnh ca phi vung vo l hnh thoi (H.7.53). th c xy
h b h
dng trn cc c s cc thng s thc nghim ca nhiu nh my cn thp, mi gi
A
h a
ng vi mt i lng v . Khi xc nh kch thc trung bnh
tr ca t s
h
b h
ca tng cp l hnh thoi-vung. Trn c s th vi mt cnh ca l hnh vung
173
trc l hnh thoi A tm t s

Khi bit
A
t c mt gi tr quy c h. T gi tr h tm b.
h
h
(theo th hnh 7.53) tm chiu cao thc ca l hnh thoi theo t s:
b
a
. (A; a; b; h: cc kch thc c ghi trn hnh v v th 7.53)
h
H.7.53. th quan h gia cc t s
A h a
; ; vi cnh vung A
h b h
khi thit l hnh cn thp vung theo h thng l hnh thoi-vung.

a. vung sc cnh; b. vung c bn knh ln u cnh
th cho gi tr kch thc trung bnh ca nhiu nh my. cc gi tr ny

gip xc nh cc kch thc l hnh vi cc thng s thc nghim ca cc nh
my ang cn thp vung vi sai s khng ng k.
Sai s 810% khi cn thp vung c cnh nh v sai s 3% khi cn thp
vung c cnh ln. V vy khi s dng th hnh 7.53, cc gi tr vn cho ta
chnh xc khi tnh ton.
Khe h gia 2 trc cn ca l hnh thoi v l hnh vung cng c chn
khc nhau theo th (hnh 7.54)
174
rv = 0,15.a
R thoi = (1,2 1,3).rv
1 V d v tnh kch thc ca l hnh cn thp vung theo theo h l

hnh thoi-vung.
Gi thit my cn c xc nh s b v trn cn thp vung; tnh
ton theo phng php th.
H.7.54. th tm khe h l hnh thoi-vung khi cn

thp vung theo h thng l hnh thoi-vung
a. vung sc cnh; b. vung c bn knh ln u cnh
2 Qu trnh tnh ton

Da vo th (H.7.51a) tm c: A = 150 mm l kch thc phi ban u.
175
A
h
a
= 1,008; = 0,652; = 0,758 ( th sc cnh)
h
b
h
150
Chiu cao l hnh thoi:
h=
= 149 mm ;
1,008
Ta c:
h
149
=
= 229 mm ;
0,652 0,652
Cnh hnh vung tip theo l hnh thoi: a = 0,758.h = 0,758.149 = 113 mm;
Khe h l hnh thoi v l hnh vung xc nh theo th hnh 7.54 ta c:
t thoi
= 0,065 ; suy ra t thoi = 0,065.h = 10 mm ;
h
tv
= 0,08 ; suy ra t v = 0,08.a = 9 mm ;
a
H s gin di t l hnh vung n n l hnh vung kia (A a):
Chiu rng l hnh thoi: b =
150 2
= 1,762 ;
1132
Tip tc tnh cho mt cp l hnh thoi-vung tip theo, vi a = a l kch
thc phi vo l hnh thoi. Cn c vo kch thc ny tm cc h s trn th
vi A = 113 mm, ta c:
A
a
h
= 1,052; = 0,787; = 0,615 ;
b
h
h
113
Vy chiu cao l hnh thoi: h =
= 107mm ;
1,052
107
= 174 mm ;
0,615
Cnh ca l hnh vung tip theo:
A = 0,787.h = 0,787.107 = 84,5 mm;
Khe h l hnh thoi: tthoi = 0,065.h = 7 mm;
Khe h l hnh vung: tv = 0,08.a = 0,08.84,5 = 7 mm;
b=
113 2
= 1,788 ;
84,5 2
Tnh cho cp thoi-vung th 3 tip theo, vi cnh ban u l A = 84,5
h
A
a
= 1,087; = 0,81; = 0,588 ;
mm, ta c:
h
h
b
84,5
Vy chiu cao l hnh thoi: h =
= 77,7mm ;
1,087
b=
77,7
= 132,5mm ;
0,588
176
Cnh ca l hnh vung tip theo: a = 0,07.h = 0,81.77,7 = 63 mm;

Khe h l hnh thoi: tthoi = 0,07.h = 0,07.77,7 = 5 mm;
Khe h l hnh vung: tv = 0,08.a = 0,08.63 = 5 mm;
=
84,5 2
= 1,799 ;
63 2
Sau khi c cc kch thc ca l hnh cn th li lng gin rng trong cc
l hnh theo cc biu thc c nhm trnh s qu in y to bavia trn phi cn
v sn phm. ng thi phi th li iu kin n cho php.
Nu cn thp vung sc cnh th cc l hnh thoi-vung th v trung gian
khng cn phi c bn knh ln nh l hnh.
Nu cn thp vung trn cnh th cc bn knh ln nh l hnh chn theo
cc biu thc cho.
Thp vung trn cnh thng c kch thc a = 5090 mm, tng ng vi n
c cc t s h/b = 0,620,74 v bn knh ln l hnh thoi Rthoi = (0,20,3)a.
Khi cc t s v kch thc ca l hnh thoi trc tinh v vung tinh trn
a
a
h
cnh l: = 0,59; = 0,835; = 0,74 ngi ta nhn thy i vi sn phm c a =
b
b
h
50100 mm, qu trnh cn n nh v m bo hon ton kch thc v hnh dng
sn phm.
Khi cn thp vung sc
cnh vi a = 1050 mm vi t s
kch thc l hnh tinh v trc
a
a
h
tinh l: = 0,58; = 0,77; = 0,76
b
b
h
th theo nghin cu ca Mekelin,
cu to ca l hnh thoi trc tinh
phi c m gi vi gc nh l
H.7.55. Cu to l hnh thoi
0
trc tinh c m gi
90 (H.7.55).
thit k l hnh nh trn hnh 7.55 thc hin nh sau: tng chiu cao h
ca l hnh ln H mt gi tr sao cho H - h = 28 mm tng ng vi kch thc
Hh
cnh vung sn phm a = 10150 mm. Ngha l:
= 1 4mm (gi tr nh
2
tng ng vi kch thc cnh nh ca sn phm; gi tr ln tng ng vi kch
thc cnh ln ca sn phm). T nh ca gc vung 900 ni tip vi cnh ca
hnh thoi bng mt bn knh RH c gi tr RH = (12).h.
H s gin di:
177
7.6.3. Thit k l hnh v cc phng php cn cc loi thp dt

Thp dt cc loi c s dng rt rng ri trong i sng hng ngy v
trong cc ngnh cng nghip, vn ti, ch to my... Kch thc thp dt theo tiu
chun cho trong bng 7.16.
Bng 7.16. Kch thc ca cc loi thp dt
Chiu rng
Chiu dy ca thp dt H (mm)
B (mm)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 14 16 18
12 14
16 18
20 22
25 28
30 200
Ngoi ra, thp dt cn c hnh dng khc nhau: Thp dt lm l xo l, thp

dt c hai mt lm, thp lng mng, thp lm vnh bnh t, thp ai thng...
Dung sai ca thp dt theo chiu dy H: H +00,,25 khi H = 7 16 mm
H +10,,22 khi H = 28 32 mm
Dung sai ca thp dt theo chiu rng B: B +10,,05 khi B = 12 50 mm

a/ Cc phng php cn thp dt
1 Cn trn trc bc (phng php c)
H.7.56. Cn thp dt trn trc bc.
178
Phng php ny c nhiu nhc im (H.7.56) nh chiu rng sn phm

khng chnh xc v lng gin rng thay i lun theo cc yu t cng ngh. Mt
khc, b hn ch kch thc sn phm, hnh dng hai mt ca thp dt khng ph
hp v khng c gia cng (khng c gc vung). Nhc im khng vung mt
bn c th khc phc bng cch dng phi c mt cong (H.7.57).
H.7.57. hnh dng phi khi

cn thp dt trn trc bc
H.7.58. l hnh p cnh

khi cn thp dt trn trc
b
Vi mc ch gia cng hai mt bn ca thp dt khi cn trn trc bc, ngi

ta s dng phi hp cc l hnh gia cng cnh (H.7.58) trn nhng gi cn ring
bit phi hp trong h thng cc gi cn.
b k = (0,98 1,06 )b1 ; tg = 0,05 0,1 ;
1
m = (0,5 1) mm; R = 2 10 mm; 0,015.D = S .h ;
3
2 Cn trong cc l hnh kn, gin rng hn ch (H.7.59)

Vi l hnh kn 2 mt bn ca sn phm c gia cng tt, hn ch kch
thc v chiu rng trn mt cp trc. Do l hnh phi c mt cn nh, hn ch
gin rng nn l hnh mn nhanh.
H.7.59. L hnh kn
cn thp dt
H.7.60. L hnh ch nht

b tr cho
179
3 Cn trong l hnh ch nht b tr theo ng cho trn trc cn.

Phng php ny m bo bin dng mi pha (H.7.60), cnh sn c
gia cng tt, nhng li xut hin lc chiu trc nn phi nh v trc tt v khi vt
cn ra khi trc cn d b vn xon nn phi c c cu dn hng ph.
4 Cn trn my cn chuyn dng lin tc hoc ni tip.
y dng h l hnh cn trn trc phng kt hp vi cc l hnh p cnh.
b/ Xc nh kch thc phi cn thp dt
1 Phi l mt hnh vung:
H = B0
c thp dt vi kch thc h x b, ta c: b = H + b
h, b - chiu cao v chiu rng ca thp dt
b - tng lng gin rng, b = Kb.(H - h).
Kb - h s hn ch gin rng
b + K b .h
H=
Vy:
1 + K b
Biu thc trn cha xt n cc lng p cnh ca thp dt trong l hnh p
cnh, mt khc chn h s Kb cho ph hp l kh. Kch thc phi ph thuc vo
kch thc sn phm, cho nn:
n
n
H = h + h TB = h + n.h TB = h. = h.TB
1
n - s ln cn (tnh cho ln p phi theo chiu cao).

n
n1
B 0 = b b + h c
hc - lng p cnh theo chiu rng thp dt.

n1 - s ln cn p cnh theo chiu rng.
T thng s thc nghim cho php chn:
hc = (0,2 0,3).hTB 0,25.hTB
Hh
Vi
h TB =
n
T biu thc trn sau khi bin i vi iu kin phi cho cn thp dt l phi
vung (H = B0) ta c:
n
b + h(K b 0,25. 1 )
n
H=
n1
1 + K b 0,25.
n
H s gin rng Kb c th tm theo th hoc tnh theo cc biu thc
- Biu thc Djiben:
K b =
0,05.D K
h + 0,04.n.D K
- Cho trc cn bng thp:
K b =
0,06.D K
h + 0,04.n.D K
- Cho trc cn bng gang: K b =
0,525.D K
h + 0,04.n.D K
180
DK - ng knh lm vic ca trc cn.

2 Phi tit din hnh ch nht
+ Vi iu kin khng c cc ln cn p sn, c ngha l:
b = B0 + Kb.(H - h)
b B 0 + K b .h
H=
do
K b
H, B0 - chiu cao v chiu rng ca phi hnh ch nht.
+ Nhng nu c lng p sn th tng t ta c biu thc xc nh chiu
cao phi nh sau:
n
b B 0 + h(K b 0,25. 1 )
n
H=
n1
K b 0,25.
n
T cc thng s thc nghim cho thy v cc lng p sn nn chiu rng
ca sn phm (thp dt) b khng khc bit nhiu so vi chiu rng ca phi B0,
thng l:
B0 = (0,99 0,985).b
Trong biu thc tnh H thay tr s B0 bng b ta c:
n
n
b 0,987.b + h( K b 0,25. 1 ) 0,013.b + h.( K b 0,25. 1 )
n =
n
H=
n1
n1
K b 0,25.
K b 0,25.
n
n
3 Xc nh kch thc phi ban u cn thp dt c kch thc h =
3mm; b = 200mm.
My cn lin tc c 14 gi cn, trong : 10 gi trc nm ngang (n) v 4 gi
trc ng p sn (n1); ng knh lm vic trung bnh DK = 350mm.
- Xc nh h s hn ch gin rng Kb theo biu thc Djiben
K b =
0,05.D K
0,05.350
=
= 0,1225
h + 0,04.n.D K 3 + 0,04.10.350
- Xc nh chiu cao phi khi phi l mt hnh vung H = B0
181
Theo biu thc tnh H, ta c:

n
4
b + h(K b 0,25. 1 ) 200 + 3.( 0,1225 0,25. )
n =
10 = 195mm
H=
n
4
1 + 0,1225 0,25.
1 + K b 0,25. 1
10
n
Khi phi l hnh ch nht (H B0) v B0 = 0,987.b, ta c:
H=
n1
4
) 0,013.200 + 3.(0,1225 0,25. )
n =
10 = 118,5 mm
n1
4
0,1225 0,25.
K b 0,25.
10
n
4 Xc nh chiu cao phi H cn thp dt c kch thc h x b=5x125.
0,013.b + h.(K b 0,25.
T phi ban u c chiu rng B0 = 120 mm, vi 10 ln cn p theo chiu

cao v 2 ln p sn (n = 10; n1 = 2); h s hn ch lng gin rng kb = 0,1225.
p dng biu thc tnh H ta c chiu cao phi cn thit l:
n
2
( b B 0 ) + h(K b 0,25. 1 ) (125 120) + 3.(0,1225 0,25. )
n =
10 = 74 mm
H=
n
2
0,1225 0,25.
K b 0,25. 1
10
n
c/ Phng php xc nh ch p khi cn thp dt
C 3 phng php ch yu sau:
- Theo iu kin n kim loi.
- Theo cng sut ng c cc i.
- Theo h s bin dng cao trn c s cc thng s thc nghim.
1 Theo iu kin n kim loi.
Nh bit h s ma st f = tg. Xt iu kin d phng ca h s ma st v
ng knh trc cn khi phc hi li (thng 10%), th lng p ti a hmax cho
mt ln khi cn thp dt c th tnh theo biu thc sau:
1
h max = .0,855.f 2 D K
2
f - h s ma st, f = n1.n2.n3.(1,05 - 0,0005.T)
T - nhit cn tng ng vi ln cn (c th xc nh bng phng php
tnh hoc o trc tip).
n gin c th xc nh T bng th.
Nhit bt u cn s gim dn theo khong cch gia cc gi cn n
nhit kt thc cn (hnh 7.61). Nu tnh theo phng php ny, lng p qua
tng ln cn khng ph thuc vo phi ban u. Chiu cao ca phi c nh tng
lng p tng phn. Chiu rng ca phi xc nh trn c s chiu rng sn phm
182
v lng gin rng tnh ton. Ring lng p h gi cn tinh v trc tinh khng
c ly gi tr cc i, v nu ly gi tr cc i s nh hng ln n kch thc
sn phm. Thng gi cn tinh h = 25 mm; gi trc tinh h =0,5.hmax.
0
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
A
II
III
IV
VI VII VIII
Hnh 7.61. Xc nh nhit t theo khong cch gia cc gi cn trn my

cn thp dt 300: 10 gi trc nm ngang IX; 4 gi trc ng A, B, C, D.
Trn hnh 7.62 l s my cn dt 300 vi 14 gi.
Hnh 7.62- S my cn thp dt 300. A, B, C, D l cc trc thng ng.

Cc trc A, B, C c D = 460mm; D c D = 440mm; cc trc I V c D = 400mm;
cc trc VI, VII c D = 370mm; cc trc VIIIX c D = 330mm.
+ Cc s liu ban u
S vng quay gi cui cng l 400 vng/pht; vt liu lm trc cn l gang.
Trn my ny ngi ta cn thp dt: b x h = 80 x 6 mm
+ Tnh v thit k l hnh cho my cn hnh 7.61.
Qu trnh tnh ngc hng cn, khng xt n bn knh ln cc din tch
tit din:
- Gi X:
D10 = 330 mm; h10 = 6 mm; t0 = 9000C; b10 = 1,013.80 = 81 mm
Vi h10 = 2 mm, phi vo gi 10: H10 = h9; h9 = 6 + 2 = 8 mm vi s vng
quay 400v/ph; t0 = 9000C; trc cn bng gang, h s ma st f = 0,29.
Xc nh lng gin rng theo biu thc:
b10 = 1,15
h10
h
2 330
2
= 2,1 mm
.
2
R.h
= 1,15.
2.H
2.f
2.8 2
2.0,29
Din tch tit din ca sn phm:

183
F10 = 6. 81 = 486 mm2

Hng s cn lin tc C10:
C10 = F.DK10.n = 846. 330. 400 = 64.106
- Gi IX:
D9 = 330 mm; h9 = 8 mm; t0 = 9250C;
b9 = b10 - 2,1 = 81 - 2,1 = 78,9 mm; F9 = h9.b9 = 8.78,9 = 630 mm2
Trn c s hng s cn lin tc C10, tm s vng quay n9. Theo F9.D9 tm
c h s ma st f9 = 0,306.
Vy, h9 = 0,5.hmax = 0,5.0,855.f2.RK9 = 0,5.0,855.0,3062.165 = 6 mm
V:
H9 = h9 + h9 = 8 + 6 = 14 mm
Lng gin rng trn gi IX:
6
6
165.6
= 5,3 mm
2.0,306
2.14
- Gi trc ng D (c lng p sn):
Gi thit khng to l hnh trn thn trc (trc phng) v khe h gia hai
vnh trc S = 10mm. ng knh gi trc ng D = 440mm, vy ng knh lm
vic ln p sn l:
DKD = 440 + 10 - bD = 450 - bD
Vi bD: chiu rng thp dt trn gi p sn
bD = b9 - b9 = 78,9 - 5,3 = 73,6mm
Chn lng p sn bng lng gin rng gi IX, do :
DKD = 450 - 73,6 = 376,4mm
V lng p sn khng ln nn lng gin rng trn gi ny l khng ng
k, do chiu dy phi lc ra khi gi p sn bng chiu dy gi IX:
hD = 14mm; FD = 14.73,6 = 1030mm2
b 9 = 1,15.
64.10 6
= 165 v / ph
1030.376
- Gi VIII: D8 = 330 mm; h8 = 14 mm; t0 = 9740C;
Chn chiu rng vt cn trn gi VIII ng bng chiu rng thp dt trn gi
p sn bD cng thm lng p sn l 5 mm (hD = 5 mm):
b8 = bD + hD = 73,6 + 5 = 78,6 mm
Din tch tit din phi: F8 = h8.b8 = 14.78,6 = 1100 mm2
T y tm s vng quay qua hng s cn lin tc v suy ra tc cn
tnh c h s ma st f = 0,405.
Lng p gi VIII: h8 = 0,855.f2.DK8 = 0,855.0,4052.165 = 20,8 mm
Chiu cao phi lc vo gi VIII: H8 = h8 + h8 = 14 + 20,8 = 34,8 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh VIII:
S vng quay ca trc cn: n D =
b 8 = 1,15.
184
20,8
20,8
165.20,8
= 11,3 mm
2.0,405
2.34,8
- Gi VII:
D7 = 370 mm; h7 = H8 = 34,8 mm; t0 = 10000C;
Chiu rng vt cn trn gi VII:
b7 = b8 - b8 = 78,6 - 11,3 = 67,3 mm
Din tch tit din phi:
F7 = h7.b7 = 34,8.67,3 = 2340 mm2
Ln lt tnh s vng quay, tc cn v h s ma st f7 = 0,44.
Lng p gi VII:
h7 = 0,855.f2.DK7 = 0,855.0,442.165 = 27,4 mm
Chiu cao phi lc vo gi VII:
H7 = h7 + h7 = 34,8 + 27,4 = 62,2 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh VII:
b7 = 10,2 mm
- Gi VI:
D6 = 370 mm; h6 = H7 = 62,2 mm; t0 = 10260C;
Chiu rng vt cn trn gi VI:
b6 = b7 - b7 = 67,3 - 10,2 = 57,1 mm
F6 = h6.b6 = 62,2.57,1 = 2450 mm2
Cn c vo hng s cn lin tc tnh s vng quay, tc cn v h s ma
st f6 = 0,43.
Lng p gi VI:
h6 = 0,855.f2.DK6 = 0,855.0,432.185 = 26,2 mm
Chiu cao phi lc vo gi VI:
H6 = h6 + h6 = 62,2 + 26,2 = 88,4 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh VI:
26,2
26,2
185.26,2
= 6,7 mm
2.88,4
2.0,43
- Gi C (trc ng p sn):
DC = 460 mm; t0 = 10540C;
Khe h gia hai vnh trc S = 10 mm.
Chiu cao phi lc ra khi l hnh p sn:
hC = b6 - b6 = 57,1 - 6,7 = 50,4 mm
ng knh lm vic: DKC = 460 + 10 - hC = 420 mm
H s ma st: fC = (1,05 - 0,0005.t) = 0,42
Lng p sn tnh theo iu kin n kim loi:
hC = 0,25.hmax = 0,25.0,855.0,422.210 = 7 mm
b 6 = 1,15.
185
Chiu cao phi lc vo l hnh p sn:

HC = hC + hC = 50,4 + 7 = 57,4 mm
Vi lng p hC = 7 mm. ta c lng gin rng gi p sn:
7
7
210.7
= 2,1 mm
2.57,1
2.0,42
Chiu rng phi lc vo gi p sn:
BC = h5 = H6 - bC = 88,4 - 2,1 = 86,3 mm
Chiu rng phi lc ra khi gi p sn: bC = H6 = 88,4 mm
Din tch tit din phi: FC = hC.bC = 4450 mm2
S vng quay ca trc cn:
b C = 1,15.
nC =
64.10 6
= 34,3 v / ph
4450.420
- Gi V:
D5 = 400 mm; h5 = 86,3 mm; t0 = 10760C;
Chiu rng vt cn trn gi V:
b5 = hC + hC = 50,4 + 7 = 57,4 mm
F5 = h5.b5 = 86,3.57,4 = 4950 mm2
Cn c vo hng s cn lin tc tnh s vng quay n5 = 32,25 (v/ph), tc
cn v h s ma st f5 = 0,408.
Lng p gi V:
h5 = 0,855.f2.DK5 = 0,855.0,4082.200 = 25,5 mm
Chiu cao phi lc vo gi V:
H5 = h5 + h5 = 86,3 + 25,5 = 111,8 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh V: b5 = 5 mm
- Gi IV:
Gi IV v gi V truyn ng chung mt ng c, vy t s truyn ca hai
gi ph thuc vo nhau. bit i5 = 5,29; i4 = 7,25.
7,25
= 1,37
H s gia hai t s truyn: k i =
5,29
Xt trng hp c th gi IV: D4 = 400 mm; t0 = 10940C;
Din tch tit din ca phi:
Fi =
64.10 6
64.10 6
=
= 6810 mm 2
n
32,25
400. 5 400.
1,37
ki
Chiu rng ca phi lc ra khi gi IV:

b4 = b5 - b5 = 57,4 - 5 = 52,4 mm
Chiu cao phi:
h4 =
186
F4 6810
=
= 130 mm H 5 = 118,5 mm
b 4 52,4
So snh kt qu lng p gi V, ta c:
h5 = h4 - h5 = 130 - 86,3 = 43,7 mm
Song h5 tnh trc y l h5 = 25,5 mm.
Hiu s lng p: 43,7 - 25,5 = 18,2 mm.
Kt lun: trc s khng n c kim loi. x l s khc nhau ny hoc
phi dng lc y phi hoc phi tnh ton li cho ph hp.
tnh li phi thay i ng knh trc cn gi IV, c th ly D4 = 460
mm (theo kt cu gi, iu ny hon ton cho php).
64.10 6
F4 =
= 5900 mm 2
32,25
460.
1,37
F
5900
h4 = 4 =
= 112 mm
b 4 52,4
Chiu cao ny ph hp vi h5 = 111,8 mm; f4 = 0,4

h4 = 0,855.0,42.230 = 28,2 mm
H4 = h4 + h4 = 112 + 28,2 = 140,2 mm
Lng gin rng:
28,2
28,2
230.28,2
= 5,2 mm
2.140,2
2.0,4
B4 = b4 = 52,2 - 5,2 = 47,2 mm
b 4 = 1,15.
- Gi B:
hB = 47,2 mm; bB = H4 = 140,2 mm; T0 = 11150C;
DKB = DB + 10 - hB = 460 + 10 - hB = 422,8 mm
fB = 0,396
Vi mc ch kh ht vy rn, chn hB ton phn theo h s ma st fB:
hB = hmax = 0,855.0,3962.210 = 25,2 mm
Chiu rng phi trn gi trc ng:
BB = hB + hB = 47,2 + 25,2 = 72,4 mm
25,2
25,2
210.25,2
= 8,2 mm
2.72,4
2.0,396
Chiu cao phi lc vo gi B:
HB = h3 = bB - bB = 140,2 - 8,2 = 132 mm
FB = hB.bB = 140,2.47,2 = 6600 mm2
S vng quay ca trc cn:
Vy,
h B = 1,15.
187
nC =
64.10 6
= 23,1 v / ph
6600.420
- Gi III:
D3 = 400 mm; b3 = HB = 132 mm; T0 = 11350C;
h3 = B3 = 72,4 mm
Din tch tit din phi: F3 = h3.b3 = 132.72,4 = 9550 mm2
n3 = 16,75 (v/ph), f3 = 0,384.
Lng p gi III: h3 = 22,6 mm
Chiu cao phi lc vo gi III: H3 = h3 + h3 = 132 + 22,6 = 154,6 mm
- Gi II:
Gi II c chuyn ng chung vi gi III v c h s t s truyn ki = 1,37.
Cch tnh tng t nh gi IV v gi V.
Ta c:
h2 = H3 = 154,6 mm; b2 = b3 - b3 = 72,4 - 3,2 = 69,2 mm
Din tch tit din phi: F2 = h2.b2 = 154,6.69,2 = 10700 mm2
16,75 2
n2 =
= 12,25 v / ph
1,37
D2 =
64.10 6
= 485 mm ;
10700.2,25
f2 = 0,378
Chiu cao phi : H2 = h1 = h2 + h2 = 154,6 + 26,6 = 181,2 mm

Lng gin rng: b2 = 3,84 mm
- Gi I:
D1 = 400 mm; h1 = H2 = 181,2 mm; t0 = 11780C;
Chiu rng vt cn trn gi I: b1 = b2 - b2 = 69,2 - 3,84 = 65,9 mm
Din tch tit din phi: F1 = h1.b1 = 181,2.65,4 = 11900 mm2
n1 = 13,4 (v/ph); f1 = 0,368.
Lng p gi I:
h1 = 0,855.f2.DK1 = 0,855.0,3682.200 = 20,9 mm
Chiu cao phi lc vo gi I:
H1 = bA = h1 + h1 = 181,2 + 20,9 = 202,1 mm
Lng gin rng trong l hnh I: b1 = 2,2 mm
- Gi A:
DA = 460 mm; bA = H1 = 202,1 mm; t0 = 12000C;
hA = b1 - b1 = 65,4 - 2,2 = 63,2 mm
DKA = DA + 10 - hA = 460 + 10 - 63,2 = 406,8 mm
Ly trn:
DKA = 400 mm
FA = hA.bA = 63,2.202,1 = 12800 mm2
nA = 12,5 v/ph; fA = 0,36
188
hA = hmax = 0,855.0,362.200 = 20 mm
Chiu rng phi: BA = hA + hA = 63,2 + 20 = 83,2 mm
Vy,
b A = 1,15.
20
20
200.20
= 4,9 mm
2.83,2
2.0,36
Chiu cao phi: H = bA = h1 - bA = 202,1 - 4,9 = 197,2 mm

2 Theo cng sut ng c cc i
Tng cng sut ng c l N, khi cn th cng sut tiu th cho bin dng
kim loi l NI, thng ma st trong l hnh l NII, thng ma st c trc l NIII. Cc
cng sut ny c tnh ton theo cc biu thc khi tnh ton cng ngh.
Cc cng sut tiu th khc nh: cng sut khng ti, cng sut ng s c
tnh theo % ca cng sut tiu th thun ty cho cn hoc qua thc nghim, vi:
d
N III = 2 P c = V.fc
DK
trong ,
P: p lc kim loi ln trc cn, kG (N); dc: ng knh c trc, mm

DK: ng knh lm vic ca trc cn, mm
V: tc vng quay theo DK, m/s; fc: h s ma st c trc
NI-II = p.B.h.V
Trong , p: p lc n v, N/mm2 (kG/mm2); B: chiu rng phi trc lc cn, mm
N
T cng thc trn, ta c: h = I II
p.B.V
Thng th nn ly NI-II nh hn thc t tnh ton khong 5 10%.
tng ln cn s c:
NI
N II
h1 =
; h 2 =
;
p1 .B 1 .V1
p 2 .B 2 .V2
...
; h n =
Nn
p n .B n .Vn
Phng php ny c s dng khi cn thp tm v thp dt rng bn. y

xc nh c lng p cn phi bit p lc n v p, song p lc n v p li ch
c khi c lng p. V vy, thng thng phi s dng cc thng s thc nghim.
Chiu rng B c tnh ton xut pht t chiu rng sn phm. Tc cn V xc
nh theo cng ngh la chn.
V d: Tnh lng p khi N = 450 kW; p = 10 kG/mm2; trc gang D = 400
mm; t0 = 10000C; V = 3,5 m/s; chiu rng vt cn B = 300 mm.
Biu th th nguyn ca cng sut: kG.m/s
Vy,
N = 450.1,36.75 = 45900 kG.m/s
Cng sut tiu th cho cc thnh phn khc l 20%.
Vy,
h =
45900.0,8.10 3
= 3,5 mm
10.300.3500
189
Theo cch tnh trn y, ng c c th lm vic vi ph ti khng i v

khng ph thuc vo sn phm.
3 Theo h s bin dng cao
Trong thc t, ngi ta ng dng h s bin dng cao H/h theo tng mc,
cho trong bng 7.17.
Bng 7.17
S ln cn
(ngc hng cn)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
H s bin dng vi cc ch p khc nhau

Rt ln
Ln
Trung bnh
Nh
1,35 1,4
1,28 1,3
1,2 1,25
1,1 1,15
1,55 1,6
1,45 1,5
1,35 1,4
1,15 1,2
1,75 1,8
1,6 1,7
1,45 1,5
1,2 1,25
1,95 2,0
1,75 1,8
1,55 1,6
1,25 1,3
1,75 1,85
1,55 1,6
1,25 1,3
1,95 2,0
1,3
1,65
1,75 1,9
1,65
1,3
1,9
1,65
1,3
1,9
Khi xc nh mt ch h s bin dng cn phi kim tra li cng sut

ng c; iu kin n kim loi; bn trc cn; v cc chi tit khc. Vi cc ln
cn trong l hnh p sn lng p trong phm vi nh sau:
- Cho ln p sn trc tinh: hS = 0,5.hmax
- Cho ln p sn cn li: hS = hmax
S ln p sn ty theo cng ngh v thit b xc nh.
Qu trnh thit k l hnh c th thc hin theo hng cn nu kch thc
phi c xc nh v ph hp vi tng h s bin dng chn.
V d: Tnh ch p cn thp dt b x h = 160 x 18 trn my cn 500, c
9 gi cn theo phng php h s bin dng cao.
* c tnh thit b:
Gi 1 4 c ng knh trc cn D = 630 mm, vt liu trc cn l thp.
Gi 5 9 c ng knh trc cn D = 540 mm, vt liu trc cn l gang.
Ch p theo bng 7.17.
* Xc nh hai ln p sn gi 8 v gi 5. Qu trnh thit k ngc hng
cn.
- Gi 9:
9 = 1,25; D9 = 540 mm
Kch thc sn phm trng thi nng:
b9 = 1,013.160 = 162 mm
h9 = 1,013.18 = 18,25 mm
190
Chiu cao phi vo l hnh 9:

H9 = 9.h9 = 1,25.18,25 = 22,8 mm
Lng gin rng:
h
4,55
b 9 = 0,35. 9 R 9 .h 9 = 0,35.
270.4,55 = 2,5 mm
H9
22,8
Din tch tit din:
F9 = b9.h9 = 162.18,25 = 2960 mm2
Chiu rng phi vo l hnh 9:
B9 = b9 - b9 = 162 - 2,5 = 159,5 mm
- Gi 8: ln cn p sn: D8 = 540 mm
ng knh lm vic: DK8 = D8 = 10 - h8 = 540 + 10 - 159,5 = 390,5 mm
Chn DK8 = 390 mm; 8 = 1,05. Ta c: b8 = 22,8 mm; h8 = 159,5 mm
Chiu cao phi vo l hnh p sn:
H8 = 8.h8 = 1,05.159,5 = 4,55 mm
Lng p trong l hnh p sn:
h8 = H8 - h8 = 167,5 - 159,5 = 8 mm
V lng p nh, cho nn lng gin rng c th b qua.
Kch thc cui cng ca phi vo l hnh p sn l:
H8 = b7 = 167,5 mm; B8 = h7 = 22,8 mm
Din tch tit din: F8 = 159,5.22,8 = 3640 mm2
- Gi 7:
Ta c: 7 = 1,4; D7 = 540 mm; h7 = 22,8 mm; b7 = 167,5 mm
Chiu cao phi vo l hnh 7: H7 = 7.h7 = 1,4.122,8 = 32 mm
Lng p:
h7 = H7 - h7 = 32 - 22,8 = 9,2 mm
Lng gin rng:
h
9,2
b 7 = 0,35. 7 R 7 .h 7 = 0,35.
270.9,2 = 5 mm
H7
32
Chiu rng phi vo l hnh 7: B7 = b7 - b7 = 167,5 - 5 = 162,5 mm
Din tch tit din:
F7 = b7.h7 = 167,5.22,8 = 3810 mm2
Tng t nh cch tnh ton trn y, c th vn dng tnh cho cc gi
cn cn li.
Trong trng hp tnh ra lng p ln, phi kim tra li theo cng thc:
hmax = 0,855.f2.RK.
Trong thc t, ngi ta ly cc tr s hmax c khu tr 10% tr s tnh ton
nhm bo m cho iu kin n tuyt i.
191
7.7. Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca sn xut thp hnh

7.7.1. Nng sut ca my cn hnh
a/ Nng sut gi (tn/h) ca thp hnh c tnh theo cng thc sau:
3600.G
(tn/h)
A=
T
Nng sut thc t c tnh theo cng thc sau:
3600.G
A=
.k
(tn/h)
T
Trong :
k: H s s dng my cn.
k = 0,85: i vi cc my cn Ray-dm, my cn hnh c ln, nh, va
c b tr hng.
k = 0,9 i vi my cn hnh lin tc v my ko dy thp.
G: Trng lng thi c (tn).
T: Chu k cn.
xc nh chu k cn trn my cn hnh ngi ta dng th lm vic ca
my cn theo thi gian. th l c s tnh ton chnh xc chu k cn v tng
thi gian cn cho mt phi cn t kc bt u ti khi kt thc.
Hnh 7.63 l biu cn ca my cn hnh c ln 650. My gm c 4 gi
cn, b tr theo 2 hng. Tng thi gian cn mt phi t u cho n kt thc l
tng thi gian cn trn 4 gi cn v tng thi gian ngng cn gia cc gi cn.
Cn chu k cn (T) c tnh bng tng thi gian cn v ngh k t khi bt u cn
phi trc cho ti phi th hai sau trn gi cn th nht.
Gi cn 2 trc 800
Chu k cn (T)
2 gi cn 3 trc 650
Gi cn 2 trc 650
Gi 2 trc 800
Gi 3 trc 650
Gi 3 trc 650
Gi 2 trc 650
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Tng thi gian cn cho 1 phi thnh sn phm
Thi gian (s)
H.7.63. Biu cn theo thi gian ca my cn hnh 650 b tr hng

192
Chu k cn trn my cn nhiu gi b tr hng th ph thuc vo s gi cn

v hnh trnh cn gia cc gi trong my cn. Chu k cn s cng nh nu nh s
gi cn trong my ln v tng thi gian cn mt phi c phn b u n trong
tt c cc gi cn. Chu k cn s nh nht nu nh mt trong cc gi cn ca my
khng b tt, ng li phi cn.
T biu lm vic theo thi gian ca my cn 650 ta d dng thy c
rng: ch ng phi ca my ny l gi cn th 2 (my 3 trc). Tng thi gian
cn my ny tng i ln. gim thi gian ca chu k cn, tng nng sut ca
my chng ta phi cn phi khc tip theo trn my 3 trc ca gi th 2 m khng
phi ch i cho phi cn trc khi ra khi my ny. Ngha l phi cn trc cha
ra khi my l hnh cui cng th ta phi cho phi cn sau tip tc n vo l hnh
u tin ca my.
Chu k cn (T)
Gi 1
Gi 2
Gi 3
Gi 4
Gi 5
Gi 6
Gi 7
Gi 8
Gi 9
Gi 10
Thi gian cn 1 phi thnh sn phm
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
72
80
88
96
H.7.64. Biu cn theo thi gian ca my cn hnh c nh 250 b tr hng
Trn my cn hnh c nh 250 b tr hng di cn c ng thi cn trn

mt vi gi cn. Mi gi cn ca hng cn tinh c th cn nhng di cn tng ng
c tit din nh. Mc d trn my cn c s trng khp nhng c ng trong khu
lm lm vic ca my l gi cn u tin, y cn tn ti nhiu phi, c nhiu
hnh trnh qua li khi cn.
193
Nhng yu t chnh tng nng sut ca my cn hnh lin tc l:

- Tng tc cn
- Tng trng lng thi c, phi ban u.
- Tng lng p cho mi gi cn trong my t ti cc i ph hp vi
vic tng trng lng v tit din phi. Tuy nhin cn phi lu n gc n cho
php ca vt cn vo trc, tnh ton ti kh nng lm vic ca my cn v bn
ca l hnh v.v...
Xc nh chu k cn cho loi my cn hnh tng hp ngha l my cn
c nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau th ta xc nh chu k cn cho tng loi thp
hnh, t xc nh nng sut/ gi cho my cn theo tng loi sn phm.
Vic xc nh nng sut/gi cho my cn ny ta tnh ton theo cng thc
tnh nng sut trung bnh (cng thc thc t):
1
A TB =
(tn/h)
a1 a 2 a 3
+
+
A1 A 2 A 3
Trong :
A1, A2, A3: nng sut khi cn cc loi thp hnh khc nhau.
a1, a2, a3: s phn trm ca cc loi thp hnh hoc nhm thp hnh
c cn my theo k hoch sn xut thc hin.
b/ Nng sut nm (tn/nm)
Mun tnh c nng sut/nm th phi bit tng s thi gian lm vic thc
t trong nm ca my. i vi cc my cn hnh hin i thi gian lm vic l lin
tc theo chng trnh nh trc.
Thi gian dng my dng vo cng vic sa cha ln (i tu), sa cha d
phng, sa cha ring nh v thi gian thay trc cn.
Ging nh my cn th v cn phi, thi gian sa cha ln ca my cn hnh
c th thc hin bng cch thay th sa cha tng phn (cc b) ring bit trang
thit b ca my khi my ngng lm vic.
Theo cc ti liu t thc t sn xut cho ta thy rng: thi gian dng vo sa
cha d phng ca my cn hnh c ln v trung bnh l 40h trong 1 thng. Tnh ra
mt 20 ngy trong mt nm. Nh vy ngy lm vic ca my trong nm l:
365 - 20 = 345 ngy
S gi lm vic ca my trong nm c tnh theo mt ngy 3 ca sn xut,
mi ca l 8h. Vy tng s gi lm vic trong nm ca my l:
t = 345 x 24h = 8280 h
Nng sut nm ca my c tnh:
3600.G
3.6006.K.8280
A( n m) =
.K.t (tn) =
(tn)
T
T
Vi t l thi gian lm vic ca my trong nm. i vi cc my cn hnh
khc nhau th thi gian sa cha ln, sa cha d phng ... khc nhau v thi gian
lm vic cng khc nhau.
194
7.7.2. Tiu hao kim loi, nhin liu, in, trc cn v nc

a/ Tiu hao kim loi
Tiu hao kim loi t phi ban u bao gm:
- Mt mt kim loi do chy khi nung.
- Vy st bong ra khi cn.
- Ct u, ui.
- Ph phm do khuyt tt.
Lng tiu hao kim loi cho 1 tn sn phm thp hnh l 1,06, khi cn thp
hnh c ln tiu hao kim loi nhiu hn khi cn thp hnh trung bnh, c nh v dy
thp.
Nng sut trn my cn hnh hin i trung bnh t (91 96)%. Nng sut
ca my cn hnh c nh ln nht. Lng tiu hao kim loi ca sn phm thp hnh
t 1 tn phi cho 1 tn sn phm l:
100
= (1,009 1,041)
(91 96)
b/ Tiu hao in nng
Tiu hao in trn my cn hnh ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca
sn phm cn, kch thc phi, thnh phn ho hc, loi my cn v cc yu t
khc.
Bng 7.18. Tiu hao in my cn hnh
My cn
My cn Ray-dm
My cn hnh c ln 600 750
My cn hnh c trung 300 350 lin tc
My cn hnh c nh 250
My cn dy thp
My cn thp dt lin tc
Tiu hao in nng (kw.h/tn)

65
50 55
35 45
50
70
50
c/ Tiu hao nhin liu

Tiu hao nhin liu trn my cn hnh khi nung phi 2 l lin tc hoc l
thu hi nhit l 500 Mcal/tn phi. i vi my cn hnh c nh, my cn dy thp,
my cn thp dt th lng tiu hao nhit khi nung phi trong l lin tc l:
360 Mcal/cho 1 tn phi (1 Mcal = 106 Cal)
195
d/ Tiu hao trc cn

Bng 7.19 Tiu hao trc cn trn my cn hnh
S ln mi,
tin li trc
cn
My cn
My cn hnh c ln 650750 kiu

hng
- My cn th 2 trc o chiu
- My cn th 3 trc
- My cn tinh 2 trc
My cn hnh c trung 350400 lin
tc
- Nhm gi cn th c trc nm ngang
- Nhm gi cn tinh trc nm ngang
- Nhm gi cn tinh trc thng ng
My cn hnh c nh 250300 lin
tc
- Nhm cn th
- Nhm gi cn tinh trc nm ngang
- Nhm gi cn tinh trc thng ng
My cn dy thp lin tc
- Nhm cn th
- nhm cn trung gian
- Nhm cn tinh
My cn thp dt lin tc
- Nhm gi cn th c trc thng ng
- Nhm gi cn th trc nm ngang
- Nhm gi cn tinh
S lng sn phm cn
(1000 tn)
Gia 2 ln Sau cc ln
mi
mi
Tiu hao
trc cn
(kg/tn)
6
68
68
20 25
35
2 2,5
120 150
18 40
12 20
2,5
56
57
57
10 15
56
68
50 90
25 42
30 56
11,5
56
67
67
10 12
56
45
50 72
30 42
28 40
0,4
67
7
10
12 15
8 10
24
72 105
56 70
20 40
0,3
20 25
6 10
24
200 250
72 150
30 80
0,3
10
12 15
15 20
/ Tiu hao nc
Vic tiu hao nc trn cc my cn hnh khc nhau c trnh by trong
bng sau. Tiu hao nc ny khng k n vic s dng nc tun hon lp li.
Bng 7.20. Tiu hao nc trn my cn hnh
Tiu hao nc khu lm ngui (m3/h)
My cn
My cn hnh c ln
My cn hnh c trung
My cn hnh c nh
My cn thp dy
Thit b
nung
Trc
cn
Ngoi
khng kh
T. b
bi trn
Thit b
ph
1200
900
150
150
250
400
500
600
400
450
500
550
500
500
500
400
250
300
160
150
600
200
300
450
Ti v
trc
vy st
200
300
200
250
Tng
tiu
hao
340
2600
1800
2000
196

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Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

Tng quan v qu trnh

H.1.1. Cc loi thp hnh n gin.

1 Thp trn c ng knh = 8 200 mm, c khi n 350 mm.

H.1.2. Cc loi thp hnh phc tp

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

H.1.3. Mt s loi sn phm cn c bit

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

My cn gm 3 b phn chnh dng thc hin qu trnh cng ngh cn.

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

3 My cn hnh c ln: gm c my cn ray-dm v my cn hnh c ln.

H.1.5- Phn loi my cn theo cch b tr gi cn

1 My c mt gi cn (my cn n a): loi ny ch yu l my cn phi

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

dng nhiu khi cn tm nng v ngui.

5 My cn nhiu trc: Dng cn ra cc loi thp tm mng v cc mng.

H.1.7. S my cn hnh tinh

7 My cn vn nng: loi ny trc cn va b tr thng ng va nm

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

1.3. Quy trnh chung ca qu trnh sn xut cn

Ct u rt, lm sch bavia

Kim tra, tinh chnh

Lm ngui, tinh chnh

H.1.8. S cng ngh cn thp cc bon v hp kim thp.

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

Tng nhit trong l ging

Kim tra, lm sch

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

H.1.10: a. hnh dng thi c; b. tit din thi c.

b/ Trng lng ca thi c

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

1.4.2. Cc khuyt tt ca thi c

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

- Do cc lin kt ca nhng xyt trn m to ra cc cht d chy.

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

1.4.4. Kh b cc khuyt tt ca thi c v phi trc khi cn

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

i vi thp hp kim vic kh b khuyt tt li cng quan trng v cp thit.

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

Phng php th 2 c s dng rng ri trong qu trnh tm thc vi cc

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

lm ngui. Nu t chc stenic cng bn th kh nng nt cng nhiu. Lng cha

L mt phng php tin tin da trn nguyn tc dng my hn c dng

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

ca thi c nh th mi c dng c = (400 500)mm, rng (chiu dy) t

Nung nng kim loi trc khi cn ch yu l gim lc chng bin

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

Fe3C + CO2 = 3Fe + 2CO

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn

Yu cu: m bo kim loi do nht. Kim loi bin dng tt v hao ph t

Trng i hc Bch khoa nng - 2005

Gio trnh: Cng ngh cn v thit k l hnh trc cn