Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STRUCTURES
including SAP2000
Prof. Wolfgang Schueller
If you do not have the SAP2000 program get it from CSI. Students should request technical support from their professors, who can contact CSI if necessary, to obtain the latest lim
See also,
(1)The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook
by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016, published originally by Prentice Hall,
(2)Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000
Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2015.
LATERAL STABILITY
pressure
WIND
PRESSURE
Fig. 2.6 USGS National Seismic Hazard Map (courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey)
Fig. 2.6 USGS National Seismic Hazard Map (courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey)
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
Shear-wall frame
BUILDING STRUCTURES
GRAVITY STRUCTURES
LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING STRUCTURES
NON-LOADBEARING STRUCTURES
secondary structure.
Moment-resisting frames
Braced frames (concentrically, eccentrically, buckling restrained)
Shear walls
Combination of above, e.g. Dual systems, e.g., shear wall + frames
Of these structure systems, the frame is the most flexible structure. It is quite
apparent that bracing the flexible rigid frame results in extensive reduction of
the lateral building sway. A frame braced by trussing or shear walls is a
relatively stiff structure compared to the frame, where the lateral deflection
depends on the rigidity of beam-column and slab joints.
Braced Frames have much better strength and stiffness. Bracing is a much
effective than rigid joints at resisting racking deformation of the frame. Efficient and
economical braced frames use less material and have simpler connections than
moment-resisting frames. Compact braced frames can lead to lower floor-to-floor
heights, which can be an important economic factor in tall buildings, or in a region
where there are height limits. Visual braces can be used as a strong visual element.
Obstructive. Braces can interfere with architectural requirements for doors, windows,
and open floor area. Braced frames have low ductility characteristics under cyclic
loading, which is important for seismic design. Brace buckling is not a good energy
dissipation mechanism (not such bad news for wind design).
Moment Frames provide a great deal of flexibility in planning: no braces. They can
have good ductility, if detailed properly (Special Moment Resisting Space Frame =
SMRF = "smurf"). The performance is very sensitive to the detailing and workmanship
at connections. The bad aspect of moment frames are expensive lots of material
plus labor-intensive connections. Low stiffness (large deflections) can lead to high
non-structural damage in earthquakes (i.e. undamaged structure will all glass broken
and finishes cracked). The 1994 Northridge earthquake revealed unforeseen problems
with conventional details and weld procedures.
Eccentric Braced Frames combine properties of moment and braced frames;
braces provide stiffness in elastic range, links control strength and provide ductility.
The classification for common high-rise building structure systems is as follows, taking into account special
framing types when ductility considerations for seismic design must be considered:
Structure systems
Vertical lateral-force
resisting structure systems
H/5
H/3
H/5
H = hn
Vx
H/3
H/5
Wx
Fx
H/5
hx
H/3
H/5
V
STORY SHEARS
ACTUAL
V
D
LUMPED
MASS
MODEL
1st
2nd
3rd
LINEAR APPROXIMATION
OF FIRST THREE MODES
OF VIBRATION
Typical
Concrete slabs
Precast concrete floor planks with concrete topping
Metal decking with concrete fill
Ring beams, horizontal framing (e.g., in masonry construction)
Roof sheathing (e.g., double-layer plywood or diagonal boarding in wood
construction)
Trussing (e.g., for roofs in wood and steel construction)
The behavior of the diaphragms depends on the layout of the vertical
lateral-force resisting structures, which can take many different forms:
In a symmetrical building with regular arrangement of vertical structures,
where the line of action of the resultant of the applied lateral loads passes
through the center of resistance, the structure deflects equally in a purely
translational manner.
Asymmetry in buildings is caused by geometry, stiffness, and mass
distribution; here, the applied resultant lateral load does not act through the
center of resistance. The floor diaphragms not only translate, but also
rotate in the direction of the lateral load action.
a.
b.
Of these structure systems is the frame the most flexible structure. It is quite apparent from
that bracing the flexible rigid frame results in extensive reduction of the lateral building sway.
A frame braced by trussing or shear walls is a relatively stiff structure as compared to the
frame, where the lateral deflection depends on the rigidity of beam-column and slab joints.
the diaphragm is significantly stiffer than the vertical lateral-force resisting structure such as for frame
construction.
.
DIAGONAL BRACING of floor framing provides a large stiffness in plane of the diaphragm.
The lateral force distribution does not only depend on the location of the resisting
structures in the building but also on their stiffness, as well as the stiffness of the
diaphragms. For the purpose of preliminary investigation, floor structures for
buildings are treated generally as rigid diaphragms with the exception of the
following situations, where they may be treated as flexible diaphragms for
preliminary design purposes.
P=1k
16'
h
c
20'
x
y
12
f
'
P=1k
Mt/b = Pe/b
P/2
P/2
a.
e.
P/2
P/2
b.
e
P
f.
c.
g.
d.
h.
15'
a.
25'
25'
20'
20'
20'
b.
c.
EXAMPLE: 13.1
d.
3.13 k
Y
WALL
15'
25'
1.88 k
1.88 k
3.13 k
3.64 k (C)
1.88 k (T)
WALL
B
7.5 k
Ma = 0 = 7.5(25) Rxa(60)
Rxb= 3.125 k
Rxa= 3.125 k
Ry 0.15(50)/3 = 2.50 k
wx
Fx
h7 = 70'
2(120)/3 = 80'
120/2 = 60'
60 k
F7
hx
37 k
w7
F1
V
3 SP @ 20 = 60'
H = 10 SP @ 12' = 120'
w10
F10
STEPHEN P CLARK
GOVERNMENT
CENTER, Miami, FL,
1985, Hugh Stubbins
and Assoc. Arch,
LeMessurier Assoc.
Struct. Eng.
Proposal for the new World Trade Center in New York (2002), Rafael Vinoly
Triangle building,
Friedrichstr/ Mauerstr.
Berlin, 1996, Josef Paul
Kleihues Arch
Seoul Broadcasting Center, Seoul, 2003, Richard Rogers Arch. And Buro Happold Struct. Eng
Broadgate Tower,
London, UK, 2009,
SOM Arch+Struct
Eng
Interdisciplinary Building,
Columbia University, New York,
2009, Rafael Moneo + Arup
Proposal for taz-Publisher, Berlin, Germany, 2017, Piet und Wim Eckert Arch
CDUBundesgeschftsstelle
Berlin, Berlin, Germany,
2000, Petzinka
Pink Architekten
Team 4 (Foster/Rogers),
Tony Hunt Struct. Eng
Shenyang Taoxian
International Airport, 2001,
Huilai Yao architect
Arena Amazonia,
Manaus, Brazil, 2014,
von Gerkan Marg
Arch+Schlaich
Bergermann Struct Eng