MATHEMATICAL

OPERATIONS of a
COMPLEX NUMBER

Operation of addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division apply
to complex numbers in the same
manner that they apply to real
numbers.

Two complex numbers A and B

define as
A z1e j1 z1 x1 jy1
B z2e j2 z22 x2 jy2
are equal if and only if
x1 x2 and y1 y2 or z1 z2 and 1 2 n360

where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .

Example: If A = 3 + j4, B = 3 j4,

C 860 and D 8780

then , but = .

The conjugate, A*, of a complex

number A = x + jy is define to be

A* = x jy
j is replaced by j to obtain the conjugate. Note
that the magnitude of A* is the same as that of A,
since

z x 2 ( y ) 2 x 2 y 2

However, the angle is now

y
tan

x
1

Therefore, the conjugate is written in exponential

and polar form as

A* = ze j z
Also,

(A*)* A

Example: If

= 60 and = + , then = -60

and B* = 2 j3.
( ) = 60 = A and ( ) = + =

ADDITION:
The sum of two complex numbers

A = x1 jy1 and B x2 jy2

Add the individual real parts, and add the
individual imaginary parts to obtain the
components of the resultant complex number.

A + B x1 jy1 x2 jy2
=(x1 x2 ) j ( y1 y2 )

SUBTRACTION:

The difference of two complex numbers

A x1 jy1 and B x2 jy2 is
Subtract the individual real parts and subtract the
individual imaginary parts to obtain the components of
the resultant complex number. Since a negative sign
correspond to a phase or angle change of 180 , the
graphical technique for performing the subtraction (A
B) can be accomplished by drawing A and B as vectors,
rotating the vector B 180 and then adding it the vector
A.

= 1 + 1 2 + 2
= 1 2 + 1 2

MULTIPLICATION:
The product of two complex numbers
A z1e z1 x1 y1 and B z2e j z22 x2 y2
is
j1

A ( z1e j1 )( z2e j2 ) z1z2e j ( ) z1z2( )

or
AB ( x1 jy1 )( x2 jy2 )
x1 x2 jx1 y2 jx2 y1 j 2 y1 y2
= (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) j ( x1 y2 x2 y1 )

DIVISION:
The quotient of two complex numbers
A z1e z1 x1 y1 and B z2e j z22 x2 y2
is
j1

1 1
2 2

1 +1 2 2
2 +2 2 2

1 2 1 2 +2 1 +1 2
(2 )2 +(2 )2

1 ( )
1 2
2

1
(1
2

2 )

RECIPROCAL:
1

1
1 +1

1 1
(1 )2 +(1 )2

SQUARE ROOT:
= ( /2)

1 1
(1 +1 )(1 1 )