| | | | | | Mosiecaa Boundary Layer Theory R. J. Gordon Department of Chemical Engin University of Florida Gaines ‘oByecrives: ‘After completing this moda, the student Soul be abe Tr Describe the historia! background being the development of boundary layer theory 2, Discus the rtion between the Navi Stokes equations and the boundary layer equations | 3, Explain ow te soatons of potential flow. ‘heory (inviscid lids) become of racial ‘tity by intrducton ofthe boundary layer hypothesis | 4, Perform an omer of magnitude analysis for | {he terms inthe Navier-Stokes equation, in | ‘onder ost elimination of era eras. 5, Caeulatetheboundary layer thickness at ‘asious points long fat plate 6. Understand tn oof the steam function inthe solution of the boundary layer equ | 7, Diseus the Basu solution tothe bound | | PREREQUISITE MATHEMATICAL SKILLS Ordinary and paral ferential equations 2 Vector say. PREREQUISITE ENGINEERING AND ‘SCIENCE SKILLS 1. Completion ct atoductory course in id ow 2, Fuilariation with Naver Stokes ett tons (Modules C32 and C3.) Bowron layer they dels wih the development of phystily motvated approximations othe equations St ehange Modules C3.2,C33) and is a ab te mame implies new’ “thea” The phrase “boundary layer Approximations." is much more appropriate and as we Stall se, thee appraximations allow uso solvea large umber of otherwise intractable problems. Boundary Taye theory was first applied othe solution of prob lems in momentum eae, and itis otis ace hal “Toward the end othe 19th century, wo large bodies Mod ile, Florida 32611 of seemingly unrelated fu mechanieal results existe: (Othe rigorous matherateal solutions of theoretical Atjdrodynumics to. ver large number of flow prok- ems sel applicable, however, ony to invised hid, And a) the are body of emprea results of exper- imeatat hydrodynanes, The, i 1904, Ludg rand presented paper atthe Thtd International Congres EF Mathematicians in which he showed that for many flows one ex describe the total field in two convenient, prs inviscid flow, where te equations of theo- Feta hydrodynamics apply; and a hin “boundary layer” where wseous effects play predominant role) Tn this manner it was possible to reconcile the {esuls of theoretical hydrodynamics and experimental Fpdraulics Aording to Rouse and Ince), “me funder of present tad mechanics sen nly speed ta have en Lig Prana (17S 195) 90 he was appointed ote acy ofthe Prptchne onto Hanover van win ee Sears peenied ania report of hi sear) Findings Store the Ted International Congres of Mathematicians ‘Among he thy techn paper read before cha ongres, Pande apparent eee oly asig ‘Seat om the rues who beard st Nev tees, he concept incoducod—te teary ot ‘Beboundary gers sne hada reat an inne ‘Shon th uodersandingo fas moto san prince Sedna in hee pgs” ‘Suddenly accolerated at plate "To motivate the bounds layer hypothess et us consider the casein Figure [ofa suddenly acceerated fat plat, whichis contact with an ntnitesea of ‘niall stationary gud ‘The Navier-Stokes equation (Modules C3:2and 3.3) reduces to o Bs —TTheseialigtntanta lant taba Tada saunter voy me et Aid ‘Bea wn ym is ot cedetre in the exter flow i constant (wh), and Egenton 2 reduces» " ee, Meta ae itis mow assumed ht he velocity profiles the soir ayer ae "eman"tht 3 Sia sige tenton of 7/96) “This equivalent tthe atumption we made inthe solution ofthe suealy aceelerated Mla plate problem ‘Wenext introduce stream fenton,” defined such tha Interns of the eotinity equation isiemtcally satisfied, since (5) * be) a ae re ao Im addition, by the ctain ue, y= Me + May = nde + dy «relation which willbe weful momentary TLetus egress for umoment and consider the physical Interpretation ofthe steam function. Consider atwo- ‘dimensional low fl, Figure ‘Aline of arbitrary shapes drawn between two poins (and P. The integra ofthe sream function slong his Tine between O and Piscqual othe volumeric ow rate per unit wth ecassthe ine. fan fotyraem § where mis the uit ermal tothe ine [yt — (de/da)j] and ise velocity vector. The st integral Iejust the volumecefiow rate/width Note hat hs Mlowrat only depends an the points and P, and is independent ofthe pth ofthe line. Onecan always introduce a stream Rncoa for steady flow of « ‘compressible or incompressible uid, whenever the low fields ether twordimensionl or has axa symse: ds 30). Ii frms othe stam tuncton, te boundary ayer cation (uation 3) becomes Hb Woy By Gray ae FD o 2 ‘From the similarity hypothesis we have 5 tie g saa rts uneton oy, cae de Seealiaed See te ome anton mes Sishoalucdon sani uae yap LO +2. on to Laao @ to, oe He Fu0-vo sotsnaty ae Bee - Bsr a Te guy 2, [Ero PY pny M2 rem where (9) = df dn J") = df dp, and a0 on ‘Sobtituting there exprenion into the boundary layer equation Equation 25, wehave Jf? +240" = 0 Blasts Equation ‘The boundary conditions are F0)=0 @ 1-0 Lp = a/y fom Equation 27. Tis is the “no sip" conditonu™ daty= 0] w-f=0@a a Hein eH land y= Boy — 1. ay =O, since there i no lw into the wall] FQ) =10 38 1 a y0). ‘The solution to this equation was obtained by Blais in the form of an infin srs, heist to ters which are J = O1G6D%y? — 45940 + “The slaton found in tabula form on page 1280f Schlching(?) and the predicted veloc proties plotted in Figures won, Figures. American Institute of Chemical Engineers“This profile exeslent agreement with salable experimental mesroremens ofthe lot profil athe faminar boundary layer At = 5.0, "= w/y, 099153, Hence a vale of y = $9 correaponds to ‘heapproximate ede (bere) = B)of the Boundary layer We then have 50 9) hich shouldbe compart withthe res 8) = eye forthe suddenly acceersed Tat plate “The dregon the pnt one sie) found fom the velocity pole using the relation 0) The total force ona hte of length Land thickness say then be alelated Force, Fy =f) ~ talyaobt = 0.6640 (nL ‘Theda cece, (ealogous tthe ion faci fore flow) etined se erage feerareon he ede by the charstritc ‘etc enero ent. We ave Fo/bh 138 Wap” WR 2 Equation 1s ad laminas boudayinyer ow veri pinte Since aonton om sa 0 ‘ban Wounary ye ots at Ne 3 1 Eyunton 3 rival sve hs Reyes suber: noe iva aa teletype ofthe pate where ie Boundary ye esunptons re napresble Com ‘SUGGESTED COMPLEMENTARY READINGS 1 Seng eto. 2 Bache FAs nsdn to Fd sain” Came ide Uren re Comat 0 eye The 6, MEG i LITERATURE CITED * Da tain inecneaie tates ong ieee Do Lala 5) 2 Robe frond’ ne Hay ean” Dover a 2 Roamorle Wand) Sune, "Hanke Maem Fctns Dover p 2998, : 4 Rae SE esc NACA Teh Me §, Hoar “rs Ree" Lindon 64 938, tach an nmucon Pu By Ca ge Un 63. >. SiH. Lae Theory," B19, Modular Instruction Series ‘STUDY PROBLEMS. 1. Explain whats meant by the phrase, “the external presute fields impressed on the boundary layer” ‘iy is sponta Sling? 2, In the solution ofthe suddenly accelerated plate problem, the velocity profes were found tobe ‘fila at different mes when plotted vers y/8 How might Equation 7 diferif they were aot sina 3, Discuss the diferences between he boundary Iyer fn the sudenly accelerated ft pate probera and How over a stationary plate 4. What the physical significance ofthe boundary conditions = oaty = 2» following Equation 7? 5. What are the limitations ofthe expression &/x ~ 1Ngf27 How is this result ued in Prandi' bound: ‘any yer analysis? 6, Whatisthe steam function? Why iit used ia the solution of the boundary layer equations? 7. The dag ona lat pte was found to be 0.3324 seVig atany pint x along the plate. Would you pect he drag to decease with nereasing x? Way? HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 1, For a suddenly acelerated fat plate, the Navier- Stakes equation reduced tothe form fay 3 0 y= 10 aya 4200 aya e (ng easton = dy/d, xuaon? a a and thos} = Cj where Cie constant. Using the definition oy and the two Boundary condions, derive Equation 8 2 Derive an expression for the drag coefficient Cy for ‘suddenly acslerated fat plate of length Land ‘hth Compare this rel wth Bgoation 31 for the stationary plate 3, Obiaina copy of Schicting, th ed. and use Table ‘11a page 129 to calcslate the ansverse velocity » within the boundary layer Prepare able of uve Why is v nonzero? + 2ny 20 versus for values of» from 0105.Module 3.5 Boundary Layer Theory: Approximate Solution Techniques R. L. Cerro INTEC (UNL-CONICET) ‘Santiago del Estoro 2654 ‘Argentina ‘OBJECTIVES [At the completion ofthis module, he student | shout: TT lave genera anderstanding of the ap- proximate sluton techniques for bounda- player ows and how they eiffer from the ‘rac techniques presented in Module C34 2. Beableto cleat a rough estimate of the ‘entrance length for Iain pipe ow, of the dag foramina ow on eat plate PREREQUISITE MATHEMATICAL SKILLS ‘Calcul 2 Ordinary diferent equations 5, Vestorlgebre sn calcul PREREQUISITE ENGINEERING AND ‘SCIENCE SKILLS 1, Moreatusn and mass integral balances, 2 General concept of boundary layer theory (Module C3. “The ow degree of acuracy required in many eng necing problems makes exact solution techniques for the boundary ayer eginions somewhat smpractcl {Gse Module C3) aha seeded isan estimation of {drag eoefiient, oh order of magnitude ofthe force exerted by afividon a solid object immersed init foe would ike osu an labora computer prooTam. to get these rerlte Simley theres no need to ompate a veloc prtlefr the entire flow domain, if fllone seed isan avenge value In this module west an approximate tech sigue which useful ix treating the gross features of flow ofa viscous fd ver 2 at plate. Once fama tvth this approximate tera method simply decide How lengy or complicated a version af he method Should be used fo slvea given problem. In other ‘words, the method ean produce solutions as close to the ‘rack olson a one ants them tobe by applying only SS much efforeas one tank the saswer 8 wor Flow Pasta Fiat Plate ‘Weassume avery simple geometry for our flow file, ss shown in Figure | Asume: 1, Steady-rtate: ime snot relevant variable. 2 Translational symmetry inthe» cretion: = not a relevant arable 2, Pressure ie constant nthe entire lw fil excep. for minor changes due to gravitational frees ha can be sally neglected. 4. Unformyelonty prior tothe itrodution of thea 5, Newtonian incompressible fi ‘The boundary layer thickness, (hasbeen define’ asthe loesof sl the points onthe Boundary layer Saher the olor in thew ection is 99% ofthe Uniform vetoes, Y= "Les take contol volume as showa ia Figure 1 snd integrate the mas balance equation, which under {he steady sate sesumpton seduces 0 o- F frends body ~ Peeay +9 5 wna » hese the width ofthe plate B. The last integral isformed along the curvedefined as 8), the locus of pe oundery layer “Equation I can be reordered 1o get the net ow across te top bounding sustace: oF" rents = Fay ay eres om perform mamta also ono volume subject othe previous Simpliyng Sseumptions We ing pay 2 OF arty 6 Pony + 6 fom «ata ———_—— net ete of flow of momentur. ‘out of contol valume = 0H tea —— o drag force on fad [Next assume that the ve oity vector, ycan be ppronimated by is component inthe = rection rah, F o “Thus, looking at the x component ofthe momentum balance equation, we have oS eady—o J 40 Toe oma ound nb S thee © Moreaver tthe eigeo the boundary layer, along she curve (9, velocty eax be safely approximated By ‘he uniform velocity ovte the boundary Isr, V. (cal by definition is) the point where, 099"). “Thum dhe hid integral in Equation S becomes: vat Fon naa © ‘Finally, substituting Equa‘on 2 into Equation 6 and fntrodteing the resale nto Eatin 5, we ind for ‘Newtonian id [or whicar,, = u(@)/9Y)) oF me. Yad ~6 Sous. row Modular Instruction Sees a o Dividing by and taking the limita +O, we get an equivalent efferent expression: oe : Le Frre-now%| @ Canina tera sun ihe obrSnect amin fae aclahiee an eed ae sere prpronae Store Fa rnin tom saree pay pea SAE epee eam Seb Armee aera saiarecasiee 5 cay ce ey rool eo ee Nose tat Egution conform he sumption abel aside bowadey e Bacteria ey pete etc scan be dvane en erate x (Sieh ancl datas = ‘Keto setyaplyomi deen, end 1 anda ohn" Som fe con ‘ay beat npecd sone wl and ee Seta fon pote ede 20 Se chiral ast of wl boundary condos wai oda Sot coon the sl ta Ja=9~0 Gen =Ony=9 in A complane vit detnion of bosmdy wwe bie fa=0=1 iy A given degree of smoothness atthe edge of the boundary layer: Gen Veaty = 85) ay ron i=0 (edt ony ar) 1 Anica i tie riq= 0) =0 of en oay= Sa=9=0 o Fem oay =o “This equivalent to assuming a linear profile, = sy) soe to the wall tras out that alms any easonable boundary conditions canbe sed the results being rat sive to these (0) and (2) Example et ur choose as our approximate velocity profile a third-order polynomial (Equation 9) subject othe fa | alowing four boundary conditions: ‘Boundary Conditions Te) = Nostip JU) = Defintion of boundary ayer s=0 Lomo «a Solving forthe ceffient of our third degree polynomial we ge aaa fen= yea jaye oy Ini ely shown that Equation 14 sti all four bondary condition. Subsuating Equation 14 into Equation we gt a “ MoV, vr 1 ~ Nn= Ee ro 0 ‘Net he inter em from Equation 14 eval sued onder tet anny diflerenaloqtion forthe boundary ayer bikes) By, a) 3 Ve 70°" dx “2 He) Equation 6 canbe tegrated subject the cond sion at ate leading ge of te fa pate he Boundary layer tsksca aero We ind 0) = 404( 5°) 9) an Equation 14 and 17 provide a complete but only approximate) description ofthe velocity field at any Potetof our flow domain. We may now compute ‘interes iformtion we need fr practial purposes we are concerned withthe drag force exerted by the at plate on thei, we must compute the sbest stresses athe plate: soho ops oair. JO 7 es ne lel apie Secret Blasio solution: cose. | o none I coteceasgrt eg a e zee ee ae aeaeiegs ss Fyn f Srctanie = ona 025)” 4 = 1292 VERE Note hat the surface area is 267, singe both sides of the plate are wetted. Hopefully, 2 this pont you ae pleased with this smethod of geting an approximate estimate of: 1. The dependence of (2) on Reynolds number, Neox = Ost = 468 Ngo! 2. The dag coeticient fore/area divied by Vapi, (cy = Foe _ ta 8” TprL = WV LTA ‘As you may have anticipated, analogous techniques ‘may be used for heat and mass vansfer2) One point ‘we with fo sexs again thatthe approximate ech- igus quite insensitive to the choice of veloeity le, which teal betty. Table Irom Seblit- ‘gl iste the esling expressions for (2) and Cy ‘obtained from various postulated velocity profiles, tnd ‘Sompres thse with the exact (Blaiu) slution, = 122 Ng LITERATURE CITED. Sing ope Tes are ey Vii tbo Roenarpemaiions OE t Taos FO = 0/0) = 1 3a Mam — 2 19) 37%)~ W208 10 =0.40) $66N poo LaaMce Ah 0M =0 x fie 29 +9 4-040) =1 S84 Nu Ly $0 AF =0 Pore Alc 30 ‘American Institute of Chemical Engineers2 ent C0.) Myer, Monet, Het a Ma ‘emt St hap cise Nox Yor 7, 4 MUNA, ota ol Mecan Penee Hal ISIC B, MF Sena ane Eigen “Tre ‘nhs Wi Sone Non are 300 STUDY PROBLEMS 1, What isthe mesning of the term: 2" pwnd im qution 2? 2. Whatisthe meaning ofthe term: 6 Fox mda in Equations? 3. In what sense ae integral techniques approximate? Have we lst information about the problem using am nepal teeniqu? 4. In what sense does tn accuraey of your results depend on the parieuar velocity pote chosen? 5. Why is his technique good for estimating entrance region lengths? Canyou associate the idea of bound fry layer development to veloc profile develop HOMEWORK PROBLEMS. 1, The “entrance lng" fora fui moving ina ‘Hrsg ytindsel pipe i defined ae tat distance Modular Instruction Series a from the entrance at which the velocity field. at any radial postion s within 1% of ts ultimate steady Slate value Asume a rough approximation that the developing velocity profile is siulrto that ‘tvaning betwen te parallel plates separated by a tdixance 2a We postulate thatthe entry length L, ‘ecars tthe point where the boundary layer thick ‘es sequal to one alf he interplate distance, fra Using he result obmained ear forthe eubie ‘eli profile asmption, Ws) = 464 erie an expression forthe Z of tube. Comparethis to te renal piven by Bid), L, Ew 0035 ¥y, ‘where D is the tube diameter Caleulate the drag free on a lat plate oriented parla to the flow for the following boundary ayer velocity profile hw sin [2] v2 8 la Find an expression forthe boundary layer thickness ‘efor flow over at plate, wing the folowing ‘eocty profile Vo ie £-24927 at