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TECHNICALARTICLES

1oo2Architecture
ByHarryCheddie

FromSafetyInstrumentedSystemsVerification:PracticalProbabilisticCalculations

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1oo2Architecture
Twocontrollerscanbewiredtominimizetheeffectofdangerousfailures.Fordeenergizetotripsystems,aseriesconnectionoftwooutputcircuitsrequiresthat
bothcontrollersfailinadangerousmannerforthesystemtofaildangerously.The1oo2configurationtypicallyutilizestwoindependentmainprocessorswith
theirownindependentI/O(seeFigureF6).Thesystemofferslowprobabilityoffailureondemand,butitincreasestheprobabilityofafailsafefailure.The"false
trip"rateisincreasedinordertoimprovetheabilityofthesystemtoshutdowntheprocess.

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Model553ReAcc.
Relay(Signaline)Time
Mark.com

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TimeMarkCorporation

FigureF6:1oo2Architecture

PFDFaultTreefor1oo2
FigureF7showsthePFDFaultTreeforthe1oo2architecture.Thesystemcanfaildangerouslyifbothunitsfaildangerouslyduetoacommoncausefailure,
detectedorundetected.Otherthancommoncause,itcanfaildangerouslyonlyifbothAandBfaildangerously.

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fromSpotlight=1)

Model2500/25013
PhaseMonitor
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TimeMarkCorporation

FigureF7:PFDFaultTreefor1oo2Architecture
AfirstorderapproximationforPFDcanbederivedfromthefaulttree.TheequationforPFDis:

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fromSpotlight=1)

TheapproximationequationforPFDavgderivedfromthefaulttreeis:

3PhasePowerLine
AbnormalCondition
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TimeMarkCorporation
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ProtectiveRelaysand
MonitoringRelays

Whenimperfectprooftestisconsidered,theequationbecomes:

(/featuredproducts/electrical_ele

AcomparisonofEquationF7withEquationF8showsthatanytermfromF7thatcontainsaTIhasaprooftestcoveragemultiplierandthataduplicatetermis
addedwith(1CPT)andLTsubstitutedinEquationF8.

PFSFaultTreefor1oo2
FigureF8showsthePFSfaulttree...
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TopicsofInterest
2oo2Architecture(http://www.globalspec.com/reference/76369/203279/2oo2architecture)
2oo2ArchitectureAnotherdualcontrollerconfigurationwasdevelopedforthesituationinwhichitisundesirabletofailwithoutputsdeenergized.Thissystemis
usedinenergizetotrip...

1oo2DArchitecture(http://www.globalspec.com/reference/76373/203279/1oo2darchitecture)
1oo2DArchitectureThe1oo2Darchitectureissimilartothe2oo2Darchitectureexceptthatadditionalcontrollinesareaddedtoallowoneunittodeenergizethe
otherunit.A1oo2Darchitectureis...

2oo2DArchitecture(http://www.globalspec.com/reference/76372/203279/2oo2darchitecture)
2oo2DArchitectureThe2oo2Disafourchannelarchitecturethatconsistsoftwo1oo1Dcontrollersarrangedina2oo2style(FigureF26).Sincethe1oo1D
protectsagainstdangerousfailureswhen...

2oo3Architecture(http://www.globalspec.com/reference/76371/203279/2oo3architecture)
2oo3ArchitectureAnarchitecturedesignedtotolerateboth"safe"and"dangerous"failuresisthe2oo3(twounitsoutofthreearerequiredforthesystemto
operate).Thisarchitectureprovides...

1oo1DArchitecture(http://www.globalspec.com/reference/76370/203279/1oo1darchitecture)
1oo1DArchitectureFigureF15showsanarchitecturethatusesasinglecontrollerchannelwithdiagnosticcapabilityandaseconddiagnosticchannelwiredin
seriestoutilizethediagnosticsignal...
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