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ndrumtor,
Prof. univ. dr. ing. Gabriel LAZR
Doctorand,
Ing. Sorina ZRNEA
BACU
2014
Nr. /
.
V facem cunoscut c n data de 6.06.2014 la ora 13 n aula din corpul D al Universitii
Vasile Alecsandri din Bacu, va avea loc susinerea public a tezei de doctorat cu titlul
EVALUAREA RADIOLOGIC I ECOTOXICOLOGIC A HALDEI DE FOSFOGIPS DIN
BACU, elaborat de domnioara ing. Sorina Zrnea, n vederea conferiri titlului tiinific de
doctor n Ingineria Mediului.
Comisia de doctorat este alctuit din:
Preedinte:
Conductor tiinific:
Membri:
RECTOR,
Prof. univ. dr. ing. Valentin NEDEFF
Mulumiri
n primul rnd doresc s-mi exprim recunotina fa de coordonatorul meu tiinific,
domnul prof. univ. dr. ing. Gabriel LAZR pentru sprijinul acordat pe durata pregtirii mele i
pentru rbdarea de care a dat dovad n formarea mea profesional pe parcursul celor trei ani de
pregtire doctoral i nu n ultimul rnd pentru oportunitatea de a face parte din programul de
burse doctorale POSDRU/107/1.5/S/76903 Valorificarea capitalului uman din cercetare prin
burse doctorale (Expert), de care a facilitat finalizarea acestei teme de doctorat n cadrul
Universitii V. Alecsandri din Bacu, Romnia.
Sunt recunosctoare doamnei conf. univ. dr. Iuliana Mihaela LAZR pentru modul n
care m-a ghidat i susinut n toat aceast perioad i pentru tot suportul tiinific oferit, ct i
pentru criticile, ntotdeauna binevenite, care m-au ajutat s m dezvolt ca i cercettor. S nu uit
de venica mea problem, criza de timp pentru care a gsit soluii i m-a dojenit n mod
constructiv.
De asemenea mulumesc echipei de ndrumare: domnului prof. univ. dr. ing. Marius
STAMATE, pentru toat rbdarea i ndrumarea acordat pe parte de radioactivitate, doamnei
conf. univ. dr. Irina IFRIM pentru sprijinul acordat n laboratorul de analize biochimice i nu n
ultimul rnd domnului lect. univ. dr. ing. Ioan RUSU pentru susinerea oferit.
Aduc mulumiri prof. univ. dr. ing. Valentin NEDEFF pentru observaiile i sugestiile
interesante, pertinente i constructive asupra tezei.
Doresc s mulumesc firmei AMURCO Bacu pentru suportul oferit i pentru
ncrederea acordat n utilizarea datelor i explorarea muntelui alb care a constituit obiectul de
studiu al acestei teze.
Sincere mulumiri ctre toi cei care, de-a lungul acestor trei ani au contribuit cte puin
la realizarea, desfurarea i finalizarea n bune condiii i cu succes a acestui demers tiinific:
Introducere general
Obiectivele principale ale tezei de doctorat sunt urmtoarele:
evaluarea radiologic a haldei de fosfogips din Bacu, Romnia la nivelul anului
2013;
evaluarea distribuiei vegetaiei pe suprafaa haldei de fosfogips din Bacu realizat
simultan cu evaluarea radiologic;
estimarea efectului ecotoxicologic produs de fosfogips asupra unor plante de cultur.
Structura tezei de doctorat
Teza de doctorat este structurat n 3 pri diferite coninnd 8 capitole nsumnd un
numr de 183 pagini, 91 de figuri, 35 de tabele, 12 relaii matematice i 164 referine
bibliografice. Coninutul tezei este organizat dup cum urmeaz:
Partea I - este structurat pe dou capitole n care au fost prezentate informaii referitoare
la Stadiul actual al studiilor din literatura de specialitate aferente caracterizrii i
utilizrii fosfogipsului (Capitolul 1) la nivel naional i mondial i Caracterizarea
fizico-chimic i geologic a haldei de fosfogips din Bacu (Capitolul 2);
Partea II conine Metodologia cercetrii i este structurat pe trei capitole:
Capitolul 3 descrie tehnicile de lucru, investigaiile i instrumentele folosite pentru evaluarea
radiologic a haldei de fosfogips din Bacu;
Capitolul 4 descrie metodologia de evaluare ecotoxicologic privind impactul fosfogipsului
asupra creterii unor specii de plante;
Capitolul 5 prezint Instrumentele de prelucrare a datelor obinute privind modul de
realizare a hrilor de distribuie, metodele de analiz statistic i tehnicile utilizate n
analiza spectral.
Partea III include trei capitole referitoare la Rezultatele i discuiile privind analiza
datelor obinute experimental.
6.1.3 Concluzii
Din aceast analiz preliminar, se observ c relaia dintre caracteristicile geochimice
ale fosfogipsulului i radioactivitatea solului este mult mai complex pentru a fi definit printr-o
evoluie simpl n timp. Efectuarea unei investigaii complexe la nivelul solului, n zonele cu un
potenial risc de contaminare radioactiv, este recomandat.
6.2.6 Concluzii
Din analiza valorilor i a distribuiei spaiale nu s-au observat corelaii ntre msurtorile
de radiaii alfa i toate celelalte msurtori, ceea ce ne permite s afirmm c msurtorile
deradiaie alfa nu sunt concludente pentru situaia de fa. n schimb pentru toate msurtorile
viznd radiaia beta i gama se observ c exist corelaii semnificative ntre msurtorile
efectuate att pentru radiaia beta pe hald sau msurtorile de doze de radiaii ct i pentru
msurtorile efectuate n situ ct i pentru probele msurate n laborator. Din tabelul corelaiilor
se observ de asemenea c exist corelaii semnificativ statistice ntre msurtorile efectuate n
teren i valorile coordonatei pe nlime ale punctului de colectare (Ic). Practic existena
dependenei de nlimea punctului de colectare a msurtorilor beta global, dozimetrie i gama
global teren indic o legtur puternic ntre radioactivitatea local i existena depozitului de
fosfogips.
6.3.1 Concluzii
Datele nregistrate cu referire la radon au fost n concordan cu dou tipuri de
comportament n regimul de acumulare i ventilaie. Concentraia radonului s-a dovedit a fi
crescut, depinznd de momentul procesului de acumulare / ventilaie. Msurtorile sunt puin
sau deloc dependente de parametrii mediului, ns o analiz aprofundat ar putea fi realizat
pentru a identifica unele corelaii n mediul izolat. Dimensiunile fractale ale seriei de timp de
concentraie a radonului s-au demonstrat a fi corelate cu regimul msurtorilor (acumulare sau
ventilaie). Din perspectiva dimensiunii fractale a comportamentului radonului, concluzionm c
evoluia radonului n mediul interior i condiiile mediului nchis prezint un haos deterministic.
7.4 Concluzii
S-a observat c vegetaia haldei de fosfogips nu
este bine consolidat i structurat. Ponderea cea mai
mare n funcie de indicatori ecologici analitici
principali este deinut de speciile Calamagrastis
epigeios (trestioara) i Setaria viridis (mohor). Aceste
specii posed o capacitate ridicat de adaptare i
rezisten la condiiile ecologice oferite de halda de
Figura 7.3. Distribuia abundenei i
frecvenei speciilor de plante n
punctele de prelevare
fosfogips.
Conform testelor OECD 208 i 227, s-au luat n studiu urmtoarele 3 tipuri de plante test:
a. Rapi Brassica napus 400 semine;
b. Gru Triticum aestivum 400 semine;
c. Trifoi rou Trifolium pratense - 400 semine.
ratei de germinaie, avnd un procent de germinare de 47% la proba control (mai mic de minimul
de 70% indicat). Figura 8.5 prezint germinaia la proba control pentru fiecare specie test.
120
100
80
Rapi
60
Gru
40
Trifoi rou
20
100
60
40
20
0
Rapi
Gru
Trifoi rou
0
Control (Sol)
80
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
30
100
120
140
%PG
foarte sczute, din cauza efectului fitotoxic, iar plantele au reuit s adapteze cu greu acestui
mediu. Fosfogipsul induce o reducere a dimensiunii rdcinilor acestei specii, iar plantele au mai
puine oportuniti de a gsi elemente nutritive necesare creterii. S-a putut observa c la
varianta cu 20%PG, s-au obinut cele mai mici lungimi ale rdcinilor. Tot la varianta cu
20%PG, s-au dezvoltat i cele mai nalte tulpini. n ciuda prezenei fosfogipsului n sol plantulele
au reuit s produc componentele necesare pentru creterea lor. Acest lucru nseamn c
plantulele s-au adaptat la compoziia experimental de 20%PG.S-a observat faptul c n ciuda
scderii cantitii de pigmeni clorofilieni, plantulele rmn verzi. Plantele i continu
activitatea metabolic n pofida semnelor de stres ai parametrilor biometrici. S-a concluzionat c
flavonoizii sunt responsabili pentru rspunsul metabolic al stresului plantelor de gru cauzat de
fosfogips.
CONCLUZII FINALE
Studiul de fa ne permite evaluarea impactului fosfogipsului aferent haldei de steril
lng AMURCO, Bacu asupra mediului, din punct de vedere ecologic i radiologic, furniznd
un plus de informaie la cercetrile efectuate pn n prezent.
Analiza preliminar a datelor publice, demonstreaz c relaia dintre caracteristicile
geochimice ale fosfogipsului i radioactivitatea solului este mult mai complex pentru a fi
definit printr-o evoluie simpl n timp.
Din analiza valorilor i a distribuiei spaiale nu s-au observat corelaii ntre msurtorile
de radiaii alfa i toate celelalte msurtori, ceea ce ne permite s afirmm c msurtorile
deradiaie alfa nu sunt concludente pentru acest caz.
Din analiza hrilor de distribuie a radioactivitii beta i gamma se poate observa c
maximum de intensitate se nregistreaz n zona ocupat de hald, n zonele limitrofe
nregistrndu-se o scderea valorilor.
Pentru toate msurtorile viznd radiaia beta i gama s-au observat corelaii
semnificative ntre msurtorile efectuate in vivo i in vitro. Totodat s-a observat existena
corelaiilor semnificative ntre msurtorile efectuate n teren i valorile coordonatei pe nlime
PERSPECTIVE
Evaluarea bioacumulrii metalelor grele la nivelul plantelor perene de pe halda de
fosfogips.
Evaluarea bioacumulrii radioactivitii la nivelul plantelor perene de pe halda de
fosfogips.
Realizarea harilor de distribuie GIS a indicilor de bioacumulare a metalelor grele
i radioactivitate in zona haldei de fosfogips i in zonele nvecinate.
Evaluarea polurii remanente chimice i radioactive.
Guillaume
Kamda
Silapeux,
Steve
VoundiOlugu,
Sorina
Zrnea,
Gabriel
Lazar,
Iulia
Lazar,
Surveillance
du
dveloppement
Ceratopteristhalictroides dans les eaux pollues par les boues d'puration, Le troisime
colloque francophone PLUridisciplinaire sur lesMatriaux, lEnvironnement
et
The
10th
International
Conference
CONSTRUCTIVE
AND
Marius Stamate, Sorina Zrnea, Iulia Caraman, A new method for evaluation of radon
concentration within a dedicated vessel, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, n
evaluare
Proceding ISI
Sorina Zrnea, I. Lazar, B. U. Saha, T. Vasilache, G. Lazar Cluster analysisbased of
geochemical properties of phosphogypsum dump located near Bacau City, Romania
ISI Procedia, Dubai 2013;
Proceding Conferin Internaional
Sorina Zrnea, Cucu Marius Bogdan, Stelian Cartacuzencu, Irina Ifrim, Iuliana Lazar,
Monitoring the effect of cypermethrin in soil on rapeseed growth, International
Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering (EE&AE), Ruse,
Bulgaria, 2013, pg. 397-405, ISSN 1311-9974;
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