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51

Publishing date 6th July 2015, Posted on 7- 8 July 2015


Yojana (Telugu)
July 2015

RNI Regd. No. 37729/80

Regd. No. H/HD-663/2015-17

KO^ q=~
1 O=`~xH ~. 100
2 O=`~ ~. 180
3 O=`~ ~. 250

52

[# 2015 E

Printed and Published by Mrs. Sadhana Rout, Additional Director General & Head on behalf of Publications Division, Ministry of I & B, Government of India
and Printed at Micro Offset Printers, 11-6-868, Red Hills, Lak di ka pool, Hyderabad - 500 004. Ph. 040 - 66750291 and Published at Yojana (Telugu)
10-2-1, F.D.C. Complex, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad - 500 028. Senior Editor : Vijayakumar Vedagiri, Tel : 23315288

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