Professional Documents
Culture Documents
g `
?
\ (TRIPS)
\ JO> "^ Ou O|O^ "}[ XO^ (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights). Wk "^ Ou # O
K "O Q XH L=_ H `OxH f=z JO`~f x=, x|O^# #
U~@ K _O ^~ "^ # i~H Ok. nx ^~ "^ # @ =O\ >O@ ~H}
^~`Ok. D
x=, x|O^# O K "}[ O ^ J==`~. Wk ''J`O` u`" # ^O ^O`O =i
^j J= P^~_ LO\~.
D XO^O H ^ # JOO nx J= =i q"^ i~O. ~H}
HeOKe# q+ == =Q
=} D XO^O L<~. HeOKe# , q#~O, ~H}
HeOKe# xq` H==k
WO^ =}Hi OK~. Wq W\=b s H< #< =i ~ H< #< g^ P^~_ LO\~.
i~H}
^ Q=O Hi# x= #, =i i~O P^~_ LO@Ok. q, [=#
x=, q $` =}, Hq# x= # J= K _xH "\ [=# JO^@ LO\~.
WO^ =~ =Y JOO q"^ i~O, O K "}[ O ^ \ |_ `= q"^#
i+iOKO\~. J^ q^O Q "^ i~H}
L# H~ ~ x=, x|O^# ^@O_< i~H}
[# 2015 E
ISSN : 0971-8729
O\ : 43
E 2015
p Z_@~ : nH HK
x~ Z_@~ : q[=~ "^y i
Z_@~ : + ==^
OzH : 9
[#
e-mail : yojana_telugu@yahoo.co.in,
e-mail : yojana.telugu@nic.in
P<^
H ` " # q` (L`=
" Jx"
#O_ ~"e)
D OzH...
1.
2.
3.
4.
g `?
q+zH
O^HO
~`` ~Q ^ " u - H` =~
PK =~ =`
5. ~` J"iH Q=O : #`# |O^
H..OQ
6. "_ `O U_k #
JO`~f O|O^ ~kQ ~H}
Y
JH |#
7. O KOuH #`# `[O PiH ^`O
~" LO^ ^
8. i# q+ iK =
_. Z. ~H+
9. ^~}O
[# O^H= ~O
2
3
4
5
10
26
11. P `~ =i PQO
++ O`
30
33
37
40
42
16. =, qH" ` ^ O
KO^} #s
17. Ja=$k =~ z
47
13
17
21
24
51
} oH, Ja=$k H~H = QiOz# =K~x JO^* O^ `Q, On, WOw+ , Jq, OQe, `qO, L~, =~s, Q[~f,
= O, O*c, H#_, X_ + "=_`# =u H.
[# 2015 E
[#
p Z_@~ _
Qu
^O ~`
U ^xH< # H H< ^` |" q# Jx
q+ JO\~. P ^O H
JO`~f =xH [[ D ^` |O g^< P^~_ LO\x "i
#=HO. Wk =# ^O q+ O ZO` x[O! ^ H q+ O O KO =#"=iH
f=, Q =#k Oux HOHO K ^O Q O KxH `. x~ ^i Oz ^
i^ J#H}
O `= }# ` O X_ =# ^x H_`# x H g~
=O^< Pi, =# ^O kOz# ^` q[ O KO ~ # QiO# <KH^<
K =K. W\= D ^~} =~ =# k. ^ # K~/~ =^ =` @
=#_ ` O D q[# QiOK_O , "\x Qi KiO_O ~OaOK~. ^`
~" # qk q^< `eH~<, *u x~}O =#O k # ^` ~" # q[
U q^O Q `__` Q Oz O OK_O ~OaOK_.
~m H~}
, JO`~f "}[O Ju "QO Q =# =~ =# JO`~f O|O^ Q}h"# =~
`K~. WO` =~ | Q L# PiH ==, ` `iz, qb# PiH ==Q ~O^@O =#O K # H$+,
JO`~fOQ =Oz ~ `z\O k. =YOQ Q` O=`~O #O_ =#O k # ^` q[ =# JO`~fOQ
#`# ~x W< ~. J`O` *Q`Q , u q+ h J#=x " J_Q #O_ =# ^` q^#O "QO Q
u~
f< q^<xH =iOk. ^ # =Ou #~O^ "_ `# ^g H~ =`"xH ~ ^ q`#
PxOK_O ` D ^~} ~O" O k. x} nxx XH ^`~" # =OQ Ja=iOK~. H =O, XH O=`~O
Ja=$k KOk#, KO^`# "`O 19 ^ =# ^ # =Ou ~ \OK_O =# q^j q^<xH XH #`# T#
WzOk. =# ~Q ^ =#O W# ^#O D ~ @#` O KxH `eOk. JO`H^ O KOx Ja=$k
KOk# ^` =## =`H O|O^# =#O =iO` i+O K <=. =# ~Q# L# < =z#
^~}"# HO =O k` # P^H=_O =# `H}
K~ O K "O Q O JO^<~. JO>
H^ J<H O=`~Q, SH~[qu "i Ou i~HH ^ =# ^O x~# ` OK "OQ
O OK|_Ok. nx` WO`=~ =#@ PO\ =@#@Q L# ^ _ #OQ =iOK_O ~OaOK~.
ZO^HO>, O KO J`O` < }O Hey# =#= H =#^O < JkHO Q L#k. K< # _ JkQq Oz ~ Q
f# =# PiH Hx O KO Z=~ u~ iOK~ . PiHa=$k, =#= =#~ Ja=$k =#O kOz# =$k O K
^# PHiOzOk. ^ # =Ou q#u H~O, SH ~[ qu "~ u O=`~= E< 21 = `nx O K Q
k<`=OQ H\ O K~. J^ =O, JO`~f =[O #O_ J<H #`# "# _ =# =O^ LOzOk.
J~` =# ^O D "# `y# =`H q^<` `Qsu# Z^~Ok. `O`O =z#\#O_ <\ =~
=#^O ~A ~A `# q^<` |_ `, <\ H O KO XH Q~=h"# , Q}h"# <xH K~ <=.
=# SH~[qu ^` =O_e, ` #O ^H ~A ZO` ^~O ^ .
4
[# 2015 E
~`` ~Q ^ " u - H` =~
~`^O [iy# Q` ~uH
Q_z # 30 O=`~
~ ^ =Y K
<=kQ H~H
H#yOzOk. WO^
H~}O P ^
*= `
U~_ i}=O POQ
[iyOk. JQ P
^ PiH Qu _
W__
TO^O\Ok. nO`
q+` Jx ^#
P zQiOK~. XH
P= "`=~}O
^H}
<HOk.
ZxH [ ~ ` O
U~@ F@ " ~ . e ` O Q
JO`~f =*xH ~` ^O "
#Oz ~ # O^O "oO k. ^xH
K@H L# ~Q ^ _
~` ^O " ^$+ =oOk. ^x
"_ `# JOi` nH` JO`~f
O|O^ ^$+ iOK~. Q_z #
O=`~ HO ^x "_ 19
^ ~ \OK~. J<H =Ok q^j
Jk<` # ~` Px< ^ x
"_ J< ` O q^ ~ \OK~.
J< H ^ ` O |O^ # ^ $ _
~ K<~. O K ^ <` `
$^ = O |O^ U~@
K H=_O` @ "}[, O $uH
O|O^ U~_O^ ^ x "_
~ @# ^^O K~.
` O ~` `O O K
^` O|O^ "~Q ~ K<
QOQ =O^ ~Q ^`
K HH" # k. P ^` =#O
i^ # OKH=_" H^ P
^ ` O $uH O Q#,
~O Q# ~` HeyL<=. Hh
J^ =O ^H}
^`
Hx ^Q J~ "`=~}O
H#yOk. P ^ *` =^
~, O` u @#, J}
, x H u~ @ O\
J~`` @ n~HOQ =`
O, LQ"^ = "O\_~.
W" HH JH= =#= ~"}, =^H
^" =
=O\ = ` O
P ^ ^K Q Q`<~.
^H} q"# HH"#,
OK [< =~ 175H@
=Ok [ rq # O` O Q
J=`iOzOk. Q_z # 30 O=`~
~ ^ =Y K <=kQ
H~H H#yOzOk. WO^
H~}O P ^ *=
` U~_ i}=O POQ
[iyOk. JQ P ^ PiH
Q u _ W _ _ T O ^
O\Ok. nO` q+` Jx
^# P zQiOK~. XH
P= "`=~}O ^H}
<HOk. D ^ Qux OK
^ ` O x`O Q=x< L<~.
Wk LO> ~ ^ ~`
` Uq\ J< `~ H =zOk.
~` [<~O Q#, QoHOQ#
~ ^ Ju ^ ^O . JO`H^
J` O` H H " # ^ O . ~ `
~Qu< P ^ Qu ` O
P^~_ LO^O> JuH H^.
~` *=O i_q`<
LOk. *=x |OQ qOK
^ ~` JQ} xezOk.
JO`H^ JO`~f =[O
~` =O Q}hOQ iyOk.
PiH HQ# ~` J=`iOzOk.
O K "O Q# ~` <_ =~= #
^ XH |b"# ^O Q xezOk.
Hx O^~ ~` " xH W`~
^H} ^ `= `#O
K~OK =^O LO^x = _,
K< # Hx O^~ `~ H `K~.
~` `# ~Q^ `#
@ |"# qx <HO^
M\O_ "kHQ #=O|~ 26,2014#
[iy# ~ ^ ^ #
=KOk. D ^ ^ x "_
O y. .~` ^H} |"#
O|O^ U~_O^ S^ <^
x"x q O ^x H\ O K~. P
<^ "} [ O, @ | _ ,
`_@, f JOO# H~O,
[ =^ O|O^ O^" Jx
`e~. JQ ^ i^ ^\
H < H q \ U~ _x ^ x " _
H\ O K~. HQ D H # P@OH
iK # L^t Oz =\_ `...
XH H` L^O U~_~^x "_
H\ OK~. D |O^O "O
H#Qx PtOK~ . Jk ~
"kHg^ J~< Hh ^ ~
" J~< Hh ~Q^`
O|O^ ^$_~K <O^
^OQL#@ ~` H\ OzOk.
=O^Q ~` ~Q# L# ^`
H#yOz# O |O^ i }=
H=x XH i ije^O...
[# 2015 E
\<...
= ~[O \<`
~` ^$_" # O|O^<~.
^ x "_ `# `e q^j ~ @##
\<` jH~O K\~ . ^ x "_
`eiQ ^x ^ 2014,
E< 1 5,16 ` n \<
~ \OK~. JO`H^ W~^ =^
" ux =iO` \ + iK kQ D
~@# yOk. D ~@# ^~
~ Q ^ ` ~ ` ^ H H
O|O^ H#yOK##^ +" #
OH ` "=_~. W~ ^ =^
PiH H~O` @ W`~ JO
_ ~ ~ JOwH~ U~@
K<~. ~` J==`#
O K =~ } oH # \<
OOzOk. JO`H^ [ q^`
* x~}O ` O W~ ^
=^ JOwH~O kiOk. D `~
X O^ O ` q + ` < `
U~_ |O^xH OH `O OOk.
\< U~@ K [ q^`
* ` JH_ PiH Qu H ^^O
HeOz#@~Ok. JQ W~ ^
=^ q^` H#Q XO^
U~ _ ~ . nx ^~ \<
P^O OkOKO^ J=HO
HeyOk. JQ ~` =u~HOQ
U~_# # 2003 \< `#
QO J}z "Ok. ~`
= Q ` # H_ O ^ \<
`#=O` `_@# JOkOzOk. W^
q+ x ^ x " _ \<
~ @# ~<~. \< ~`
~~ H~O ~x W`~
[# 2015 E
^ + " # O H `
JOkOzOk.
|OQ^...
~` |OQ^ O|O^
n~H OQ Hk \ ^ a
L#\H ~ O Q< H#Q`<~.
|OQ ^ J=` ~ } ^i f #
1971q=H ~\xH ~` `_@
= ^ "O k. Wk LO> |OQ^
x ~[H gH~}
J"g bQ
s +H < ~`` "u @
# OQ LO@ = < ~ .
=~" |OQ^ <+# sH KOk#
Yb^ l, =i [=` Wg
s =`O ~`` " u@ H
Hi#OQ LO\~< "~ L<~.
Q_z # Hk O=`~Q |OQ^
JkH~ =i_ |OQ^ <+# s,
J"q bQ s =^ H#Q`Ok.
e `OQ ~`` O|O^ =O
_ `Ok. XH i ~ `
J#OQ#, uO Q#
O|O^ H#Q`<~. =~"
|OQ^ HO^OQ ~` =u~H
H~H ` O H#Q `<~.
=YOQ JH= = e`OQ
D# ~ J~` U~_~k.
i^ yOQ H~ H
H#Q ` <~. J Q f
[q"^O, ^O` i^ q"^O
_ ~` |OQ^ O|O^
=O KOk. ^x #~O^
"_ |OQ^ ~@# =O^#
<^O _ W^#x K=K. D
O=`~O E< 6,7 `n ^ x
#~O^"_ |OQ^ `eiQ
~ \OK~. D ~ @# ^ #OQ
1974 #Oz =# i^ q"^x
i+iOK< kQ J_Q _~.
=O^ ~*OQ =~} a ^~
1974 <\ i ^ q"^x
i+iOKO^ K~ fOk
H O^ `O. =YOQ 4096 H.g
i^ H=|nH~}`@ W~
^ x =~ 5H =Ok
~ H` QiO# WzOk.
=YOQ i^ Q`# JH=
= , y O Q H~ H #
J^ LOK O ^ D K ~
^^_~k.
D ~ @#< "} [ O
~ " } O |O^ =iO`
" ~ Q _ ~ . e ` O Q D#
~ #Oz ~ ` x W` ~
O` ~"} O J~Ok.
JO` =# D# ~ H
"t OKO> QiH KOk# zH<
<H #Oz "e =zOk. =YOQ
_ H + O Q Q = \ ,
HH` _HJQ~ | s
^~ H` O|O^ `~zOk.
=O^k Hg@~ `Q_O` @
D# ~ =O _
`yO k. JQ f~ O` <H XO^O
= ~ ~"} L# J_O
`Q~. JO`H^ ~` @|_
HO `H PiH =O_# _
|OQ^ U~@ KO k. LkH #`
@ ~_, *~"}, ~ , q^,
"^O `k`~ ~OQ |OQ^
`_@ JOkOKO^ ~` =O^
=zOk. ~` |OQ^ XH H`
7
HOH "tOK~. JQ ^x
"_ K~=` H =O q^` O}
XO^, h\ OH O\
n~HeH = _ i~O
a O zOk. ~ ` #Oz a O z#
H~O` |OQ^ "u |O^O
@ z~H qO HeyOk.
Px<...
Q ` Hk ^ Q
Px< iQ J~` <Hx
LOk. ` O P x < ^ `
q+O ~` Pz`z J_Q
"Ok. ` O <\ ^ _
P < Q O #Oz ` ~ e
" o ~. J Q ` O
Px < ~[H J~ ` <HOk.
XH" `e< uiy OAO>
~` u "`=~}O U~_
J=H O LOk. Q ` O =` ~ O
O |~ Px < #`# J^ _
= ^ J+ h ^ q x
JHiOK~. #`# `O `#
q^OQ q^#O ~` `e
^#`# WK~. 2015, U
28,29 `n J^ _ h ~`
~\OK~. JO` =# K<,
H< ~ \OK~. D <^ O
~` ~ @# @ PH <HOk.
~` <Hx L# Ou, ~H},
`$`O = U ^O `<< " u
O|O^ U~@ K < gO^x
h ~<~. Px< =eH
^ H# ~` ~O_
ae< _~ O KO k. JQ
P < x tH } , O\
XO^ ^~<~. ~`
8
[# 2015 E
[# 2015 E
\ \ K ~ D i u x
JkQqOK_xH HO`"~ `__~.
P `~` O K~ ~` <x,
^x ` # J" iH x*~fQ
QiOK_O ~O=~#\ #O_
x ` ` O =iO` iyOk.
xM~~# H` Z^Q`# ~`#
OKOx W`~ J}, OHuH
xO`} @= KO^x ^O Q
K _ _ O WH ^ ~ ^ x J" iH
QiOzOk. `=# PiH, ^`
== ~`# ZQ~< ~_ O ^
W`~ ^ "_=OK~< ^xH #O
HeOK_O J=~O Jx _ Jk
QiOzOk. JO`~^ HO ~`
Jb# ^ O Q L# \ H ^xx
q`^OQ iQ}Oz<, #=^y#
QqQ iQ}OK^. JO`HO>
~O Uq@O> - 1971-72 |OQ^
q=H ~@O HO#, K <
J"iH ^Q~ = `# ^ # ~`#
HH\ OKx q\q`^O Q
qOK_O [iyOk. OK"OQ
=~`# ^ ^ <^ O#,
[# 2015 E
~ ` Pi H == i H ` #
^i O __O `# QqQ ~`
PH~ } =iO` @ =~Ok.
HO @< J^ _Q L#HO,
= ` H H~xH Pi H
Q=O@ J"iH =Y`
KOk. nx "#H L# ^ # H~}O~` =~\ A, =~O K
`H uH =_" ! Wk J"iH
x ^ = ~ @ H ^ e H
f=zOk. z=~ 1999 J"iH
J^_ OQ ~` "~
Ja=$k ` K> KOk. nxH
"}[ =Ou ~< _< <H`O
=OK~. 1999#Oz ~` J"iH
O|O^ ~o , "QO K =~
=zOk. J^ _ aHO @< 2000
~` O^iOKQ, 2001 "*~
J"iH O^iOK~. Jk_ [O@
@=~ e"` `~"` ! ``~
#Oz O K~ Z^~=`#
H` "# JkQq OK_xH ~` ^
J=~x J"iH QiOK<~OaOzOk.
J^_ *i |+ D ~O_ ^
O|O^# gH - U+ x H`
^` =O K< Z^Q^#
=`O K O> \ + " # ~`
HHO Jx qOK~. D ~ O_ =Y
i}= J"iH q^j q^<x
q`O K < ~.
WH J\#Oz ~ O_ ^
K O k# H~K ~ } |$O^ L#`
~ ="= =` W~H =^
O|O^# x~}`HOQ ~OkO
K_O "^\~. D <^O<
" n `xH J" iH
=^K@KO@# O|O^#
K_e LO@Ok. L^~} ~`
J"iH ~ J} XO^O H=O
[# 2015 E
xqOK~.K-1 g q+ O
Z@=O\ Hz`"# g aOKH
~<, = K~ O H uH ~ O Q O
JOk# =# QiOK~. ` s
~OQO, < } Ja=$k~O QO H`
Q= K~ `~f~.
"`=~ } x q` O K x
#~`^H WO^# =#~ (~,
" ..) Ja = $k k Q H $ +
~O= ~Ok. i W\= [iy#
K~ D "~ Q= _
k~~. ~` H~ hH~}
` =Q
LO_ == =~ _ xH J" iH
=O^H@ _~ O x
H\ OzOk. ~H}~OQO#, ^
^` q+ O# ` XO^#
H#yOKx, =~ <H^
q< P^xHHiOKx x~~O
K~. LQ"^x L=_Q, Q\ Q
Z^~=_xH ~ O_ ^ `= ^$_
OHx #~^\ < ~. ~`#
H OQ K Hx H< "#O_
x K # + ~ - W-`~, _ HOh` JxO\ *a`# ^O
K~. O |~ 26, 2011# H<
~` =O~ ^_ xOk`#
`~Q @H"e# P=H`# _
QiOK~. W H" "K`
D ~ O_ ^ HeK # `O
P ^xH HO O`# O^O
J=`Ok.
L#` O H uH i * # O,
JO`iHO , P~Q H~O... ~OQ
~ ` ^ ` s ~ O Qx 21=
`|O H` O` `Hx
q<~. WO^# ^~`Q_O`
`s ~OQO #O_ K L^Q=
H J"iH uiy "o<, "n
`O J#i# "H W< WO_
(~` `s) q^#O` xi+
12
W`kHO Q L Q_ `Ok. D ^H O
H O ^ U\ " ~ =Ok J" iH
q^" ` ~ ` =z ~
k~.
P~Q~OQO-O K"O Q
K~ Q`# JO@"^ "kx~^H
=O^# ("H##) H#Q#_O
H i OK H"x u kOK~ .
~` P~Q~OQxH O|OkOz
#O` = ~ ^ x O K ~
P ` JO^ @ LO_ Q ,
=# Hh P~Q H~O
__O^.
" _ Pt # Act East
(H~K~}
`~ =oOKO_), JQ
X= Pt# P =``
# ^ $ + @ x = ` H
}oH# ~Ok#@ OH
H@
# zOzOk. K< uk#
XH - XH ~_ ,
= ^ #OQ =^ , ^ H } , ` ~
P` J#O^#` OKx
~` J"iH q<~. K<#
^$+ @x P-H
Of ^`, Oux ~K~.
=YOQ ^H}
K< =^O K
<H #O @ Z = ^
K`<~.
Q` [#=i X= ~`
~ \ O z# _ =_ O H
H@ # *s K~. Q_ qOz#
JO J~< g\x =iO` qOQ
H \ O K~ . "\ ` H O Q
KH=Ok "f H@#. ^x
[# 2015 E
"_ ` U_k #
JO`~f O|O^ ~kQ ~H}
Y
J O` ~ f
^ #=Ou #~O^" _
^H}
Hi ~ @#
O^~ O Q K# OH
H@
# 10 JO U_
JO ~H}
H~xH
O|OkOz#" H=_O
Q=<~O. g\ ^ #OQ
<H x~} H O^,
<qH^
=i_`@Q ~`
<qH ^xH ^< H#
"^@Q ^H}
Hi
xiOz `~` ^jOQ
W`~ # K@
_ xH
W~ ^
Q==~.
O |O^ Q `
O=`~HOQ ~`^O J`#`
~H K~ Ok. Q` U_k #
=#^ O Jx ~ O Q Ja = $k
KO^q^O Q xf~ H#|i JO`~f
O|O^ Ja=$k K Ok J#_O
U =`O Ju H ^ . a# ^`
`$` O|O^# OKH=_O
^~ ~`^ L#ux, Z<_Z `O
` # O =` ~ # =iO`
OOkOzOk. ^` =i q^j
q^#O J# ~ O_ JO XH ^x
HH\ ``O|O^O Hey# JO.
H#H, XH ^O H ^` ~,
JO` ~ f O |O^ ##
xOuO k. ~H} #^` J<k ^`
JO Ju =Y"#k. Z<_Z
` ^` q+, ~H} Y
#^`# OK\xH JO`~f
O|O^ U"~ q`O K
D "O `eK O k.
=YOQ ~H}Y ~H}
iH~ kQ=` Ju^ ^O
~`^ O . D q@s iH~ Q`
` O [iy# J=H`= H,
q"^` `O `# q^<#
=~<O`Q Xu_ =K~.
"\H =Y L^~} H< 2
sH =# qkOz# POH . D POH
=# ~H}Y Hug^ =O\
i` U~_~. ` `O,
~`^ O q@s iH~ kQ=`
JQ Q qQ L# u kH #
P^~O K Hx q^j O # ~`
` s J# x<^xH ^ Q ~ Q
PHiOzOk. ~` `~ K
^z# q^j O sQ P~~
W=@" QH KH Q HiH H x
JOkO _@O =#, ~H}
Y `=
J= ~ ` y #@ i H ~
JO^ @ " QH J< H =OkH Lk
aOz, ~` H` OHuH`#
i K O K @O [~ Q ` Ok.
DOHuH`# iK O K H=O
U"< J_O U~_` "\x `yO
K \ xH gQ q^ j ``
O|O^ =iO` ^$_OQ K
H=_ O =# `xH ZO` <
P=HO.
13
`O JkH~OH =z#
" O @< = } H~xH ~ Q
^x PxOK@O ^~, ~` ~H}
^ "\H =^H~ O H^h, H$ u
"s` =O# JO`~f
=^ @## "\H `_@
#Okx KH< K#@~Ok.
JO^ `y#> < HOO
^~@
# ~` # JH_ H
K ~ x=Q " ` = `_@x
JOkOK~. J^q^O Q W~H =i
X"< [iy# Q_= =O =#
^ ~`@Q ~Q ^
~# _ JH_ #O_ `~e OK@O
[iyOk. D O=`~O _, ~`
qQ ` ^ ` = ` H
Q=` ~H}
^# |`O
Kq^O Q ==iOk.
"^\ iQ ^H}
P= [<` [iy# XH ^ HH
~ @# ^ #=Ou W~ ^
|O^x O K~ HH Q=O
~H fHo ~H} H~xH
O|OkOz# XH XO^O O`H
K~. W~^ `= ^ HH ~H}
O|O^# \ +O KH=_xH,
=YOQ iH~, LH~ } =i_H
x~~OK~. nx QOQ [<
`# J^<`# Z2 LK~
q=<# ~`^ xH JOkOK_xH
K~ "Q= O`O KO k. W~ ^
`~K Q L=_Q <H^ q<#
x~ OKx _ x~ ~ OK~ .
=YOQ [<, KZZ =~H
S^ ~` ~H} O 1998
M< J} sH `~` qkOz#
x+^x Zu" O k. ^ #=Ou "_
[< HOh# ~`^ O @|_
@=OkQ Xu_ K "iH Jx
~HQ `_@x JOk=x g
WK~.
14
P ~ @# J#O` ~ O
^#=Ou K u q^j ~@#
`~ "` q^j =O` P ^H
K~ H=@O P ^ ux^ =#
^xH ~ @# ~=_O [~Q`#k.
D ~@# = ~H} Y P
^ #Oz H~O JO^@O` HH
Ja=$kH @ "# @~Ok.
~` J"iH ~H}
H~O
O Kx H ^ # J~#
J"iH ~H}
=O, "`O O K
^ ~H}
=O =_= =O`
LO@Ok. ^xH `_ "i J`#`
O H uH i * # O ~ H } ~ O Q O
O K O "ix " ^ \ # O
x_`#k. D O=`~O ~`
J" iH ~ H } ~ O Q O =iO`
x ` H~xH XH } oH
~ OkOK~. ~ ` ^ ~ H }
=~x =iO`Q OKO^ XH k
O=`~ H }oH Q` [#=i
X= ~` ~@# O`H
K~. W^ =O =# < xH
r= ~# ^ J=~=
~H} H=K `s XH XO^O
_ kiOk. W\=e HO ~#
H <\ J"iH =# ^xH ^ #
~H}
~ ~ ^~ J~Ok. JO`H^
q@s OHuH i*< L#uH XH
O H H~K ~ } # _
JOwHiOzOk. W~^ =#OQ
K~ qe< _~ =x i ~.
W~ ^ =^ =iO` ~ H }
H~xH K~H J^# |$O^x
U~@ K~. J"iH HOh D
=YOQ ~H} , ` s ~OQOxH '=#
~ ` < ` s ^ H x
qxyOKHx =# ^O =ix
L` u x@ # ~ O a x
O H uH ` # |^ ~ x
^#=Ou #~O^"_ P"x
=HO K~.
~` < ~H}
H~ XO^O
=# ~H}
~OQxH O|OkOz
^ x < ~ @# Ju =Y"# k.
^#=Ou "n` < J^
$OH~ Q` q $` K~
J#O`~O ~` < ^ ~H}
=i ^ ` O |Ok O z#
JO` @Q = ~Rx
*` ~ O z# J} * =~
Z< q+ g^ X O^
K <~. *`~ J}*
O |Ok O z ^ j H ^ # `
Z\ =i P~" O O`H
K~. ~` J}H i=
H"e# O H uH ` # _
|^ ~OK @ O [~ Q ` Ok. D
* x=Q"# Jx O `=
Y~ # ` y O z * = x
` y O Kx X O^ O K H=_ O
[iyOk. D XO^h ~ qxQO
HO J}HH iq`" # \H, ^xH
|^~Oz# OHuH`# =`O ~H}
Y qxyOKHx, ^#=Ou
"n zOz# ~` ` s J#
^xH =iO` T`qK@Q LOk.
S^ ^ < ~H}
~OQxH O|OkOKQH JO`iHxH
O|OkOz _ q $`OQ K~
[i~. D O^~ O Q 2011 ~`
#O_ yOz# ZZ ~`
OK "Q LQO #O_ =iO`
= K~ =i_ x =~H ~ O_
O=`~ _yOKx ~` JO`iH
i^< O (W) < JO`iH
O ( Z < W Z ) =^ J=Q #
kiOk. =YOQ D W~ ^
JO` i H O , L Q i" \
xOQ , L Q = K~ O .
JOk K H"x
X O^ O
K<~.
[# 2015 E
[# 2015 E
H~xH Wk XH L^~} Jx
J<~. JO`H^ W~ ^ =^
~ H } H~ O =iO` n~ H O
H#Q ` Ok Jx _ J<~ .
` e H \ q=< #O_ , ~
OHuH`` ` ~ # ZOSZ, ZOS
ZO =i H" < H226 eH~
=~ ~ ` ` sH " ^
>O ^ W~ ^ JOwHiOK~.
J^ q ^ O Q H K Z Z
O H O Q S^ = ` ~ O ^
q=<# Ja=$k K< q^OQ
K~ [iQ~. D q=< JOu=
~O g^ XO^O ` O`H
`O^ ~ < [~ Q # <~. W \ H
=Ok# P } J} =~ O
Hey# [O`~qx WKO^ ~
JOwHiOzOk.
W\= "~ =z# ~,
H< ~H} H~ XO^O
Q O Q
ZO.S.35
~ H O
Z\HeH~# ~ H<
qH~OK_O @ =# ^O PO^##
=HO KO k. J~` =# ^O ~
~i D "~ # x~^~" # qQ
H\ ~~. ~f ~H} P
=u~HOQ ~ H<` Z@=O\
XO^O K H^x `eK~.
~` Pe ~H}
H~O
Q_z # O=`~ HO ~`
Pe _ ~ ~ ^` H~O
QOQ XH =O ~OkOK
<~. Of Ou, LQ"^
=u~H ~H} H~O =O^_Q
"~. ^#=Ou #~O^"_,
Pe uxk \h J\ =^
[iy# K~ , W~ ^ ^` =i
~H} JO QiOz XH =O
KHx `= H~#
WK K H"x x~ ~ OK~.
^ #=Ou " n P e
~" O@#^t Oz =\_ `,=^
[ ^`H O W~ ^ H$+
K x JO^ `y#@Q =^
^` `_@x JOkOKO@,
JO` ~ f O `_@
JOkOKx H~~.
Q`O =<~ [iy#
`~ P =i U+ < ^
^ K # q+ < =m Q~
KH=_O [iyOk. ``e`OQ W~
^ ^ #=O` ` ~
H~K~}
`= JOwH~x `e~.
D H~K~}
H~O, W~ ^ =^
"iH ^ O_, q^j q^<
H~# Wz KH=_O
[~Q `Ok. D H~K~}
QOQ
W~^ O=`~xH XH i, `=
^#=O`, ~H} M=O`
H O \~ . ~ H } q^ <H
O|OkOz "iH K~ [~Q`~.
L#`kH~ ~@# #O_ OH
tH}
, <qH q<, |Ok "iH
K ~ W`k=h D H~K ~ }
}oH ~OkOK~. JO`HH
~H}
i^< Ja=$k XHiHH~
H~# JOkOK O
@O_x _ x~~ OK<~.
=s =YOQ W~ ^
LQ " ^ # Z^ ~< O ^ W` ~
JO`~f <~# J^<`#
_ ^~# x~~O K @O
x} tH} `k`~ JO#
O H O Q x~ OK Hx P
JOO^ O H uH ` # =i_
K O@ LO_< H~K~} }oH
O^iK~. D H~K~}
}oH
H e`# q^j M=O`
~ H } M=O` = " O
gH~.
15
W`~ ^` ~H}
H~O
Q_z # O=`~ HO ~`
^H} Hi, ~H} H~O "
J_ Q " ~. ^ #=Ou
#~O^"_ ^H} Hi ~@#
O^~ O Q K# OH H@
# 10
JO U_ JO ~ H }
H~xH O|OkOz#" H=_O
Q=<~O. g\ ^ #OQ <H x~}
H O^, <qH^ =i_`@Q
~` <qH ^xH ^<H#
"^@Q ^H} Hi xiOz `~`
~` <H x~# H O^ W`~
# K> _ xH W~ ^ Q=
=~.
J^q^OQ Q_z# O=`~
HO ~` H#_ i= =^
J} H , " = xH ~ H } ~ O Q
O|OkOz J<H "}[ XO^
[iQ~. XH "} [ X O^ O
QOQ ~K"< HO^OQ L#
H"H HOh ~` ~## S^
U_ H O_ q"# ~ xOx
~~ KOk. H#_ ~` J}
H~ XO^O K~ =O
~` `O K# OkO` Wk
^"Ok.
J^q^OQ O^ HOQ
~ ` ` x ` O |O^ #
x~# =i+<` ~H}
O|O^
=iO` \ + = ~. =# q^OQ
=Ou N=u ~* Q` #=O|~
25# [i# ~ @# HH" # O^
==^ ~H}
~f <H^O ,
=i+` ~H}
^ =^ XO^O
kiOk. #=O|~ 2, 2014#
~* P n ^` K#
~ @# O^~ O ~` <qH ^O ,
16
=i+ f~ ~H}
^ =^ O^
= = ^ O` O ^ `
O |Ok O z H~ `_@x
JOkOK# x~
O [iyOk. =i+
[~O@# "_ H =iO` =<
`KO^ =_ ~` s ^
<H# =i+ [ "t OK~.
`` e `OQ ~` =i+ =^ <qH
^ =^ H~ `_@ =iO`
"~Q_Ok.
J^ q ^ O Q ~ H } ~ O Q O
~` ^Q~ O|O^O Hey# =~H
^O W*~. D W~ ^ LQ"^
=u~H H~H= Q=O Hey
L<~. JO` H O_ W*~
~` J`^xH xH iH~#
JOk# =Y^O. H} #O_
=#= ~ ` q=< =~ D
O =` ~ O D Q =x
_yOK@O [iyOk. J^ q^O Q =K
O=`~O W*` O|O^
O^"# =iO` "~Q ~K
<O^ ^ #=Ou "n W*~
~ @# K #<~. W\ =~
W*~L ~\OK`# "^\
~` ^ x "n.
=yO
~H}
H~xH O|OkOz
=# ^O OKO qq^ ^`
=Oz "~Q # O|O^# Hey LOk.
~` ~H}
Y g^ L# #=HO`
O K ^ ~ ` `_@x
JOkOK@O J<k =Oz q+`
@ "# @~Ok. =~< ^ D
JOO ~`` K` H_xH
=O^ =< ~. ~ ~A
~` ` s J# JOxH =iO`
H~x OKHx =~" # ~`
x~}O [~Q_ xH @ _ `<~.
12= r `~ "~...
~` J"iH Q=O :
#`# |O^
" H <H #Oz q=<#
yOK H@ >Hr J"iH
=^ =`" LOk.
Wk LO> BRICS ^
^~ ~`^O ~, K<_
` ` i K LOzOk. ~ ~
\^~, JQ^ =^ =`O
H__O ~` Hu g^ " J~<,
Jb# L^=O <\ J#= O ~`
+ OQ LOk. Q ` O P `
O hOQ +OzOk.
W@=O\ Q~ _ x q[
=O`OQ KQey# "_-18731890 [~hx eOz# X\=<
a~H. "^\ OK ^xH
=O^ J`O` H= O`" # ^Q
L# P
, ~, <, a@< =^
[~h [<# H_`< ^xx
H H # O xe_ . W _
~` _ P##Oz i O^e.
~ O_ JO`HO > ` = HO_, =_
JO`HO> Z=^`< D Q~_
^==`Ok. x xQ WH_
XH =@ KH"e. J"iH `#
=~@#, `# OHuH i*<x,
@|_#, K< ^~^`O K
LO_H ` K< W_ =#O K# O`
|"# ^OQ LO_ LO_kQ^.
J^ O ` O H uH i * # O JO^ H
u~ ~ Q ~ = ` H = OQ
J_ O Jk Q q OK _ xH ~ `
K=\_# HO [iyOk. ~`
P ` ~ "` Jk H ~ O H =z#
`_ ~` H Z^Q_ xH
`= =O` qOK~. WH W_
iu Uq@O\~! WH ~`^
~Q u x P Q e Q "~ Z= ~ <
L<~O> Jk XH ~`^ " !
[# 2015 E
H^. Jk qi Oz [ [ =^
O|O^Q qiOzOk. P^xH
=K~ i*#O, #`# }
H~ ~Q_ " WO^ H~}O. WH
~ O_= JOO, ^ =^ [iQ K~
^ q H O Q ~[H , qe@s,
= ` H O |O^ ^ #`
LO_q. O pH~} , ~m H~} QO
"\ #O H=OQ PiH~"#
JO #" O@<~. D ~ O_
H} e`OQ ~`` Jx
JO` ~ f H~ H = , K ~
PiH~"# ^`O `~ =O^
=zOk.
| H, Of, ^ HH
~ OQ` =~ e `OQ PiH
^`O ^#` O`iOKOk. @<
=_ O = H~#\H,
^ SH ~[ qu P^ ~O [iQ
PiH K~ J~= O`O H#\H, ^
_| \" K~ J=~"#O`
~Qu kOK#\H, D i}=O
17
Oz ``"` =O>
(1748) K #@ Q Ou J< k
'"}*xH ["# H~}O. ^
=^ Ou # O^,
O|O^ LQ_`x W@b
PiH" ` ~ \(1889) ~<~. gi
H@
## ijeOz#@~` Of
PiH H~H P ^ =^
Ou J< u x WO ^x Z< U
H`" QiOz#@Q J=Q`= =`Ok.
`*Q < Z\ J.(2005)
K # H ~ O Of "~
qo`O ^~ Ou ^ ==`Ok.
WO^ Hx L^~}:
(1) PiH H~H e`OQ
~} P ^ =HQ ` ~
#x K~Ok. ~Q^`
"~ "^g =O K
# ` y O k. (2) Of
H~O H~}OQ =*, JH= H
=O\ "~ H~H ~}
` Q ` ~.L^ ~ } 1998
t = H ^ Pi H @q
(ZH") z# P^ O KO<
"^\ iQ =~\iO qkOzOk.
JQ ^ =u O_ H`
P^# kQ=u KH=_x
x+kOzOk. (3) Of "~
XO^ ^~ q"^ qe@s
J=~O O_ i~==`~. W~
^ =^ J=Q # OOk,
K~ ^^O K~.
~ ~ P^i` PiH JO
OuH ^i " x ~[huO x
''K ` Ou ^ $ H}O
ijeOK =O> , HO\, UOQ,
+O@~ =O\ "~ _ Ja
_ # @ b, < ( 2009)
[# 2015 E
S~ 2000 O =` ~ O
K ` "~ O`x U~@
KH=_O ^~ ^O ~O
H~# < O` SH ` ,
PiHO Q OA<O^ H$+ [iyOk.
Dl , W* ^ 2004
J" iH` "~ J=Q #(> _
\H ) # ^ ~ <~. D
XO^O H~O J"iH =~\
Dl == # J=<O^ S^
` H *<# U~@ K~. J~`
Dl = = 35 ` O
W*Dl H~O` L`u
K # = = LO_< x|O^ #
qkOK~(< Z\.J.2005).PH
^ O`H ~}# Of
"~ XO^ ^~ x"iOK=Kx
q< ~. `^~ ~} H~}#
`yOK=Kx ~O@<~. ~Q
^ =^ ~}# Of "~
X O^ ` y ~ . Of
XO^ `O ^~ ^
=^ ~} x"iOK `HO
a O k(P Ja = $k OH ,
2000).
`O JO^@ L#
=K~O H~O Of "~
XO^ ^~ ^ =^
qe@s ~} `yOK_O` @,
Oux OOk O ^ < q+ O
+= =`Ok. JO`~` , u Q`
=^ J#O^#O _ g=`Ok.
# ~# JO <^ O
PiH ^`xH O|OkOz J`O`
HH" # =~ JOx qOKe. J^
^j PiH uQ`, PiH
i` =^ |O^O .D |O^O ~ O_
" #O_ _ HH" . W@ ^j,
[# 2015 E
=~ # ` ~ . JO`
H O_ "~ ~ m H ~ } #
J#OQ =~H=_O ^~ =iO`
=OkH Lk, L^Q HeOK=K.
K "~ XO^O(Z\ U ) ^~
@ | _ Of = ~ #~
==H~} LHiOk. Of
Z\ U ^~ *~O\ "OK~
P~O LO@Ok. Wk `s ~OQ
=$k ` H "x K O k.
D <^O PiH ==
" #O, < } =i_, ^ =^
@ | _ " O =O\ JO
"~ @ | _ |O^ x \ + O
K~. `^~ Z= "~, "}[O
[iy, @|_ =Oz, JkH Lk
J=H $+O K|_`~.
Of q= |O^
(s[# " K < P~ q )
$+O K_O # ~# JO HH
` +~. JO` HO_ =
q= OKO^ _ LHi ~.
`s~OQO = q= OK_O
^~ L` u , Lk J=H
~Q`~. JQ Z=
=~. O Q KO> Z\ U
`s ~OQO Lk J=H
=O K`~.
g@x\h ijeOz#@~`
''"H W< WO_ K~x iQ J~O
K#@~` nx = LQ
J~ = =`~. WO^ Q O Q
JO`~fOQ [~Q`# PiH ~ " #
^`O =# ^ PiHa=$k, Lk
H#, L^Q $+, ^iH x~#,
[ r=# =}, r=# <}`
OK_O LHOQ LO@O^#
_O Ju H H^.
[# 2015 E
i# q+ iK =
~` *f ~[H 1989
[` <~ Q O+O
KO^ =<H `
(=#x =@) J<
~ _ H~H=O
x~OK< x~
O,
^ #=Ou `~H
=O` XH\ . u<
[iQ D ~ _
H~H=xH ZO` q+
O^# =zO^O> [
JO^~ ~ _
J`<O`Q, ^
OY K# D
H~H=x ~O
K \xH \_ O `Q
O^# aOk.
Q= H=\xH `< ~x
`H JOwHi~. Q` O=`~O
H ZxH K# "Q< =<
Z<_Z `O s "*s` ZxH
J~# \ H , ZxH "Q < #
<~" ~ @O q "O ^x J<H "^#
q#|_`<~. Hh Q` ``
e D `O `# "Q<#
XHH\Q "Q=O`OQ <~"~
e`# H#|_~O^#k Z=~
H^#x "= O.
i# J< D PK#
Z< [<# iOk. `
q[#, "# sA \ H
" _O ^~ "`O q+ x J=Q`O
K H"e# J=~O LOk. D U_k
#, WO`=~ tOKx =
H "o, # L# P@OH#
`yOK\xH L# J_O# Ki
" @" # k. D U_k #,
n~H eH =# x"iOKO^ Z<
*f ~ H~H=# K\ ~ .
eOQq=H` , i^ O, i` =O\q
"\ Hx =`" . Hx H@ =Okx
OHOQ "^g Q=e
21
x~Oz# |~OQ , P#
"H`~O` "k=Ok [#
q+O Q PHiOK~. D ^g Q`O
U ^ #=Ou ~ @# # WO` q+
O^# K LO_^ .
# a#`O
Ju=YOQ Q = xOKe#
q+ O, ` ` O H
qk q ^ <, q ` x~ }
J=Oa# =#g`. W~H
OH =O #~# JH_
#O_ `~eOK@O` D q^<xH
JO ~~ } [iyOk. P ` ~ `
""< U~_# i`` ~`
q^O` Y, ~` " <qH
^` [` He J<H H+ i`
L# =# ^ [# q^j ~#
`O JkH OY JH_ #O_
` ~ e OK _ O [iy#k. H O^ q^ j
==~ Y=`Q [#~ q.H.
OQ ^ #=Ou #~O^" _ "O@
`_Q xeK~. JO^= P ^
q #O_ 5600 =Okx `~e
"i 41 ^ O|OkOz# 960
=Ok q^ j ~ <~ .
~ f `@ gix _
`~e OK@O K# K~= O K
^h Hx_~. ~`^ O Hh,
OK ^ Hx ZC_ Hhqh
Z~Qx su < =z# s
HOO` ~` `O `# ^$+x
J@ =~eOk. ^ #=Ou P^ ~O
*f q` ~HH ^ O q^ O @#
[iy# Q O @ < K ~ Hx
xi~=OQ `= ~H}
K~ # K\
H#yOzOk.
J^ q ^ <x =# ^ O
U~_# H$ u " s ` #O_ [#
H_ @ O _ ^ i OK~ .
[=Hj~ =~^ c` O J~<,
c~ U~_# HOO J~< J^
qkq^<# J#iOK~. JH
[# 2015 E
J=Oa# f~ qQ` *=
^ P^ ~ OQ f <
i` U~_~.
PiH == ~ # `_@
`xH O|OkOz =~H
=Y JOO ~` PiH ==. Q`
k O=`~Q =~ OH }
< " O H~ } OQ q^ j
@|_^~ ~` g^ #=Hx
H~. XH `O H q[O
^ " O J#k P ^ =$k~ @
g^ P^~_ LO@Ok. D H~}OQ
O K "O Q L# iqH "~
kQ*# He ~` @|_H
"~ "^g ZO` J#"# kQ
q=iOKe# P= H ` U~ _ O k.
e `OQ PiH M=Ou J~}*\
" \# |_\ , D q+ ZO`
}oH QOQ LOk. D |_\<
"~ #, iqH "` #O_
@|_# PHiOK q^OQ LOk.
"~O^~ _ ^xH O|OkOz
JO`s# OQ ^yL# O^x Q=xOz
QuOK_O` @ @|_^~
# `yOz, "~ ~OQO
n@Q x|_O^ gQ, H#|_x
z=_# q QuH @
" O k, Pi H Y. JO` H O_
=_ l_ =_ `O Y*<
@# s K x PiH M =Ou
=O ~zOK<~.
D q^O Q "# Jx J_Q
@|_H J# "`=~}x $+O z
g q +` O=`~xH 9`O
"iH l_ =$k` Ja=$k K<x
^\ Q^# =## HeOK~.
` `O Hx x=`
H " , Q Q # =x ~
^~ HOQ KO k.
qQ` JO` =#OQ
=Y` Ok# JOO Jqhu ~ `
#. W\= =~ ^O JO`\
[# 2015 E
c= _ a O k. P~ <
O`$H ~ O "^g` 5000
~ J^ # ~ }O O^
" @ u M`^~_H a O k.
[<^< [# q[=O`O H=@O`
`O =lH ^`# #`#
ikH fH o ^ T~@ HeQ
q^O Q =~H =_ ^H # "
\Ok. O=`~xH 12 ~
q O` 2 H ~
=^c= JO^K ^#=Ou
~H c= [# ^H O . nxH JO^~
J~. O=`~xH 330 ~
qO KeO ` rq` c= JOkOK
^ #=Ou r=< *u c= [#.
=$^ q~= "`#O (#<) <
10005000 =~ "~ qOz#
HO "~ ^K# #Q^ `Q@ Q
O^ " @` " \# ^H O
J@ #< [#. =` Lk
H# H OQ `O K# =~H
q#` PK# WO_ , "H W<
WO_ (~` < }O, ~` ` s)
=` Lk =i " ~ Q #
J=H# JOkOK @ OH O D
q#` PK## K~. g@x\`
@Q "n ^O =~H q^#O
" > PK# K < ~. P PK<
`= xOk. Z= # (
Q=~"O\ "~ Q=~ <). "" xH,
i ~^~H`` `= q^<`
JkH~ O`OQO ^ `` "~Q #
` ## JOkOK@O Jx D
x<^xH J~O .
H O^ =Ou=~O Hx =~ =~
^#=Ou Q` Hx <
H`O K# =Ou=~ =~ QOQ,
~ + # ~ M=OuQ
xqOK@O `HOQ Q=xOKO.
`# ~ |_\ ` HO`=Ok
ZO "CHO HH, OQ ~
Pi H i u x K _# P #
x~ x JO^ ~ Ja # OkOK~ .
P # =O^ K ZO` <
Ja#O^hO.
LO~O
WH _
Hx
q
~=<# Q=xOKe. "^\ k
#~O^" n `# J#K~ #, q=~
# _ `# H O^ `x #_
f~ ` O ` $ i z O
JO^<~. P# q=~ "^@
J= u L<~. H~}O Q`
`O J=OaOz# x~H O. D
q^" # P# qH} ^~}, # @
P#H L# ^$ _` O, ^ ` `e~.
#, *f ^` =i q^j
q^< JkH "`O H \~OK@O
^~ D q^#O =~ K~.
Hh q=~ Jk
i^ . sA \ H ` ` #
JO` Q #@Q q< ~. "
Wk \20 HH\ =K H^ J#k
=~z#@<~. s "*s` ZxH
~" O@ =z# ^ x, S^ ~A
> =K P_[@ ~k O\"_.
"^\ O=`~ # P@ "^\ ~A
O\k. "Q` <Q ~A P@H
"^\ ~A< kx~O [~Q`Ok.
J^q^O Q qQ` <Q O=`~
#` k O Ke# "\ H `e
O=`~O kx~ O [~Q`Ok. "_
K# =}# J= KO^
WOH <Q O=`~ L<~.
Jx\ HO> =YOQ ^xH uiy
[ P x xO =` x
L` [ i z, ^ u Q ` # = ~
L^=# K [#, ^O #
Q =~ # ` K < _
^iH~ . WO\ s q[
k O z# _ z# z# "
\ O KH"e# J=~O ^ .
[# 2015 E
`i ` ~
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
qi OKO_? q=~q?
(Z) J@q+< ~ i[#"+< J~<
\<~+< (a) XH HH< Z=
[<L# #Q~, @} =eH
^ q O_ K~ ()
WO^HO Hx #Q~ / @}
=`" H K~ (_) =h
BBIN\<~ qx~ g\OQ, kO
\< E< U~@ K~. BBIN
Q ^q?
(Z) |OQ^
(a) \<
() WO_ , < (_) = h
D HOk "\ Uk H~H?
(Z) NHDP : <+# " _="O\
* (a) DBFOT : _*<, a, <<
P~ \ \<~ () BOT : a, P~ \,
\<~ (_) =h
qHi U ^O L<~?
q=~ Uq\?
(Z) lOO (a) " F" @< (Mosi
~ ()Wk
oa Tunya)Jx P ^O
UNESCO =~ i>* O (_) =h
a@< H< Ze[` W\= Z=iH <\
H=O_~, ~qHi< P~~ WK~?
(Z) < s
(a) ^= K
() _ H >i< (_) ~ O^ =~
Ow#k U ^O LOk?
(Z) [<
(a) K<
() e ~< (_) |h
Q =x>*+< O ^# L^O
Uq\?
(Z) "@ = ^Q~# |OQ~x,
~ +<H f~=_O |OQ~O
HeyL# "iH P^O K~@O.
(a) 40 @# |OQ~O HiOK_O
( ) 350 = iOQ O@~
~OaOK@O (_) ~`^ O 22,000
@# |OQ~O LO^x JOK<
AMRUT
[# 2015 E
[# 2015 E
[# 2015 E
["| (E 2015)
1 - _
2 - _
3 - _
4 - _
5 -Z
6 -a
7 -Z
8 -a
9 -Z
10 - Z
11 - a
12 - _
13 - a
14 - _
15 - Z
16 - Z
17 - a
18 - a
19 - a
20 - Z
21 - _
22 - a
23 - Z
24 - Z
25 - _
26 - a
27 - Z
28 - a
29 - Z
30 -
31 - _
32 - Z
33 - _
34 - _
35 - _
36 - Z
37 - a
38 - Z
39 - Z
40 - a
41 - Z
42 - Z
43 - a
44 - Z
45 - a
46 - _
47 - Z
48 - Z
49 - Z
50 - a
51 - _
52 - _
53 - Z
54 - a
55 - Z
56 - _
57 - Z
58 -
59 - Z
60 - Z
61 - a
62 - _
63 - a
64 - a
65 - _
66 - Z
67 - Z
68 - Z
69 - Z
70 - Z
71 - Z
72 - a
73 - Z
74 - Z
75 - Z
76 - _
77 - _
78 - Z
79 - a
80 - Z
81 - _
82 - _
83 - _
84 - Z
85 - Z
86 - Z
87 - Z
88 - Z
89 - a
90 - Z
91 - _
92 - Z
27
^~}O
P^~xH uO
=~+ x JH l, ~
` JO^ ~ Q=xH K O k#
K`eQM J< XH #`# =^=,
J`" ~ `# W==# P~ }
|^Q WO\ XH =~Q ^_x
H\ OK=x HiOk. WO`=~ "i
WO\ D H~O ^. |~OQ
=q~# # XH ^~"@Q QiOz#
P =^ = H =lH K` < xH
=Q_ , WO@~+# O Jk<`
aO^ i^ k H ~ #Q^
~ ~ O ` @Q XH ~ _ " _
=~Q^_x _ P" JO^K ~.
=~ O @# W^ ~xH KOk#
Ow` P `# =OQ `x
`H@ \ WO\ =~Q^_ H\O zOk.
@O| =~ nxH `O
W=H~< P" ^$_ nH` D Hx
i KO k. =# O^ =[O
=OQ`xH L# ^#"q\
=#HO^~ `, W ~ |uH
L#_ =OQ `x f#O^
=~ O^~ O P" XH ^ `#<
Z^~= =Kk. Hh, WH_ P"
K# xH O`+Oz ~+ Qg}a=$k
Y =Ou OH* =O_ =~H |OQ~
`o@ # | H i Oz P x
` iOK~. ^ x #~O^ "_ K
~` L^=xH =# O^# D
~ L#k.
L~H``# PiHa=$k
=~=# PiH O=`~O =# ^
Pi H a = $k ~ @ L~ H ` ` #k.
OKO J`O` "QOQ Ja=$k
28
`~H =O`O
W\=e HO ^" O Q JH
=~ = O@ <#O H=_O
=#O^iH ^ HeyOzOk. J~`,
L`~YO_ ~` =`O ~<[
q^#O` D =# JkQq Oz =Oz
kQ|_# kOK~. Ju ~`#"#
D q^ #O Q |_ H $ u
uOQ L< _, ~ ` =M#
z~#=# K~Qh^. =O^Q
J D ~ J~O `O^O.
Ok ~ JO> < O_. J<*
JO> yO[. ~<* JO> <O_
~H yO[ JO`, 12 ~H xH
O@ Wk J#= Jx J~O.
Q D Jx~H O@# XH i
O_OK=K. K =Ok ~ ` JkH
kQ|_ HO ~# Z~=#
"_\xH `O^~ _`~. J~`
[# 2015 E
H< K#
^#=Ou
# ~ O^ " _
W\= ==
^~ HO ` H
H< K# #
~ O a O K~ .
^ O x Jh
^ ~
^ ~ <
H O^ ` xiQ i K D K#
~ ` O|OkOz# Jh OH =
^ H , H~ H = , O @
x }` , K # ,
Of + ==`~. 247
q^#O ~= D K#
~ ` O^ # f~ O _
LO@Ok.
[# 2015 E
^ P~ H~` x"kH
D O=`~ SH~[ qu
"i, Z U F
''O K P~
H~` x"kH2015 " 27
=
` n #
q_^~Ok. nx H~O, OK
"O Q iy# P~ ^~ =#^O
=`O J^ ~ ue OK^ .
=#^O 1984-2013 O=`~ =^
HO JkH P~ kQ=`#
K Ok. D x" k H H ~ O ,
=#^O ^^ 194.6 qe#
=Ok +H ~ O` L<~. Wk
W\H O KO Ju ^ ^~
OY ~ O_= #O L#k.
WO` = ~
=#O U^ <
L` ~ O
K <, XH
i # "~H
K\H |H K
<, P "= =Kk.
WH |Ok =#WO\H =K
g\x fH `~. JO` H^, WO_
_~O\ "i q=~` =#
L`~ , i Q=#O K~_ O
U u L< _ `H=K.
nxHO \\ H#h O XH
"~# ~Ok#k. =O^Q D
q^<x =~+, Q" " _
`<~. i P<-< |HOQ
H~ O _ LO@Ok. =O^Q }
D q^<x Q`HOQ =K
O |~ ~Oa~ .
WH P^~-< H~ J#O^#O
^O
P^ #
"i < (i
<O\ JHO\
<O|~) H~`
P^ ~ H~ #
J# O ^ #O
K H
~O= ~Ok.
nx= K@q ~^" # PiH "^g#
JiH@_ O ` @, ^OQ < H~ #,
# ZQ"` ^~# QiOK_xH _
L Q _ `Ok. WH H`Q <
H~H O ^~M K < "~ ^~ M
~ O P^ ~ < O |~ # _
iOK= =Ok. W\H #
Ke # "~ `= # KeO K#
WH P^~ <O|~ _ W==e
LO@Ok. `= q=~ Hk\
=~` ~ O_, JO`H< Z= <
H~ # Ok# "i P@ H\ O K_xH
WH | "\H H~ # *s K~ .
`^Q `= P^~ <O|~# `=
i il~ #"^ K~OK
HH ` , WH , 30 ` O #
qkO# Q~=`~.
[# B+k Lk
a. ~ , UO. ~ K k q#
q^~ Lk He [
`O =~\ ^~ H<, 60-70 `O
` = ^~ }=~ =O^#
JO^K
_xH H O^ `O `~
^"OQ 1000 [# B+^#
~OaOK##k. HO^ Z~=,
~< =Ou < ~* J~ D
q+x `eK, "`O "~
B+^ # XH~A ~OaOK_xH
u< =<~. "^@Q 2008
~O= ~# D [# B+n
q^#O H~ \ H iqu =y#
=Y HOh ` s =O^# J"
~<` z# HOhK ` ~
K~Oz ` = ^~ [ JO^@
H `K q^<xH jH~O K\O k.
[# O^H=~O
29
P
`~ =i PQO
Q` Hx ^Q =#^O `~
K< ` <, =#^O
[<` _ x`
O|O^# <~ `#k.
W~^ =^, ^=`O
XH |O^O Q xezOk.
K # ^ HO
[< J"iH "i
K@O< LO_"e
=zOk. nx` Jb#
PK## =#` "iH
^~O iyOk.
<, H~, <[~, \\
=i <H He
O KO "^\ iQ
PQ ~*# J"iH,
~ HO #O_ q_Q
Jb# q^<x XH HQ
~OkOK~.
= 1962 i ~
^xH ^i fOk. J\#O_
~ ~O J#=H= iy W\H D
i^ q"^O W~ ^ O|O^
^ P`OQ< L#k. ^|u#
^ HH ^` O|O^# K =~
"~Q iz<, K^~=^~Q
i^ Q_=, XH~ =~ ^
i ^ H J#=u O_
KK=_O =O\q [~Q`<
L<~, i ^ L^ H #
OK`< L<~. J~}K ^
`#^#x K< "k< L#k. H
PHq` Hj~x K< ^`` K#
QO `# ^# K< "i<
L#k. J^ q^O Q, =# *f "
^|u< q^O Q Kh g *s
q=H ` , Hx Hx ~ g#
x~HiOK_O K < L<~. =# ^
i^ K@ =<~ #O_ H<
=~ K@=\ =## J+ kQO^# O
K x K< u# @ J#=<
<~. W_, `~ P "
^#qz<, JH_ ^` =#
O|O^# =iO` \ + ~ K<,
P O`Ox J`O` H= O`" # ^O
[# 2015 E
=# @ `$ `O K `#_ Uq
[#= J<k J ! D
q+ x `Q ijeOK =O^, XH
i =# ^$+x =o^" .
t= ^ q^#O `#
PiH, q@s Oux P^xHHiO
Kx P "^@Q [< XH
"Q HQ J=`iOzOk. ~#
^O F_Oz `# _ t=~O
x |" # ` = #=x
x~OKOk. K< # _ 1919
#O_ 1939 =~ [iy# ^
F_Oz, `~ P XH |"#
HQ J=`iOzOk. O K ^O
[~h `~# ~_, <\ q`O,
WO_<
, OQ ~, =<~
Oz, _z, WOy+ "i <#
F_Oz `# Pk` x x~OKOk.
J~` ~ O_= O K ^O J"iH
"i J} O| `H_H z<a#"< ,
`~ "` |_^ #O_ uiy K x H
H Q, uiy i H#
_Q@
x =~ 1960 <\H XH
Pi H = H Q J=` i OzOk.
ZHxH, P\" =i, PH
u~Qx HQ xezOk. K<`
<, =#^O [< ` _ x`
O|O^# <~`#k. W~^
=^ , ^= `O XH |O^O Q xezOk.
=YOQ a\+ "i # "i ^=#
hux u\OK_O [< "~
=# JO^K# H~
=~=xq. <`r + KO^,
P# ~` *f < x (INA) H
"~ JO^K# O J##=.
J^q^OQ [< "~ _ `=
`~ #O_, \H ^< ~ \|#
XH ~f <=i `# f~
[< "~ Q_Q <~ _^ x
K_O =~=^. K# ^
HO [< J"iH "i K@O<
LO_ "e =zOk. nx` Jb#
PK # # =#` "iH ^ ~ O
[# 2015 E
PQ ^` O|O^#
~` q^j q^#O H# @@O
P~H~" ! `~ "` ^^ "^@Q
1990 `~ P O`
^$+ ^#`# O`iOK#k.
J~# \ H U" Hx <
~ @# ` ~ # q^#O "QH
~^. |, H<, K<`
Z^ ~O@# = nxH g
HQK^"! =~ =@ PQ
~* =# PH~} _ nxH
`_~Ok. < HO #O_ Common Wealth XH ` U#Q Q
J~Ok. ~` q^j q^# H~
^~OQ L# JO`~f OH
Z= q`", =# ~Q#
[~ Q ` # ^ # =~ #/
i}=# \ OKH^. `~
P ^#O |OQ^ , =<~
` =# Q_ # O_ ~O= =`Ok.
K< , [< , Hi# K~ HH=O^,
=#O =+
, OQ ~, WO_<
,
^O _, ", HO_ =i
q`O ^# JkQq OKe. [<,
Hi =#^O ` L# O|O^
=# K < ` L# O |O^ `
q` O H=. J" iH ^ $ +
=#^O P K< \ J~`,
=OQe O\ ^ `= O
= $k, PiHa=$k HO =#^O "
K< ~. `~ ^` O|O^
"~Q~ KH=_O JO>, P ^
*f P# Q=xOz, Ou
`OQ "\` Y`#, H~x
k O K _ O . nxH J# i OKe#
q^#" =O>, ^ O $u, "}[
P "~ "~ H^ Jx qOz,
OHOQ =# P# H_
H=_O. Q` O=`~OQ ^ # =Ou
"_ KO k _ W^! ~` *f
P # =QOQ i~H < , K< `
O|O^# =iO` "~Q ~K
32
JO` H^ , ` O ~ , =^
P <H# i` = _
H < OQ ` O "iH ZO`
J=~=.
"_H D q+ O +O Q
` . JO^ H < P # ` e ,
^ H } ` ~ O` O #,
PQ , `~ P i^
q+ O O ^ #=H#
`~[<~. "@"^\ Q P#
<# O^iOz#_, W~ ^
L=_ JO " # ^ O Q iOz
=\_~. \<, jOH _
=# ^ # J#O^# JOO |k["
J~Ok. nxH `_, [<, Hi,
=OQe _ W^ ^~}. K<
_, =O^Q =O_ q^<x
q W`~ q+H "_O
[iyOk. Wk XH =O =`" ! =#
^ #=Ou O^ = =^O
L# n= ~* O^~# L^O
H =O =# *f P H" Qx
Of Pk`O HO H^. J^
q^OQ `~ P` O|O^
JO>, t= # x~H O K _O
H^.
~` ^ x J"iH YO_
`, =YOQ J"iH, H#_
ZO` q[=O`O J~Ok. #,
[~h` _ =# PiH OHuH
O |O^ # =iO` | i K~ .
O^ OH# KkOz P#
W* ` =# O|O^# =iO`
\ + iK~. Jx <, W~<, W~H,
i ^` Q O|O^# ^#
J" iH = _ O_< \ +
iKO^ ^~OQ =O^ "~.
O Q KO>, t= O|O^#
\ + ~ K< P# `~ ^ "
uiQ~.
[# 2015 E
^a=$k " ~f `
W _
<\ ~` Qu x KOz
Z_ ^O =ke "o#"ix
^ Ja=$k #O
Q=# K x
QuOKO^ "
~f k= XH "kHQ
xezOk.
HO` HO H`O q^
~ _ # ~f
^xH @O| #
O ^ K< ^=
#O LO_Ok. J~`,
`* Q}OH H~O
WC_ P <x =#^O
PHqOzOk.
g@xO\x qOz "
~f ^xH,
`=# ^xH =^
$^= "~^Q
x<~.
H^ . Z \ #OK
~f OK ^# K\
=< L<~. J~`, ~f
O`uH KOk# "~ q^ ~
x" O U~ ~ K H=_ O , "
~fQ rqOK_O =`O
W\= HO K@ K # #`#
i}=O. XH 150 O=`~ "#H
"o K, ~f = Hx,
< }# QiOz a\+ = "^
Lk H O "ix P H , "
WO_, JQ, O^ ==^x
n f "~. P `~`
~f PiH [< PtOz
L`~ J"iH, ~, PQ P ,
=^ K ^, `^# O`~O L`=
q^ HO t= ^ `~e =_O
~O" O k. WH ` xH = W_
O K O U = K <
~f! ~f Q =K~
- OHuH (S \) g}O, *`
PiH =$u, =~ O K ^#
ZO`Q< PHi < ~.
Pk XO^ HiQ
q^ "o# "~ J<H W|O^
Z^ ~ <~ . J< H H
J#q OK~. F =OH Z_`Q x s~
= =~ =OH `# "~O@ Z=~
x XO@i `#O, W XH =@
K O> ^ ~ ~
rq`x
J#qOK~ JO\ pH\ ~A
"iH "~ JO_Q xeK~. "i
"iH Q q O ` @, ` =
O $f, O^ L# qO
"ix pH\ Q_ ^\OK~. JO`\
J@_Q ~ #Oz OQ
E qkeJ< H = ^
~f W@ i#, J@
PiH,, ~[H ~OQ Pk`
~H K~<~. W_ #
~# J<H ^ `s O`uH
KOk# "~ ^k <` ~.
`O OK ^xO\
# He =~ 20 qe# =Ok
" ~ f L<~ .WH _
L<~, JH_ ~ J# `_ O_
QO JO`\ " ~f
L<~. z=~ =OK =~`
H|_# L`~^$= (Pi\H) H#_
O`# `~ PH #Oz
= =z# ~f O`uH KOk#
=H L`~ J"iH J O`xH
KOk# OK~ *u x q" =_
JH _
~
x" O
U~~K<~.~@ HO F
KH\ Juk Q$x x~<~.
" ~f H =~#,
^ O $f O^` "iH
Q J#|O^, O^= |O^x,
|x =# ^O K HO @
QiOK< ^.H=O XH ^xH
=O^ #OK " ~f H
=~ " Q H = K~.
~ f O, ~ ` ^ O $f,
O^ U^ `ex =`,
== ^ F Q JO` H
^Q<~.~f ZH_ L<,
ZH_ ~ _< Z\H ~f.
O K ^ L# "
~f# WH_ P~ J"@,
WH _ + , WH _ O w` , #$`
O $`, WH_ O_Q, ~f
`` O , WH_ q= `= `=
=` H\ _<~.=^H
@O| =# " ~f
~f` =^~OQ xOk.
J^ = O J< H O $f,
O^, qa# *`, Z<
=`, qo` =[O #Oz =z<,
O K =O` XH @O|O, =^H
@O|O J< =# WK ~}` "~
O KO ZH_ L< JH_ i~
34
" ~f k= ~O"Ok.
e`OQ, "~~ YO_ rq#
" ~f, ~f O`uH
KOk# "i =^ Z< [#H~
Q= X^ U~_~. J^
=O ~` ^O kOz#
Qux KOz Z_ ^O =ke
"o# ~ ` =` a_ # ^ Ja=$k
# O Q = H"x
QuOKO^ _ " ~f
k= XH "kHQ xezOk.
[OQ ZH_< , U ^O
J~< ZO`\ L#` uH Ki<,
J= -<# " H"
i`~. JQ, q^ L<
~f, "i JH _ ZO`\
q[O kOz<, ^O QiO
H" i` LO\~. "
~f, ~f O`uH KOk#
"~ JO^O@# ~~, "iH
a # Q~= =~^ =#, =#
^ xH ZO` Q~ " x ` z
_`<~. =# < U ^O
"o< JH_ " ~f#
H=_O, "i` ="O H=_O X#
P#"~fQ =Ok. D H=O<
Q` O=`~ HO ^# =Ou
#~O^ "_ J<H OK ^
~\OK~. U ^"y< ..ZO^
He_< .. Q_~ h `e q
~ u x, J#@ Q JH _ "
~f`, ~` O``H KOk#
"i` ` HOQ =" =~.
~ ~ Q~ = =~^ # Wz
K <~ . " ~ f
^#`# W_ JO^~ Qi < ~.
^a=$k W_ " ~f
^ # Q=~.
[# 2015 E
q^
x= O K
~f =s =YOQ J"iH,
WOQO_, H#_, t= P,
^ Q ~f J`k
~` ^O`
x` O|O^# H#y< ~. ~
, `e `O_ ^OL#
" ~ ` "i J= ~ _ | #
O`<~. HO` HO H`O =~
q^ ~ _#"~ ^xH,
^Ox @O| O
"`O K< ^= #O xezOk.
J~`, `* Q}OH H~O W_
P <x =# ^O PHqOzOk.
JQ q^ L# ~f Z
_ S @|_ @_O#
=O^<~. JQ "i K =Ok
JH_ H~~\, | *u O
HH ^= L<~. ~` ^O
L`u
H~H K> `= xK #
O x~O f< KQ
JkH~ ^ L<~. JQ,
~ ` ^ O @ | _ H O
ZO`Q< Z^~ K# ~OQ
@ | _ > x~ #
=KQ u L<~. `^~ =#
^ PiH == =O^_ Q "O^
K^H HQ x|_`<~. g@xO\x
qOz " ~f ^xH,
`=# ^xH =^ $^=
"~kQ x<~. JQ "
~f ~` ^ [<
i ~ H } JH _ ` `
OkO [i # e `
kOK Q~. Z< U J#= O`
JH_ ` `= ZO\
[# 2015 E
=@ "ix =O` =Q # KO k.
P q^OQ<, "~ `= q^
rq< , JH_ xK < , =~ ^O
~ HeyL<, WH_ ~`^ O
L# "i< q^ L#
~f _ J^ =`$ q @
==# OK<~.JO^H "
~f ^# =Ou #~O^
"_x W_ XH ~H _Q K< ~.
Quj"# P# O QO, P# eH
, "= ^$H^O H jOQ
=i ~` ^ qo` Ja=$kH
^^O K~. `^~ ~` ^O
O K "kH `#^# L#` <xH
uiy K~ O@O^x q < ~.
J"iH Q<, H#_
_ " ~f ^ # =Ou
#~O^ "_H J~ Q`O eH~.
x*xH , H#_ ~f =O^
O=`~ Q XH ` H ^#`
Q =[OQ rq<~.J`O`
H+ ` ~ " # ''H=Q@ =~ ~A
H #_ t= f~ O`xH ~f
Q O_ xO_ ^ ~ O, ^ =
~# q# =~g x i`
K~ <~. Wk Q`xH O|OkOz#
q+ O. WH ` xH =, WC_
H #_ ~ f ` = H
=~ #, =#g q=#
x~ O K x J` O` Q~ = h
=[OQ QiO O^~. WC_
H#_ [< ~f O`uH
KOk# "~ WOK qOKQ kH
=~ , JO>, P ^ [< =_
` O L<~ . J Q P ^
~[H # H H qH #
+ < ~. =`Q W`~ ` L#`
^= L<~. D O=`~O ^ #
=Ou # ~ O^ " _ H #_
36
~` LOk. D <^ O y#
^# =Ou #~O^ "_ H#_
~ @#, O^~ O Q ~ O_ ^ =^
J<H XO^ O`H [iQ~.
WO^ J`O` HH "#k, J}
WO^ # X O^ O . ~## S^
O=`~ =# ^O J} WO^#
`sH J=~"# 3000 "\H
@# ~ xO ~ ~ KO^
H #_ JOwHiOzOk. D "~ L
^ =^ XO^O kiOk. XH _
=# J} WO^# H~H=x f=OQ
` \ # H #_ W_ D XO^O
O`HO K _O x[OQ XH Q
OK# q[OQ ~#=K#.
z=~Q,''XH ~f_ ~` ^O
q_z =K# Qh, XH ~f_
#Oz ~f`# q_f_O J
xH^. Z\ i`# ^O
H^, J# =@ ZO` =`O Ju
H H^. JH~ ` O. q^
L#\H ~f `= =`$
q @ JKOK, J"[ = LOk.
LO@Ok. Wk x[O. =` "iH
Q J#|O^O J#H} O "i QO_#
u"`Q ``< LO@Ok. Wk
"= O. Q` O=`~ HO K@
K# i}= "i #`#
L`* x, L`x kQ}H$ `O K~
J#_O# O^ O ^ . WH W_
D H =~#, D kQ}H$`
L`x H=OQ kxQO
Kx L `~HOQ =O^
Q_" HH JOO. =YOQ PiH,
=lH ~OQ Ja=$kH =iO`
# "`=~}x xiOKO><,
H# H H~O J=`~.
[# 2015 E
PQ
` #`# O|O^
`~# L# ^ @ =# ^~}
U < ^` ~`
O|O^ 2002
x~Oz# ~`- U <
q\` |_~. D
^ ~iQ
[H~x U <
H>i\ ~` HH
^ ` x~OK ~H
ZkyOk. WC_ ~`
Of =Q PiH
Q=O (P~D
) k
U< ^#, K<, ^H}
Hi, [<, Pe ,
#lO_ =O\ Q=
^# UH`\H fHx
~=_xH ` KOk.
O K PiH =~ O
<Q =O`# D ^ ~
^` K "}[
XO^O ki` Jk ~`H
^ q[OQ qOKe.
# =~ Oq OK~. q\
~ e# `~ "`, ~ O_ ^$ "
O KO JO`" # `~ "` PQ
^` ~` O|O^ =~`
=K~. 1991 `~ J#
q^<x ~` ~OkOKOk. ^x
W\= ''`~H OkOKO_ (H
D ) q^#OQ =~Ok.
PQ ^ =O_e(U <)
k ^O> JO^ Zxqk ^
i ~ K~ Q=Q ^
sj L<~. D ^` ^`,
"}[O, PiH, ~"} O|O^ =z#
i}uH ~` "Yi =z# =~
~ A=Q LO\Ok. P Q
^ ` ~ ` H ` ` ~ | _
J#|O^O LOk. J~` Jk P^ xH
HO ~[H , Pi H , =lH
=` H~ } OQ ~ O` ~ O
KOkOk. 1991 #Oz PQ ^
@ ~ ` " Y i =z# =~
H~ } OQ< XH |< < ^`
H~x `~=_O [iyOk. nxH
^ O_ , = q^ OQ
=O` =O^ ~Q, z~ H
q` _ # q `O ~ H
O |O^ # H#y = x g
WzOk. P Q =O_ e H
Hi < n H O, K < , [< ,
P e =O\ ^ # _
Q=# K `O "^O k.
WH PQ =O_e _
`# ` ^~} #Oz |@_ =i#
JO`~f i` J#Q}OQ
PzOK_O "^\ O k. 1967 D
U< ^O_, =,
OQ ~, e <, WO_<
=O\
J~^ ^ LO_Q, 1984 P~
~eQ |< KiOk. `O= ^H O
=^ QxH U <
k =OkH iQ~ . " ,
HO_ , q`O, q<~ (g\x
ZgZ" ^O\~) U<
`O f<~. J\ #Oz
W \ =~ U <
k=O^ L< W`~ ~Q ^`,
W`~ YO_x ^` x`x
OOkOKOk. J"iH, ~,
Pe , #rO_, ^H}
Hi,
[<, K< =O\ ^x qk ^ `~
P tY~Q = " O 10
37
U< ^` @ ~` _
O K Ok. nO`@ 25
^ # U < Of
^ ~` _ QqQ LOk.
U< ^ ~H} =O` XH
|$O^OQ U~__O , Of ~H}
,
~H} O|Ok` ==~ K~
[~_ xH ~` HH ` +OzOk.
nxH `_ D ^ PiH =O``
tY~Q ="# x~OK_xH
~` K~= fOk.
U < ^ ` ~ `
O|O^ 2002 x~Oz# ~`-
U< q\ |_~. W"
U < ^ ~iQ [H~x
U< H>i\ ~` HH
^` x~OK ~H ZkyOk.
~` "}[ O|O^ U <
`~ P ^ =O^HK~.
JO^ ^H} Hi, [<, OQ ~,
=, ^O_ =Y"#q.
U< ^ =^ K "}[
XO^O ~O_ ^~Q `~"u
H=O Jx ^ P"kOK~.
2014 =, @|_ ~OQO
K "}[ XO^O O`H
K~. nO` = ~OQO |OQ
LO__O H~}OQ D XO^O #Oz
~` Z= a O^ J=HO LOk.
W_ ~` Of =Q
PiH Q=O (P~D) k
U < ^#, K< , ^H}
Hi,
[<, Pe, #rO_ =O\
K~ Q= ^# UH`\H
fHx ~=_xH ` KOk.
"`OQ OK PiH =~O
<Q =O`# D ^ ~ ^`
K "}[ XO^O ki` Jk
~`H ^ q[OQ qOKe. WH
U< ~# q<~
*=O <H#_O ~`H <uH
~ x WOk. K< _ ^H# K<
38
[# 2015 E
~^ < q^ <x P e =~
H=_ O ` P ^ O H jH
QqQ =i~Ok. Q, [
" ~ O Q ~ ` J= ~
f~_xH Pe =O^HOk.
Pe ` ~` "Y i =z# s
=~` =# ^ q^~, "i
g ^ @ " _O` @ P
^O ~f ` ~` O
HeOK ~H ~O_ ^ =^
O|O^, O^" iy~.
#rO_` _ x` O|O^
U~@ KH=_xH ~` PH
K`Ok. ''H D x qi OK
H=O 2012 #Oz 16 ^#
H n ^ ~ " ` =s
`HOz ~f JkHOQ L#
r` =# ^O ^HH K~#
==~O KO k.
D 'H D ~ O_ ^
W\= =yOk. `O <\#
q` < ` ~ ` < _ #
J#qOk. W_ PQ
^ =O_e, U < @ 'H D
x ~` 'H D Q
=iOk. W U<` kOz#
q[O` |OQ^ , ^O_, jOH,
q<~, \<, <` @
=#= Q L# 'cSZ"Z\
` q^j O|O^ ~` ^$+
HOnHiOzOk. J~` U< Hh
'cSZ"Z\ ` Hx J<H =
<~. JH= =#= ~"}, =^H
^" ~ ~ , PiH LQ"^O =O\
J<H " =O^<~. q<~
g^Q PQ i^ `~= _O`
Hx = L<~. ^q HOQ
Q "#H|_# D O` <~Q
OKO` J#O^#O H=_O`
=Oz` @ K_ _ Z"
Jx Ke. =<~x u F_
[# 2015 E
~ =# ~` ~"} [< HO
qxyOKH"x qOk. H^<
#n =~O ^~ q*~" ~ ^iH
~ ~"} Kx qOk.
` O iQi #O_ `# =~O `
e Wk K KH.
WH `O`O =z# <\
#Oz H` J~"= ^a #Oz
|OQ^ ` =`_ =K~ =~#
uiy `~" x ~` ` "^
\O k. |OQ^ g^Q ~` ^ #
QO #Oz PQ O`
~"} Ju KHQ LO@Ok. Wk _
g HO< H~O H#Ok. =
HO =O^<\ q` ^# \<,
< =O\ ~Q ^` O|O^
# "~Q ~H=_O JO> Jk
^ H = < ^ $ H ^ O ` ~ `
=O^H `Ok. ^H}
Of
H~ =O_e ^Q L#
<, \<, q<~, |OQ^
=O\ ^` ~` W\= ^~#
"\~ "< XO^O QoH
Of =Y` O`iOKOk.
`~ P ^` =^
=~ O|O^ _ HH"#q.
~` x D i^ QO J`kHO Q
~ `, J~}` xO_ LO__O `
=^ =~xH =Y` U~_~k.
q<~ ^O_ _ "@~
F_~ =x xiOk. nO` D O`O
^# PiH H~H HO^OQ
=~`Ok. WH J"iH JO_^O _
JOk# PH Hi_~
~` H jH ` +Ok. D
* ~` #Oz |OQ^ g^Q
q<~, ^O_x He ~ ^ix
xi~ . D Hi_~ ~ ^i x~}O
i J~`, =z# `~ "` g J#
q^#O J=H = Ou ~`
L# D ^ =^ ~@ `H_
W|_=|_Q iy=_O MO.
`~ P ^` ~`
^`, "}[, W`~` O|O^
<~ _ xH J#OQ L# JO
WOw+ =\__ O ` @, O $uH
~ O _ H e = O k.
@|_ _ XH " HO_ ~ O_
" =OK#<~. D ^
~f HOh _`# @|_
"`xH, =# ^O P ^
@ | _ = #OQ L<~.
H O^O #`# `O K< HO_
^H} Hi, [< ^ `*Q
@|_ @_xH =YOQ LOk.
K< J`#` DF ~f
"} [ =~ i` " Y iH
=Q~. @|_ @_xH
PHx H#~~. W\H K< ~`
P^ xH =eH H ~ H #
@|_ @_O` @ ~O_
iqH ~ U~@H =O^
HzOk. D ~O_ ^ J`#`
~ H~~\ HOh ~`
U~@ K ~ #Q ~ ,
~=~} J# q^` L`^#
PHQ L<~.
P q^OQ 'H D
=_ ^ ' H D Q
~ O` ~ O K O k.. H jH O Q
=O^ "_xH ^OQ LOk. D
q^#O kOz# q[# ~`
O KO =~ =< kOK^ .
WH U < ^` O|O^
XH K<` ` `OQ LO_
`<~. J~` U< ^`
O|O^`< ~` i@HO_
=iO`Q qiOK_xH `#
==~O KOk. K# ^O
=y# `~ "` ~` `#H `~#
L# ~Q ^` `O|O^#
U~~KH=_O kOz# q[O
WH_`< PyO_ =ix J=H
J<+}H `~ O k.
39
E 1425 =~ Q^=i +~
+~H J# <=O ~ O_ ~
~=@O H=@O Q=xOK^Q q+O .
~[ < x + ~ f~ O
|O LOk. ~= t=_ f^q
qQO = [[~e# Hh~
=h~ Jx k =OzO^@
WH_ +~ xH [O J# J~O
J#~O k. +~O ~ `=YO.
^x Q}O JO`\ =OK@O.
|$ ux #=Q
JkuQ `K\xH H~}O J`_
'Q~#O. Q~= JQQ}_,
Q WK"_ H|\ XHH
~t "tOKQ< XHH #kH
+ ~ Q O H Q ` Ok. W
<O_ ~ ~\ LO_@O
= <O_ #^ }f~Q
=i +~ \xH `~ O k. =m
Q ~ _ P~t " t OK \ xH
< O_ O=`~ H"e. XH i
+~ QO \ # #k #O K
Jx \OK=`x
[# 2015 E
[ qO. K ~Q =#
#=H O ` [ ^ ~ O Q
^#^ ~ K ~ . H ^ `
`$H~ x~~. <O_
~A ^H +~_, ^=`
ky=z P #n [# h` O
K~ . H|\ qQ` #^ _
+~ #n=YOQ =~.
+~O < O_ XHi
~=@O = PH=#O XH
H=#OQ
* ^ $ +
xez~Ok. +~ <a+`
^O # = #Oz [#O^O
`~e ~=@O [O. , =`, *u
^ =~z < K @O XH
^$H=OQ ~@ q~.
~f O $ux a#`O
UH`xH D # @O XH ^~ }O
O\k. Q~_ (|$u) O
~t 1407 2015# L^O
6.26x. " #@ OKOQO
K|`Ok. ` ^t "^ ^H O_
~A^H Q^=i =+~
[~ Q `~. = ~R < H ,
`OQ}, ^KO, PO^^
H=~ , ~[=O_ =Y
}f~=.
+~ ~OO #O_ O=
`~O JO` Q^=i #n f~=x
= f~= ~ ^=`, ^ ,
`$ ^=` x=t~ . Q^=i #kH
=`" JO` +~ \~ .
qye# U #^ JO` +~
JO`Q \OK~. Q^=i =
[# 2015 E
x~ Z_@~
+~ ~OQO ^" O k. 12 U
XHi =K D +~# E
< H ^` [~H=_xH
~R [ #^= =`<~. Q`O
2003 O=`~O Q^=i +~
=K~. Di =K +~ 144
O =` ~ XH i =K
=+~ H=_O` =iO`
"=OQ D q` H~H=x
x~<~. +~ =O
+~#^ #O K @O J`O`
}^O. +~#k #O K
`$ ^=` O_ ^#O K @O
O ^ O. Q^=i + ~
O=`~O Q^=i O`O "~
L## q" = K _^ .
Q~_ O~t L#O`HO
H ~= K _^ .
=<#_ Hhqx Z~Qx
q^O Q Q^=i +~ x~OKO
^ ` O qq^ Ja = $k
^ H# K # k. O^
O $u q`OQ iQ}O K U_
J_Q# `, U_ w``
=~`# ~` K<
O|O^
~ ` - K <
O |O^ W^H
Ki``H i}= O^~ O . D ~Q
^ `* L`O, H, $[<`H`
O H O Q #` # ^ H
"t < ~. `eiQ `qk <
==k D P kQ [ ^
Jk<` ~ ~ ^ ~ \OK~.
W~ ^ ~ ~ H~xH Jq`
Hx ^iOK~. Wk Pq~q#
P ` x H XH O H ` O Q
xOk. D U_k " 14-16 `n
~` ^ #=Ou #~O^" _ K< x
=_ #Q ~ - H < , clOQ ,
OQ [i# ~ @# J<H q^Q
J=#"#kQ LO@ ~O_ ^
=^ J<H OH+"# =#
i+iOKO@, ^ HH O|O^
|`O H=_xH ^^_ ~ k. D
~ O_ Ju ^ P ^ OH
[< O K [< =_ =O`Q,
r_ 12 \e< _~H | _ LOk.
2014 K< J^ _ l<O Q q $`
~ @#` ~ O " # ^ H H
[# 2015 E
[# 2015 E
~ ` `xH L# = ` H
J#=Hx `yOKe# ^` P
^x^#x "_ H~YO_Q ~<~.
PiH q^#O- `e ^$H^O
D JO `# q^#
"_ @OQ H\ OK_O ^~
~O_ ^ =^ O|O^ K_
=_", ^| u< J=H" LOk.
J~` D `* ^ ~ } i H ` H
~H+Q LO@ q^ L< ~
Pi H ~ O Q |O^ # |` O
KO@ JOk =z# J=H
W^ ~ i = # ~
JO^ H=_xH \ _ i u x
U~izOk. nxH =eH H~, ~
#Q~, ~ , O $u, < }a=$k,
JO`iHO , "`=~} =~ =O\ 24
qa # ~ O Q ki# X O^
x^~ #OQ xeK~. H=O ` O_
tY~Q ~ = " # ` ~ K
x~ W~ ^ =^ ^HH
O|O^ =iO` q $`O H=_xH
K<x KOQ, ~`x K<
~ ~ H~ ` ~ " x
x~~ OK~. WH ~`- K< O|O^
H` J_QQ P ^ ~ =^
<~ Q O|O^, K~ , @|_
=O\"\x <~ H=_xH K *O_
T~. WO\ ="x `eQ
"_ P^ ~O clOQ "kHQ ~`
#Oz =~+ =Y=Ou ^"O^
_ q, Q*~` =Y=Ou P#Ok<
> =O\ =Y=O` `
x~OK~. 2015 " < W~
^ <` =^ [iy# ="O
^ HH O|O^ PiH [<H
^ @ " x W@ ~` , J@
K< q +` U~_ `
_ W^ q+ x i Q } #H
44
[# 2015 E
[# 2015 E
n~ H O: JO`~f H~O
~ ` - K < O |O^
JO` ~ f H}x Pq+ i
"`=~} =~, LQ"^O, |
"}[ XO^, OHO L#
t=, Px< Of
H~ =$kH }oH ^O K~.
LQ"^O ~ `H ^#`
O`iOKHQ, JO`~f LQ"^O
=Q ="O K~# `i`Qu
i K# ~` "^## K<
=iOK##k. Px < H~O
q+ O =< < O Q `
O f # K~ = , K ~
e `# Of, O K <^ O
Ju g O Q i jeOK # <~ .
Z<, aH, r20, ZF =O\
| ==, O W~ ^
=#O`, ~~ H~O`
==iOK#<~.
K< ~` ^x "_
~ @# O^~ O "`=~} =~
~~ H~O JOkOKH=_O
K# OH H@ # 2015 _O|~
i "`=~ } =~
x~OK tY~Q ="O W~
^ =^ L# q^ # `yOK
O@ JO`~fOQ XH XO^xH
~=_xH H$+ K x x~~ OK~.
D ~O_ ^ Q=O ~
Ja=$k< ^$+ iOzOk. #~
L`` q^` ~OQO K # L=_
XO^ nxH x^~ #OQ x~.
D OH H@# W`~ ^`
He =# "`=~} XO^xH
~=_xH , L=_ Q , = Q O Q,
q [h#, = ` ` ` D U_k
z=~ i x~OK U 21,
Q` zx O H O Q
x~OK_O =O\q ^ HH O|O^
#O He W~ ^ [ =^
O|O^ ZO` ^~O "`
~A= K~. " 15= `n# clOQx
>O "< ~`, K< Jk<`
=HO K< Q, ~`
` zx ^ i OK _ O `
L`i ` "`=~}O <HOk. ''Wk
> O =< H=_ O ` WO\
H~H=x U~@ K_xH K<
^#=Ou f# K~=# <#
Ja#Ok< #. g~ ~x K~#
O> =# s~O, =# =```
LO_e. =# =# #, s ~x
=`` LOK_O Q Q`#O.
OKO u =< JO`$
~A O\Ok. D = # Jk Q
qOK_xH Q KH\ ^#=x
"_ J<~. ''K< Q
K _O, ~f `z K _O
K Q q+O. =# O $u
"~` =O`# "_xH Wq
KH\ =~. nx =#O =iO`
=O^H fHx "_ J<~.
~O_ ^ =^ O $uH "~k
x~}O QOQ OQx ^<
qq^O QOn, ~` J^ #
H O^x, ~` K< g_ ~" ,
<qOQ Q H U~@
K_O` @ nx HO <<
*f q q^O, ~f
O $uH =O_ e O H O Q
J^ #O K #<~.
=~" ~f J=~<^
u "~! H+ =#
~=~ ` HO OH+ =~O
}O K ^ `#Ok. "iH
=#= ~=~ ` J^# =~x
H Ox <^ Q O_
HeOK_xH W~ ^ XO^O
^~<~. Wk L`~ YO_ L#
eM H J^#OQ LO@Ok. <^
=~O ^~ ^" ~ _ `eHQ
}O K _O ^ O J=`Ok. D
H` =~O } H#, ^~x
Q}hOQ `yO K#Ok.
~ @H O , [ =^
J#|O^ gQ K< ~@
HO Dg " _`#@ ^ x
"_ H\ O K~. "_ K# H@
#`
clOQx uOQ qq^O
q^~ ZO` O`x =HO K~.
nx XH |=uQ K< q^OQ
=Ou "OQ Ja=iOK~. ''W^H ^
"~. D |=uH ~` ^xH
H$`[` Kx "OQ J<~.
2015 K< ~` O^~ # U_k,
2016 K< O^~ # H~H=O W~
^ =^ [ =^ O|O^
|` O J=` x Pt < ~ .
K #z`# _ O H O Q
xiOK< u^# _ ~ O_ ^
=^ U~ _ Ju x `
O|O^ ~H+Q x=##k.
K< f W_ \, H =O\ x=
H #Oz P^~} ~Q OHO Q
K# z` x~}xH jH~O K\# @
qOKe. =#H O``, q^
PH, @O| O^, =#g
q=` _# == # D ~ O_
P kQ* =^ O $uH "~k
|"# |O^x xiO ^x Pt^O.
[# 2015 E
=, qH" ` ^ O
~ ` OH = O HO =Q ^H #
= OH= ^H
QiOz `e* _xH
^^_ K~#
=Ou`Y fOk.
= O#
=~=O`OQ
J_H =_xH =<
O@~ U~@ =O\
q+ `e* _O
` L^O. `O
~O_= J_QQ ^H
~# a^~ K~
q^O Q K< ~.
=~= Q=
_ =K~x
qiO*<~.
J= K# `O =[O
= J#uH J=~^OQ L#
=# `yOK_xH uO k.
D k Q Q u OK ^ Q J_ Q
" ~## ~A =Oz e `#
PtOk.
} ` x"~}, P_a_
[xOK_x ` HO H` ~ `
=[O HO u` H "# H~H=
# x~<~. ^H ^~
J# =~ f ~=_xH ^
~O =K~O =`" HiOK
O_ ^H J= `xv K
# ik^ H$`xO` `O
LOk.=YOQ O|Ok` O`
[ PK# =~ `"eLOk.
QQ Qu k # O*, ~<,
Q[~` =O\ ~ _ }
`, ^~}"# q=Hi` eOQ
x+ u ` ` = ` = =` <~. D
= Q` O^~ ^$+iOz
#\H J=Q< O H~}OQ
[ HO W\H "zK_e
=Ok.
q^ , P~Q O, " xH
=O^, `~` `e, a_ O~H} [
PK# q^#O =~f~=_xH
b H$` K~ K@
_ xH ^H #
~OkOK~. D ^H O `@ a_
O~H}, ^` HO ~+# =^
*Q` fO@<~. ^H ^~
e` kOK_xH gQ =
OH = ^H QiOz `e* _xH
^ ^ _ K ~ # =Ou` Y
f Ok. = O #
=~=O`OQ J_H=_xH =<
O@~# U~@ =O\ q+
`e * _O ` L^ O . ` O
~ O_ = J_ Q Q ^ H ~ #
a^~ K~ q^OQ K<~.
=~= Q= _ =K~x
qiO*<~. nx=# ^H
a^~ K~ = gO@Ok. D
U_k XHH l #Oz XH =#
^HO HO^ ZOH K l =<
47
~< 12l ` H e
^" O Q 100l \ |K" \
_" ^Hx ^qHOQ J=
K<~. WO^ 87 l eOQ
x+u *f Q@
` =Q LO>
Zxqk l *f Q@ Z=Q
LOk. S^ l *f Q@
Z=Q LO_@O` @ ~Q`Ok.
O Q~`# = " H "#
=^`# =i x JOkO
[# 2015 E
#Oz 10 O=`~ = =~ Q
# QiOz "iH `y# q^OQ
"Q= O`" # O~H}
HeOKe.
K@O O^i# JO
K@O H` JO# O^
iK =O^ =Ou`Y "k =Ok
[ #Oz Ja# `Ok.
~ O_" r Ja# HiOz#
"~ =_ "~@ x}
~x Uk ^ " K~. =
` y O =_ PK # W
L<~. XH\ = `yOK=^x
Ja_` =~H\ =#
`yO Ke.. Hh `O `= JkH~x
` H } " qx yOK _ x
YO_~zOk. Z=~` 18 O=`~
= JkQq ~ J@=O\
A=< [ (**) ^~ H~ ^`
H~O `H}" * `~eOKx
=_ Ja O " _ O k. D
<^ O `O *HO K HO_
i ` # |\ =^ =~ x
J# i OzOk. A=< K # u
~"# H A=< H~ ikH
=O^ ^ ^ H~ ikH
=O ^ ije~ . x~iOK JkH~O
** ~ LO@Ok. ZO^HO> H
l , x} JO^ LO\~.
J = O Q L# i=O_
" _ =Ou` Y ^ $ +
iOzOk. <+# HO iH~ |~
H ~ O ~ H } H e #
^ 2001 =i 2013
=^ 22,333 ~ ^ #"^ ~.
D<^O =Ou`Y HO^ x
K # " |$O^# O
O |Ok ` iH~ q=~# ` x v
[# 2015 E
K<~. `O k #Q~ L#
K <# _yOKx =Ou`Y
K O k. =O^ #Q ~ U~@
K _xH }oH ~Ok< ~.
= =Oz Lk HeOKO^
^" O Q `O STEP (~ @
>x OQ JO_ ZO~"O\ QO ~
="<) ^Hx J= KOk.
=# z# QQ U~_ q^O Q
=` i z tH}
, ~} ^
^~ P Q ^ HeOK
#k L^ O . " # H | _ # =i
=O^y# eOH* ^~ |Q
L# Q < }O OOkOK<
tH} H~H=, Lk- P^O
OOkOK< H~ H= x~O
K_O ^H L^ O . tH} # "~Q ~ K
<O^ `_@Q =OkOK_O
LkH < i` # HeOK_O ^H
PO.
` ~ O Q O ,l
Qg} Ja=$k U[h, =Y,
H~ O 1860 \
il+ < H HO^, H~ O_O\ \
H HO^ #"^# KO^ O
D ^H x J= K~.
PiH O O^#<
"~ Qg} O` x K #
H~=~, O , U[h LO_e.
@} O`O "i ^ # H~O
LO_e. P x Qg} =,
@} ^, ~A"i, KeO
O^x Hi, = @O,
= Hi , yi[#,P ^
L#"iH, Z, Z @O,
^i^~ Y kQ=# L#"iH x~t `
Q K@ He~. 100`O
O JOkOK q^O Q, D q^#O
LO@Ok. *H |Ok, <Y~,
tH}$u,tH tH}, <}O
O#, |~K_O, tH} =i
L`^ H H O^, tH } =_
==, H-P~\" \ Q
U~_\xH `_@ JOk~ .
U*h #__xH HhO =_
#" ^ H|_ O |Ok ` ~ O Q O
J#= O Hey LO_e. eOH U[h#
Q i O z U~@ K _xH U[h
x=@ _ Hey LO_e. "i
JOK< `Q@
Q =#~ =i
J# = O ^~ * J=
K_xH ^ HeOKe.
J= K U[hQ XH" ``~
O ZOH~ #@~` P O H=e#
=eH ^ Hey LO_@O`
@ O|Ok` ~OQO OHuH
J#= O Hey LO_e.
*H# J= K U[h
PiH =` Q Hey# ^ ,
=#~ < }O =i <~" #
=~O Hey LO_e. xq^#O,
H~H f~ =i a^~
OY# |\ ~O_ #Oz <Q
O=`~ =~ Hiqu LO@Ok.
D^HO ^~M# u^#
~# #=< ~+O ^~ H O^
=Ou`Y Oe. u^##
_~ H~ , L"< JO_ K _=" O\
qx z~<= Oe. U*h
il+ < i H \ ux, =i O
H J+< JO_ H<H<
Pi H # , i O Q _ " O@ Q
=iOKe. H~=~ Hq\
49
Q=xH
"H~ K# : [# = uH " ~"~ `= " H x
r"H~ 6.5, J# 6.0 O\ > K O`, "` ux _ ` xiQ
g`O` [`K Oe. g `O Wk `= O` ~K# Jh, ^xH
J#"^= /J#H~}
H^x =`" HH, D "x =~ uH O^ /
H O Q =kOK^ Jx _ ~<e. "# l"H~, =i _Z
~\#, JQ xH_ >K =~ ~\# JO^K=K#.
~K# 15= `n g `O` Oe.
K ~}# <KHx " uiy O|_=. D q+ O ZO\ L`~
` `~ `=^ . "H~ Q=xOKQ ~.
x~ Z_@~
=Ou` Y + P~ \OQ [~ < (=^HO)` He
# (ZF) # Ja=$k K ~ ^~ H~H=O ~OkOKx NCPCR#
J= K O k. ~ + # D ZF =Ou`Y HiOk. XH " `O
W\H J= LOk. OH = O =O^ # " Jk Q q OK _ O
HO Ki``HOQ D ZF# ^ H ` y # ~ " H } H `
J= K x "#HQOn @^ ` ~ # su H~ H = x~ }
L<~.ZF J= K |_`# H=e# O`OQx =~O k.
~+#, KO^ O, K x~ Q J=~ f~e#_
K x` O Q =$u s ` q^
Q Hey LO_x `e~.
D + # K _ , x~OK =# QiOK_O ^
H, K < 1098 H =Q =~`Ok. D =`~
K q^O Q >e< ^ x He H~H=O J@_ Q# LO_"iH JO^
|` Hey LO\~. rq` H$+Ke. JO`Qx HO`=OkH
H` "Q xO_xH #~"xH JO^ K QQ [iyO^x qOK_O
W@=O\ ~+#` Q=xH iH^.Jx ~OQ $^ O` `#
KO^O H~=K. x H~ =O`Q `xH O JO^*
`~ _ # C_ ~ } , =#O PtOz# e` O^QO.
[ JnH$` O# J=`O ik^_ xH J=H _ LO_e.
K x _ P" H~~. WO^HO XH" _*< K# ~_= H~O
sZ`# K~O x~OKO^ ^HO xKH` `* =~
NCPCR # ~OaOz HK H@
# _ J#iOK=K. ~` ^O O\
~# U~@ K~. |-^$ `$`O Q ^O JO ^``
=} == ^~ _ H@
# f# #=<# J#iOz H~
K~. HK H < ~ U~@ ^ L`~ # x K #=~O ^ . XH
K~. `e^ O _ =^ "~Q # rq`x =Oz H O` D H` ~ O O
O^x <}x Ok H" "# QiOKO@ =`HOQ
"i r=<xH P^O OOkOK =O^_ Q " e.
[# 2015 E
Ja=$k =~ z
"~} q^` ^ H~H=O ~OO
[# 2015 E
51
KO^ q=~
1 O=`~xH ~. 100
2 O=`~ ~. 180
3 O=`~ ~. 250
52
[# 2015 E
Printed and Published by Mrs. Sadhana Rout, Additional Director General & Head on behalf of Publications Division, Ministry of I & B, Government of India
and Printed at Micro Offset Printers, 11-6-868, Red Hills, Lak di ka pool, Hyderabad - 500 004. Ph. 040 - 66750291 and Published at Yojana (Telugu)
10-2-1, F.D.C. Complex, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad - 500 028. Senior Editor : Vijayakumar Vedagiri, Tel : 23315288