Describe

the relationship between the structure of the

eye and sight
Contrast ways in which light rays are bent by concave
and convex lenses.
Identify types of corrective lenses used to correct
different sight problems (Example: convex farsightedness,
concave nearsightedness)

http://www.aoa.org/x6024.xml

http://www.tpub.com/neets/tm/106-3.htm

Vision begins when light rays are reflected

off an object and enter the eyes through
the cornea,
cornea the transparent outer covering
of the eye.
cont

CORNEA

The cornea bends or refracts the rays that pass

through a round hole called the pupil.

IRIS

The iris,
iris or colored portion of the eye that
surrounds the pupil, opens and closes.

PUPIL

The pupil gets bigger or smaller to regulate the

amount of light passing through.

LENS

The light rays then pass through the lens,

lens which actually
changes shape so it can further bend the rays and focus
them on the retina at the back of the eye.

Structure of the Eye:

Retina
Cornea Cornea
and Lens
Eyelens

There are two lenses in your eye, the cornea and the eyelens.
The cornea, the front surface of the eye, does most of the
focusing in your eye
The eyelens provides adjustable fine-tuning of the focus

The Eyelens:
Accommodation
The eyelens changes its focal length by
changing its shape. Ligaments pull on the
lens to change the amount of bulge

Eyelens:
Accommodation
Muscles contract,
ligaments relax, more
bulge, more bending
power, shorter focal
length
Ligaments
Eyelens
Muscles relax,
ligaments contract,
less bulge, less
bending power, longer
focal length

RETINA

The retina is a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye

that contains millions of tiny light-sensing nerve cells.
The images that we see are projected onto the retina
upside down. Our brain quite simply, flips the images
over so that we see things upright.

Structure of the Eye:

Retina
The
retina is the sensor or film of your eye.

Its layers do three things

Provide blood and nutrients (choroid)
Absorb light and convert to an electrical signal

(photoreceptors)
Transfer the signal to the brain (nerve cells)

Plexiform layer (nerve cells)

Rods and Cones (photoreceptors)
Choroid (blood vessels)

Light

Light

Structure of the
Retina

Nerve cells

Photoreceptors
Choroid

Photoreceptors: Rods and

Light is detected and
Cones
rod
converted to an
electrical signal by the
photoreceptors in the
retina. There are two
main kinds of receptors,
rods and cones

This is a false color

image, rods and cones
are not actually different
colors
cone

Photoreceptors: Cones

Cones are responsible for our

fine detailed and color vision

Cones are clustered near the

center of your retina, called
the fovea

There are 5 million cones in

the average retina

Photoreceptors: Rods

Rods are responsible for low

light and peripheral vision

They are present

everywhere in the retina
except the fovea

There are 125 million rods in

the average retina

Rods and Cones

Because of their different functions, rods and

cones are present in varying densities in the
retina. The blind spot is due to the connection of
the optic nerve

OPTIC
NERVE

The optic nerve transmits information to the

MACULA

The vitreous body,

body or macula,
macula gives the eye its
shape.

What are lenses?

Lenses bend light in useful ways. Most
devices that control light have one or
more lenses in them (some use only
mirrors, which can do most of the same
things that lenses can do).
There are TWO basic simple lens types:
Concave and Convex

CONVEX or

POSITIVE lenses will

CONVERGE or
FOCUS light and can
form an IMAGE.

http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/use-of-lenses-for-correcting-visioneyesight.html

By wearing a convex
(converging) spectacle lens,
the rays of light from a near
object are converged before
entering the eye so that the
cornea and eye lens can
direct the focal point onto
the retina.

Convex lens

The correct name for farsightedness is

Hyperopia.
Hyperopia The shape of your eye does not
bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred
image. A convex lens is usually used to
correct this problem.

CONCAVE or
NEGATIVE lenses
will DIVERGE
(spread out) light
rays.

http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/use-of-lenses-for-correcting-visioneyesight.html

By wearing a concave
(diverging) spectacle lens,
the rays of light from a near
object are diverged before
entering the eye so that the
cornea and eye lens can
direct the focal point onto
the retina.

Concave lens

The correct name of nearsightedness is

Myopia.
Myopia Myopia occurs when the eyeball is
slightly longer than usual from front to back.
This causes light rays to focus at a point in
front of the retina, rather than directly on its
surface. A concave lens is usually used to
correct this problem.

http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Exploring-with-Microscopes/Sci-Media/Images/How-lenses-magnify

In simple magnification,
magnification light from an object
passes through a biconvex lens and is bent
(refracted) towards your eye. It makes it appear
to have come from a much bigger object.