TM TT GII TCH 12

@. B tc v i s:
1. phng trnh bc 2: ax2+bx+c=0 vi x1, x2 l nghim th
ax2+bx+c = a(x-x1)(x-x2); =b2-4ac (=b2-ac vi b=b/2)
th x1, 2

b
b' '
x1, 2

2a
2
a

nu a+b+c=0 th x1=1; x2=c/a; nu a-b+c=0 th x1=1; x2= -c/a;

S=x1+x2= - b/a; P=x1.x2= c/a (l Vieet)
2. tam thc bc hai f(x)= ax2+bx+c
+ <0 th f(x) cng du a + x1 x 2 af ( ) 0
a0
a0
+ f ( x) 0
0
0

+ f ( x) 0

0
0

+ x1 x 2 af ( ) 0 + x1 x 2 af ( ) 0
S
S
0
0
2
2
3. phng trnh bc ba: ax3+bx2+cx+d=0
nu a+b+c+d=0 th x1=1;
nu a-b+c-d=0 th x1= -1; dng Hoocner
ax3+bx2+cx+d=(x-1)(ax2 + x + ) = 0
vi =a+b; =+c
4. cc cng thc v lng gic, cp s v lgarit:
cos x sin( x

); - sin x cos( x );
2
2

cos 2 x

1
(1 cos 2 x);
2

sin 2 x

1
1
(1 cos 2 x) ; 1+tg2x=
2
cos 2 x

1 cotg 2 x
1

1
sin 2 x

cp s cng: a,b,c, d = c b = b a
cp s nhn:

a,b,c,

c b

b a

I. O HM:
1. Qui Tc:
1. (u v) = u v
2. (u.v) = uv + vu
'

u'v v' u
u
3.
v2
v
4. (ku) = ku (k:const)
2. Cng thc:
(xn) = nxn-1

(un) = nun-1u

'

'

1
1
2
x
x

u'
1
2
u
u

'

1
2 x

'

u'
2 u

(sinx) = cosx

(sinu) = ucosu

(cosx) = - sinx

(cosu) = - usinu

(tgx) =

1
cos2 x

(cotgx) =

1
sin2 x

(tgu) =

u'
cos2 u

(cotgu) =

u'
sin2 u

(ex) = ex

(eu) = ueu

(ax) = ax.lna

(au) = uau.lna

(lnx) =

1
x

(logax) =

(lnu) =
1
x lna

u'
u

(logau) =

u'
ulna

II. KHO ST HM S:

1. Hm bc ba y = ax3+bx2+cx+d:

Min xc nh D=R

Tnh y= 3ax2+2bx+c

y' = 0 tm 2 cc tr hoc khng (nu c)

tnh y tm 1 im un

bng bin thin

im c bit (2im)

th (t)

* Cc vn c bit cho hm bc 3:
a0
y' 0

- hs tng trn D y ' 0

a0
y' 0

- hs gim trn D y ' 0

- hs c cc tr trn D y=0 c 2 n0 pb
- hs khng c cc tr y=0 VN hoc c nghim kp
- hs nhn im un lm tm i xng v tip tuyn ti y qua th
- chia y cho y d mx+n th thng y=mx+n l thng qua 2 im cc tr, nu xi l cc tr th gi tr cc
tr l: yi=mxi+n
- th ct ox ti 3 im phn bit th hai gi tr cc tr tri du.
- th ct ox ti 3 im pb cch u nhau ax3+bx2+cx+d=0 c 3 nghim lp thnh csc y=0 c
2 nghim pb v im un thuc ox.
2. Hm trng phng y = ax4+bx2+c:

Min xc nh D=R

Tnh y

y' = 0 tm 3cc tr hoc 1 cc tr

bng bin thin

im c bit (2im)

th

* Cc vn c bit cho hm t phng:

- t nhn oy lm trc i xng.
- hs c 3 (hoc 1) cc tr trn D y=0 c 3 n0 pb (hoc 1 n0)
- hs c im un y=0 c 2 n0 pb
- th ct ox ti 4 im pb >0; P>0; S>0.
- th ct ox ti 4 im pb lp thnh csc >0; P>0; S>0; x2 = 9x1 v s dng l Vieet.
3. Hm nht bin y

ax b
cx d

Min xc nh D=R\ d c

Tnh y '

y0
TC x d c v xlim
d c

ya
TCN y a c v lim
c
x

bng bin thin

im c bit (4im)

th

ad bc

cx d 2

(>0, <0)

- th nhn giao im 2 tim cn lm tm i xng

4. Hm hu t y

ax 2 bx c

chia bng Hoocner

x
dx e
dx e

Min xc nh D=R\ e d

Tnh y=

y' = 0 tm 2cc tr hoc khng c.

.d
mx 2 nx p

dx e 2
dx e 2

e
y0
v xlim
e d
d

TC x

TCX y x v lim

bng bin thin

im c bit (4im)

th

0
dx e

* Mt s kt qu quan trng:
- th nhn giao im 2 tim cn lm tm i xng
- c 2 cc tr hoc khng y= 0 c 2 nghim pb khc nghim ca mu hoc VN
- nu xi l cc tr th gi tr cc tr l y i

2axi b
v cng l t qua 2 im cc tr.
d

- th ct ox ti 2 im pb ax2+bx+c=0 c 2 nghim pb
* CC BI TON LIN QUAN KSHS:
1/ Phng trnh tip tuyn: (pttt)
@ Loi 1: pttt ti M(x0,y0) y=f(x)
tnh: y=
y(x0)=
pttt: y = f(x0)(x-x0)+y0
@ Loi 2: pttt c h s gc k cho trc
ta c: f(x)=k gii pt ny tm x0 thay vo y=f(x) tm c y0 t ta c pttt l:
y = k(x-x0)+y0

pttt // y=ax+b c h s gc k = a

pttt y=ax+b c h s gc k = -1/a.

@ Loi 3: pttt qua M(x0,y0) ca y=f(x)

ptt d qua M c h s gc k l:
y = k(x-x0)+y0

 d l tt th h sau c nghim:
f ( x) k ( x x0 ) y 0 (1)
thay (2) vo (1) gii pt ny tm c x thay vo (2) ta c k th vo pttt d

f ' ( x) k (2)
trn.
2/ Giao im ca 2 ng: Cho y=f(x) v y= g(x)
+ ptrnh honh giao im l: f(x) = g(x) gii pt ny c my nghim l c my giao im.
+ bi ton ng dng cho vic bin lun nghim f(x,m)=0 bin i v dng f(x)=g(m)
t y=f(x) l th v; y=g(m) l t //ox. T bin lun s nghim pt da vo th.
f ( x) g ( x)
t tm im tip xc x
f ' ( x) g ' (x)

+ f(x) tip xc g(x) ta c:

3/ n iu: cho y=f(x)
t g(x)=y

a/ g(x) = ax2+bx+c 0 trong (,+) a>0;

b
; g()0.
2a

b/ g(x) = ax2+bx+c 0 trong (,+) a<0;

b
; g()0.
2a

c/ g(x) = ax2+bx+c 0 trong (,) ag()0; ag()0

{p dng cho dng c m2}
d/ trong g(x) c cha m bin i v dng
m > h(x) (hoc m<h(x)) iu ny m > gi tr ln nht ca h(x) (m<minh(x))
e/ i vi hm c mx D=R\{x0} th

tng trn (,+) y0; x0

gim trn (,+) y0; x0

4. Cc tr:
* y = f(x) c cc tr y= 0 c nghim v i du qua im .(y=0;y0)
y' x0 0
y' ' x0 0

* y=f(x) c cc i ti x0

 y' x0 0
y' ' x0 0

* y=f(x) c cc tiu ti x0

1. T.Hp 1: Hm s y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

P.Php:

Tp xc nh D = R
Tnh y/

hm s c cc tr th y/ = 0 c hai n 0 pb

a 0
0

2. T.Hp 2: Hm s y

P.Php:

ax2 bx c
a/ x b/
b/
/
a

Tp xc nh D R \
/
Tnh y

g(x)

a x b
/

g/ 0

hm s c cc i v cc tiu th y/ = 0 c hai nghim pb thuc D

g(

5. GTLN, GTNN:
a. Trn (a,b)

Tnh y

Lp bng bin thin trn (a ; b )

y yCD , min y yCT

KL: max
a ;b
a ;b

b. Trn [a;b]

Tnh y

Gii pt y = 0 tm nghim x0 a; b

Tnh y (x0 ) , y(a) , y (b)

yM
Chn s ln nht M KL: max
a ;b

b/
) 0
a/

ym
Chn s nh nht m , KL: min
a ;b
III. Hm s mu v logarit:
1. Cng thc ly tha:
Vi a>0, b>0; m, nR ta c:
anam =an+m ;

an
a nm ;
am

1
=am ;
an

a0=1;

a1=

1
); (an)m =anm ;
a

(ab)n=anbn;

a

b

an
;
bm

a n n am .

2. Cng thc logarit:

logab = cac=b ( 0< a1; b>0)

Vi 0< a1, 0<b1; x, x1, x2>0; R ta c: loga(x1x2)=logax1+logax2 ;

logax1logax2;

a log a x x ; logax = logax;

log a x

1
log a x ; (logaax=x);

logax=

logba.logax=logbx; alogbx=xlogba.
3. Phng trnh m- lgart
* Dng ax= b ( a> 0 , a 0 )
b 0 : pt v nghim
x
b>0 : a b x log a b

* a v cng c s:
Af(x) = Bg(x) f(x) = g(x)
* t n ph; logarit ha
* Dng log a x b ( a> 0 , a 0 )
iu kin : x > 0
log a x b x a b

log b x
1
; (logab= log a )
log b a
b

x1
loga x 2 =

logaf(x) = logag(x) f(x) = g(x)

t n ph; m ha

4. Bt PT m logarit:
* Dng ax > b ( a> 0 , a 0 )
b 0 : Bpt c tp nghim R
x
b>0 : a b x log a b , khi a>1

a x b x log a b , khi 0 < a < 1

* t n ph; logarit ha
* Dng log a x b ( a> 0 , a 0 , x>0 )
log a x b x a b , khi a >1
log a x b x a b , khi 0 < x < 1

t n ph; m ha

VI. NGUYN HM V TCH PHN:

nh ngha: F(x) gl nguyn hm ca hm s y=f(x) trn khong (a;b)

F / x f x , x a; b
Nguyn hm ca hm s s cp
1.

1.dx x c

x 1
2. x .dx
c 1
1

3.

1
x .dx ln x c

4.

Cosx.dx Sinx c

5.

Sinx.dx Cosx c

6.

Cos x .dx tgx c

7.

. Sin x dx Cotgx c

8.

e .dx e

ax
9. a .dx
c
lna
x

Nguyn hm cc hm s thng gp:

1.

1 ax b
ax b .dx a 1

2.

ax b.dx a .ln ax b c

3.

Cos ax b.dx a .Sin ax b c

4.

Sin ax b.dx a .Cos ax b c

5.

Cos ax b .dx a .tg ax b c

6.

Sin ax b .dx a .Cotg ax b c

7.

1
.dx .eax b c
a

8.

1 amx n
.dx .
c
m lna

ax b

mx n

Cc phng php tnh tch phn:Tch phn ca tch, thng phi a v tch phn ca mt tng hoc
hiu bng cch nhn phn phi hoc chia a thc.
Phng php i bin s :
b

A f x . / x .d x
a

P.Php:
t : t = x

dt / x .d x
10

 x b t b
x a t a

i cn:

Do : A

f t .dt F t

b
a

Cc dng c bit c bn:

a

1.

dx
2
0a x

P.Php:

t: x a.tgt

dx

t
2 2

a
.dt a1 tg2t.dt
2
Cos t

i cn:
a

2
2
2.Tnh J a x .dx
0

P.Php:

t x a.Sint

t
2
2

dx a.Cost.dt
i cn
Phng php tnh tch phn tng phn
Loi 1: C dng:
ex

A= P( x). Sinx .dx

a
Cosx

Trong P(x)l hm a thc

Phng php:
t u = P(x)

du = P(x).dx
11

 ex

.dx v = ...
Sinx

Cosx

dv =

p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn

b

A = u.v a v.du
b

Loi 2: B = P (x).Ln(ax b).dx

a

Phng php:
t u = Ln(ax+b)
dv = P(x).dx
p dng: B =

du

v = ...

u.v

b
a

a
.dx
ax b

v.du
a

---------------------------------------------Dng :

A Sinn x.dx Hay

B Cosn x.dx

1. Nu n chn:
p dng cng thc

Sin2a

1 Cos2a
;
2

Cos2a

1 Cos2a
2

2. Nu n l:

A Sinn1x.Sinx.dx
t t Cosx (i sinn1 x thnh Cosx )
----------------------------------------------Dng :

A tgmx.dx Hay B Cotgmx.dx

12

PP:t tg2 lm tha s

2
Thay tg

1
1
Cos2 x
IV. Din tch hnh phng:

1. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi

(c): y = f(x) v hai ng x = a; x = b:
P.Php: DTHP cn tm l:
b

S f (x) .dx

(a < b)

Honh giao im ca (c) v tc ox l nghim ca phng trnh: f(x) = 0

Nu p.trnh f(x) = 0 v nghim Hoc c nghim khng thuc on a; b th:

f (x).dx
a

Nu p.trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim thuc on a; b . Gi s x = , x = th

S f (x) .dx f (x) .dx f (x) .dx

S

f (x).dx + f (x).dx + f (x).dx

2. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi (c): y =f(x) v trc honh:

P.Php:

x a
x b

HG ca (c) v trc honh l nghim ca phng trnh: f(x) = 0

b

S f (x) .dx
a

f (x).dx
a

3. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi 2 ng

(c 1 ): y = f(x) v(c 2 ): y = g(x) v hai ng
x = a; x = b:
13

P.Php
b

DTHP cn tm l: S f (x) g(x) .dx

a

HG ca hai ng (c1) v (c2) l nghim ca p.trnh: f(x) g(x) = 0

Lp lun ging phn s 1

V. Th tch vt th:
1. Hnh phng (H) gii hn bi: x= a; x = b; trc ox v y = f(x) lin tc trn on a; b . Khi (H) quay
quanh trc ox to ra vt th c th tch:
2

V . f (x) .dx
a

2. Hnh phng (H) gii hn bi: y = a; y = b; trc oy v x = g(x) lin tc trn on a; b . Khi (H)
quay quanh trc oy to ra vt th c th tch:
b

V . g(y) .dy.
a

IV. S PHC:

S i : i2 = -1

S phc dng : z = a + bi ; a,bR

Modun ca s phc : z a 2 b 2

S phc lin hp ca z = a + bi l z a bi z z ; z z ' z z ' ; z.z ' z.z ' ;

z
z

z
z

z 0 vi mi z , z 0 z 0 .
z z ; zz z z ;

z z
; z z z z
z
z

z l s thc z z ; z l s o z z

14

 ac
bd

a+ bi = c + di

(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a +c) + (b + d)i

(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a -c) + (b - d)i

(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac-bd) + (ad + bc)i

a bi a bi c di

c di
c2 d 2

i1 i, i 2 1, i 3 i, i 4 1 .

Ta c:

i 4 n 1, i 4 n 1 i, i 4 n 2 1, i 4 n3 i .

1 i

2i ; 1 i 2i .
2

Cc cn bc hai ca s thc a < 0 l : i a

Xt phng trnh bc hai :

ax2 + bx + c = 0 ( a khc 0 ; a, b, c R )
t b 2 4ac
o Nu = 0 th phng trnh c mt nghim kp(thc) : x =

o Nu > 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim thc : x1,2

o Nu < 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim phc : x1,2

b
2a

b
2a
b i
2a

nh l Viet :

Nu phng trnh bc hai az 2 bz c 0 ( a, b, c , a 0 ) c hai nghim

z1 , z2 th :
z1 z2

b
c
v z1 z2 .
a
a
15

 nh l o ca nh l Viet :
Nu hai s z1 , z2 c tng z1 z2 S v z1 z2 P th z1 , z2 l nghim ca
phng trnh :

z 2 Sz P 0 .

16