6 SPHERICAL PROBLEMS. ‘The threo sides of this triangle are PZ= 9" — 4, the colatitude of the place, PS = 90° —8, the polar distance of the star. ZS = 90" —h, the zonith distance of the stars and the three angles are P, the star's hour angle. 2, its azimuth from the north point, S, which is called the parallactic angle. 29, Trigonometrical Formule. —The following well- ‘known formula of Spherical Zz ‘Trigonometry, applied to the triangle PZS, will furnish most of the general equa tions required in the dis- ‘cussions which follow. De- rating the angles of any spherical triangle by 4, B, G, and its sides by a, b, 6 me. we have sina sin Basin b sin A in B @ in asin @ sind sin C=sin ¢ sine sin A cos b = cos c cos a+ sine sin a cos B 008 a cos b+ sin asin b cos C 08 a = 08 b 008 ¢+ sin b sin ¢ cos A @) 008 ¢ sin 8 cos C=sin a cos ¢— cos a sin ¢ cos B sin ¢ 003 A= sin b cos a —oos b sin a cos C sin a cos B=sin ¢ cos b— cos ¢ sin b eos A | @) Google‘PROBLEMS. 7 sint y 4 =8in 69) sin (6-0) ain bine sity B= +4 oti 2—6) sin (0-2) aint 0 ain asin’ inwhich t=} (@45-40). 80. Astronomical Formule, — It wo apply formule (1), @), and (3) to the tangle PZS, making @) a=90—A, vwo shall obtain cos A sin © cos 8 sin S = cos ¢ sin Z (6) 008 ¢ sin P= cos hsin S @O sin h=sin 8 sin +005 800s gos P_— (8) sin Smsin gsin h+00s g eos A cos Z (Y) sin g sin h sin 8-+cos h cos 8 cos $ (10) 008 h'eos Z: ay 08 8 co (2) £08 $ cos (a3) By making tho proper substitutions in these equations ‘we may find the formulte for @ body in any position in the heavens. 81. Problem. — Given the latitude of the place and the declination of the body, to find its altitude and azimuth when itis on the aiz hour circle In this position the hour angle P= 6 hours = 90°; hence sin P=, cos P= 0, and (8) becomes Aemsin Ssin gs aay Z= 008 85 Google8 SPHERICAL PROBLEMS. (41) becomes 008 h cos Z = sin 8 c08 5 whenoe by division, eat 3 008 ¢ ‘Equations (14) and (15) are the expressions required. 82. Problem. —Given the same data as before, to find the hour angle and azimuth of a body in the horizon. (5) ‘Tn this postion, A= 0°, sin A= 0, cos h= 4, and, by @), cos Po _Sindsing Po tain d tan dtang as) and by (9), con Za Sink az 88, Problem. —Given the same data, to find the altitude or zenith distance of a body on the meridian. Let AZB, Fig. 3, bo tho we meridian, Z the zenith, P the zB & pole, and Ca point of the equar tor. We have OZm¢, PZ=y, s 28—s CS—3, and PS—p. In respect to the position of 2 body on the meridian, there may be three oases. It may be (@) South of the zenith, as at S,. We shall then have Z8= 20-08, or r= 6-8 (a8) (2) Between the zenith and the pole, as at S ‘Then Z8,=O8,—0Z, or rab—o as) (3) Below the pole as at S, ‘Then U8y= ZP+ PSy oF 2=y-+ p= 180° ($48) (20) From those values of z we find at once (1) b= 90 (HB) =H 48 ey @) b= 9-6-9) =o47 (22) @) ha 9 47)= 4-7 @3) Google