:


................................................................................................................... 3
1. ................................................................................ 4
1.1 ................................................................ 5
1.2 ........................................................................... 6
1.3 ........................................................................................ 7
1.4 ................................................................... 8
1.5 ....................................................................... 9
1.6 ....................................................... 10
1.7 BIOS .......................................................................................... 11
1.8 CMOS ................................................................................ 11
2. ....................................................................... 12
2.1 ............................................................................................ 13
3. ................................................................... 15
4. ..................................................................................................... 16


PC ,
.

()
.
PC
.

.

.

, (), () .

(, , , )
.

1.
1.1
,
.

.

(ATX ) 20
:
+3,3V, +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V,
+5VSB,
PS-ON
PW-OK (
power good PG).
(ATX 12V ) .
Pentijum 4 .
+12V

.

1.2 (SOCKET)
90%
.
() .

.


,
Pin Array Cartridge (PAC). PAC

(VLIF).

Socket 4 - Rani Pentiumi (60-66 MHz)

Socket 5 - Intel Pentium, AMD K5, IDT Winchip C6, Winchip 2
Socket 463 - NexGen Nx586
Socket 6 - Intel 80486
Socket 7 - Pentium
Super Socket 7 - AMD K6-2, K6-III, Rise mP6
Socket 8 - Pentium Pro
Socket 370 - Celeron, Pentium III, Cyrix III
Socket 423 - Pentium 4 (Williamette)
Socket 462 ( Socket A) - Athloni, Duroni, Athlon XP- Semproni
Socket 478 - Intel Celeron, Pentium 40 (Williamette, Northwood and Prescott, 1
MB L2 Cache), Pentium 4 Extreme Edition(P4EE)
Socket 479 - Intel Pentium M and Intel Celeron M
Socket 486 - 80486
Socket 563 - Mobile Athlon XP-M
Socket 603 - Xeon
Socket 604 - Xeon
Socket 754 - AMD Athlon 64, Semproni and Turion 64
Socket 775 - ( LGA 775 Socket T) - Intel Pentium 4 (Prescott),
Intel Celeron D, Intel Pentium Extreme Edition (Pentium EE) i Intel Pentium D,
Socket 939 - AMD Athlon 64 (Dual Channel edition), Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64
X2 (Dual Core)
Socket 940 - AMD Athlon 64 FX, Opteron
Socket M2 - Athlon 64 X2 , Sempron 64
5

PAC418 - Itanium
PAC611 - Itanium 2

1.3 (CHIPSETS)

.
,

.

.
SiS .
(Northbridge)
(Southbridge).
(NORTHBRIDGE)
.
:
.
AGP PCIe
.

.
(SOUTHBRIDGE)

(PS/2, , IDE )
.
PS/2, USB, .
Southbridge LAN,
, FireWire (IEEE 1394).
Southbridge
PCI, USB
: Acer Labs (ALi/ULi),AMD,ATI,Intel,NVIDIA,Silicon
Integrated Systems (SiS),VIA Technologies (VIA).

1.4
.
, 7,5 28 cm 1.25
cm. ,
.
: , , .
:
ISA
PCI
AGP
PCIe
AMR
CNR
PCI
PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect) . ( 7.5 cm)
. PCI
Pentium . , TV ,
.

PCI
AGP
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
. , 3D
, PCI ISA . AGP
PC-.
PCI
PCI .

AGP :

AGP 1x (264 Mb/s)

AGP 2x (528 Mb/s)
AGP 4x (1 Gb/s)
AGP 8x (2 Gb/s)

PCIe
PCI Express
(PCIe). AGP PCI. AGP-a
PCI-a.
PCIe 1X, 2X, 4X,
8X,12X, 16X, i 32X. AGP .
PCIe ,
. : x1. x1
( 2.5 cm).
; , .
PCIe
PCIe
. PCIe
, PCIe

.
PCI-E - :
x1
250 MB/s
x2
500 MB/s
x4
1000 MB/s
8

 x8
2000 MB/s
x16 4000 MB/s
x32 8000 MB/s
1.5
(R)

.
.
2 6,
.
(DDR DDRII)
,
( )
( ).
(
),
.
.
.
.
.

1.6
:
.
(FDD-)
.

34
.
( 1 ),
. 1
( ).

5,
.
ATA

. IDE .
, 40 ,
( , CD ROM, DVD ROM ).
,
,
. ()
. , IDE
( 1) ,

1 . , IDE
20, ,
IDE
.
ATA

, SATA .
, 7 ,


.
,
(4 8 ).
SATA
RAID ,

10

 , /
.

1.7 BIOS
, / (BIOS) .
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)


. BIOS
: (Compaq, IBM, HP ),
, , BIOS. ,
BIOS (AMI,
Phoenix/Award, Winbond, etc).

1.8 CMOS
PC
. : , ,
.

Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) ., CMOS (
si mos) ; BIOS.
, .
, .
CMOS ( )
CMOS
CMOS .

11

, . CMOS
.

2.

,
.

,
12


RS232 (COM1 COM 2).
, , USB
( ),
(USB Universal Serial
Bus).

, RJ-45

.
, SPDIF
(Sony/Philips Digital InterFace)
.

2.1


.
:

ps/2 ,
,
,
USB ,
FireWire , .

PS/2
ps/2 ,
, .

USB .

13

 ( RS232 )
.

(
centronics EIA)
.
8
,

. ,


(10 ).

USB
USB


()

"
" - .
15
150
.


.
FireWire
FireWire (IEEE 1394)

.

14

)
.

, . HDMI (High-Definition
Multimedia Interface - /
), eSATA ( - SATA
) .

eSATA

HDMI

3.
, Form
Factor ,
. ATX ,
mATX ,
ATX . ,
ATX-a, .
Intelov BTX .

PC/XT - IBM ,
IBM-PC.
IBM-PC-a.
AT form factor (Advanced Technology) - 'form factor'
. PC/XT-a.
386 . ATX-a
.Baby AT - , ,
AGP .

15

ATX - . ATX
, .
Mini-ATX - X, ( ).
microATX - microATX, .
FlexATX - microATX-a,
, .
LPX - Western Digital. OEM
.
Mini LPX - LPX-a.
NLX - '-' ,
.
BTX (Balanced Technlogy Extended) -
Intel, ATX-a.
microBTX i picoBTX - BTX .
Mini-ITX - VIA, ,
.
WTX () (Workstation Technlogy Extended) -
, ,
.

4.

http://www.informatika.buzdo.com/s370.htm
http://tutoriali.org/Hardware.html
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C4%8Dna_plo%C4%8Da
http://itc.wikidot.com/maticna-ploca

16