INTERNATIONAL EDITION JUDITH A. STONEPREFACE ix CHAPTER ONE THE SKELETON 1 ‘SkullHateral view 2 ‘Skull—lateral, posterior, anterior views 3, 4 ‘Skull—inferior (basal) view 4 ‘Skull to humerus—lateral view 5 ‘Skull to sternum—anterior view 6 Rib cage, pectoral girdle, upper arm—anterior view 7 ‘Skeleton—posterior view 8 Right arm—posterior view 9 Right arm and right hand—anterior views 10 Lumbar and pelvic region—anterior view 11 Pelvic girdle to knee—lateral view 12 Thoracic to pelvic region—lateral view 12 Pelvic girdle—posterior view 13 Pelvic girdle and upper leg—three-quarter posterior view 13 Pelvic girdle to leg—anterior view 14 Pelvic girdle to leg—posterior view 15 Right leg and right foot—enterolateral views 16 Right leg—posterior view 17 Right foot—plantar view 18 CHAPTER TWO MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY 19 ‘Anatomical position 20 Median or midsagittal plane 20 Coronal (frontal) planes 20 Transverse planes (cross sections) 20 Flexion, extension, hyperextension 21 Lateral flexion 21 Abduction, adduction 21 Medial rotation, lateral rotation 21 Movements of the scapula elevation 22 depression 22 protraction 22 retraction 22 rotation 22 Movements of the hand and forearm pronation, supination 23 CONTENTS radial flexion (abduction), uinar flexion (adduction) 23 abduction 23 adduction 23 opposition 23 Movements of the foot dorsiflexion, plantar flexion 24 eversion 24 inversion 24 CHAPTER THREE MUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 25 Scalp epicranius—oceipitalis 26 epicranius—frontalis 26 temporoparietalis 27 Ear auricularis anterior 28 auricularis superior 28 auricularis posterior 28 Eyelids orbicularis oculi 29 levator palpebrae superioris 30 corrugator supercilii 31 Nose procerus 32 nasalis 33 depressor septi 34 ‘Mouth orbicularis oris 35 levator labii superioris—angular head 36 levator labil superioris—infraorbital head 36 levator anguii oris 37 zygomaticus major 38 zygomaticus minor 39 risorius 40 depressor labit inferioris 41 depressor anguli oris 42 mentalis 43 buccinator 44 Mastication temporalis 45 masseter 46 pterygoideus medialis 47 pterygoideus lateralis 48CONTENTS CHAPTER FOUR MUSCLES OF THE NECK 49 stemocleidomastoideus 50 platysma 51 ‘Suprahyoid muscles digastricus 52 stylohyoideus 53, mylohyoideus 54 geniohyoideus 55 Infrahyoid muscles sternohyoideus 56 stemothyroideus 57 thyrohyoideus 58 omohyoideus 59 Anterior vertebral muscles longus colli 60 longus capitis 61 rectus capitis anterior 62 rectus capitis lateralis 63 Lateral vertebral muscles scalenus anterior 64 scalenus medius 65 scalenus posterior 66 ‘Suboccipital neck muscles rectus capitis posterior major 67 rectus capitis posterior minor 68 obliquus capitis inferior 69 obliquus capitis superior 70 CHAPTER FIVE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 71 splenius capitis 72 splenius cervicis 73 Erector spinae itiocostalis lumborum 74 iiocostalis thoracis 74 iiocostalis cervicis 74 longissimus thoracis 75 longissimus cervicis 75 longissimus capitis 75 spinalis thoracis 76 spinalis cervicis 76 spinalis capitis 76 Transversospinalis semispinalis thoracis 77 semispinalis cervicis 77 semispinalis capitis 77 muttiais 78 rotatores 79 interspinales 80 Intertransversarii intertransversari anteriores 81 intertransversarii posteriores 81 intertransversariilaterales 81 intertransversarii mediales 81 ‘Thoracic muscles intercostales externi 82 intercostales interni 83 subcostales 84 transversus thoracis 85 levatores costarum 86 serratus posterior superior 87 serratus posterior inferior 88 diaphragm 89 ‘Abdominal muscles obliquus externus abdominis 90 obliquus internus abdominis 91 cremaster 92 transversus abdominis 93, rectus abdominis 94 abdominal muscie group 95 quadratus lumborum 96 CHAPTER SIX MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM 97 Anterior compartment (flexors)—shoulder and arm pectoralis major 98 pectoralis minor 99 subclavius 100 coracobrachialis 101 biceps brachii 102 brachialis 103 Posterior compartment (extensors)—attaching to trunk anterior chest and arm group 104 trapezius 105 latissimus dorsi 106 levator scapulae 107 rhomboideus major 108 rhomboideus minor 109 serratus anterior 110 Posterior compartment (extensors}—shoulder deitoideus 111 supraspinatus 112 infraspinatus 113, teres minor 114 subscapularis 115 teres major 116 Posterior compartment (extensors)—arm triceps brachii 117 anconeus 118 posterior back, shoulder and arm group 119CONTENTS vii CHAPTER SEVEN MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM AND HAND 121 Anterior ‘pronator teres: 122 flexor carpi radialis 123 paimaris longus 124 flexor carpi ulnaris 125 anterior wrist group 126 flexor digitorum supericialis 127 flexor digitorum profundus 128 flexor pollicis ongus 129 flexors ofthe fingers group 130 pronator quadratus 131 Posterior brachioradialis 132 extensor carpi radialis longus 193 extensor carpi racials brevis 134 extensor digitorum communis 135 extensor alg minimi 196 extensor carpi uinaris: 137 supinator 138 abductor pollicis angus 139 extensor pollicis brevis 140 extensor policis longus 141 extensors of the thumb 142 extensor indicis 143, Hand palmaris brevis 144 abductor pollicis brevis 145 flexor polis brevis 146 ‘opponens pollicis 147 adductor pollicis. 148 abductor digit minimi 149 fiexor digit minimi brevis 150 ‘pponens digit! minim! 151 lumbricales 152 palmar interosse! 153 dorsal interossel 154 CHAPTER EIGHT MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND THIGH 155 Hip psoas major 156 iiacus 157 Lateral rotators piriformis 158 obturator internus 159 gemellus superior 160 gemellus inferior 161 ‘obturator externus 162 quadratus femoris 163 Gluteal gluteus maximus 164 gluteus medius 165 gluteus minimus 166 hip group 187 tensor fasciae latae 168 Anterior thigh sartorius 169 quadriceps femoris—rectus femoris 170 quadriceps ferioris—vastus lateralis 171 quadticeps feroris—vastus medialis. 172 quadriceps temoris—vastus intermedius 173 anterior thigh group 174 Posterior thigh biceps femoris 175 semitendinosus 176 semimembranosus 177 hamstring muscles group 178 Medial thigh gracilis 179 pectineus 180 adductor longus 181 adductor brevis 182 adductor magnus 183 hip flexors and adductors group 184 CHAPTER NINE MUSCLES OF THE LEG AND FOOT 185 Anterior leg tibialis anterior 186 extensor hallucis longus 187 ‘extensor digitorum longus 188 peroneus tertius 189 anterior and lateral group 190 Posterior superticial leg gastrocnemius 191 soleus 192 plantaris 193 ‘muscles of the caif group 194 Posterior deep leg popliteus 195 flexor hallucis longus 196 flexor digitorum fongus 197 tibialis posterior 198 deep posterior group 199 Lateral leg peroneus longus 200 peroneus brevis 201CHAPTER 9 Dorsal foot ‘extensor digitorum brevis 202 Plantar—first layer abductor hallucis 203 flexor digitorum brevis 204 abductor aigiti minim) 205 Plantar—second layer ‘quadratus plantae 206 lumbricales 207 Plantar—third layer flexor hallucis brevis 208 adductor hallucis 209 flexor digiti minimi brevis 210 Plantar—fourth layer dorsal interossei 211 plantar interossel 212 ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF MUSCLES 213 INDEX 215PREFACE This book is a study guide and reference for the anatomy and actions of human skeletal muscles. It is designed for Use by students of anatomy, physical education and health- related fields. It also serves as a compact reference for the practicing professional. ‘The first chapter presents labeled line drawings of the skeleton, which include all structures that are used in de- scribing origins and insertions in the later chapters. A mas- ter numbering system is used so that each structure is la- beled with the same number in all drawings. ‘The second chapter describes the various movements of the body, In chapters 3 through 9 the origin, insertion, action and, innervation of the skeletal muscles are described and each muscle is presented on a separate page with a line draw- ing, ‘The spinal cord levels of the nerve fibers that innervate ‘each muscle are included in parentheses after the name of each nerve. Labeled drawings of major muscle groups are pre- sented throughout chapters 3 to 9. Notes and relationships ‘among muscles have been included on many pages. ‘The drawings include the following important features: 4. Bones and cartilage containing muscle attachment sites are shaded, 2. Adjacent structures are shown, 3. Muscie fibers are drawn by direction. 4. Muscle fibers are shown on the undersurface of bone and cartilage as dashed lines. 8. Tendons and aponeuroses are shown. . Labeled muscle groups are included. These features aid in visual orientation and under- standing of the action of the muscles. We have noticed that many students find it useful to color the illustrations. Notes have been included on many pages to show how muscles are used. Relationships among many of the mus- cles have also been indicated where appropriate. Many ‘more of these have been included in the third edition Since our primary goal is to describe the muscles mov- ing the skeleton, we have not described the muscles of the perineum, eye, tympanic cavity, tongue, larynx, pharynx, or Palate. We extend our appreciation to Mr. George Boykin, who was for many years the jolly proprietor of the gross anatomy laboratories at the Health Sciences Center of the Stale University of New York at Stony Brook, for his help and encouragement. We also thank Mr. Vincent Verdisco and Ms. Diane Chandler for their technical advice with the artwork and Ms. Katherine Juner for her secretarial services, Robert J. Stone Judith A. StoneCHAPTER ONE THE SKELETON2 CHAPTER 1 SKULL—LATERAL VIEW 41. Frontal bone 8b. Lateral pterygoid plate 2. Nasal bone 9, Temporal bone a. Frontal process (maxilla) a. Temporal fossa Be. Incisive fossa of maxilla ‘9b, Mastoid process (temporal bone) 3d. Canine fossa (maxilla) 9d. Styioid process (temporal bone) 4a. Neck of condyle (mandible) ‘Ge. Zygomatic process (temporal bone) 4b. Coronoid process (mandible) 10. Parietal bone 4c. Angle of the mandible 10a. Superior temporal line 4d. Ramus (mandible) 410b. Inferior temporal jine 4e. Oblique line (mandible) 41. Occipital bone 4g. Mental foramen (mandible) 414. Superior nuchal ine (occipital bone) 4h. Incisive fossa of mandible 44B. Inferior nuchal line (occipital bone) © ceases Note: The zygomatic arch is formed by the zygomatic process Lacrimal bon of the temporal bone meeting the zygomatic bone Ba. Greater wing of sphenoid bone * °SKULL—LATERAL VIEW 34. Tuberosity of maxila 4. Mandible 42. Galea aponeuratica 43. Helix of ear 44, Articular disk of temporomandibular joint 15. Pterygomandibular raphe 16a, Greater alar cartilage 16b, Nasal cartilage 16e. Ala ‘THE SKELETON 3 SKULL—POSTERIOR VIEW 4. Mandible 9. Temporal bone 9b. Mastoid process (temporal bone) 410. Parietal bone 414. Occipital bone ‘44a. Superior nuchal ine (occipital bone) 44 Inferior nuchal line (occipital bone) ‘11e. External occipital protuberance 22a. Posterior arch of atlas 2b, Transverse process of atlas 23a. Spinous process of axis4 CHAPTER 1 SKULL—ANTERIOR VIEW SKULL—INFERIOR (BASAL) VIEW Ba. Zygomatic arch 41. Frontal bone 8b. Lateral pterygoid plate 1e. Superciliary arch (frontal bone) ‘9b. Mastoid process (temporal bone) 2. Nasal bone ‘91. Mandibular process (temporal bone) 3. Maxila 44a, Superior nuchal line (occipital bone) « Incisive fossa of maxilla 11B. Inferior nuchal jine (occipital bone) . Alveolar border of maxilla, 446, External occipital protuberance (occipital bone) + Mandible 44d. Occipital condyle (occipital bone) |. Symphysis of mandible ‘11e, External occipital crest (occipital bone) . Zygomatic bone acrimal bone Nasal septum (ethmoid bone) . Greater wing of sphenoid bone . Lesser wing of sphenoid boneRr reer re ERT REET rT Te Te Mic ai cl arta ieee a aul dei i ta ‘THE SKELETON 5 SKULL TO HUMERUS—LATERAL VIEW 33n 33) 33b 33h 33m 4}. Myichyoid line (medial surface of mandible) ‘33d. Acromion (scapula) ‘4k. Inferior mental spine (inner surface of mandible) '33e. Coracoid process (scapula) Qe. Mastoid notch (medial surface of temporal bone) 33h. Infraglenoid tubercle (scapula) 9d. Styloid process (temporal bone) ‘331. Supraspinous fossa (scapula) 4a. Greater cornu of hyoid 33}. Crest of spine (scapula) 418b. Body of hyoid 99k. Infraspinous fossa (scapula) 49a. Lamina of thyroid cartilage ‘33m. Inferior angle of scapula 29. Clavicle '33n. Root of spine (scapula) 33a. Superior border of scapula 36, Humerus ‘33b. Vertebral (medial) border of scapula 36a. Greater tuberosity of humerus '33¢. Axillary (lateral) border of scapulai 6 CHAPTER 1 SKULL TO STERNUM—ANTERIOR VIEW (Mandible and maxilla removed)THE SKELETON 7 RIB CAGE, PECTORAL GIRDLE, UPPER ARM—ANTERIOR VIEW (Ribs partially removed, right arm disarticulated) 29. Clavicle ‘36a. Greater tuberosity (tubercle) of humerus 30a. Manubrium (sternum) BBB. Lesser tuberosity of humerus '30b. Body (sternum) ‘36e. Intertubercular (bicipital) groove (humerus) '30c. Xiphoid process (sternum) ‘36d. Doltoid tuberosity (humerus) ‘B4e. Tubercle of rib ‘37a, Racial tuberosity (radius) 34d. Angle of rib ‘38a. Ulnar tuberosity (ulna) 32. Costal cartilage ‘38B. Coronoid process (ulna) ‘33d. Acromion (scapula) 92. Lateral lumbocostal arch (lateral arcuate ligament)* '39e. Coracoid process (scapula) 93. Medial lumbocostal arch (medial arcuate ligament) ‘331. Supragienoid tubercle (scapula) Paes 331. Subscapular fossa (scapula)8 CHAPTER 1 SKELETON—POSTERIOR VIEW (Enlargement of lumbar vertebrae) 20a. Transverse process of vertebra 2b. Spinous process of vertebra 200. Mamillary process of vertebra 20d, Accessory process of vertebra 24, Ligamentum nuchae 25. Supraspinous ligaments 26a. Lateral sacral crest 26b. Sacral foramina 260. Medial sacral crest 29. Clavicle BAe. Tubercle of rib 31d, Angle of rio c7 ‘33. Scapula 334, Acromion (scapula) 36. Humerus 37, Radius 38. Uina 386. Olecranon process (uina) 2a. Posterior superior iliac spine 52B. Iliac crest QD ae M Ci H i“ P> yEE TE A TT THE SKELETON 9 RIGHT ARM—POSTERIOR VIEW 34, Radial collateral ligament 38. Annular ligament 36, Humerus '36e. Lateral supracondyiar ridge (humerus) 36f. Lateral epicondyle (humerus) 37. Radius 37e. Dorsal tubercle (radius) 37d. Styloid process (radius) 38, Ulna 38c. Olecranon process (ina) ‘99, Interosseous membrane 40. Scaphoid (navicular) 41. Lunate 43. Trapezium 44, Trapezoid 45. Capitate 48, Hamate 47. Triquettum 48. Metacarpals 49a. Proximal phalanges 49b. Middle phalanges 49c. Distal phalanges10 CHAPTER 1 RIGHT HAND— RIGHT ARM— ANTERIOR VIEW ANTERIOR VIEW 34, Radial collateral ligament 38. Annular ligament 36. Humerus 36g. Medial supracondylar ridge (humerus) ‘36h. Medial epicondyle (humerus) 37. Radius 37. Pronator tuberosity (radius) 38. Uina 38. Coroncid process (ulna) 3Be. Olecranon process (ulna) 38d, Supinator crest (uina) 39. Interosseous membrane 40a. Tubercie of scaphoid (navicular) 41. Lunate 42. Pisiform 43a. Tubercle of trapezium ‘44, Trapezoid 48. Capitate 46a. Hook of hamate 47. Triquetrum 48. Metacarpals 49a, Proximal (frst) phalanges 49b. Middle (second) phalanges 49¢. Distal (third) phalanges 50. Flexor retinaculum 51. Palmar aponeurosis‘THE SKELETON "1 LUMBAR AND PELVIC REGION—ANTERIOR VIEW 9. Transverse process of vertebra . Body of vartebra Intervertebral disk | Second sacral vertebra . Third sacral vertebra 26f. Fourth sacral vertoora 26g. Ala of sacrum 820. Anierior superior iliac spine S2f, Anterior inferior lia spine 52g, Iliac fossa 82h. Arcuate line (lium) ‘21. lliopectineal eminence (ilium) 53a. Ramus of ischiumn 4a. Superior ramus of pubis ‘S4b. Inferior ramus of pubis Bae. Pubic orest 84d, Pubic symphysis B4e. Pubic tubercle 885. Greater sciatic notch 86. Sacrotuberous ligament 87. Obturator foramen inguinal igament Superior pubic ligament liolumbar ligament 62. Rectus sheath 68. Linea alba 68. Femut 68a. Greater trochanter (femur) 68. Trochanteric fossa (femur) 8c. Lesser trochanter (femur)12 CHAPTER 1 PELVIC GIRDLE TO KNEE— THORACIC TO PELVIC LATERAL VIEW REGION—LATERAL VIEW (Arm and leg removed) 32. Costal cartilage 33g. Glenoid cavity (scapula) 52d. Anterior iliac crest ‘59. Inguinal ligament 63. Acetabulum 64, Thoracolumber fascia 68, Abdominal aponeurosis 52b. lliac crest jac tubercle Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine liotibial tract Femur 70. Patella 72, Synovial membrane of knee joint ‘Tée. Lateral condyle of tibiaTHE SKELETON 13 PELVIC GIRDLE—POSTERIOR VIEW lium 1. Ramus of ischium 9. Ischial tuberosity » Spine of ischium 1. Body of pubis . Obturator foramen . Obturator membrane Greater trochanter (femur) » Lesser trochanter (femur) I. Intertrochanteric crest (femur) f. Quadrats line (femur) PELVIC GIRDLE AND UPPER LEG— THREE-QUARTER POSTERIOR VIEW 26. at. 28. 5). 521. 55. 56. 6an. 53d. 68a. 689. Sacrum Aponeurosis of erector spinae Coccyx 2b. lac crest Posterior gluteal line (ium) Middle (anterior) gluteal line (iiurn) Inferior gluteal line (lium) Lesser sciatic notch Greater sciatic notch Sacrotuberous ligament Greater trochanter (femur) Gluteal tuberosity femur) Linea aspera (femur)44 CHAPTER 1 PELVIC GIRDLE TO LEG—ANTERIOR VIEW 82, Hlium 52e. Anterior superior iliac spine 'B2f. Anterior inferior iliac spine B4b. Inferior ramus of pubis ‘B4f. Pactineal line (pubis) ‘54g. Body of pubis, 68. Femur 68a. Greater trochanter (femur) 8c. Lesser trochanter (femur) 686. Intertrochanteric line (femur) @8i. Lateral supracondylar line (femur) 68}. Medial supracondylar line (femur) 69. Quadriceps tendon 70. Patella 71, Pateliar ligament 74, Tibia ‘T4a. Tuberosity of tibiaTHE SKELETON 45 PELVIC GIRDLE TO LEG—POSTERIOR VIEW 83a. Ramus of ischium 3b. Ischial tuberosity 4B. Inferior rermus of pubis Bag. Body of pubis 56. Sacrotuberous ligament 68. Femur 68a. Greater trochanter (femur) @8e. Lesser trochanter (femur) 68g. Giuteal tuberosity (femur) 68h. Linea aspera (femur) 681. Lateral supracondylar line (femur) 8k. Adductor tubercle (femur) 74, Tibia Tb. Medial condyle of tibia Tae. Lateral condyie of tibia 78a. Head of foula16 CHAPTER 1 RIGHT FOOT— RIGHT LEG— ANTEROLATERAL VIEW ANTEROLATERAL VIEW 68. Femur 74, Tibia 74e. Lateral condyle of tibia ‘75. Fibula 76. Interosseous membrane 77. Lateral talocalcaneal ligament ‘7B. Inferior extensor retinaculum 83. Talus 84, Calcaneus . Navicular . Medial cuneiform . Intermediate cuneiform . Lateral cuneiform Cuboid . Metatarsal bones 9. First metatarsal 9. Second metatarsal Third metatarsal Fourth metatarsal Fith metatarsal Proximal phalanges . Middle phalanges 3. Distal phalangesTHE SKELETON 17 RIGHT LEG—POSTERIOR VIEW 68. Femur 68. Lateral supracondyiar line (femur) 681. Popliteal surface (femur) 68m. Medial condyle (fernur) 68n. Lateral condyle (femur) 73. Oblique popliteal ligament 74, Tibia Ad. Soleal line (tibia) 75. Fibula 76. Interosseous membrane 84. Calcaneus 84a. Sustentaculum taliof calcaneus Tuberosity of navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid18 CHAPTER 1 RIGHT FOOT—PLANTAR VIEW 74e. Medial malleolus of tibia ‘85a, Tuberosity of navicular 79. Flexor retinaculum ‘86. Medial cuneiform ‘80, Plantar aponeurosis 87. Intermediate cuneiform ‘81. Plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments 88. Lateral cunelform 82. Transverse metatarsal ligaments 89. Cuboid 83. Talus ‘90. Metatarsal bones ‘84a, Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus 91a. Proximal phalanges 9. Middle phalanges Je. Distal phalanges ‘B4b, Tuberosity of calcaneus ‘B4e. Medial border of calcaneus ‘84d. Lateral border of calcaneusCHAPTER TWO MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY20 CHAPTER 2 ‘Anatomical position—A subject in the anatomical position is standing erect with the head, eyes, and toes facing for- ward and the arms hanging straight at the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward, Figure 2.2 Coronal (frontal) planes—Pass vertically through the body from side to side. They divide the body from front to back. Figure 2.4 Median or midsagittal plane—Passes vertically through the body from anterior (front) to posterior (back). It divides the body into right and left sides. Other sagittal planes are parallel to this plane, NR Figure 2.3 ‘Transverse planes (cross sections)—Pass horizontally through the body parallel to the groundMOVEMENTS OF THE BODY 24 @ QO Figure 2.4 Flexion—The left arm, forearm, and right thigh are drawn forward in sagittal planes. The right knee is also flexed. J Extension—The left thigh and knee are extended. Figure 2.5 - Hyperextension—The night am is hyperextended at the _Lateralflexion—The torso (or head) bends laterally inthe shoulder. coronal plane Q Figure 2.7 Medial rotation—The anterior of the arm (or thigh) is moved toward the median plane. Lateral rotation—The anterior of the arm (or thigh) is moved Vigwo 28 away from the median plane. Abduction—The right arm is drawn laterally in the coronal plane. ‘Adduction—The left arm is returned from abduction to the anatomical positionCHAPTER 2 MOVEMENTS OF THE SCAPULA Sie / A Protraction—The scapula pushes the arm forward in a Figure 2.8 sagittal plane. Elevation—The right scapula of this figure is Figure 2.9 drew superiorly, Depression—the right scapula of this figure is pushing the arm inferior. Figure 2.14 Figure 2.12 Retraction—The scapula is pulled back from protraction _Rotation—For abduction of the arm to continue above the ina sagittal piane. Since the scapula slides around the _height ofthe shoulder, the scapula must rotate on its axis ribs toward the median plane, it becomes adduction, ‘80 that the glenoid fossa turns upward,MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY 23 MOVEMENTS OF THE HAND AND FOREARM Figure 2.14 ‘Abduction—The fingers are moved away from the midline of the hand. Figure 2.13 Pronation—The forearm is rotated away from the anatomical position so that the palm turns medialy then posteriorly. If the forearm is flexed at the elbow, then the ppalm turns inferior. Supination—The forearm is rotated so that the paim turns. anteriorly (or superiorly if te forearm is flexed). Figure 2.16 ‘Adduction—The fingers are moved toward the midline of the hand. Figure 2.15 ) Radial flexion (abduction) —The hand, at the wrist, is drawn away from the body in a coronal plane. Uinar fexion (adduction) —The hand, at the wrist, is drawn toward the body in a coronal plane. rin 2543; Opposition—The thumb is rotated so its anterior pad can touch the anterior pads of the four fingers.24 CHAPTER 2 MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT Figure 2.18 Dorsitiexion—The ankle flexes, moving the foot superiorly. Plantar Flexion—The ankle extends, moving the foot Inferior Figure 2.19 Eversion—The front of the foot moves laterally away from the midline (abduction), and the sole turns outward. Figure 2.20 Inversion—The front of the foot moves medially toward the midline (adduction), and the sole turns inward,CHAPTER THREE MUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD26 CHAPTER 3 EPICRANIUS Skul Occipital belly _(occipitalis) Origin Lateral two-thirds of superior nuchal line of occipital bone, mastoid process of temporal bone Insertion Galea aponeurotica (an intermediate tendon leading to frontal belly) Action Draws back scalp, aids frontal belly to wrinkle forehead and raise eyebrows Nerve Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve i—lateral view Origin Insertion Action Nerve (trontalis) Galea aponeurotica Fascia of facial muscles and skin above nose and eyes Draws back scalp, wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows ‘Temporal branches of facial nerve| ama PS a et 7 MUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 27 TEMPOROPARIETALIS Skull—lateral view Origin Fascia over ear Action Raises ears, tightens scalp Insertion Lateral border of galea aponeurctica Nerve ‘Temporal branch of facial nerveAURICULARIS ANTERIOR, SUPERIOR, POSTERIOR Skull—lateral view Auricularis anterior Origin Fascia in temporal region Insertion Anterior to helix of ear Action Draws ear forward in some individuals, moves scalp* Nerve ‘Temporal branch of facial nerve Auricularis superior Origin Fascia in temporal region Insertion Superior part of ear Action Draws ear upward in some individuals, moves scalp" Nerve Temporal branch of facial nerve CHAPTER 3 Auricularis posterior origi Mastoid area of temporal bone Insertion Posterior part of ear Action Draws ear upward in some individuals* Nerve Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve “This muscle Is nonfunctional in most people.MUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 29 ORBICULARIS OCULI ORBITAL AND PALPEBRAL PARTS LACRIMAL PART Skull—three-quarter anterior view Orbital part Lacrimal part (behind medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac) Origin Frontal bone, maxila (medial margin of orbit) Origin Lacrimal bone leertion Continues eround tit ard eu 0 Amgrtion tere palpebel raphe 2 Action Draws lacrimal canals onto surface of Action Strong closure of eyelids ps Nenwe Temporal and zygomatic branches Ol Wegye Temporal and zygomatic branches of lavial ners facial nerve (in eyelids) Medial palpebral ligament Lateral palpebral ligament into zygomatic bone Gentle closure of eyelids Temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerveil 30 CHAPTER 3 LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS Origin Inferior surface of lesser wing of sphenoid Insertion ‘Skin of upper eyelid Action Raises upper eyelid Nerve Oculomotor nerve Skull—three-quarter Skull—lateral view anterior viewMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 34 CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII Skull—anterior view Origin Medial end of superciliary arch Action Draws eyebrows downward and Insertion Deep surface of skin under medial medially portion of eyebrows Nerve Temporal branch of facial nerve32 CHAPTER 3 PROCERUS Skull—anterior view Origin Fascia over nasal bone and lateral Action Draws down medial part of nasal cartilage eyebrows, wrinkles nose Insertion Skin between eyebrows Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerveMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD. 33 NASALIS Skull—anterior view Transverse part Alar part Origin Midalle of maxilla Origin Greater alar cartilage, skin on nose Insertion Muscle of opposite side over bridge Insertion Skin at point of nose of nose Action Both parts maintain opening of external nares during forceful inspiration Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerveCHAPTER 3. DEPRESSOR SEPTI Skull—anterior view Action Constricts nares Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerveMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 35 ORBICULARIS ORIS Skull—tateral Origin Lateral band—alveolar border of Insertion Becomes continuous with other maxilla muscles at angle of mouth Medial band—septum of nose Action Closure and protrusion of lips Inferior portion—lateral to midline of Nerve Buccal and mandibular branches of mandible facial nerve36 CHAPTER 3 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS Skull—tIateral view Angular head Infraorbital head Origin Frontal process of maxilla and Origin Lower margin of orbit zygomatic bone Insertion Muscles of upper lip Insertion Greater alar cartilage and skin of Action Elevates upper lip nose, upper lip Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerve Action Elevates upper lip, dilates nares, forms nasolabial furrow Buccal branches of facial nerveMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 37 LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS Skull—lateral view Origin Canine fossa of maxilla Action Elevates corner (angle) of mouth Insertion Angle of mouth Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerve38 CHAPTER 3 ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR Skull—lateral view Origin Zygomatic bone Action Draws angle of mouth upward and Insertion Angle of mouth, backward (laughing) Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerveMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 39 ZYGOMATICUS MINOR Skull—tateral view Origin Zygomatic bone Action Forms nasolabial furrow Insertion Upper lip lateral to levator labii Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerve superioris,40 CHAPTER 3 Skull teral view Origin Fascia over masseter Action Retracts angle of mouth, as in Insertion ‘Skin at angle of mouth grinning Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerveMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD at DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS Skull—iateral view Mandible, between symphysis and Action Draws lower lip downward and mental foramen laterally Insertion Skin of lower lip Nerve Mandibular branch of facial nerve42 CHAPTER 3 DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS Skull—lateral view Origin Oblique line of the mandible Action Depresses angle of mouth, as in Insertion ‘Angle of the mouth frowning Nerve Mandibular branch of facial nerveMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 43 MENTALIS Skull—lateral view Origin Incisive fossa of mandible Action Raises and protrudes lower lip, Insertion Skin of chin wrinkles skin of chin Nerve Mandibular branch of facial nerve44 CHAPTER 3 BUCCINATOR Skull—lateral view Origin Outer surface of alveolar processes Action Compresses cheek of maxilla and mandible over molars Nerve Buccal branches of facial nerve and along pterygomandibular raphe Insertion Deep part of muscles of lipsMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 45 TEMPORALIS Sv Skull—tateral view Origin Temporal fossa including frontal, Action Closes lower jaw, clenches teeth Parietal, and temporal bones Nerve Mandibular division of trigeminal Insertion ‘Coronoid process and anterior nerve border of ramus of mandible46 CHAPTER 3 MASSETER Skull—iateral view Origin Zygomatic process of maxilla, medial Action Closes lower jaw, clenches teeth and inferior surfaces of zygomatic Nerve ‘Mandibular division of trigeminal arch nerve Insertion Angle and ramus of mandible, lateral Note: Superficial fibers slightly protract jaw (see lateral surface of coronoid process of peeryoois. mandibleMUSCLES OF THE FACE AND HEAD 47 PTERYGOIDEUS MEDIALIS (Medial Perygoid) Skull—lateral view (Part of mandible cut away) Origin Medial surface of lateral pterygoid Action Closes lower jaw, clenches teeth plate of sphenoid bone, palatine Nerve Mandibular division of trigeminal bone, and tuberosity of maxilla nerve Insertion Medial surtace of ramus and angle of mandible48 CHAPTER 3 PTERYGOIDEUS LATERALIS* (Lateral Pterygoid) Skul lateral view Origin ‘Superior head"—lateral surface of —Aetion (Opens jaws, protrudes mandible, greater wing of sphenoid moves mandible sidewards Inferior head—tateral surface of Nerve Mandibular division of trigeminal lateral pterygoid plate nerve Insertion Condyle of mandible, ‘Note: This sideward movement, aided by superficial fibers of temporomandibular joint masseter, causes chewing movements. “Stern calls this a separate muscle: superior pterygoid. Reference: Stern, JT: Essentials of Gross Anatomy, F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, 1988.CHAPTER FOUR MUSCLES OF THE NECK50 CHAPTER 4 STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEUS Three-quarter frontal view Origin Sternal head—manubrium of sternum Action ‘One side—bends neck laterally, Clavicular head—medial part of rotates head to opposite side clavicle Both sides together—flexes neck, Insertion Mastoid process of temporal bone, draws head ventrally and elevates lateral haif of superior nuchal line of cchin, draws sternum superiorly in occipital bone deep inspiration Nerve Spinal part of accessory nerve (C2, C3)MUSCLES OF THE NECK st PLATYSMA Three-quarter frontal view Origin ‘Subcutaneous fascia of upperone- ction Depresses and draws lower lip fourth of chest laterally, draws up skin of chest Insertion ‘Subcutaneous fascia and muscles of Nerve Cervical branch of facial nerve chin and jaw, mandible52 CHAPTER 4 DIGASTRICUS Lateral view Origin Posterior belly—mastoid notch of Action Raises hyoid bone, assists in temporal bone opening jaws, moves hyoid forward Anterior belly—inner side of inferior or backward border of mandible near symphysis Nerve Anterior belly—mandibular division of Insertion Intermediate tendon attached to trigeminal hyoid bone Posterior belly—facial nerveMUSCLES OF THE NECK 53 STYLOHYOIDEUS Lateral view Origin Styloid process of temporal bone Action Draws hyoid bone backward, Insertion Hyoid bone elevates tongue Nerve Facial nerve54 CHAPTER 4 MYLOHYOIDEUS Lateral view Origin Inside surface of mandible from Action Elevates hyoid bone, raises floor of symphysis to molars (myichyoid line) mouth and tongue Insertion Hyoid bone Nerve Mandibular division of trigeminal nerveMUSCLES OF THE NECK - Origin Insertion GENIOHYOIDEUS Lateral view Inferior mental spine on interior Action Protrudes hyoid bone and tongue medial surface of mandible Nerve Branch of C1 through hypoglossal Body of hyoid bone nerve SOUTHMEAD LIBRARY & INFORMATION SERVICE56 CHAPTER 4 STERNOHYOIDEUS Frontal view Origin Medial end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum Insertion Body of hyoid bone Action Depresses hyoid bone Nerve Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3) Lateral viewMUSCLES OF THE NECK STERNOTHYROIDEUS Lateral view Insertion Action Nerve Frontal view Dorsal surface of manubrium of sternum Lamina of thyroid cartilage Depresses thyroid cartilage ‘Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)58 CHAPTER 4 THYROHYOIDEUS Lateral view Origin Lamina of thyroid cartilage Action Depresses hyoid or raises thyroid Insertion Greater comu of hyoid bone Nerve 1 through hypoglossal nerveOrigin Insertion MUSCLES OF THE NECK OMOHYOIDEUS Lateral view Superior border of scapula Action Inferior belly—bound to clavicle by Nerve central tendon Superior belly—continues to body of hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis (C2, C3) 5960 CHAPTER 4 LONGUS COLLI (Mandible and part of maxilla removed) ‘Superior oblique part Vertical part Origin Transverse processes of third, fourth, Origin Anterior surfaces of bodies of upper and fifth cervical vertebrae three thoracic and lower three Insertion Anterior arch of atias, cervical vertebrae Insertion Anterior surfaces of the second, Inferior oblique part third, and fourth cervical vertebrae Action All three parts flex cervical vertebrae Origin Anterior surface of bodies of first two Nerve c2c7 or three thoracic vertebrae Insertion Transverse processes of fifth and sixth cervical vertebraeOrigin Insertion MUSCLES OF THE NECK 61 LONGUS CAPITIS Frontal view (Mandible and part of maxilla removed) ‘Transverse processes of third Action Flexes head through sixth cervical vertebrae Nerve c1-c3a Occipital bone anterior to foramen magnumCHAPTER 4 62 RECTUS CAPITIS ANTERIOR Frontal view (Mandible and part of maxilla removed) Origin Anterior base of transverse process Action Flexes head of atlas Nerve C2,C3 Occipital magnum bone anterior to foramenMUSCLES OF THE NECK 63 RECTUS CAPITIS LATERALIS Frontal view (Mandible and part of maxilla removed) Origin Transverse process of atlas Action Bends head laterally Insertion Jugular process of occipital bones Nerve c2,¢364 CHAPTER 4 SCALENUS ANTERIOR Three-quarter frontal view (Mandible and part of maxilla removed) Origin Transverse processes of third Action Raises first rib (respiratory through sixth cervical vertebrae inspiration); acting together, they flex Insertion Inner border of fist rib (scalene neck; acting on one side, they laterally flex, rotate neck tubercle) Ventral rami of cervical nervesMUSCLES OF THE NECK 65 SCALENUS MEDIUS Three-quarter frontal view (Mandible and part of maxilla removed) Origin Transverse processes of lower six Action Raises first ib (respiratory cervical vertebrae (C2-C7) inspiration); acting together, they flex Insertion Upper surface of first rio neck; acting on one side, they laterally flex, rotate neck Nerve Ventral rami of cervical nerves66 CHAPTER 4 SCALENUS POSTERIOR Three-quarter frontal view (Mandible and part of maxilla removed) Origin Transverse processes of lower two or Action Raises second rib (respiratory three cervical vertebrae (C5-C7) inspiration); acting together, they flex Insertion Outer surface of second rib neck; acting on one side, they laterally lex, rotate neck Nerve Ventral rami of lower cervical nervesMUSCLES OF THE NECK 67 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MAJOR Posterior skull and cervical vertebrae Origin Spinous process of axis Action Extends and rotates head Insertion Lateral portion of inferior nuchal ine Nerve ‘Suboccipital nerve of occipital bone68 CHAPTER 4 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MINOR Posterior skull and cervical vertebrae Origin Posterior arch of atlas Action Insertion Medial portion of interior nuchal line Nerve of occipital bone Extends head Suboccipital nerve70 CHAPTER 4 OBLIQUUS CAPITIS SUPERIOR Posterior skull and cervical vertebrae Origin Transverse process of atlas Action Extends and bends head laterally Insertion Occipital bone between inferior and Nerve Suboccipital nerve superior nuchal linesCHAPTER FIVE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK72 CHAPTER 5 SPLENIUS CAPITIS Posterior skull, neck, and back Lower part of ligamentum nuchae, Action ‘spinous processes of seventh cervical vertebra (C7) and upper three or four thoracic vertebrae (1-14) Nerve Mastoid process of temporal bone ‘and lateral part of superior nuchal line Acting together, they extend, hyperextend head, neck; acting on one side, they laterally flex, rotate head, neck Lateral branches of dorsal primary divisions of middle and lower cervical nervesEEE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 73 SPLENIUS CERVICIS Posterior skull, neck, and back Origin Spinous processes of third through Action Acting together, they extend, sixth thoracic vertebrae (T3-T6) hyperextend head, neck; acting on Insertion Transverse processes of upper two one side, they laterally flex, rotate or three cervical vertebrae (C1-C3) head, neck Nerve Lateral branches of dorsal primary divisions of middle and lower cervical nerves74 CHAPTER 5 ERECTOR SPINAE* ILIOCOSTALIS LUMBORUM Origin Medial and lateral sacral crests and medial part of iliac crests Insertion Angles of lower six ribs Action Extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column, rotates ribs for forceful inspiration Nerve Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves ILIOCOSTALIS THORACIS Origin Angles of lower six ribs medial to iliocostalis lumborum, Angles of upper six ribs and transverse process of seventh cervical vertebra Extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column, rotates ribs for forceful inspiration Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves Insertion Action ILIOCOSTALIS GERVICIS Angles of third through sixth ribs ‘Transverse processes of fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae Action Extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column’ Nerve Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves "The rector spinae (sacrospinalis) is a complex of three sets ‘of muscles: liocostalis,Iongissimus, and spinalls. The origin of this group is the medial and lateral sacral crests, the medial part of iliac crests, and the spinous processes and ‘Supraspinal ligament of lumbar and eleventh and twetfth thoracic vertebrae. Trunk—dorsal viewMUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 5 ERECTOR SPINAE LONGISSIMUS THORACIS Origin Medial and lateral sacral crests, spinous processes and supraspinal ligament of lumbar and eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebrae, and medial part of iliac crests Insertion Transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae, between tubercles and angles of lower nine or ten ribs Action Extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column, rotates ribs for forceful inspiration Nerve Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves LONGISSIMUS CERVICIS Origin Transverse processes of upper four or five thoracic vertebrae (T1-T8) Insertion Transverse processes of second through sixth cervical vertebrae Action Extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column Nerve Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves LONGISSIMUS CAPITIS Origin Transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae (T1-T5), articular processes of lower three cervical vertebrae (C5-C7) Insertion Posterior part of mastoid process of temporal bone Action Extends and rotates head Trunk—dorsal view Nerve Dorsal primary divisions of middle and lower cervical nerves76 CHAPTER 5. ERECTOR SPINAE SPINALIS THORACIS Origin Spinous processes of lower two thoracic (T11, T12) and upper two lumbar (L1, L2) vertebrae Insertion Spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae (T1-T8) Action Extends vertebral column Nerve Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves SPINALIS CERVICIS Origin Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of seventh cervical vertebra Insertion Spinous process of axis Action Extends vertebral column Nerve Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves SPINALIS CAPITIS (Medial part of semispinalis capitis) Trunk—dorsal viewMUSCLES OF THE TRUNK Trunk—dorsal view TRANSVERSOSPINALIS* SEMISPINALIS THORACIS Origi Insertion Action Nerve Transverse processes of the sixth through tenth thoracic vertebrae (16-710) Spinous processes of the lower two cervical (C6, C7) and upper four thoracic (T1-T4) vertebrae Extends and rotates vertebral column Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves SEMISPINALIS CERVICIS Origin Insertion Action Nerve Transverse processes of upper five or six thoracic vertebrae (T1-T6) Spinous processes of second to fifth cervical vertebrae (C2-C5) Extends and rotates vertebral column Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves SEMISPINALIS CAPITIS (Medial part is spinalis capitis) Transverse processes of lower four cervical (C4-C7) and upper six or seven thoracic (T1-T7) vertebrae Between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone Extends and rotates head Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves *The transversospinalis is composed of groups of small muscles generally extending upward from transverse processes to spinous processes of higher vertebrae, They are deep to erector spinae. They include semispinalis, multifii and rotatores.78 CHAPTER 5 MULTIFIDIS* Origin Sacral region—along sacral foramina Up to posterior superior iliac spine Lumber region—mamiltary processes' of vertebrae Thoracic region—transverse processes Cervical region—articular processes of lower four vertebrae (C4-C7) Insertion Spinous process two to four vertebrae superior to origin Action Extend and rotate vertebral column Nerve Dorsal primary division of spinal nerves “Part of transversospinalis, ‘Posterior border of superior articular process Trunk—dorsal viewMUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 79 ROTATORES* Origin Transverse process of each vertebra Insertion Base of spinous process of next vertebra above Action Extend and rotate vertebral column Nerve Dorsal primary division of spinal nerves “Part of transversospinalis. Trunk—dorsal view80 CHAPTER 5 INTERSPINALES (Paired on either side of interspinal ligament) Origin Cervical region—spinous processes of third to seventh cervical vertebrae (c3-€7) ‘Thoracic region—spinous processes of second to twelfth thoracic vertebrae (12-12) Lumbar region—spinous processes of second to fith lumbar vertebrae (245) Insertion Spinous process of next vertebra superior to origin Action Extend vertebral column Nerve Dorsal primary division of spinal nerves Trunk—dorsal viewMUSCLES OF THE TRUNK xe (aga: cyan ae ee Trunk—dorsal view INTERTRANSVERSAR! Cervical region INTERTRANSVERSARII ANTERIORES Origin Anterior tubercle of transverse processes of vertebrae from first thoracic to axis Insertion Anterior tubercle of next superior vertebra Action Lateral flexion of vertebral column Nerve Ventral primary division of spinal nerves POSTERIORES Origin Posterior tubercle of transverse processes of vertebrae from first thoracic to axis Insertion Posterior tubercle of next superior vertebra Thoracic region Origin Transverse processes of first lumbar to eleventh thoracic vertebrae Insertion Transverse processes of next superior vertebra Lumbar region INTERTRANSVERSARII LATERALES Origin Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae Insertion Transverse process of next superior vertebra Action Lateral flexion of vertebral column Nerve Ventral primary division of spinal nerves INTERTRANSVERSARII MEDIALES Mamillary process* of each lumbar vertebra Accessory process of the next superior lumbar vertebra Lateral flexion of vertebral column Dorsal primary division of spinal nerves ‘Posterior border of superior articular process.82 CHAPTER 5 INTERCOSTALES EXTERNI (External Intercostal) Trunk—anterior view Origin Lower margin of uppereleven ribs Action * Draw ventral part of ribs upward, Insertion ‘Superior border of rib below (each increasing the volume of the thoracic muscle fiber runs obliquely and cavity for inspiration inserts toward the costal cartilage) Nerve Intercostal nervesMUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 83 INTERCOSTALES INTERNI (internal intercostal) Trunk—anterior view Origin From the cartilages to the anglesof + Action «= —Draw ventral part of ribs downward, the upper eleven ribs decreasing the volume of the Insertion ‘Superior border of the rib below thoracic cavity for expiration {each muscle fiber runs obliquely «Nerve Intercostal nerves and inserts away from the costal cartilage)84 CHAPTER 5 SUBCOSTALES Trunk—dorsal view Origin Inner surface of each rib near its Action Draw ventral part of ribs downward, angle decreasing the volume of the Insertion Medially on the inner surface of thoracic cavity for forceful expiration second or third rib below Nerve Intercostal nerves Note: These muscles are deep to the internal intercostals. ‘They continue distally between single ribs, where they are known as innermost intercostal muscles.MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 85 TRANSVERSUS THORACIS Trunk—anterior view Origin Inner surface of lower portion of Action Draws ventral part of ribs downward, sternum and adjacent costal _ decreasing the volume of the cartilages: thoracic cavity for forceful expiration Insertion Inner surfaces of costal cartilages of | Nerve Intercostal nerves the second through sixth ribs Note: These muscles are deep to the internal intercostal muscles86 CHAPTER 5 LEVATORES COSTARUM Trunk—dorsal view Origin Transverse processes of the seventh Action Raises ribs; extends, laterally flexes, cervical and the upper eleven and rotates vertebral column thoracic vertebrae Nerve Intercostal nerves Insertion Laterally to outer surface of next lower rib (lower muscles may cross cover one rib)MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 87 SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR A te IG prt Sh BR Trunk—dorsal view Origin Ligamentum nuchae, spinous Action Raises ribs in inspiration processes of seventh cervical and Nerve 1114 first few thoracic vertebrae Insertion Upper borders of the second through fifth ribs lateral to their angles88 CHAPTER 5 SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR Trunk—dorsal view Origin Spinous processes of the lower two Action. Pulls ribs down, resisting pull of thoracic and the upper two or three diaphragm, lumbar vertebrae Nerve T9112 Insertion Lower borders of bottom four ribsMUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 89 DIAPHRAGM Trunk—anterior view (Lower costal cartilages removed) Origin Sternal part—inner part of xiphoid process Costal part—inner surfaces of lower six ribs and their cartilages Lumbar part—upper two or three lumbar vertebrae and lateral and ‘medial lumbocostal arches* Insertion Fibers converge and meet on a central tendon Action Draws central tendon inferiorly Nerve Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) Note: This muscle inserts upon itself. ts action is to change the volume of the thoracic and aladominal cavities, “These tendinous structures, also known as the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments, allow the diaphragm to bridge the upper parts of the psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles.ae CHAPTER 5 OBLIQUUS EXTERNUS ABDOMINIS (External Oblique) Trunk—lateral view Origin Lower eight ribs Nerve Eighth to twelfth intercostal, Insertion Anterior part of iliac crest, abdominal ilichypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves aponeurosis to linea alba Relationships Most superficial of the three lateral ‘Action Compresses abdominal contents, abdominal muscles lateraly flexes and rotates vertebral ig: impetantinxcedexpaton, coughing, snezing columnOrigin Insertion MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 91 OBLIQUUS INTERNUS ABDOMINIS (Internal Oblique) Trunk—lateral view Lateral haif of inguinal ligament, iliac Nerve Eighth to twatth intercostal, crest, thoracolumbar fascia ilichypogastrc,licinguinal nerves Cartilage of bottom three or four rts, Relationships Middle layer ofthe three lateral ‘abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba abdominal muscles ‘Compresses abdominal contents, Note: Important in forced expiration, coughing, sneezing. laterally flexes end rotates vertebral NO Impo a ng ewe column92 CHAPTER 5 CREMASTER Trunk—anterior view Origin Inguinal ligament Action Pulls testes toward body Insertion Pubic tubercle, crest of pubis, sheath Nerve Genital branch of genitofemoral of rectus abdominis nerve Note: The cremaster regulates the temperature of the testes, which is important for spermatogenesis,MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 93 TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS Trunk—lateral view Origin Lateral part of inguinal ligament, iliac Action Compresses abdomen crest, thoracolumbar fascia, cartilage Nerve Seventh to twelfth intercostal, of lower six ribs iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves Insertion Abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba Relationships Deepest of the three lateral abdominal muscles ‘Note: Important in forced expiration, coughing, sneezing.94 CHAPTER 5 RECTUS ABDOMINIS* Origin Crest of pubis, pubic symphysis Insertion Cartilage of fith, sixth, and seventh ribs, xiphoid process Action Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen Nerve Seventh through twelfth intercostal nerves “Tendinous bands divide each rectus into three or four bellies. Each rectus is sheathed in aponeurotic fibers from the lateral abdominal muscies. These fibers meet centrally to form the linea alba. Note: The pyramidalis is a small, unimportant muscle that ‘extends from the ventral surface of the pubis to the lower part of the linea alba. Itis frequently absent. Trunk—anterior viewMUSCLES OF THE TRUNK 95 ABDOMINAL MUSCLES Trunk—anterior and cross-sectional views 4. Obliquus externus abdominis 4. Rectus abdominis 2. Obliquus internus abdominis 5. Linea alba le a "Note: The aponeuroses (tendons) of the three lateral ‘2bdominal muscles join to form the fascial sheath surrounding the rectus abdominis,