INTRODUCTION

In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function or sequence "approaches" as the

input or index approaches some value. Limits are essential to calculus (and
mathematical analysis in general) and are used to definecontinuity, derivatives,
and integrals.
In formulas, a limit is usually written as

and is read as "the limit of f of n as n approaches c equals L"

Continuity of functions is one of the core concepts of topology, which is treated

in full generality below. The introductory portion of this article focuses on the
special case where the inputs and outputs of functions are real numbers. In addition,
this article discusses the definition for the more general case of functions between
two metric spaces
The definition of the derivative is the slope of a line that lies tangent to the curve
at the specific point. The limit of the instantaneous rate of change of the function
as the time between measurements decreases to zero is an alternate derivative
definition.
In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can
describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining
infinitesimal data. Integration is one of the two main operations of calculus, with
its
inverse,differentiation,
being
the
other.
Given
a function f of
a real variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral

is defined informally as the signed area of the region in the xy-plane that is
bounded by the graph of f, the x-axis and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. The area
above the x-axis adds to the total and that below the x-axis subtracts from the total.

The trapezium rule is a way of estimating the area under a curve. We know that
the area under a curve is given by integration, so the trapezium rule gives a
method of estimating integrals.
Calculus, known in its early history as infinitesimal calculus, is
a mathematical discipline
focused
on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals,
and infinite series. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz independently invented
calculus in the mid-17th century.