Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 1

Alexis Roberts
Professor Padgett
English 102
April 13, y
Is getting vaccinated as a child too much of a risk to take?
Have you even wondered why you have asthma, or why you randomly got shingles, or
why your child has autism? A number of people would say that its because if the vaccinations
that we are given when we are a young child. Others say its all in genetics and the environment
you were raised in. These two arguments both have very strong facts to support their statement.
There has been cases where it was proven that the vaccination was not the cause to these health
issues. People may suggest that the vaccinations that we get as a child is the reason for both
severe and mild health issues although there has been facts to prove these people wrong.

"Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 Nov. 2015.
Web. 25 Feb. 2016. <http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/
autism.html>.
One of the first illnesses that people say is caused by vaccinations is autism. Autism
Spectrum Disorder is a disability that causes the brain to function differently and causes
developmental issues. People with ASD may communicate, behave, and learn in different ways.
Recent estimates from CDCs Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network
found that about 1 in 68 children have been identified with ASD in communities across the
United States (Vaccines Do). Many people have had concerns that ASD might be related to the
vaccines that children receive when little. Although there are many studies that prove ASD

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 2

theory to be false. Back in 2011 an Institute on Medicine made a report on eight different
vaccines that were given to patients explained that these vaccination were very safe with rare
exceptions. (Vaccines Do). There was also a study that the CDC conducted a study that then
added to the the previous study that took place in 2011 that also proved that the vaccines and
ASD had no relation.
A vaccine ingredient that has specifically been studied is thimerosal, a mercury-based
preservative that is used to stop contamination of multi-dose vials of vaccines. Research shows
that thimerosal does not cause ASD. In 2004 scientific review by the Institution Of Medicine
concluded that "the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal
containing vaccines and autism (Vaccines Do). Since 2003, there have been nine CDC studies
that have done a large number of research and found no link between thimerosal-containing
vaccines and ASD in children. During the time of 1999 and 2001, thimerosal was taken out of or
lessened to trace amounts in all childhood vaccines. The ingredient was taken out as part of a
wide national attempt to lessen all types of mercury baring in children before studies were
conducted that determined that thimerosal was not damaging to children.

"Vaccines and Side Effects: The Facts." Healthy Children. Immunizations Infectious Dis
eases: An Informed Parent's Guide, 21 Nov. 2015. Web. 25 Feb. 2016.
<https://

www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-

prevention/immunizations/Pages/Vaccines-And-Side-Effects-The-Facts.aspx>.
The next myth is that the Diphtheria-Tentanus-Pertussis (DTP) vaccine is linked with
sudden infant death syndrome. The first dose of DTP is given when a baby is two months old,
which is around the same time of life when SIDs is at a higher risk. A number of studies that go

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 3

back to the 1980s looked at the occurrence of SIDS deaths occurring at the time of the DTP
vaccine. The researchers came to the conclusion that the number of deaths was at a level about
equal to the number that would be expected to take place by chance and that is has no relation to
the vaccination (Vaccines and). There isnt any scientific evidence that links the DTP vaccine
with SIDS.
Another myth is that hepatitis B vaccine causes multiple sclerosis. Although critics have
claimed that hepatitis B immunizations can cause or trigger a relapse of multiple sclerosis, the
IOM safety committee could find no scientific support for the theory. The same report also
concluded that there is no evidence that the hepatitis B vaccine causes other types of nervous
system problems, including Guillain-Barre syndrome.

"TheGrowingGlobalProblemofVaccineHesitancy:TimetoTakeAction."International
JournalofPreventiveMedicine.DepartmentofCommunityMedicine,Web.
25Feb.

2016.

<http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfview

er?

sid=c58df4a09c7b47fb83f0830bf3c0dd1%40sessionmgr115&vid=1&hid=122>.
Immunizationsorvaccineshavebeenusedworldwidetoreducethenumberofillnesses,
disability,etc.AccordingtotherecentestimatesreleasedbytheWorldHealthOrganization,
oneineveryfivechildrenworldwidefailtoreceiveroutinelifesavingvaccines,andalmost1.5
childrendieeveryyearbecauseofthosediseaseswhichcanbedefinitelypreventedbythe
existingvaccines(TheGrowing). Therehasbecomealargenumberofpeoplethathesitateto

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 4

getthevaccinesforeitherthemselvesortheirchildrenbecauseofweaknessinthepublichealth
system,poorinfrastructure,andhealthcareworkersconstraints.Eventhoughtherearethese
issuesandpeoplearehesitatingtoreceivethevaccines,thischallengedoesnotholditbackfrom
developingbutitcanturnintoaverycomplexglobalproblemthatvariestomanydifferent
countries.
Thedeterminantsofvaccinehesitancyincludeconcernsaboutvaccinesafety;mythsprevalent
insociety;lackofawarenessaboututilityandadvantagesofvaccines;mistrustinthepublic
healthsystemorhealthcareworkers;influenceofthestakeholdersincludinglocalleadersin
shapingupperceptionsamongthegeneralpopulation;involvedcosts;geographicbarriers;fear
ofneedles;andpersonalattributes(TheGrowing).
Inordertoaddresstheissuethatthepublichealthcompanieshavewithvaccine
hesitancy,thereisaneedtohaveveryaccuratehypothesisoftheissueinaveryparticularplace
andinformationaboutthecauseofitsothatstrategiescanbemadetotryandstopthehesitancy
fromoccurring.Strategieswerebroughtupthatincludedparticipationofreligiousorthe
communitystockholderstobetterthetrendsofvaccinationinthecommunity(TheGrowing).
Peoplewhomakethestrategiesareinfluencetheusestructurefortailoringofimmunization
programortousethepresentationfordoingvaccinehesitancysurveys.Thenafterwardsshare
itsresultsofthesurveysonaninternationalscaleforthewellbeingofothernations.

Crossley, Mary. "Including Public Health Content in a Bioethics and Law Course: Vaccine
Exemptions, Tort Liability, and Public Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
is the property of Wiley-Blackwell, Web. 25 Feb. 2016.

Annotated Bibliography
<http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.

Roberts 5
pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?

sid=b3065c3e-

af68-4c3d-91a1-

9672d9f714d3%40sessionmgr115&vid=1&hid=122>.
Therehasalsobeensomecompanieswhoaremorebioethicallydrivenandlaws
traditionallyfocusthemontheethicalissuesthatcomefromonespatients runintowiththe
medicalcaresystem.Onetothreestudentswereresponsiblefordraftingashortmemo(47
pages)addressedtotheirsupervisingattorney.Thememospurposewastorespondtoquestions
posedbytheclientseekingadviceintheProblem(Crossley). Theyfoundthattherewas
informationaboutbindingvaccinationaandnonmedicalexclusions.Questionswerethen
presentedthatcalledonstudenttothinkabouthowtobalancethematterconcerningparentenal
autonomy,childwelfare,andsocialwelfare.Parentalautonomyiswhentheparentshavethe
rightstoraisetheirchildandmallallofthedecisionsforthechildwithoutgovernmental
interventionunlessthechildshealtorwelfareisinconcern.Childwelfareisaprogramthat
provideshelptofamiliesthatneedhelpprotectingtheirchild.Lastly,socialwelfareisprovides
helptofamilysandpeoplewhoneedhelpinregardstofinancialreasons.

Mercola, . "Vaccines Have Serious Side Effects - The Institute of Medicine Says So!." Mer
cola. 27 Sept. 2011. Web. 25 Feb. 2016.
<http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/ar

chive/2011/09/27/vaccines-are-

dangerous-says-the-government.aspx>.
Other people tend to disagree with the scientist that state that there is no relation between
vaccines and health problems. These beliefs came after a review of more than 1,000 vaccine

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 6

studies, which was intended to assess the scientific evidence in the medical literature about
specific adverse events associated with eight vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella,
influenza, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV, diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and
meningococcal (Mercola). Nearly two decades ago the Institute of Medicine discovered
shocking scientific evidence of a relationshop between specific vaccines and health issues. The
majority of side effects and helth problems that have been thought to have a relationhsip with
vaccinations, basically have no idea whether the vaccination caused the health issue or not.
These scientist have no way of proving to the public that the specific vaccination caused the
major health problem. The IOM report may feel there is too little evidence to make conclusions
about vaccine-induced side effects, but you can make a conclusion for yourself by reading the
IOM report online (Mercola).
Children are getting so many extra vaccination now do we know why this is? About ten
percent of children from the age of nineteen to thirty-five months old recieved extra vaccination
due to the National Immunization Survey data form 1999 to 2003. They say this is the last thing
that kids need, new vaccinations are added every year. As of right now children are expected to
ger forty-eight doses of forteen vaccines by the time they are jsut six years old. Their first
vaccine would be given to them the day they are born in the nursery. This "prescription" is the
same for every U.S. child, even though it's well known that all children are not the same
biologically as the recent Institute of Medicine report clearly points out - and some children
will not be able to survive the currently recommended vaccine schedule without suffering serious
harm to their health. And if you take your child to multiple health care providers or facilities, the

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 7

odds are high that they may be mistakenly given "extra" vaccines on top of the recommended
schedule (Mercola).

Mayo Clinic, Staff. "Childhood vaccines: Tough questions, straight answers." Mayo Clinic.
12 Feb. 2016. Web. 25 Feb. 2016. <http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/in
fant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/vaccines/art-20048334>.
Childhood vaccines protect children from a variety of serious or potentially fatal
diseases, including diphtheria, measles, polio and whooping cough (pertussis). If these diseases
seem uncommon or even unheard of it's usually because these vaccines are doing their job
(Mayo Clinic). Some people may argue that natural immunization is better then vaccinations
becuase of how natural infection results in better immunity than vaccinations althought there are
very serious risks. All vaccinationc help prevent serious health issues and other diseases. As
told before given any type of medicine or vaccination they can cause side effects. The side
effects are usually very minor such as fussinies, soreness at the injection site, or a low-grade
fever. Very rarely might a child have an allergic reaction or a neurological side effect (seizures).
People sometimes tend to think that it is okay to pick and choose the vaccinations you
want to get. In reality skipping vacines is not the smartest thing to do. By skipping your
vaccines it can leav you or your child helpless to potentially serious diseases. Sometimes the
only protection from the vaccines-preventable diseases is the immunity of the people in their
environment. With the immunization rates remaining low it helps the vaccine-preventable
diseases to not become a threat to us.

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 8

"Vaccinations? Know the Risks and Failures." National Vaccine Information Center. 12
Feb. 2016. Web. 28 Feb. 2016. <http://www.nvic.org/vaccines-anddiseases/Vaccinations--Know-the-risks-and-failures-.aspx>.
Back in 2015 the National Vaccine Information Center proceeded with a national vaccine
education billboard and ad campaign that originally started in 2013 to promote information about
vaccine risk and the right to practice voluntary, informed consent to vaccination. Every
vaccination is recommented by government health officials have a risk attached to them. Some
of the risks even lead to chronic brain and immune system damage or even dealth. There has
always been a lot of complications which have all been identified in medical documents. In
2012, the IOM published a report, Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality, and
acknowledged there are high risk factors not yet identified by medical science that can increase
individual susceptibility to vaccine reactions (Vaccinations?). There are also many ways you
can figure out if you are having a reaction to different vaccinations. Some of these reactions
could be redness and swelling, heart of hardness at the injection site that continues for more then
a couple of days, rashes, longer and deeper sleeps, crying, high fever, joint pain and muscle
weakness, etc. Major problems of vaccination can lead to lasting injury or even death.

Wilson, Sarah E., Shelley L. Deeks, and Laura C. Rosella. "Importance of ICD-10 coding
directive change for acute gastroenteritis (unspecified) for rotavirus vaccine
impact
Ontario,

studies: illustration from a population-based cohort study from

Canada." (2015): 6. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.

<http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.pallas2.tcl.sc.e

du/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 9

sid=e5a545fd-c6ae-467f-ac65-e68dc84282de%40ses
sionmgr114&vid=1&hid=122>.
Rotavirus, which consist of any RNA viruses, vaccination is a extremely successful
tactics to put a stop to rotavirus (RV) related to acute gastroenteritis (AGE), which is the most
common source of childhood acute gastroenteritis and an significant correspondent to childhood
morbidity and mortality. The main idea abou the article is that the alter that was made in order
for the grouping of unnamed gastroenteritis which happened in the 2009 Version of ICD-10 is
significant for examiners preparation assessment of rotavirus immunization programs to be
aware of. They would speak very highly about the researchers that considered using both A09.9
and K52.9 to make sure that all unnamed instances of acute gastroenteritis, does both suppose
infectious and non-infectious, are detained in research using organizational factual information.

Pacheco, Julianna, and Graeme Boushey. "Public Health and Agenda Setting ." 25. Web.
28 Feb. 2016.
<http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfview

er?

sid=e5a545fd-c6ae-467f-ac65-e68dc84282de
%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=122>.
The public health officials int he United States discovered the firts inccodent of H1N1
influenza vruis. Scientist had a fear that this would trigger a major universal influenza outbraek.
The United States government ordered new emergancy preparedness measures to moderate the
possible outbreak of the influenza. There were many different responses from the state
governments to the scare of the H1N1 influenza virus outbreak. Many questions were brought to
attention but one of the main ones was What determines govemmental attention to emerging

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 10

health issues (Pacheco)? There were many studies done to try and find the answer to this
question and there was finally a confusion found after many decades of research. The
govemment attention to public problems is influ- enced by myriad factors including issue
characteristics and problem defi- nition (Rochefort and Cobb 1994; Donovan 2001), interest
group activity (Baumgartner and Jones 1993), intergovemmental influence (Karch 2010;
McCann, Volden, and Shipan 2012), focusing events (Birkland 1998), the media (Colby and
Cook 1991), and the public (Pacheco).
Pena, Marcela A., and Adriana Bban. "Dangerous Agent or Saviour? HPV Vaccine Rep
resentations on Online Discussion Forums in Romania." International Society
of Be

havioral Medicine 2013 (2013): 10. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.

<http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.
sid=ead84992-

pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?
a6db-4d32-82f5-50a87e32560c

%40sessionmgr112&vid=1&hid=122>.
One of the most common sexually transmitted infections in people nationwide and
worldwide is the human papillomavirus (HPV). This specific type of sexually transmitted
disease can also lead to other types of sexually transmitted diseases such as genital warts, or even
cervical cancer. The Ministry of Health announced a national school-supported vaccination
campaign providing free human papillomavirus vaccine for 10 to11-year-old girls. Due to high
parental disagreement precentages, only 2.57 % of the group was given the vaccine. A second
vaccination program targeted 12 to14-year-old girls, but was cancelled as being unsuccessful.
These vaccines were seen as unsuccessful and just harming young girls by pumping vaccines
into their bodies that still maintain many different risks of them getting sick in other types of
ways.

Annotated Bibliography

Roberts 11