Atlas Human Anatomy Ciba Netter

n rl
AIIAS OI
Fourth Edition
FrankH.Netter,
MD
Atlasof
Human Anatomy
Gonsulting Editors
JenniferK. Brueckner,PhD
AssistantProfessor
Department
of Anatomyand Neurobiology
University
of KentuckyCollegeof Medicine
Lexington,
Kentucky
NoelleA. Granger,PhD
Professor
Biology
Department
of Celland Developmental
of NorthCarolinaSchoolof Medicine
University
ChapelHill,NorthCarolina
StephenW. Garmichael,PhD, DSc

Professor
Surgery
of Anatomyand Orthopedic
Departments
MayoClinic
Minnesota
Rochester,
John T. Hansen,PhD
and Anatomy
Professorof Neurobiology
AssociateDeanfor Admissions
Schoolof Medicineand Dentistry
of Rochester
University
NewYork
Rochester,
ThomasR. Gest,PhD
AssociateProfessor
Divisionof Anatomical
Sciencesand Department
of MedicalEducation
of MichiganMedicalSchool
University
AnnArbor,Michigan
AnilH. Walji,MD,PhD
Professorand Director,Divisionof Anatomy
lmaging
and Diagnostic
of Radiology
Professor
Professorof Surgery
Facultyof Medicineand Dentistry
Universityof Alberta
Edmonton,Alberta,Canada
SAUNDERS
ELSEVIER
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Suite1800
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19103-2899
Atlas of Human Anatomy

FourthEdition
Editionwith StudentConsultAccess:
Professional
Edition:
International
Edition:
EnhancedInternationalEdition
with StudentConsultAccess:
ISBN-13:978-1-4160-3385-1
ISBN-1O:
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ISBN-13:978-1-4160-3699-9
ISBN-10: 1-4160-3699-7
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ISBN-13: 978-0-8089-2379-4
ISBN-10: 0-8089-2379-X
Copyright @ 2006, 2003, 1997, 1989 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier lnc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be producedor transmittedin any form or by any
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relyingon independentexpertise
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the oatient.
Previouseditionscopyrighted2003, 1997, 1989.
AcquisitionsEditor: Anne Lenehan

DevelopmentalEditor: Marybeth Thiel
Publishing Services Manager: Frank Polizzano
Senior Project Manager: Cecelia Bayruns
Design Direction: Louis Forgione
lllustrationManager: Cecilia Nuyianes
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L a s t d i g i t i s t h e p r i n t n u m b e r 9:
7 6
3 2
I wwwsabre.org
To my dear wife, Vera
Head and Neck

Superficial Face
Oral Region
Plates 23-26
Plates 5l-62
2s SuperficialArteries
andVeins
ofFace
andScalp
5r
24 Cutaneous
Nerves
of Head
andNeck
52 Roofof Mouth
2s Facial
Nerve
Branches
andParotid
Gland
of Mouth
53 Floor
26 Muscles
of Facial
Expresssion:
LateralView
Involved
s4 Muscles
inMastication
(continued)
Involved
inMastication
55 Muscles
Neck
56 Teeth
(continued)
s7 Teeth
Plates 27-35
27 Muscles
of NeckLateralView
Inspection
of OralCavity
Muscles
of Neck:Anterior
View
58 Tongue
(continued)
s9 Tongue
x,
Infrahyoid
andSuprahyoid
Muscles
60 Tongue
andSalivary
Glands:Sections
30 Scalene
andPrevertebral
Muscles
6r
3r
Innervation
of MouthandPharynx
62 Afferent
Superficial
Veins
andCutaneous
Nerves
of Neck
Glands
Salivary
32 Cervical
Plexus
inSitu
33 Subclavian
Artery
Pharynx
s4 Carotid
Arteries
Plates 6$73
3s Fascial
Layers
of Neck
Median
63 Pharynx:
Section
64 Fauces
Nasal Region
(Sagittal)
65 Muscles
of Pharynr
Median
Section
Plates
0pened
View
66 Pharynx:
Posterior
36*5O
36 Nose
Posterior
View
of Pharynx
Partially
0pened
67 Muscles
s7 LateralWall
of Nasal
Cavity
68 Muscles
of Pharynx:
LateralView
3a LateralWall
ofNasal
Cavig(continued)
(Nasal
3e MedialWall
ofNasal
Cavity
Septum)
of OralandPharyngeal
Regions
69 Arteries
40 Maxillary
Artery
7r
4r
72 Lymph
Vessels
of Head
andNeck
andNodes
Arteries
of Nasal
Cavity:
Nasal
Septum
Turned
Up
42 Nerves
of Nasal
Cavity:
Nasal
Septum
Turned
Up
(continued)
4s Nerves
of Nasal
Cavity
44 Autonomic
Innervation
ofNasal
Cavity
(V,)andMaxillary
(Vr)Nerves
4s 0phthalmic
(V,)
46 Mandibular
Nerve
4z Nose
andParanasal
Sinuses:
Cross
Section
4g Paranasal
Sinuses
(continued)
4s Paransal
Sinsues
so Paranasal
Sinuses:
Changes
withAge
Atlas of l{uman Anatomy
7o Veins
of 0ralandPharyngeal
Regions
Regions
Nerves
of 0ralandPharyngeal
Vessels
73 Lymph
of Pharynx
andTongue
andNodes
1 Head and Neck

Section
Topographic Anatomy
Plate I
HeadandNeck
Bones and Ligaments

Plales 2-22
Anterior
View
Skull:
Skull:AnteroposteriorRadiograph
LateralView
Skull:
Skull:LateralRadiograph
Midsagittal
Section
Skull:
e
z
e
g
to
Calvaria
View
Base:
Inferior
Cranial
SuperiorView
Base:
Bones
ofCranial
View
Base:
Inferior
Foramina
ofCranial
View
Base:
Superior
ofCranial
Foramina
12 SkullofNewborn
andNeck
of Head
13 BonyFramework
rI
Fossae
Base:Pterygoid
14 Cranial
r5
Mandible
r6 TemporomandibularJoint
r7
r8
CervicalVertebrae:AtlasandAxis
(continued)
Vertebrae
Cervical
Joints
Uncovertebral
Vertebrae:
Cervical
Vertebrae
intheCervical
20 Degenerative
Changes
Ligaments
2r External
Craniocervical
i9
Ligaments
Craniocervical
22 Internal
Frank H. Netter, MD
rank H. Netterwas born in New York City in 1906. He
Dr.Netter'sworks are among the finest examplesof the use
studied ad at the Art Students League and the of illustrationin the teachingof medicalconcepts.The 13-book
NationalAcademy of Design before enteringmedical Netter Collection of Medical lllustrations, which includes the
school at New York University,where he receivedhis Doctor of greater part of the more than 20,000 paintings created by Dr.
Medicinedegree in 1931. During his student years, Dr. Netter's Netter.became and remainsone of the most famous medical
notebook sketches attracted the attention of the medical faculty works ever published. The Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy, first
and other physicians,allowinghim to augmenthis income by il- publishedin 1989, presentsthe anatomicpaintingsfrom the
lustratingadicles and textbooks. He continued illustratingas a
Netter Collection.Now translated into 16 languages,it is the
sidelineafter establishinga surgicalpracticein 1933,but he ulti- anatomyatlas of choice among medicaland health professions
mately opted to give up his practicein favor of a full-timecom- studentsthe world over.
mitment to art. After service in the United States Army during
The Netter illustrationsare appreciatednot only for their
World War ll, Dr. Netter began his long collaborationwith the aesthetic qualities,but, more importantly,for their intellectual
CIBA Pharmaceutical
Company(now NovartisPharmaceuticals).content.As Dr. Netterwrote in l949 "clarificationof a subject is
This 45-yearpartnershipresultedin the productionof the extra- the aim and goal of illustration.No matter how beautifully
ordinarycollectionof medical art so familiarto physiciansand painted,how delicatelyand subtly rendereda subject may be, it
other medicalprofessionalsworldwide.
is of little value as a medical illustration if it does not serve to
lcon Learning Systems acquired the Netter Collection in make clear some medicalpoint." Dr. Netter'splanning,concepJuly 2000 and continuedto update Dr.Netter'soriginalpaintings tion, point of view, and approachare what inform his paintings
and to add newly commissionedpaintingsby artiststrained in and what make them so intellectuallyvaluable.
the styleof Dr.Netter.In 2005, ElsevierInc. purchasedthe Netter
Collection and all publications from lcon Learning Systems.
Thereare now over 50 publicationsfeaturingthe art of Dr.Netter
availablethrough ElsevierInc.
Frank H. Netter,MD, physicianand artist, died in 1991.
Preface to the First Edition
have often said that my career as a medical artist for al- and even revisionof a number of them in order to make them
most 50 years has been a sort of "command performance" more pertinentto today's ever-expandingscope of medicaland
in the sense that it has grown in responseto the desires surgicalpractice.In addition,I found that there were gaps in the
and requestsof the medicalprofession.Over these many years, portrayalof medical knowledgeas pictorializedin the illustraI have producedalmost 4,000 illustrations,mostly for The CIBA tions I had previouslydone, and this necessitatedmy making a
(now Netfer) Collection of Medical lllustrations but also for numberof new picturesthat are includedin this volume.
ClinicalSymposla.These pictures have been concerned with the
In creatingan atlas such as this, it is importantto achievea
varied subdivisionsof medical knowledge such as gross happy medium between complexity and simplification.lf the
anatomy, histology,embryology,physiology,pathology, diag- picturesare too complex,they may be difficultand confusingto
nostic modalities,surgicaland therapeutictechniquesand clin- read; if oversimplified,they may not be adequatelydefinitiveor
ical manifestationsof a multitudeof diseases.As the yearswent may even be misleading.I have thereforestriven for a middle
by, however,there were more and more requestsfrom physi- course of realism without the clutter of confusing minutiae. I
cians and students for me to produce an atlas purely of gross hope that the studentsand membersof the medicaland allied
anatomy.Thus, this atlas has come about, not through any in- professionswill find the illustrationsreadilyunderstandable,yet
spirationon my part but rather,like most of my previousworks, instructiveand useful.
as a fulfillmentof the desiresof the medicalorofession.
At one point,the publisherand I thoughtit might be niceto
It involvedgoing back over all the illustrationsI had made include a foreword by a truly outstanding and renowned
over so many years,selectingthose pertinentto gross anatomy, anatomist,but there are so many in that categorythat we could
classifyingthem and organizingthem by system and region, not make a choice. We did think of men like Vesalius.Leonardo
adapting them to page size and space and arrangingthem in da Vinci,WilliamHunterand HenryGray,who of course are unlogicalsequence.Anatomy of course does not change,but our fortunatelyunavailable,but I do wonder what their comments
understandingof anatomy and its clinical significancedoes might have been about this atlas.
change,as do anatomicalterminologyand nomenclature.
This
thereforerequiredmuch updatingof many of the older pictures
Frank H. Netter.MD
(1906-1991)
Gontents
Section 1
Anatomy
Topographic
Bones
andLigamenb
SuperficialFace
Neck
Nasal
Region
OralRegion
Pharynx
Thyroid
Gland
andLarynx
0rbitandGontenb
Ear
Meninges
andBrain
Nerves
Cranial
andCervical
Vasculature
Cerebral
Regional
Scans
1
Plate
2
Plates
Plates 23-26
Plates 2 5
Plates 36-50
Plates 51-62
Plates 63-73
Plates 74{;0
Plates 81-91
Plates 92-98
Plates 9S-115
Plates 11ts135
Plates 136-148
Plates 14S-151
Anatomy
Topographic
Bones
andLigamenb
SpinalCord
Muscles
andNerves
152
Plate
plates 1S3_159
Anatomy
Topographic
Mammary
Gland
Wall
Body
Lungs
Heart
Mediastinum
Regional
Scans
Anatomy
Cross-Sectional
181
Plate
Pfates 182-184
Plates 18ts195
Plates 196-210
Plates 211-229
Plates 23F241
242
Pfate
Pfates 24T246
Anatomy
Topographic
Body
Wall
Peritoneal
Cavity
(Gut)
Viscera
(Accesory
Viscera
Organs)
247
Pfate
Plates 24V267
Plates 26F274
Pfates 27Y285
Plates 28F299
Plates 300-317
Plates 318-328
Pfates 32Y347
Plates 34f349
350
Plate
Section2
Plates 160-173
Pfates 171180
Section3
Section4
Vasculature
Visceral
lnnervation
Glands
Kidneys
andSuprarenal
Abdominal
Sections
Regional
Scans
Section 5
Topographic
Anabmy
Bones
andLigamenb
PelvicFloorandContenb
Bladder
Urinary
Vagina,
Uterus,
andSupporting
Sfrncfures
Regional
Transverce
Section
Perineum
andExternal
Genihlia:
Female
Perineum
andExtemal
Male
Geniblia:
Homologues
of Geniblia
Epididymis,
Testis,
andDuctus
Deferens
Restum
Regional
Scans
Vasculafure
Innervation
Plab
Plates
Platm
Plates
Plah
Hate
Platc
Phtes
Plates
Plate
Hatos
Plate
platc
351
3
55
35F364
36S368
3f375
376
377-379
3flH87
388-389
390
391-396
397
399_409
Pfates 10/J-4.17
Section6
Topographic
Anabmy
Shoulder
andAxilla
Arm
ElbowandForearm
WristandHand
Neurcvasculature
Regional
Scans
Plato
Haho
Plabs
Phbs
Habs
Pfatas
Hah
Topognaphic
ftrabmy
HipandThigh
Knee
Leg
AnkleandFoot
Neurovasculature
Regional
Scans
i Plate
Platc
Plabs
Plabe
Plabs
Plabs
Plate
418
419-430
431-435
136-151
452471
17243
4U
Section 7
ion I
KeyFigure
forCross
Sections
References
lndex
48s
48H05
5(H12
51 22
52 37
5$tl6
il7
Head and Neck

Thyroid Gland and Larynx
Meninges and Brain
Plates 74-80
Plates 99-l 15
74 Thyroid
View
Gland:Anterior
99
7i
Arteries
too Meningeal
Thyroid
Gland
Posterior
View
andPharynx:
Veins
andDiploic
Meninges
?6 Parathyroid
Glands
lol
Hematoma
Epidural
7z Cartilages
of Larynx
to2
Veins
Cerebral
Meninges
andSuperficial
zs Intrinsic
Muscles
ofLarynx
t03
7s Actions
ofIntrinsic
Muslces
ofLarynx
Venous
Sinuses
Dural
(continued)
Venous
Sinuses
t 0 4 Dural
Bo Nerves
of Larynx
t05
Lateral
Views
Cerebrum:
MedialViews
Cerebrum:
View
Inferior
t 0 7 Cerebrum:
t06
Orbit and Gontents

Plates 8l-9t
t08
Br Eyelids
r09
Ventricles
of Brain
s2 LacrimalApparatus
Fluid
ofCerebrospinal
Circulation
(Ganglia)
Nuclei
t t o Basal
so Fascia
ofOrbit
andEyeball
tll
Thalamus
EyeMuscles
a4 Extrinsic
112
andFornix
Hippocampus
andVeins
85 Arteries
ofOrbit
andEyelids
r'rs Cerebellum
86 Nerves
of 0rbit
r re Brainstem
s7 Eyeball
Ventricle
andCerebellum
r rs Fourth
andPosterior
80 Anterior
Chambers
of Eye
8e LensandSupporting
Structures
Granial and Gervical Nerves
Arteries
90 Intrinsic
andVeins
of Eye
Plates ttFl35
er
Ir6
Vascular
Supply
ofEye
Ear
Plates 92'8
92
Pathway
ofSound
Reception
93
EarandTympanic
External
Cavity
94
Tympanic
Cavity
95
Bony
andMembranous
Labyrinths
(continued)
BonyandMembranous
Labyrinths
96
g7
98
Orientation
ofLabyrinth
inSkull
(Pharyngotympanic,
Auditory
Tube
Eustachian)
inBrainstem:
Schema
Nerve
Nuclei
Cranial
(continued)
Schema
Nuclei
inBrainstem:
Nerve
117 Cranial
(Motor
Distribution):
Schema
andSensory
Nerves
t t 8 Cranial
(l):Schema
Nerve
0lfactory
(ll)(Visual
Pathway):
Schema
12|' 0pticNerve
(Vl)Nerves:
(lV),andAbducent
(lll),Trochlear
121 Oculomotor
Schema
(V):Schema
Nerve
122 Trigeminal
tt9
(Vll):
Schema
Facial
Nerve
(Vlll):
Nerve
Schema
124 Vestibulocochlear
(lX):
Nerve
Schema
125 Glossopharyngeal
123
(X):Schema
Nerve
Vagus
nerve(Xl):Schema
127 Accessory
(Xll):
Nerve
Schema
l 4 Hypoglossal
126
Plexus:
Schema
Cervical
inNeck
Nerves
r 3 0 Autonomic
14,
t 3'l
Nerves
inHead
Autonomic
Head and Neck

roz Ciliary
Ganglion:
Schema
rse Pterygopalatine
andSubmandibular
Ganglia:
Schema
rlz Arteries
ofBrain:
Lateral
andMedialViews
r34 0ticGanglion:
Schema
rss Taste
Pathways;
Schema
rs
reo Arteries
of Posterior
Cranial
Fossa
Veins
of Posterior
Cranial
Fossa
rru Deep
Veins
ofBrain
rrc SubependymalVeins
ofBrain
Gerebral Vasculature
rlz Hypothalamus
andHypophysis
Plates 136-148
rre Arteries
andVeinsof Hypothalamus
andHypophysis
r se Arteries
to Brain
andMeninges
rsz Veins
oftheVertebral
Column-Vertebral
Veins
rse Arteries
to Brain:
Schema
Regional Scans
Plates l4$-l5l
rss Arteries
ofBrain:
Inferior
Views
(ofWillis)
reo CerebralArterial
Circle
res Head
Scans:
Sagittal
MRlmages
rer Arteries
ofBrain:
Frontal
ViewandSection
rsr Head
Scans:
Coronal
CTlmages
r50 Head
Scans:Axial
CTlmages
Foreword
he Fourth Edition of Atlas of Human Anatomy by the uncovertebraljoints of the cervicalvertebrae,the vertebral
Frank H. Netter, MD, has been updated by our veins, and the intricate vasculatureof the eye, to mention a few,
Consulting Editor team of Jennifer K. Brueckner, with artistic brilliance,anatomicalprecision,and visual appeal
Stephen W. Carmichael,Thomas R. Gest, Noelle A. Granger, that is unsuroassed.The sectionincludesa concisetreatmentof
John T. Hansen,and Anil H. Walji.We haveeach reviewed,mod- the centralnervoussystem,includingthe cranialnervesand imified, and updated a section of the Atlas. Throughoutthe book, portant central pathways.
new radiographs,computed tomographic(CT) images,CT an-
In the Back section, a new plate illustrates the proper
giograms, and magnetic resonance (MR) images have been placementof a lumbar epiduralanestheticagent,as well as the
added, which reflectsthe importanceof diagnostic imaging in locationfor lumbarpunctureor "spinaltap." Autonomicsare traclinicalanatomyand medicine.In this edition,45 plates have ditionallythe bane of many students,and excellentnew drawbeen revised to show corrected anatomicalrelationships,290 ings of the autonomicnervoussystem by Dr.Machadowill serve
plates have been relabeled,and there are 17 completelynew as a new educationalresourcefor these difficultconcepts.
plates.Wonderfulnew artworkfor this edition has been created
The Thorax section underwent minor editorial corrections
by Carlos A. G. Machado, MD, who has contributed to the of terminologyand subtle artwork modificationsto more accuNetter illustrationsfor over ten years.Anatomicalnomenclature rately reflect the most common anatomical patterns. For inhas been broughtup to date, and clinicalterms and eponymsin stance, the representationof the azygos venous system patcommon usage have been included parenthetically.
The genius tern was altered to reflect the most common arrangementof
of Dr. Netter'spaintingsis that the anatomyis portrayedclearly, thesehighlyvariableveins.The inclusionof the thoraciccrossrealistically,
and in a clinicallyrelatablefashionwhile maintaining sectional images at the end of the section, rather than in the
the balance between complexity and oversimplification.We later section, reinforcesthe importanceof knowledgeof crosshave tried to adhere to these principlesin the creation of the sectional anatomy in the interpretationof cross-sectionalMR
new plates for this edition. Finally,some of the plates were re- and CT images.
arrangedas page-pairs,whereappropriate,to facilitateside-byThe Abdomen section has had the most extensiverevision
side comparisonsof commonly illustratedelements.This fourth for labelchangesand positioningof leaderlines.By popularreedition owes much to the consultingeditors of the earlieredi- quest,the plateshowingthe common variationsin the branches
tions, Drs.SharonColacino(Oberg)(firstedition),ArthurF.Dalley of the celiac artery which appearedin the first editionAbdomen
ll (secondedition),and John T. Hansen(thirdedition),who shep- section,has been reinstated.
herded their editions with great skill and uncompromisingprofessionalism,making our task significantlyeasier.
The anatomy of the pelvis is a particularlydifficult area to

teach and, becauseof the depth and tight organizationof the in-
The head and neck is a particularlychallengingareafor stu- ternal structures,difficultto illustrate.The Netter illustrationsof
dents, residentsand facultyto master,due not only to the sheer pelvic anatomy are outstandingbecause of the clarity of their
numberof structurespacked in this relativelysmall regionof the presentationand their scope of coverage.A very small number
human body, but also the complexityof their three-dimensional of plates were eliminatedto permit the inclusionof the illustraanatomical organization.The age-old aphorism that "there is tion of pelvic fascia, a parasagittalview of the broad ligament,
more anatomy above the hyoid bone than below it" presentsa and normal imaging (male and female radiographs,cysuniquechallengeto anyonetrying to portraythe anatomyof this tourethrograms,and a hysterosalpingogram).
Comparativeimregion in a simple, visually appealing, and clinically relevant ages of male and female pelvicanatomywere reorganizedto almanner.More than ten new plateshave been added to this sec- low their side-by-sidecomparison.
tion. For the first time, spectacularoriginalpaintingscreatedby
New CT angiogramshave been includedin the Upper Limb
CarlosMachadoillustrateclinicallyimportantstructuressuch as and Lower Limb sections.This new technologynot only clearly
Foreword
demonstratesblood vessels,but vividlyshows bony landmarks help you better understandanatomy and its applicationto the
to which the blood vessels are related.The ligamentsof the practice of clinical medicine.More informationabout the webwrist have been illustrated in more detail to reflect their in- site, includingthe PIN code for access,can be found on the increasedimportancein arthroscopicproceduresand other appli- side front cover of the Aflas.
cations of new technologyto this joint.
We hope you enjoy this new edition of the Aflas of Human
JenniferK. Brueckner,PhD
StephenW. Carmichael,PhD, DSc
Anatomy and that you find it usefulfor learningand for your ca-
Thomas R. Gest, PhD
reer.For the standardeditionand enhancedinternationaledition
NoelleA. Granger,PhD
of the Aflas, we have included access to the website www.
John T. Hansen,PhD
netteranatomy.com.By registeringon this website, you will be
Anil H. Walji,MD, PhD
able to accesssupplementalmaterialthat has been organizedto
Acknowledgments
Editor,our
It has been my pleasureto work with the other membersof the I would liketo thank MarybethThiel,Developmental
editorial board, Carlos Machado, MD, and the Elsevierstaff. superb medical illustratorDr. Carlos Machado, and the entire
Specialthanks go to John Hansen,PhD, for the opportunityto
Editorial,Production,Design,lllustration,and Marketingstaff at
work on this editorialteam. I am indebtedto my family for the Elsevierfor shepherdingthis edition to completion.For all our
support and encouragementthat they have provided.
students,past, presentand future,this Aflas is for you. Finally,
to my wife, Paula,thank you for your love and encouragement

-Jennifer K. Brueckner PhD throughoutthe years.
-John T Hansen, PhD
I would like to thank the specialistsat the Mayo Clinic who
helped review the art, especiallyRichardA. Berger,MD, PhD,
Shawn W. O'Driscoll,MD, PhD, EnriqueA. Sabater,MD, and I would like to thank my wife, Parviz,and my daughters,Amreen
and Farah,for their patienceand constant support and encour-
RobertJ. Spinner,MD.
agement during my involvementwith this project. My special

-Stephen W. Carmichael,PhD, DSc thanks go to Dr. Carlos Machado,who has my utmost admiration for his brilliantartwork and who was an absolutedelight to
work with. I would also like to expressmy sincereappreciation
I must thank my family and especiallymy daughter,Madison, to all the wonderfulstaff at Elsevier,in particularLinda Belfusfor
and son, Taylor,for their support and understandingof my ef- her exemplaryleadership,and Anne Lenehan,MarybethThiel,
fofts on this editorialtask. lt was a pleasureto work with my col- and Cecelia Bayruns for all of their hard work, patience,and
leagueson the editorial board and with the staff of Elsevier.lt dedication,without which this atlas would not have been possihas been my sincerepleasureto work with Dr. Carlos Machado ble. Finally,I would like to thank my fellow coeditorsand all of
on the artwork changesfor the 4th edition.
my colleagueswho helpedwith reviewingthe plates,in particular PierreLemelin,PhD,and DanielLivy,PhD,whosemeticulous
-Thomas R. Gest, PhD examinationof the artwork has helped greatly in ensuringthe
accuracyof the head and neck sectionin this edition.
I am deeply grateful to my colleaguesat Universityof North
CarolinaSchoolof Medicine:JamesScatliff,MD, formerChairof
the Departmentof Radiology,
for his help with the imaging,and
O.W Henson, PhD, ProfessorEmeritusof Anatomy,for his input. I especiallythank Carlos Machado, the exceptionalartist
whose talent made any change requiredin the originalplates
both seamlessand beautiful.
-Noelle A. Granger,PhD
-AnilH.
Walji, MD, PhD
Head and Neck
Frontal
bone
Zygomatic bone
Supraorbital
notch
Superciliary
arcn
Helix
Tragus
Antihelix
Nasal
oone
Antitragus
Ala of nose
A n t e r i o rn a r e s
(nostril)
Lobule
C o m m i s s u roef l i p s
Philtrum
A n g l eo f j a w ( m a n d i b l e )
Nasolabial
s ut c u s
S u b m a n d i b u lgalra n d
T u b e r c loef
s u p e r i olri p
E x t e r n aj lu g u l a rv e i n
Mental
l n f e r i o rb e l l vo f o m o h v o i d m u s c l e
protuberance
Brachialplexus
T h y r o i dc a r t i l a g e
Trapeziusmuscle
-"*r
. l u g u l anr o t c h
C l a v i c u l a hr e a d o f
s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o im
du s c l e
S t e r n ah
l e a do f
s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o im
du s c l e
C/Fd4g/*
Topographic Anatomy
Plate I
Skull: Anterior View
C o r o n a ls u t u r e
Frontal bone
Clabell.r
Parietalbone
Supraorbital
notch(foranren)
S p h e n o i db o n e
O r b i t a ls u r f a c e
e s s e rw r n g
C r e a t e rw l n g
Nasal bone
Temporalbone
L a c r i m a lb o n e
E t h m o i db o n e
O r b i t a lp l a t e
Zygomatic bone
P e r p e n d i c u l aprl a t e
Frontap
l rocess
M i d d l e n a s a lc o n c h a
Tenrporal process
Inferior nasal concha
Zygom at icofac iaI

toramen
Vomer
*;o
Maxilla
Z y g o m a t i cp r o c e s s
rl
Mandible
'\
Ramus
I n f r a o r b i t aflo r a m e n
Frontap
l rocess
4{r
Body
^.,,
{
\,,
M e n t a lf o r a m e n
M e n t a lt u b e r c l e
A l v e o l a rp r o c e s s
M e n t a lp r o t u b e r a n c e
A n t e r i o rr r a s asl p i n e
R i g h t o r b i t : f r o n t a l a n d s l i g h t l yl a t e r a lv i e w
O r b i t a l s u r f a c eo f f r o n t a lb o n e
O r b i t a ls u r f a c eo f l e s s e r
w i n g o f s p h e n o i db o n e
S u p e r i o ro r b i t a lf i s s u r e
( ) p t i c c a n a l( f o r a m e r . r )
P o s t e r i oar n d
Anterior
e t h m o i d a lf o r a m i n a
O r b i t a lp l a t eo f
e t h m o i db o n e
L a c r i m a bl o n e
O r b i t a ls u r f a c eo f g r e a t e r
w i n g o f s p h e n o i db o n e
F o s s af o r l a c r i m a sl a c
O r b i t a ls u r f a c eo f
z y g o n r a t i cb o n e
O r b i t a l p r o c e s so f
p a l a t i n eb o n e
I n f e r i o ro r b i t a lf i s s u r e
Infraorbital!lroove
Plate 2
of maxilla
Bones and Ligaments
Skull: Anteroposterior Radiograph
A
C
E
F
G
L
M
R
Bones and Ligaments
Angleof mandible
Cristagalli
Ethmoidair cells(sinuses)
Frontalsinus
Createrwingof sphenoid
Lesser
wing of sphenoid
Maxillarysinus
R a m u so f m a n d i b l e
Plate 3
Skull: Lateral View
Parietalbone
Iemporal bone
Temporalfossa
C r e a t e rw i n
Frontal bone
Supraorbital
notch(foramen)
S q u a n r o u sp a r t
Z y g o m a t i cp r o c e s s
C o r o n a ls u t u r e
A r t i c u l a rt u b e r c l e
Pterion
Croovefor posterior
d e e p t e m p o r a la r t e r y
Clabella
E x t e r n aal c o u s t i c
meatus
E t h m o i db o n e
O r b i t a lp l a t
M a s t o i dp r o c e s s
L a c r i m a lb o n e
L a m b d o i ds u t u r e
F o s s at o r
l a c r i m a sl a c
Occipital bone
Nasal bone
L')
Sutural (wormian)
bone
Maxilla
External
occipital
protuberance
----)aFrontalprocess
I n fr a o r b i t a l
foramen
Anterior
Mandible
H e a d o f c o n d y l a rp r o c e s s
M a n d i b u l a rn o t c h
C o r o n o i dp r o c e s s
Ramus
O b l i q u el i n e
Body
M e n t a lf o r a m e n
Zygomatic bone
Zygom aticofacial
foramen
T e m p o r a lp r o c e s s
Z y g o m a t i ca r c h
C r e a t e rw i n g
lnfratemporalfossaexposedby
removalof zygomaticarchand mandible*-
I n f r a t e m p o r acl r e s t
P t e r y g o m a x i l l a rfyi s s u r e
L a t e r a pl l a t eo f
p t e r y g o i dp r o c e s s
I n f e r i o ro r b i t a lf i s s u r e
P t e r y g o i dh a m u l u s
( o f m e d i a lp l a t eo f
p t e r y g o i dp r o c e s s )
I n f r a t e m p o r asl u r f a c eo f m a x i l l a
Temporal bone
A l v e o l a rf o r a m i n a
Forame
ovale
T u b e r o s i t yo f m a x i l l a
./.1
n
'.
.-*F
_a*-
E x t e r n aal c o u s t i c
meatus
M a n d i b u l a rf o s s a
'";*-"t
P t e r y g o p a l a t i nfeo s s a
S t y l o i dp r o c e s s
S p h e n o p a l a t i nfeo r a m e n
* S u p e r f i c i a l l ym, a s t o i dp r o c e s sf o r m s p o s t e r i o r
bourrcrary
Plate 4
Bones and Ligaments
Skull: Lateral RadiograPh
Anterior arch of atlas

(Cl vertebra)
Creater wing of
sphenoid
C o n d y l eo f m a n d i b l e
Hypophysealfossa(sellaturcica)
C P Coronoid processof
mandible
cs Coronal suture
D
Bones and Ligaments
L a m b d o i ds u t u r e
M a x i l l a r ys i n u s
D e n s o f a x i s( C 2
vertebra)
MS Mastoid air cells

P Palatineprocessof
maxilla
F r o n t a ls i n u s
S p h e n o i ds i n u s
Plate 5
Skull: Midsagittal Section
Sphenoidbone
Temporalbone
Parietalbone
Creater wing
Coronal
sutur
Lesser
wing
Anteriorclinoid
process
Optic canal
Sellaturcica
S o h e n o i d sa il n u s
Body
Medialand lateral
platesof
pterygoid
process
part
Petrouspart
Croovesfor
branches
of middle
meningeal
vessels
tr.M,I:ltg
lnternalacousticmeatus
'?t'zt*
Groovefor superior
petrosalsinus
External
openingof
vestibular
aqueduct
Croove for
s i g m o i ds i n u s
Lambdoidsuture
Frontalbone
Frontalsinus
Occipital bone
Ethmoidbone
Cristagalli
Cribriformplate
Perpendicular
plate(bony
nasalseptum)
for
sinus
transverse
;'---
Externaloccipital
protuberance
foramen
Jugular
Nasalbone
Croove for inferior
petrosalsinus
Inferior nasal
concha
Hypoglossal
canal
Maxilla
Anterior
nasalspine
Nasalsu
Foramenmagnum
Occipitalcondyle
Palatinebone
Vomer(bonynasalseptum)
Incisivecanal
part
Palatine
Alveolar process
Frontalbone
Nasalbone
sinus
Openingof sphenoidal
1l':
Ethmoidbone
Cribriformplate
foramen
Sphenopalatine
Superior nasalconcha
Middle nasalconcha
Lacrimalbone
Sphenoidbone
Body
Inferior nasalconcha
Maxilla
Nasalsurf
Palatineprocess
Alveolar process
Medial I -.
Platesof PterYgoidProcess
1;il
i
Pterygoidhamulus
plate
Perpendicular
Horizontalplate
I
View of lateral nasalwall with nasalseptum removed
Plate 6
euluttn"
non"
*{r
Bones and Ligaments
Galvaria
Superiorview
Frontalbone
Coronalsuture
Bregma
Parietalbone
Sagittal
suture
Parietalforamen (for emissaryvein)
Lambdoidsuture
Sutural(wormian)
bone
Occipital
Inferior view
Frontalbone
Frontalcrest
Croovefor superiorsagittalsinus
Coronalsuture
Parietal
bone
Cranularfoveolae
(forarachnoidgranulations)
Diplod
of
Croovesfor branches
m i d d l em e n i n g e av le s s e l s
Croovefor superiorsagittal
sinus
suture
Sagittal
ambdoidsuture
ipitalbone
Bones and Ligaments
4{tr
Plate 7
Granial Base: Inferior View
Maxilla
I n c i s i v ef o s s a
Palatineprocess
Intermaxillary
suture
Zygomaticprocess
Zygomatic bone
Frontal bone
Palatomaxillary
suture
Sphenoidbone
Pterygoidprocess
Hamulus
M e d i ap
l late
Pterygoidfossa
Lateralplate
Scaphoidfossa
Foramenovale
F o r a m e ns p i n o s u m
Spine
.b
Uit
Palatinebone
Horizontal plate
ir
C r e a t epr a l a t i n feo r a m e n
process
Pyramidal
L e s s epr a l a t i n feo r a m i n a
Posterior
nasalspine
Choanae
Temporalbone
Zygomaticprocess
A r t i c u l atru b e r c l e
Mandibularfossa
Styloidprocess
Petrotvmoanic
fissure
C a r o t i dc a n a l( e x t e r n aol p e n i n g
Tympaniccanaliculus
Externalacousticmeatus
Vomer
Ala
for auditory
(pharyngotympanic,
Eustachian)tube
Foramenlacerum
M a s t o i dc a n a l i c u l u s
Mastoid process
Stylomastoidforamen
Petrous
part
Mastoid notch (for
d i g a s t r i cm u s c l e )
Occipital groove
(for occipital artery)
J u g u l a fr o s s a
(jugularforamen in its depth
Mastoid foramen
Parietalbone
Occipitalbone
Hypoglossal
canal
O c c i p i t acl o n d y l e
Condylar canal and fossa
Basilarparl
Pharyngeal
tubercle
F o r a m e nm a g n u m
I n f e r i o rn u c h a ll i n
Externaloccipital crest
S u p e r i o rn u c h a ll i n e
Externaloccipital protuberance
Plate 8
Nr
Bones and Ligaments
Bones of Granial Base: Superior View
Frontalbone
C r o o v e f o r s u p e r i o rs a g i t t asl i n u s
Frontalcrest
C r o o v e f o r a n t e r i o rm e n i n e e a l
F o r a m e nc e c u m
Superiorsurfaceof orbital part
Ethmoidbone
C r i s t ag a l l i
Cribriform plate
tr
Anterior
Sphenoidbone
L e s s ew
r ing
A n t e r i o rc l i n o i dp r o c e s s
C r o o v e f o r m i d d l em e n i n s e a l
v e s s e l s( f r o n t a lb r a n c h e s )
,rr t
,{
fossa
*
Body
Jugum
Prechiasmaticgroove
tl
Middle
cranial
fossa
I
Carotid g r o o v e ( f o r i n t . c a r o l i da . t
Clivus
Temporal bone
S q u a m o upsa r t
part
Petrous
Croove for lesseroetrosalnerve
Croove for greaterpetrosalnerve
A r c u a t ee m i n e n c e
T r i g e m i n ailm p r e s s i o n
C r o o v e f o r s u p e r i o rp e t r o s a sl i n u s
C r o o v e f o r s i g m o i ds i n u s
Posterior
cranial
fossa
Parietalbone
C r o o v e f o r m i d d l em e n i n g e a l
v e s s e l s( p a r i e t ahl r a n c h e s r
M a s t o i da n g l e
Occipitalbone
Clivus
Croove for inferior oetrosal
Basilap
r art
Croove for posterior m e n i n g e a vl e s s e l s
Condyle
sinus
Croove f o r t r a n s v e r s e
Croove f o r o c c i p i t a ls i n u s
I nternal occipital crest
l n t e r n a loccipital protuberance
C r o o v e f o r s u p e r i o rs a g i t t asl i n u s
Bones and Ligaments
Nr
Plate 9
Foramina of Granial Base: lnferiot View
Nasopalatine
nerve)
sph";;pi;il;"
""tldtil
-----Greaterpalatinenerveandvessels
-----Lesserpalatinenerveandvessels
Createrpetrosalnerve-----Lesserpetrosalnerve)
Mandibularnerve(Vr)t----Accessorymeningealartery)
Middle menineealvessels
I ----Meningealur"n.h o?-minii"di;?;r;;u;j
I
Incisivefossa
Greaterpalatineforamen
Lesserpalatineforamen
Foramenlacerum
Foramen
ovale
Foramenspinosum
Internalcarotidarteryl------Larotlo
canal
Carotidautonomicplexusf
Chordatympaniof facialnerve(Vll)------
Petrotympanic
Tympanicbranchof glossopharyngeal
nerve(lX)------Tympanic canaliculus
Auricularbranchof vagusnerve(X)------ Mastoidcanaliculus
Facialnerve(Vll)------
Glossopharyngeal
nerve(lX)\
Vagusnerve(X)/
Spinalrootsofaccessorynerves(Xl))----InternaliugularveinI
Inferiorp6trosalsinus)
Stylomastoid
for
Jugular
Mastoidemissary
vein) -- - -Mastold
roramen
Posterior
meningeal
irtery|-Hypoglossal
nerve(Xll)-------
Plate I O
Hypoglossal
canal
Bones and Ligaments
Foramina of Granial Base: Superior View
Foramencecum----Nasalslit
Anteriorethmoidalforamen
Emissary
vein to superiorsagittalsinus
I J Anteriorethmoidalartery,vein,
t I and nerve
Foramina
of cribriformplate-----Olfactory nervebundles
Posterior
ethmoidalforamen----
opric
canar
ljl".,
I 3Bilt.n:i#:
Maxillarynerve(Vz)
Foramenrotundum--amenovale--
vein,
Posterior
ethmoidalartery,
and nerve
( Mandibularnerve(Vr)
- { Accessorymeningealartery
( Lesserpetrosalnerve(occasionally)
Foramen
spinosum
I M:11i"rg:tffi?13?'fl1"Tfl,j3',".",
(inconstant)
foramen(of Vesalius)
Sphenoidemissary
Carotidcanalfor
- { Internalcarotidartery
I Internalcarotidnerveplexus
Hiatusfor
Lesserpetrosalnerve
Hiatusfor
Createrpetrosalnerve
Internalacousticmeatus------{
Externalopeningof
----vestibular'aqueduct
{ Facialnerve(Vll)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve(Vlll)
( Labyrinthineartery
Endolymphatic
duct
--- Emissary
Mastoidforamen(inconstant)
vein(andoccasional
branchof occipitalartery)
meningeal
''(' - - - - I tl:1:t::.:and pharyngeal branch
condylarcanal(inconstant)
artery
I of ascending
Hypoglossal
canal------
nerve(Xll)
Hypoglossal
4{F
Bones and Ligaments
Plate I t
Skull of Newborn
Lateralview
Anteriorfontanelle
Sphenoidal
fontanelle
Parietal bone
Tuber(eminence)
suture
Squamous
Frontalbone
part
Squamous
Supraorbital
notch(foramen)
Posteriorfontanelle
Lambdoidsuture
Ethmoidbone
Anteriorethmoidal
foramen
Orbitalplate
bone
Mastoidfontanelle
Temporalbone
Maxilla
Infraorbital
foramen
Zygomaticbone
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Palatinebone
Pyramidal
part
fissure
Petrosquamous
Sphenoid
bone
Greaterwing
Lateralplateof
pterygoidprocess
Hamulusof medial
plateof pterygoid
process
Petrouspart
(mastoidprocessabsent)
Tympanicpart (bony external
acousticmeatusabsent)
al (vestibular)
window
Round(cochlear)window
Styloidprocess
Mandibularfossa
Zygomaticprocess
Frontalbone
Anteriorfontanelle
Coronalsuture
Parietalbone
Sagittal
suture
Posteriorfontanelle
Occipital bone
Lambdoidsuture
*{r
Plate 12
Bones and Ligaments
Bony Framework of Head and Neck

Temporalbone
Temporalfossa
Zygomatic arch
C o n d y l a rp r o c e s so f m a n d i b l e
Coronoid orocessof mandible
Lateralpterygoid plate (broken line)
Hamulusof medialpterygoidplate(broken/ine)
Mastoid
process
External
a c o u s t im
c eatus
A t l a s( C 1 )
Styloidprocess
A x i s( C 2 )
raphe(brokenli ne)
Pterygomandibular
( Ramus
M a n d i b l e{ A n g l e
( BodyS t y l o h y o i dl i g a m e n t
Stylomandibular
ligament
( Bodv
H v o i db o n e{ L e s s bhro r n( C r e a t ehr o r n
C3 vertebra
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
C r i c o i dc a r t i l a g e
Trachea
C7 vertebra
Tl vertebra
1st rib
2nd cervicalto 1stthoracicvertebrae:

right lateralview
a.
Dens*
Suoeriorarticularfacet
Foramen
um
transverSafl
Spinous
processes
Articularpillarformed by
articularprocessesand
interarticularparts
(parsinterarticularis)
Spinousprocessof C7
(vertebraprominens)
Bones and Ligaments
Intervertebral
f o r a m i n af o r
spinalnerves
for spinal
nerve In transverse
process
Zygapophyseal Cervical vertebrae (spine): lateral radiograph
(facet)joints
SpinousProcess(axis)
S
Transverseprocess
T
V P S p i n o u sp r o c e s so f C Z
( v e r t e b r aP r o m i n e n s )
Zygapophyseal(facet)joint
Z
Costalfacets
Bodieso{ cervicalvertebrae
1-7
(for l st rib)
... Cervicalcurvature
r-r Vertebral canal
Plate t 3
Granial Base: Pterygoid Fossae
Posteriorview
External
occipitalprotuberance
S u p e r i onr u c h alli n e
External
occipitalcrest
Nasalseptum
Choana(posteriornasal
aperture)
lnferior nuchal line

F o r a m e nm a g n u m
lnferior orbital fissure
astoid foramen
Occipitomastoid
suIUre
al condyle
Mastoid proCss-
Lateralpterygoidplate
Medialpterygoidplate
Styloidprocess
Pterygoidfossa
Zygomaticarch
Scaphoidfossa
Pyramidalprocessof
oalatinebone
Horizontal plate of palatinebone

Inferior concha
Pterygoidhamulus
Tuberosity
of maxilla
processof maxilla
Palatine
Alveolar orocessof maxilla
lncisivefossa
Cfd4/*
Inferolateral view
S p i n eo f s p h e n o i db o n e
Foramenovale
\ _,
Sphenopalatineforamen
Pterygopalatinefossa
Choanae (posteriornares)
Tuberosityof maxilla
Infratemporalfossa
Alveolar processof maxilla
Plate 14
Pyramidalprocessof palatinebone
*{r
Bones and Ligaments
Mandible
Head
Attachmentsfor major
musclesof mastication
Lateralpterygoid
Pterygoidfovea
Neck
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Lingula
Temporalis
Attachmentsfor
accessorvmusclesof
mastication
Mylohyoid groove
Mandibular,,TemPoralis
Buccinator
S u b m a n d i b u lfaors s a
Mylohyoid line
S u b l i n g u faol s s a
Interalveolar
sepra
Masseter
Alveolar part (crest)

Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
M e n t atl u b e r c l e
B a s eo f m a n d i b l e
Mandibleof adult:
anterolateralsuperiorview
Body
l-ateralpterygoid
Coronoid process
Head
Neck
C o n d y l apr r o c e s s
L i n g ul a
M a n d i b u l a rf o r a m e n
groove
Pterygoidfovea
Temporalis
4{F
M y l o h y o i dl i n e
\Angle
Medialpterygoid
S u b m a n d i b u lfaors s a
Digastric
fossa
Digastric,anteriorbelly
M e n t asl p i n e s( g e n i atlu b e r c l e s )
Mandibleof adult:
left posteriorview
Bones and Ligaments
Mandibleof aged
person(edentulous)
Plate 15
Temporomandibular Joint
Lateralview
Jointcapsule
Lateral(temporomandibular)
ligament
S p h e n o m a n d i b ulliagra m e n t
Sphenomandibular
ligamen
t (phantom\
Styloidprocess
Stylomandibular
ligament
Mandibularnerve
Jointcapsule
M i d d l em e n i n g e a l
artery
Auriculotemporal
nerve
Maxillaryartery
Inferioralveolar
Lingualnerve
S t y l o m a n d i b ul iagra m e n t
Mandibularfossa
Articulardisc
Articulartubercle
l o i n tc a p s u l e
Medialview
and mylohyoidnerve
faws closed
faws widely
openeo
( h i n g ea n dg l i d i n g
actioncombined)
Plate 16
4{tr
Bones and Ligaments
Gervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis
t e r i o ra r t i c u l a r
facet (for anterior
arch of atlas)
Articularfacet
for dens
Pedicle
Transverse
process
S u p e r i o ra r t i c u l a r
facet for atlas
Transverse
foramen
Interarticular
parr
Vertebral
foramen
Suoeriorarticularsurface
of lateralmassfor
o c c i p i t a lc o n d y l e
Posteriorarch
Posterior
tubercle
lnferior articular
facet for C3
Croove for vertebralartery
Axis(C2):anteriorview
Atlas(C1):superiorview
Posterior
tubercle
Posteriorarch
Dens
Superiorarticular
facet for atlas
Vertebral
foramen
Transverse
P o s t e r i oarr t i c u l a r
facet(fortransverse
ligamentof atlas)
process
Transverse
lnterarticular
parl
Transverse
foramen
l n f e r i o ra r t i c u l a r
surfaceof lateral
massfor axis
Articularfacet
for dens
Anteriorarch
lnferior
articular
process
Anteriortubercle
A x i s ( C 2 ) : p o s t e r o s u P e r i o vr l e w
Atlas(Cl): inferiorview
Superior
a r t i c ul a r
surface
for occipital
condyle
Spinousprocess
A t l a s( C 1 )
Posterior
articularfacet
(fortransverse
ligament
of atlas)
n{r
Bones and Ligaments
Radiosraphof atlantoaxialioint
(openlnduth odontoidview)
of atlas(C1vertebra)
masses
A Lateral
D Dens of axis (C2 vertebra)
Plate 17
Gervical Vertebrae (continuedl
Inferioraspectof C3 and superioraspectof C4 showine

the sitesof the facetand uniovertebialarticulations "
c3
Bifidspinousprocess
lnferior aspect
Lamina
Inferiorarticularprocessandfacet
Vertebral
foramen
Pedicle
Foramentransversarium
Costallamella
Area for articulationof left uncinate processof C4
Vertebralbody
.{
Left uncinate process
Articularsurfaceof rightuncinateprocess
Superiorarticularprocessand facet
Groove for spinal nerve (C4)
c4
Inferiorarticularprocess
Superioraspect
7th cervicalvertebra:anteriorview
lamella
Reduplicated
foramentransversarium
ncrnateprocess
Articularsurface
Inferior
articular
facet
Articularsurface
B o n ys p i c u l e
dividingforamen
Body
Posterior
tubercle) ( | ransverse
Anteriortubercle( process
( r n c o n s p r c u o u s) )
7th cervicalvertebra(vertebraprominens):superiorview
Body
Articularsurfaceof uncinateorocess
Uncinate orocess
Costallamella
Foramen
t
transversarium
I n c o n s p i c u oa
un
s t e r i otru b e r c l e
(transverse
process)
Pedicle
(reduplicated)
Foramen
transversarium
Croovefor C7
process(posteriortubercle)
Transverse
Superiorarticularprocessandfacet
Lamina
Vertebral
foramen
Spinousprocess
*The foramina
transversariaof C7 transmit vertebral
veins,but notthe vertebral artery,and areasymmetricalin this specimen
Plate | 8
eh4s/*
Bones and Ligaments
Gervical Vertebrae: Uncovertebral Joints
Cervicalvertebrae:antenorvrew
Densof axis
Anteriortubercleof atlas
Anterior arch of atlas
m
transversariu
Foramen
(forC3 spinalnerve)
foramen
Intervertebral
disc
lntervertebral
Vertebralbody
lnferiorarticularprocess(C3)
A x i s( C 2 )
S u p e r i oar r t i c u l aprr o c e s (sC 4 )

Groovefor spinalnerve
joint (cleft)of Luschka
Siteof uncovertebral
Transverseprocess
Carotidtubercle
Articularcartilageon dens for median

atlantoaxialjoint complex
Lateralatlantoaxial
ioint
Uncinate processes
Facet(zygapophyseal)
joint between C2 and C3
Vertebra prominens
Axis (C2)
Firstthoracic vertebra (T1)
Uncinate processes
A n u l u sf i b r o s u s
joints(clefts)of Luschka
Uncovertebral
N u c l e u sp u l p o s u s
process
lransverse
lntervertebral
foramen(forC7 spinalnerve)
Vertebralbody (C7)
joints of the cervicalspine:anteriorview
The uncovertebral
(C3 to C7 havebeensectionedcoronallyto exposethe loints)
|\
C(d4/*
Bones and Ligaments
Plate 19
Degenerative Ghanges in the Gervical vertebrae
A t l a s( C 1 )
Degenerativechangesin the cervical spine

(ankylosingspondylitis)
A x i s( C 2 )
C3 vertebralbody
(sectioned
in coronalplane)
Complete transversecleft
i n i n t e r v e r t e b r adli s c
Uncovertebraljoint
with cleft formation
Spreadof cleft formation into

centralportion of intervertebral
disc with age leadingto progressive
degenerativechangesin the disc
Deformed vertebralbodies
a n d l i p p i n go f v e r t e b r a m
l argins
Spondylophytes(osteophytes)
on uncinateprocesses
6/Fd4*/*
Narrowine of intervertebralforamen
C7 vertebra
S u p e r i oar r t i c u l aprr o c e s s
Advancedankylosingspondylitiswith
uncovertebral
arthrosisin C4 and C5
Advanced spondylophyte(osteophyte)
formation on uncinateprocesses
Vertebralbody
joint fused due to extensivespondylophytei
Uncovertebra.l
formation and ossification
Potentialfor compressionof vertebralartery within foramen transversarium
Plate 2O
Facetjoint ossified
due to advanced
osteoarthriticchange
Markedly narrowed
intervertebralforamen
may lead to compression
of spinal nerve
Inferiorarticular
processwith facet
Croove for spinal nerve
on transverseprocess
S p i n o u ps r o c e s s
Bones and Ligaments
External Graniocervical Ligaments
Anteriorview
partof occipitalbone
Basilar
Pharyngeal
tubercle
membrane
Anterioratlantooccipital
Capsuleof atlantooccipital
.ioint
membrane
Posterior
atlantooccipital
A t l a s( C 1 )
joint (openedup)
Lateralatlantoaxial
l ament
A n t e r i o lro n g i t u d i n lai g
Caosuleof lateral
atlantoaxialjoint
Posteriorview
A x i s( C 2 )
Posterioratlantooccipitalmembrane
Capsuleof
zygapophyseal
joint (C3-4)
Capsuleof
atlan tooccipital
Transverse
process
o f a t l a s( C 1 )
Anterior atlantooccipitalmembrane
Capsuleof lateral
joint
atlantoaxial
Capsuleof
atlantooccipital
joint
A x i s( C 2 )
Posterior
atlantooccipital
memDrane
artery
Suboccipitalnerve (dorsal
r a m u so f C l s p i n a ln e r v e )
Ligamentaflava
o f a x i s( C 2 )
L i g a m e n t u mn u c h a e -
discs(C2-3 and C3-4)

Intervertebral
Zygapophysealjoints (C4-5 and cs-6)

Anterior tubercle of C6 vertebra (carotidtubercle)
S p i n o ups r o c e s s
of C7 vertebra
( v e r t e b rpar o m i n e n s )
Vertebralartery
T1 vertebra
4{tr
Rightlateralview
Bones and Ligaments
Plate 21
lnternal Graniocervical Ligaments
Clivus(surface
feature)
of basilarpartof occipitalbone
Upper part of vertebralcanalwith spinousprocesses

and partsof vertebralarchesremovedto expose
ligamentson posteriorvertebralbodies:posteriorview
Tectorialmembrane
Capsuleof
partof tectorialmembrane
Deeper(accessory)
joint
ligament
Posterior
longitudinal
A t l a s( C 1 )
Capsuleof lateral
atlantoaxialjoint
Alarligaments
Axis(C2)
Capsuleof
zygapophyseal
joint
(c2-3\
A t l a s( C 1 )
Superiorlongitudinal
band
Cruciate
ligament
Transverse
ligamentof atlas
Inferiorlongitudinal
band
partof tectorialmembrane
Deeper(accessory)
Principal part of tectorial membrane removed
to expose deeper ligaments: posterior view
Apicalligamentof dens
Alarligament
A t l a s( C 1 )
Posteriorarticularfacetof dens(for transverse

ligamentof atlas)
Alarligament
Anteriortubercleof atlas
Svnovialcavities
Axis(C2)
Cruciateligamentremovedto show
deepestligaments:posteriorview
*{r
Plate 22
ligament
Transverse
of atlas
Median atlantoaxialjoint: superiorview
Bones and Ligaments
Superficial Arteries and Veins of Face and Scalp

S k i na n d
Scalp
t is s u e
subcutaneou
E p i c r a n iaapl o n e u r o s i s
(galea poneurotica)
(cut to revea/skull)
Parietalemissaryvein
Middle temporal artery and

Zygomaticoorbitalartery
Transversefacial
artery and vein
Supraorbital
arteryand vein
Supratrochlear
a r t e r ya n dv e i n
Nasofrontalvein
Dorsal nasal
artery and vein
Zygomaticotemporal
a r t e r ya n d v e i n
Angular
arrery
a n dv e i n
Zygomaticofacialartery
and vein
Mastoidemissary
v e i na n dm e n i n g e a l
branchof occipital
artery(posterior
artery)
meningeal
Infraorbital
a r t e r ya n d
ipitalartery
Deep facialvein
(from pterygoid
plexus)
and vein (cut)
Posterior
auricular
arteryand vein
Facialartery and
jugularvein(cut)
External
vein
Retromandibular
Common facial vein
I n t e r n aj ul g u l avr e i n
lnternalcarotidartery
Externalcarotid artery
Common carotid arterY
Lingualartery and vein
Sourcesof arterialsupplyof face

Black: from internalcarotid artery (via ophthalmic artery)
Red: from externalcarotid artery
Superficial Face
Nr
Plate 23
Gutaneous Nerves of Head and Neck

SeealsoPlates 32, 36, 45,46,122
A u r i c u l a rb r a n c h
o f v a g u sn e r v e ( X )
Fromophthalmicdivision
of trigeminalnerve(V,)
S u p r a o r b i tnael r v e
Supratrochlearnerve
Medial branches
of dorsalrami
of cervicalspinal
nerves
Palpebralbranch of
lacriman
l erve
I n f r a t r o c h l e anr e r v e
Creater occipital
n e r v e( C 2 )
External
nasalbranchof
a n t e r i oer t h m o i d anl e r v e
3rd occipital
n e r v e( C 3 )
Frommaxillarydivision
of trigeminalnerve(Vr)
F r o m4 t h , 5 t h ,
6th, and 7th
nervesIn
successton
below
I n f r a o r b i tn
ae
l rve
Zygomaticofacialnerve
Zygomaticotemporalnerve
Branchesfrom
cervicalplexus
Lesseroccipital
n e r v e( C 2 )
Frommandibulardivision
of trigeminalnerve(Vr)
Creatauricular
n e r v e( C 2 ,3 )
Mentalnerve
Buccalnerve
Transversecervical
n e r v e( C 2 ,3 )
Auriculotemporal
nerve
Supraclavicular
n e r v e s( C 3 , 4 )
i
Ophthalmicnerve(V,)-
Dorsalrami of
cervicalspinal
nerves
;'1
*\:"
Trigeminal
nerve(V)
Maxillarynerve(Vr)
N o t e : A u r i c u l a rb r a n c h
of vagus nerve to
externaa
l coustic
m e a t u sa n d s m a l l
a r e ao n p o s t e r o m e d i a l
s u r f a c eo f a u r i c l e
Mandibularnerve(Vr)
Branchesfrom
cervicalplexus
4{tr
Plale 24
Superficial Face
Facial Nerve Branches and Parotid Gland
Temporalbranches
Zygomatic branches
Parotidduct
M a i n t r u n ko f
facial nerve
emerging from
stylomastoidforamen
Buccalbranches
M a r g i n a lm a n d i b u l a rb r a n c h
Nerve to posterior
belly of digastric
m u s c l ea n d t o
stylohyoid muscle
Cervical branch
Medial pterygoid muscle
Horizontalsection
Main trunk of facial ner
R a m u so f m a n d i b l e
Massetermuscle
Mastoid process
Parotidgland
Temoorofacialdivision
Temporalbranch
Posteriorauricularnerve
Zygomatic branches
Main trunk of facial nerve
Nerve to posterior belly
o f d i g a s t r i cm u s c l ea n d
t o s t y l o h y o i dm u s c l e -
Buccalbranches
Cervicofacialdivision
M a r g i n a lm a n d i b u l a rb r a n c h
*{r
Superficial Face
Cervicalbranch
Plate 25
Muscles of Facial Expression: Lateral View

S k i na n d
s."re subcutaneous
tissue
(galeaaponeurotica)
aponeurosis
{ Epicranial
Temporalfascia
orbicularisoculimuscle{ o'0""' o"u
Palpebral
pa
I
Frontalbelly(frontalis)
of epicranius
muscle
Auricularis
anteriormuscle
Auricularis
superiormuscle
posteriormuscle
Auricularis
Occipitalbelly
(occipitalis)of
epicranius
muscle
Corrugatorsupercilii
muscle(frontalis
and orbicularisoculi,partiallycut awa'
Procerus
muscle
Levatorlabiisuperioris
muscle
Levatorlabiisuperioris
alaequenasimuscle
(partiallycut away)
NasalisJ Trrnru"rr"p.rt
muscle( Alarnarty
Parotid
fascia
Depressorsepti
nasimuscle
Massetericfascia
Orbicularis
orismuscle
Zygomaticus
minormuscle
Investing
layerof
(deep)cervicalfascia
Zygomaticus
majormuscle
Orbicularis
orismuscle
Mentalismuscle
Depressor
labiiinferiorismuscle
Deltoid
fascia
Depressor
anguliorismuscle
Buccinator
Risorius
4{F
Platvsma
muscle
Sternum
Clavicle
Pectoralismajorfascia
Plate 26
Superficial Face
Muscles of Neck Lateral View
Parotidgland (cut)
Ramusof mandible
Massetermuscle
muscle
Hyoglossus
muscle
Styloglossus
Mylohyoidmuscle
Mastoidprocess
Styloidprocess
muscle
Stylohyoid
Body of
mandible
D i g a s t r im
c uscle
(posterior
belly)
Middlepharyngeal
muscle
constrictor
Digastric
muscle
(anterior
belly)
Longuscapitismuscle
S p l e n i um
s uscle
muscl
Sternocleidomastoid
Hyoid bone
Levatorscapulaemuscle
Thyrohyoidmuscle
/
\ Posterior
Omohyoidmuscle
(superiorbelly)
Scalenemuscles{ Middle ( Anterior
muscte
Brachialplexus
Inferiorpharyngeal
muscle
constrictor
muscle
Trapezius
Acromion
Sternothyroid
muscle
Deltoidmuscle
Omohvoidmuscle(inferiorbelly)
Clavicle
*{r
Neck
maiormusclei
Pectoralis
Manubrium
of sternum
Sternalhead
)
muscle
) Sternocleidomastoid
head
Clavicular
)
Plate 27
Muscles of Neck Anterior View
gastricmuscle(anteriorbelly)
Masseter
muscle
Mylohyoidmuscle
Parotidgland
Platysma
muscle
(cutaway)
Fibrousloopfor
intermediate
digastrictendon
Mastoidprocess
Stylohyoid
muscle
Digastricmuscle
(posterior
belly)
Hyoid bone
External
carotidarterv
Carotid sheath
Internaljugularvein
Fasciaof infrahyoid
musclesand cut edge
Thyrohyoidmuscle
muscle
(superiorbelly)
Thyroidcartilage
Sternohyoid
muscle
Investing
layerof (deep)
cervicalfasciaand cut edge
Sternothyroid
muscle
Scalenemuscles
Cricoid
cartilage
Trapezius
muscle
Deltoidmuscle
icle
Omohvoidmuscle
(inferiorbelly)
Pretracheal
layerof
Pectoralismajor muscle
(deep) cervicalfasciaover
thyroidglandand trachea
Clavicular
head
Sternalhead
Suprasternal
space(of Burns)
Manubriumof sternurh
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Jugularnotch
4{r
Plate 28
Neck
lnfrahyoid and Suprahyoid Muscles
Digastricmuscle(anteriorbelly)
Mylohyoidmuscle
Thyrohyoidmembrane
muscle
Hyoglossus
External
carotidartery
muscle
Stylohyoid
Internal.iugular
vein
Digastricmuscle
(posteriorbelly)
Thyrohyoidmuscle
Fibrousloopfor
intermediate
tendon
digastric
Thyroidcartilage
O m o h y o i dm u s c l e
(superiorbelly)
andomohyoid
Sternohyoid
muscles(cut)
muscle
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoidmuscle
Median cricothyroid
ligament
thyroidcartilage
Cricoid cartilage
muscle
Cricothvroid
Scalene
muscles
muscle
Sternothyroid
mohyoid
muscle
(superior
belly)(cut)
Trapezius
muscle
Thyroidgland
Omohyoidmuscle
(inferiorbelly)
muscle(cut)
Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Nr
Styloidprocess
Mastoid process
muscle
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoidmuscle
Digastricmuscle(posteriorbelly)
Ceniohvoid muscle
Thyrohyoidmuscle
ue lineof thyroidcartilage
muscle
Sternohyoid
Omohyoidmuscle
(superiorbelly)
Infrahyoidand
suprahyoidmusclesand
their action:schema
Omohyoidmuscle(inferiorbelly)
Sternothyroid
muscle
Sternum
Plate 29
Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles
Basilarpartof
occipitalbone
Longuscapitismuscle(cut)
condyle
process
of
Jugular
occipital bone
Rectuscapitis
anteriormuscle
Mastoidprocess
Rectuscapitis
lateralis
muscle
Styloidprocess
processof atlas(C1)
Transverse
L o n g u sc a p i t i sm u s c l e
Posteriortubercle of
processof axis(C
transverse
Slipsof originof anterior
scalenemuscle(cut)
Longuscollimuscle
Slipsof originof posterior

scalenemuscle
Anterior
Scalene
muscles
Middle
I S."t"n"
PosteriorI muscles
Middle
Posterior
Phrenic
plexus
Brachial
4{tr
+
f:i'
Subclavian
artery
Subclavianveiri
Rightcommoncarotidartery
Posterior
tubercleof transverse
processof C7 vertebra
Plate 3O
Neck
Superficial Veins and Gutaneous Nerves of Neck
muscle(cut)
Platysma
Facialarteryand vein
muscle
Digastric
(anterior
belly)
Marginalmandibular
branch offacial nerve
gland
Submandibular
Mylohyoidmuscle
Hyoid bone
Parotid gland
Retromandibularvein
Omohyoidmuscle(cut)
I n t e r n a l j u g u l avre i n
muscle
Thyrohyoid
Externaljugularvein
muscle(cut)
Sternocleidomastoid
Anteriorjugularvein
thyroidarteryandvein
Superior
lnternaljugularvein
Communicatingvein
Common carotid artery

Great auricularnerve
muscle
Sternohyoid
Thyroidcartilage
id muscle
Ansa cervicalis
cervicalnerves
Transverse
Omohyoidmuscle
(superior
belly)(cut)
Thyroid gland
Omohyoidmuscle
(inferiorbelly)
muscle
Trapezius
plexus
Brachial
muscle(cut)
Platysma
nerves
Supraclavicular
muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Clavicle
muscle(cut)
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternothyroidmuscle
4{tr
Neck
Plate 31
Gervical Plexus in Situ

SeealsoPlates 127-129.199
Parotidgland
Creatauricular
nerve
Facialarterv and vein
Lesseroccipital
nerve
Mylohyoidmuscle
Sternocleidomastoid
muscfe (cut, turned up)
Hypoglossalnerve (Xll)
Stylohyoid
muscle
Digastricmuscle
Digastricmuscle
(posterior
belly)
( a n t e r i obr e l l y )
Lingualartery
C2 spinalnerve
(ventralramus)
Externalcarotid art
Accessory nerve (Xl)
Internalcarotid artery
C 3 s p i n anl e r v e
(ventralramus)
Thyrohyoidmuscle
Superiorthyroidartery
Levatorscapulae
muscle
O m o h y o i d m u s c l e( s u p e r i o rb e l l y )
M i d d l e s c a l e n em u s c l e
Anterior scalenemuscle
(ventralramus)
Sternohyoidmuscle
ialcervical
Sternothyroidmuscle
artery
I n t e r n ajlu g u l a rv e i n
Phrenicnerve
Omohyoid
muscle
(inferior
belly)(cut)
Inferiorthvroid arterv
Vagusnerve (X)
plexus
Brachial
Dorsalscapular
artery
Suprascapular
artery
Vertebral artery
Thyrocervical
trunk
Nr
Subclavianartery and vei

Accessory
Cervicalplexus:schema
(S= grayramus
fromsuperior
Hypoglossal
nerve
Creat auricularnerve
Lesseroccioital nerve
cervicalsympatheticganglion)
Torectuscapitislateralis,
longuscapitis,
andrectus
caoitisanteriormuscles
To geniohyoid muscle
To thyrohyoid muscle
C o m m u n i c a t i o nt o v a g u sn e
Transversecervical nerves
To omohyoid muscle
To longuscapitisand
l o n g u sc o l l i m u s c l e s
Ansa cervicalis
To sternothyroidmuscle
To sternohyoidmuscle
To omohyoid muscle (inferior bellv)
To scaleneand levator
s c a p u l a em u s c l e s
Supraclavicularnerves
P h r e n i cn e r v e
Plate 32
Neck
Subclavian Artery
Rightanteriordissection
Thyroidgland(reflected)
l n t e r n a jl u g u l a rv e i
ganglion
Middlecervicalsympathetic
Ascendingcervicalartery
Vagusnerve(X)
A n t e r i o rs c a l e n em u s c l e
Vertebralartery
Inferior thvroid arterv
Commoncarotidartery
Superficialcervical artery
laryngeal
nerve
Recurrent
S u p r a s c a p ual ar rt e r y
Dorsalscapularartery
trunk
Brachiocephalic
Costocervical
jugularvein(cut)
Internal
Thyrocervical
trunk
Subclavianartery and vei
cervicalartery(-30%)
Commonorigin of superficialcervicaland dorsalscapulararteriesfrom transverse
Superficialbranch of transversecervical artery (superficialcervical
Inferiorthyroid artery
Deep branch of transversecervical artery (dorsalscapularartery)
Transversecervicalartery
Thyrocervical
trunk
artery
Suprascapular
Rightobliqueschematicview
Vertebralartery
Deep cervical artery (ascending
to anastomosewith descending
branch of occipital artery)
Rightexternalcarotidartery
Rightinternalcarotidartery
Ascending cervicalartery
Suoerficialcervical arte
Inferiorthyroid artery
Costocervical
trunk
Superficialcervicalartery
S u p r e m (es u p e r i o r )
intercostal
artery
Right common carotid artery
S u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o r
transversescapularligaments
Acromion
trunk
Thyrocervical
Right subclavianartery (1st part medial to, 2nd part

posterior to, 3rd part lateralto anterior scalenemuscle)
B r a c h i o c e p h atlriuc n k
artery
Suprascapular
S u p r a s c a p u l aar
Aorticarch
Axillaryartery
artery
Internalthoracic(mammary)
1 s ta n d2 n d p o s t e r i o r
intercostal
arteries
1 s t , 2 n da,n d3 r d a n t e r i oirn t e r c o s t a rl t e r i e s
Circumflex
scapularartery
Neck
4{tr
C/Fd4/^
S u b s c a p u laarrt e r y
horacodorsalartery
Plate 33
Garotid Arteries
Parotidspace
(bed):right lateral
dissection
Superficialtemporal artery
Transverse
facialarterv
Maxillaryartery
Mastoid process
External
carotidarterv
Styloidprocess
Posterior
auriculararterV
Facialnerve (Vll) (cut
Clossopharyngealnerve (lX)
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle(cut)
Stylohyoid
muscle
Digastricmuscle(posterior
belly)(cut)
Occipital artery and

sternocleidomastoidbrancn
Facialartery
Lingualartery
Mylohyoidmuscle
H y o g l o s s umsu s c l e
Vagus nerve (X)
Digastricmuscle
(anteriorbelly)
Ascending
pharyngeal
artery
Hyoid bone
Carotidbranchof glossopharyngeal
nerve (lX) and carotid body
Branchto
thyrohyoidmuscle
(fromansacervicalis)
Internalcarotid
Internaljugular vein
Superiorlaryngeal
artery
External
carotidartery
Superficialtemporal artery
Transversefacial artery
Disastricmuscle
(phantom)
Commoncarotidarterv
Maxillaryartery
Posterior
auricularartery
Occipitalartery
Descending
branch/
Sternocleidomastoid
branch
Externalcarotid
Facialartery
Lingualartery
Ascendingpharyngealartery
Superiorthyroidarteryand
superiorlaryngeal
branch
Omohyoid muscle (phantom)
Common carotid arter
Externalcarotidbranches:
schema
Thyrocervicaltrunk
4{tr
Plate 34
Neck
Fascial Layers of Neck

seePlates 69-71
sheath
ofcarotid
Forcontents
layer of deep ce.rvicalfascia
Superficial
P l a t v s m am u s c l e
S t e r n o h y o i dm u s c l e
Trachea
Infrahyoidfa
Sternothyroidmuscle
T h y r o i dg l a n d
Pretracheal(visceral)fascia
Esophagus
Omohyoid muscle
'Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Buccopharyngeal
( v i s c e r a lf)a s c i a
Carotid sheath
Recurrentlaryngeal
nerve
S u b c u t a n e o tui s s u e
\ -----'-\

I n t e r n a l u g u l a rv e i n
Vagus nerve (X)
Superficial
(investing
l a)y e r
of deep cervical
fasciaroofing
p o s t e r i o rt r i a n g l e
S y m p a t h e t i ct r u n k
Fatin
posterior
triangle
S p i n a ln e r v e
Middleand posterior
s c a l e n em u s c l e s
L o n g u sc o l l i m u s c l e
PrevertebralIayer
of (deep)
cervicalfascia
Levatorscapulaemuscle
Trapeziusmuscle
Deeo cervical muscles
Alar fascia
Retropharyngeal
space
Crosssection
Subcutaneous
tissue
Cervicalvertebra (CZ)
Sagittal section
Mandible
Pharynx
C e n i o h y o i dm u s c l e
Buccopharyngeal(visceral)
fascia
Ceniohyoid fascia
lnvestinglayer of (deep)
cervicalfascia
Retropharyngeal
space
F a s c i ao f i n f r a h y o i dm u s c l e s
Alar fascia
Pretracheal(visceral) fascia
Prevertebralfascia
Thyroid gland
Trachea
S u b c u t a n e o u tsi s s u e
Esophagus
asternalspace (of Burns)
:w'-'-
'
M a n u b r i u mo f s t e r n u m
Aorta
Pericardium
Neck
4{F
Plate 35
Nose
Anterolateralview
Inferiorview
Major alar cartilage
Frontalbone
N a s a lb o n e s
Lateral
Frontalprocessof maxilla
Medial
crus
Lateralprocessof
septal nasalcartilages
Septalcartilage
M i n o r a l a rc a r t i l a g e
Accessory nasalcartilage
Alar
fibrofatty
trssue
Nasalseptalcartilage
A n t e r i o rn a s a ls p i n eo f m
Nasalseptal
cartilage
Alarfibrofattytis
Infraorbitalforamen
Anterior
n a s asl p i n e
of maxilla
Intermaxillary
suture
F r o n t a l i sm u s c l e
Supraorbital
arteryand ner
Supratrochleararterv and
P r o c e r um
s uscle
C o r r u g a t osru p e r c i lm
ii uscle
Dorsal nasalarl
Infratrochlearnerve
Angular artery
Externalnasalartery and nerve
Nasalismuscle (transversepart
Infraorbitalartery and nerve
Lateralnasalartery
Transversefacial artery
N a s a l i sm u s c l e( a l a rp a r t )
Depressorsepti nasi muscte
O r b i c u l a ro
i sr i sm u s c l e
Facialartery
Nry
Plate 36
Nasal Region
Lateral Wall of Nasal Gavity
Sohenoethmoidal recess
F r o n t asl i n u s
of
s il n u s
sphenoida
S u p e r i o rn a s a lc o n c h a
Superior nasalmeatus
Hypophysis
( p i t u i t a rgyl a n d )
i n s e l l at u r c i c a
Agger nasi
S p h e n o i d sa il n u s
Atrium of middle nasalmeatus
Pharyngeal
tonsil
(adenoidif enlarged)
Basilarpartof
occipitalbone
Pharyngeal
raphe
M i d d l e n a s a lm e a t u s
(turbinate)
L i m e nn a s i
Nasalvestibule
Torustubarius
lnferior nasalme
O p e n i n go f a u d i t o r y
(pharyngotympanic,
E u s t a c h i atnu)b e
recess
Pharyngeal
Palatineprocessof maxilla
I n c i s i v ec a n a l
Tongue
Horizontalplateof
palatinb
eone
Softpalate
M i d d l e n a s a lm e a t u s
Bulging
septum
rway to nasopharynx
*{ry
Inferior nasalmeatus
Floor of nasalcavity
F r o n t a sl i n u
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

P r o b e i n o p e n i n go f s p h e n o i d asl i n u s
P r o b e p a s s i n gf r o m s e m i l u n a r
h i a t u si n t o f r o n t a ls i n u sv i a
frontonasalduct
Suoeriornasalmeatus
w i t h o p e n i n go f p o s t e r i o r
Middle nasalconcha (cut surface)
e t h m o i d acle l l s
E t h m o i d ablu l l a
part
Basilar
of occipitalbone
O p e n i n g so f m i d d l ee t h m o i d a lc e l l s
S e m i l u n ah
r i a t u s( o s t e o m e a t aul n i t )
w i t h o p e n i n go f a n t e r i o r
e t h m o i d a la i r c e l l s
U n c i n a t ep r o c e s s
Torustubarius
ingof auditory
(pharyngotympanic,
E u s t a c h i atnu)b e
l n f e r i o rn a s a lc o n c h a
(cut surface)
Anterior arch
of atlas(C1vertebra)
O p e n i n go f n a s o l a c r i m a l
lnferior nasalmeatus
Nasal Region
O p e n i n go f
m a x i l l a r ys i n u s
Densof axis
(C2vertebra)
Plate 37
Lateral Wall of Nasal Gavity (continuedf
Lacrimalbone
Middlenasalconcha
Uncinate process
Cribriformplate
Ethmoid bone
S u p e r i o rn a s a lc o n c h a
Highest nasalconcha
recess
Sohenoethmoidal
Nasalbone
Sphenopalatine
foramen
Agger nasi
partof
Basilar
occipitalbone
Lateralprocessof
nasalseptalcartilage
Major alar cartilage
Alarfibrofattytissue
Sphenoidal
sinus
Medial
and
Lateral
platesof
pterygoid
process
Pterygoid
hamulus
Frontalprocess
Anteriornasalspin
Maxilla
Incisivecanal
Palatineprocess
Alveolar process
Inferior
nasalconcha
E t h m o i d ablu l l a
Frontalsi
Opening of frontonasalcanal
O p e n i n go f m i d d l ee t h m o i d a lc e l l s
periornasalconcha(cutaway)
gs of posteriorethmoidal cells
Middle nasalconcha (cutaway)
ingof sphenoidal
sinus
I n f u n d i b u l u ml e a d i n gt o
frontonasalcanal
Semilunar
hiatus(osteomeatal
unit)
O p e n i n g si n t o m a x i l l a r ys i n u s
foramen
Sphenopalatine
with opening of anterior

e t h m o i d a la i r c e l l s
Uncinate process
lnferior nasalconcha (cut away)
processof
Ethmoidal
inferiornasalconcha
O p e n i n go f n a s o l a c r i m a l
Creater palatineforamen
Plate 38
4{tr
Nasal Region
Medial Wall of Nasal Gavity (Nasal Septum|
Falxcerebri
Frontal
m plateof ethmoidbone
Dura mater
Sphenoidal
sin
Sellaturcica
Nasal
Choanae(posteriornasalapertures
)
Lateralprocessof nasalseptalcartilage
alarcartilage
Torustubarius
Nasalvestibule
Anteriornasalspi
Incisivecanal
Oral cavity
Tongue
Soft
4{tr
Cristagalli
Cribriformplate
Ethmoidbone
Nasal
Vomer
Vomerine groove
(for nasopalatine nerve
andvessels)
Septalcartila
Majoralar
cartilage(medialcrus)
Anteriornasal
NasalcrestIncisivecanal,
Palatine
oroce
Nasal Region
Createrpalatineforamen
Plate 39
Maxillary Artery
A n t e r i o r Deeptemporalarteriesand nerves
Posterior
Masseteric
arteryand nerve
Lateralpterygoid artery and muscle
Supraorbital
artery
Lateralligament of
Supratrochlear
artery
joint
temporomandibular
Ophthalmicartery
Middle meningealartery
Auriculotemporal
nerve
Dorsalnasalartery
Maxillaryartery
Angularartery
Infraorbital
arterv
Superficial
temporalartery
Posterior
auricular
artery
Facialnerve
Inferioralveolar
artery and nerve
Buccalarteryand nerve
Medial pterygoid
artery and muscle
Mylohyoid nerve and branch

of inferior alveolarartery
P t e r y g o m a n d i b urlaapr h e
Lingualnerve
muscle
Stylohyoid
Facialartery
External
carotidarterv
Mentalbranchof
inferioralveolararl
S u b m e n t a lr t e r y
Sphenopalatine
artery
Posterior
lateralnasalbranch
Facialartery
Lingualartery
Arteryof pterygoidcanal
Pharyngealartery
Sphenopalatineforamen
Infraorbital
artery
Anterior I Oeeptemporalarteries
I and nerves
Posterior
Accessory
meningeal
artery
M i d d l e m e n i n g e a al r t e r y
Anteriortympanicartery
Deepauricularartery
Auriculotemporal
nerve
Posterior
suoerior
alveolarartery
Sphenopalatine
artery
Posterior
septalbranches
Creater (descending)
palatineartery
Buccalartery
Superficial
temporalartery
pharyngeal
Ascending
artery
Anastomosis
in
incisivecanal
Left and right
Ascendingpalatineartery
greaterpalatinearteries
Tonsillarbranches
Leftand right
lesserpalatinearteries
Pterygoidarteries
4{tr
Plate 40
Masseteric
artery
Inferior alveolarartery
Tonsillar
artery
External
carotidartery
Facialartery
muscle
Superiorpharyngeal
constrictor
muscle
Styloglossus
Nasal Region
Arteries of Nasal Gavity: Nasal Septum Turned Up
Nasalseptalbranchof superiorlabialbranch
(of facialartery)
Nasalseptum(turnedup
Schematichinge.
betweenposterior
Anastomosis
septalbranchof sphenopalatine
arteryand greaterpalatineartery
i n i n c i s i v cea n a l
Septaland lateralnasal
of posterior
branches
ethmoidalartery
Anterior septal branch,

Anterior lateralnasalbr
Externalnasalbranch
of anterior
ethmoidal
artery
ti.
N,
Posteriorseptal
branchof
sphenopalatine
artery
Sphenopalatine
artery
Sphenopalatine
foramen
Alarbranches
of
lateralnasal
branch
(of facialartery)
Posterior
lateralnasal
b r a n c h eosf
sphenopalatine
artery
Maxillary
artery
Anastomosisbetween
posterior septal branch
External
carotid
artery
of sphenopalatine
artery
and greaterpalatine ,/
artery in incisive
Lesserpalatineforamenand artery
Creater palatineartery
Createrpalatineforamenandartery
Lateralwall of nasalcavity
Nr
Nasal Region
Plate 41
Nerves of Nasal Gavity: Nasal Septum TUrned Up

SeealsoPlates 44,45,119
Olfactory
Nasafseptum(turned up)
Schematic hinge
Nasopalatine
n e r v e( V z )
M e d i a l i n t e r n a ln a s a l ,
L a t e r a il n t e r n a ln a s a l ,
E x t e r n anl a s a l
b r a n c h e so f
a nteflor
ethmoidal
n e r v e( V 1 )
S p h e n o p a l a t i nfeo r a m e n
(dlssectedaway)
I n t e r n a ln a s a l
b r a n c h e so f
i n fr a o r b i t a l
n e r v e( V 2 )
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Nerve(Vidian)
o f p t e r y g o i dc a n a l
P o s t e r i o sr u p e r i o rl a t e r a ln a s a l
b r a n c ho f m a x i l l a r yn e r v e ( V 2 )
I
.I
N a s a lb r a n c ho f
a n t e r i o rs u p e r i o r
a l v e o l a rn e r v e ( V 2 )
C r e a t e ra n d l e s s e rp a l a t i n en e r v e s
P o s t e r i o irn f e r i o rl a t e r a ln a s a l
b r a n c ho f g r e a t e rp a l a t i n en e r v e ( V 2 )
L e s s e rp a l a t i n en e r v e s
C o m m u n i c a t i o nb e t w e e n
g r e a t e rp a l a t i n ea n d n a s o p a l a t i n e
n e r v e sa t i n c i s i v ec a n a l
C r e a t e rp a l a t i n en e r v e
Lateral wall of nasal cavitv
4{tr
Nasal Region
Nerves of Nasal Gavity (continuedf
Distribution of olfactory
mucosa(shadedblue)
Nasal
septum
lateral wall
of nasal cavitv
External
nasalbranchof anteriorethmoidalnerve(Vr)
Lateralinternalnasalbranchof anteriorethmoidalnerve(Vr)
Olfactorybulb
m Dlateof ethmoid bone
Olfactorytract
superiorlateralnasalbranches
Posterior
from maxillarynerve(Vz)
Maxillarynerve(V2)(sphenopalatine
foramendissectedaway)
Pterygopalatineganglion
Deep petrosalnerve
Nerve(Vidian)of pterygoidcanal
Pharyngeal
branchof maxillarynerve(V2)
nerve(Vz)passingto septum(cut)
Nasopalatine
inferiorlateralnasalbranch
Posterior
from greaterpalatinenerve(V2)
Lateral
wall of
nasal
cavity
bulb
Cribriformplate
Olfactorynerves(l)
Createi
Palatinenerves(Vz)
{
Nr
Medialinternalnasalbranch
of anteriorethmoidalnerve(Vr
Olfactorvnerves(
Nasopalatinenerve (V2
Incisivecanal
Nasalseptum
Nasal Region
Plate 43
Autonomic lnnervation of Nasal Gavity
Superiorsalivatorynucleus(parasympathetic)
Facialnerve(Vll)
ganglion)of facialnerve
Geniculum(geniculate
Createrpetrosalnerve(parasympathetic)
Deep petrosalnerve(sympathetic)
Maxillarynerve(Vz)enteringforamenrotundum
ganglionin
Pterygopalatine
Lateraland medialposteriorsuperior
nasalbranchesin pterygopalatine
fossa
nerve
lnfraorbital
Posteriorsuperior
and inferiorlateral
nasalnerves
(cut ends)
Tympaniccavity
ternalcarotid
n e r v ea n d p l e x u s
Posterior
supenor
alveolar
nerves
Maxillary
sinus
cervicalganglion
Postsynaptic
fibersto
vessels(sympathetic)
and
glands(parasympathetic)
of nasalcaviry maxillary
sinus,and palate
Preganglionicparasympatheticfi bers
Postganglionicparasympatheticfi bers
Preganglionicsympatheticfi bers
Presynaptic
sympatheticcell
bodiesin intermediolateral
nucleus
(lateralhorn)of graymatter(T1-T5)
Plate 44
Postganglionicsympatheticfi berc
*{r
]laoal Region
Ophthalmic (Vrl and Maxillarv (V"l Nerves
C o m m u n i c a t i n gb r a n c h
Posteriorethmoidal nerve
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
nerve
Supraorbital
Supratrochlearnerve
Long and short ciliary nerves

Lacrimalgland
C i l i a r yg a n g l i o n
Lacrimalnerve
N a s o c i l i a r yn e r v e
Frontalnerve
Tentorialbranch
Infratrochlearnerve
(from nasociliarynerve)
branchof
Cutaneous
lacrimalnerve
Zygomaticotemporal
nerve
Zygomaticofacial
nerve
O p h t h a l m i cn e r v e ( V r )
External
nasal
branchof
anterior
ethmoidal
nerve
Trigeminal
( s e m i l u n a rg) a n g l
Trigeminal
Meningeal
branch
Foramen
rotundum
lnfraorbital
nerve
Foramen
ovare
Anteriorsuperior
alveolarnerve
M a n d i b u l a rn e r v e ( V 3 )
Nasal
branch
Maxillary nerve (V2)

Zygomatic nerve
Nerve (Vidian)of pterygoid canal
Createrand lesserpalatinenerves
Canglionic branchesto pterygopalatineganglion
Mucousmembrane
of maxillarysinus
Dental and gingivalbranches
S u p e r i odr e n t apl l e x u s
Infraorbitalnerve entering
infraorbitalcanal
Middlesuperioralveolarnerve
Posterior
superioralveolarnerve
4{tr
Nasal Region
Plate 45
Mandibular Nerve (V"l

SeeafsoPlates 71,122,
A n t e r i o rd i v i s i o n
Lateral view
Posteriordivision
Temporalfascia
t e m p o r a l i sm u s c l e
Posterior
Anterior
o""o temporal
nerves
I
Foramenovale
Massetericnerve
M e n i n g e a lb r a n c h
ateral pterygoid
nerve and muscle
Middle
meningealartery
Auriculotemporal
nerve
Posterior
a u r i c u l anre r v e
F a c i an
l e r v e( V l l )
C h o r d at y m p a n i
nerve
Buccalnerve
and buccinator
muscle(cut)
L i n g u a ln e r v e
Submandibular
ganglion
Inferioralveolarnerve (cut)
Nerve to mylohyoid
Sublingual
gland
Medialpterygoidmuscle(cut)
Digastricmuscle (posteriorbelly)
*{r
Mylohyoid
muscle(cut)
muscle
Stylohyoid
Mentalnerve
Hypoglossalnerve
S u b m a n d i b u l aer l a n d
Sublingua
n le r v e
Trigeminal
ganglion
O p h t h a l m i cn e r v e ( V r)
Maxillary nerve (V2
M a n d i b u l a rn e r v e ( V t )
Inferior alveolarnerve (cut)

D i g a s t r i cm u s c l e( a n t e r i o rb e l l y )
r$'
rl,
(geniculate
Ceniculum
ganglion)
of facialnerve
Tympaniccavity
Chordatympaninerve
F a c i anl e r v e( V l l )
Anterior division
Tensorveli palatini
nerve and muscle
Otic ganglio
Chorda tympani nerve
Medial pterygoid
nerve and muscle (cut)
l e n s o rt y m p a n i
m u s c l ea n d n e r v e
Lesseroetrosalnerve
nerve
Auriculotemooral
Maxillaryartery
Mylohyoidnerve
P t e r y g o ihda m u l u s
L i n g u anl e r v e
Plate 46
Inferior alveolarnerve enterinq

m a n d i b u l a rf o r a m e n
Nasal Region
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses: Gross Section
Major alar
cartilage
Nasalvestibule
lnferior nasalconcha
Nasalseptalcartilage
Facialartery
Facialvein
M a x i l l a rby o n e
M a x i l l a rsyi n u s
S p h e n o i bd o n e
Massetermuscle
Coronoid
processof
mandible
Medialpterygoid
muscle
{
Lateral
pterygoid
m u s c l e\
Lateralpterygoid
plate
J.
Levatorveli
p a l a t i nm
i uscle
Cartilage
of
auditory
recess
Pharyngeal
tube
Longuscapitis
muscle
Neck of
mandible
Parotid
gland
Rectuscapitis
anterior
muscte
Retromandibular
vetn
! /_\
Superficial
temporal
arrery
.\'i
\.\
Clossopharyngeal
Sympathetic
trunk
nerve
Styloid
proceSs
Styloglossus
muscle
Stylohyoid
muscre
lnternalcarotid
artery
M a s t o i da i r c e l l s
Facialnerve
Medullaoblongata
Internal
j u g u l a rv e i n
Vagusnerve
Hypoglossalnerve
c4#
Nasal Region
Plale 47
Paranasal Sinuses
Olfactorybulbs
Falx
Brain
Nasalcavities
Orbitalfat
N a s a ls e p t u m
E t h m o i d ac le l l s
Middle
nasalconcha
O p e n i n go f
m a x i l l a rsyi n u s
Middle
nasalmeatus
Infraorbital Recesses
of
Zygomatic maxillary
s tn u s
Alveolar
M a x i l l a rsyi n u s
Inferior
Buccinatormuscle
nasalmeatus
ar processof maxilla
of tongue
Hard palate
Sublingug
aland
Oral cavit
M a n d i b l e( b o d y )
*^--J
Nasalcavities
Nasal septum
E t h m o i d acl e l l s
Orbitalfat and muscles
M e d i a lw a l l
of orbit
O p t i c n e r v e( l l )
S p h e n o i d asl i n u s e s
4{r
Brain
Optic chiasm
Horizontalsection
Plate 48
Nasal Region
Paranasal Sinuses (continuedl
Sagittalsection
air cells
Ethmoidal
( sni u s e s )
O p e n i n go f
s il n u s
sphenoida
O p e n i n g o f f r o n t o n a s adl u c
S e m i l u n ah
r iatus
(osteomeatalunit)
M i d d l en a s a l
concha(cutaway)
U n c i n a t ep r o c
O p e n i n go f
m a x i l l a rsyi n u s
lnferior nasalconcha
F r o n t a sl i n u s
n i n g i n t o m i d d l e n a s a lm e a t u s
Pterygopalatinefossa
M a x i l l a r ys i n u s
Lateraldissection
Roots of teeth
*{r
Nasal Region
Plate 49
Paranasal Sinuses: Ghanges with Age
Bonesof nasalcavity
and paranasalsinus6s
at birth
Sinrs.r"p.resents
one or moreanteriorethmoidalcells
openinginto semilunar
hiatusof middlenasalmeatus
I
I
!
Partof nasolacrimal
duct
that formedin depthsof
nasoopticfurrow
Sinw represents
one or moremiddleethmoidalcells
1 openinginto middlenasalmeatus
I
Sinur",represent
two or moreposteriorethmoidalcells
openinginto superiornasalmeatus
!
1
\
Nasal
Spfr"noidal
sinuswithinbonyshell(sphenoidal
concha)
locatedanteriorand lateralto body of sphenoidbone
(brokenlineindicates
sinuslateralto sphenoidbody)
Bodyof sphenoidbone
Lacrimalbone
Nasolacrimal
foramen(becomes
bonycanal)
Vestigialremnant
of Rathke'spouch
Medialplateof
pterygoidprocess
Partof nasolacrimal
ductwithinnasal
cavitywith slit-like
openingin inferior
nasalmeatus
Lowerborderof highestnasalconcha
Lowerborderof superiornasalconcha
Palati
bone
Uncinateprocessof ethmoidbond
Pterygoid
Semilunar
Superiornasalmeatus
Middle nasalconcha(cut edge)(inferior
nasalconchacompletelyremoved)
Maxillarysinuswith openinginto semilunar

hiatus(striped
arearepresentsmembraneformingmostof medialwall of sinus)
Grorythof frontal and maxillary

sinu"ses
throughout life
Frontalsinus
withinfrontal
Birth
1 year
4 years
I 7 years
ffi 12years
I Adult
I Old age
Middlenasalconcha
Leftorbit
Nasal
Nasalcavity
Maxillarvsinus
withinmaxilla
Inferiornasalconcha
Molar tooth
Nr
Plate 50
Nasal Region
lnspection of Oral Gavity
F r e n u l u mo f u p p e r
L i n g u am
l i n o r s a l i v a r yg l a n d
D e e p l i n g u a la r t e r ya n d v e r n s
a n d l i n g u a ln e r v e
F i m b r i a t e df o l d
S u b m a n d i b u l ad ru c t
lff--
S u b l i n g u agll a n d
F r e n u l u mo f t o n g u e
S u b l i n g u aflo l d w i t h o p e n i n g s
o f s u b l i n g u adl u c t s
L#
S u b l i n g u acla r u n c l ew i t h o p e n i
o f s u b m a n d i b u l adru c t
Nr
Oral Region
Plate 51
Roof of llouth
I n c i s i vpea p i l l a
Incisivefossa
palatine
Transverse
folds
Createrpalatinearteryand nerve
Createrpalatineforamen
Palatineraphe
Palatineprocess
of maxi
Lesserpalatinearteryand nerves
Palatine
glands
'endon
of tensorveli
palatinimuscle
Horizontalplate
of palatinebone
Pterygoidhamulus
Palatine
aponeurosis
(fromtensor
velipalatini
muscle)
Interdigitating
fibersof
levatorveli palatinimuscle
Buccinator
muscle
Uvularmuscle
Pterygomandibular
raphe
M o l a rm i n o r
salivaryglands
Superiorpharyngeal
constrictor
muscle
Palatopharyngeus
muscle
Palatoglossus
muscle
Palatine
tonsil
partof
Basilar
occipitalbone
Anterior view
part
Cartilaginous
of auditorv
(pharyngotympanic,
Eustachian)
tube
Levatorvelipalatinimuscle(cut)
Pharyngobasilar
lascta
Tensorvelipalatinimuscle
Levatorveli palatinimuscle
Medialpterygoidmuscle(
Medialpterygoidplate
Pterygoidhamulus
Pterygoid
Superiorpharyngeal
muscle(cut)
constrictor
Tendonof tensorvelipalatini
Levatorveli palatinimuscle(cut
Palatopharyngeus
muscle
Palatopharyngeus
muscle(
*{r
Plate 52
Posteriorview
Oral Region
Floor of Mouth
Lateral, slightly inferior view

Hyoglossus
muscle
Mylohyoidmuscle
Fibrousloop for intermediate
digastrictendon
Medianraphebetweenmylohyoidmuscles
Anteroinferior
view
Mylohyoidmuscle
muscle
Stylohyoid
muscle(posterior
belly)
Digastric
Hyoglossus
muscle
digastrictendon
Fibrousloopfor intermediate
Posterosuperior
view
Inferioralveolarnerveand arterv
Mylohyoidnerveand artery
glandandduct
Submandibular
Ceniohyoid muscle
*{r
Oral Region
Superiormentalspine(genialtubercle)
muscle
for originof genioglossus
Createrhorn
Hyoglossus
muscle(cut)
Plate 53
Muscles Involved in Mastication

Forfacial
muscles
seePlate26
muscle
Temporalis
Temporalfascia
Superficial
layer
Deeplayer
Levatorlabii
supenons
alaequenasi
muscre
Tygomatic arch
Levatorlabii
supenons
muscte
Articulardisc of
t e m p o r o m a n d i b u l aj ro i n t
Deeppart
I
S u p e r f i c ipaal r t
I
Zygomaticus
minormuscle
Zygomaticus
major muscle
Masseter
muscle
Parotidduct
Levator
anguli
ons
muscle
B u c c i n a t o rm u s c l e
Orbicularis
o r i sm u s c l e
Mentalis
muscle
D e p r e s s ol ar b i i
inferiorismuscle
D e p r e s s oarn g u l i
o r i sm u s c l e
T e m p o r a l i sm u s c l e
I n s e r t i o no f t e m o o r a l i sm u s c l et o
coronoid orocessof mandible
Parotidduct
Orbicularo
i sr i sm u s c l
Lateralpterygoid
muscte
Massetericnerve
and artery
*{r
Plate 54
Maxillary artery
I n s e r t i o no f
massetermuscle
Oral Region
Muscles Involved in Mastication (continuedl
,,ti;ij
Articulardiscof
j*i
t e m p o r o m a n d i b u l aj ro i n t
Lateralpterygoid muscle
Parotidduct
Pterygomandibularraph
l n s t r i c t omr u s c
co
S u p e r i opr h a r y n g e a
Lateralview
Choanae
S p h e n o m a n d i b u l al irg a m e n
Otic ganglion
C a r t i l a g i n o ups a r t o f a u d i t o r y
'(pharyngotympanic,
Eustachian)tube
M a s s e t e n cn e r v e
2q
Lateralpterygoidplate
T e m p o r o m a n d i b u l aj or i n t
A u r i c u l o t e m p o r anl e r v e
teralpterygoidmuscle
Massetericartery
Medialpterygoidmuscle
Maxillaryartery
lnferior alveolarnerve
M e d i a l p t e r y g o i dm u s c l e
Tensorveli palatini muscle (cut)
Medial pterygoid
Levatorveli palatini muscle (cut)
P t e r y g o ihda m u l u s
Pterygoidhamulus
Nerve to mylohyoid
4{tr
Oral Region
Posteriorview
Plate 55
Teeth
Permanent
(coloredblue)
Usualageof
eruption
Centralincisor(7thyear)
Centralincisor
( B - 1 0m o n t h s )
Lateralincisor
( B - 1 0m o n t h s
C a n i n e( c u s p i d )
(16-20months)
Lateralincisor(Bthyear)
C a n i n e( c u s p i d()11 t h - 1 2 t hy e a r )
st premolar(9thyear)
2 n d p r e m o l a r( 1 O t hy e a r )
1 s tm o l a r
( 1 5 - 2 1m o n t h s )
1 s tm o l a r( 6 t h y e a r )
2 n dm o l a r( 1 2 t h - 1 3 t yhe a r )
2 n dm o l a r
(20-24 months)
l---3rd
2 n dm o l a r
( 2 0 - 2 4m o n t h s )
molars(.17th-25thyear)
2 n d m o l a r( 1 2 t h - 1 3 t yhe a r )
1 s tm o l a r( 6 t hy e a r )
1 s tm o l a r
( 1 5 - 2 1m o n t h s )
C a n i n e( c u s p i d )
(16-20months)
year)
2 n dp r e m o l a(r1 O t h
1 s tp r e m o l a(r9 t hy e a r )
Lateralincisor
( 1 5 - 2 1m o n t h s )
e ( c u s p i d()11t h - 1 2 t hy e a r )
Lateralincisor (Bth year)
Centralincisor
(6-9 months)
Central incisor(7th year)
Central incisors
Lateralincisors
Canines
Palatineprocess
of maxilla
l st premolars
Horizontal
plate of
palatine
oone\
2 n dp r e m o l a r s
1 s tm o l a r
2nd molars
3 r dm o l a r s
Greater and lesser

palatineforamina
4{r
Plate 56
Upperpermanentteeth
Lowerpermanentteeth
Oral Region
Teeth (continuedl
Enamel
Dentineand dentinaltubules
sPaces
Interglobular
Odontoblastlayer
InterproximalsPaces
Dentalpulp containingvessels
and nerves
ival (gum)epithelium(stratified)
Cingivalgroove
Laminapropriaof gingiva(gum)
periosteum)
(mandibular
or maxillary
Periodontium
(alveolarperiosteum)
Root (central)canals
containingvesselsand nerves
Bone
Apicalforamina
Leftupper
permanent
teeth:
labiobuccal
Leftlower
permanent
teeth:
labiobuccal
vtew
Central
4{tr
Oral Region
Lateral
lncisors
12
Canines
(cuspids)
Premolars
Plate 57
Tongue
Epiglottis
Medianglossoepiglottic
fold
teralglossoepiglottic
fold
Vallecula
topharyngeal
archand muscle(cut)
(cut)
Palatinetonsil
Lingualtonsil(lingualnodules)
Palatoglossal
archand muscle(cut)
Foramen
cecum
Terminal
sulcus
Vallatepapillae
'Foliatepapillae
Filiformpapillae
papilla
Fungiform
Midlinegroove(mediansulcus)
Dorsumof tongue
Lingualtonsil
4{tr
Filiformpapillae
Fungiform
papilla
Keratinized
tip
of papilla
I n t r i n s im
c uscle
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Sustentacular
cell
Sensorycell
Tastepore
Laminapropria
Section of
taste bud
Plate 58
Duct of gland
Crypt
Lymphfollicles
Mucousglands
Vallatepapilla
Tastebuds
Lingualglands(serousglandsofvon Ebner)
Schematic stereogram: area indicated above
Oral Region
Tongue (continued|
Palatopharyngeus
muscle
Palatoglossus
I n f e r i o rl o n g i t u d i n am
l u s c l eo f
Mastoid process
belly)(cut)
process
fascra
Pharyngobasilar
pharyngeal
constrictormuscle
Superior
ligament
Stylohyoid
S t y l o g l o s sm
u su s c l e
partof superior
Clossopharyngeal
pharyngealconstrictor
muscle
Stylopharyngeus
muscle
Stylohyoid
Middle pharyngealconstrictormuscle
gastricmuscle(posteriorbelly)(cut)
H y o g l o s s umsu s c l e
msu s c l e !
Cenioglossu
lntermediatetendon of digastricmuscle (cut)

loop for intermediatedigastrictendon
Mylohyoidmuscle(cut)
Lateralview
S u b m a n d i b u l agr a n g l i o n
Superiorpharyngeal
c o n s t r i c t omr u s c l e
muscle
Styloglossus
muscle(cut)
Palatoglossus
D e e pl i n g u aal r t e r y
andvenaecomitantes
ligament
Stylohyoid
muscle
Stylopharyngeus
Hyoglossus
muscle(cut)
ngual artery
Arteryto fren
jugularvein
R e t r o m a n d i b u l avre i n
S u b m a n d i b u l adr u c t
Facialvein
artery
Suprahyoid
S u b l i n g u aal r t e r ya n d
Ceniohyoid muscki
Oral Region
C o m m o n t r u n kf o r f a c i a l ,
r e t r o m a n d i b u l aar n d
l i n g u a lv e i n s( c o m m o n
facial vein)
I vein
Hyoid bone
Dorsal lingual artery and vein
Hypoglossalnerve
Vena comitans of hypoglossalnerve
4{tr
Plate 59
Tongue and Salivary Glands: Sections
Horizontalsection
below lingulaof
mandible(superiorview)
demonstratingbed
of parotid gland
Orbicularo
i sr i sm u s c l e
Buccinatormuscle
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Facialartery and vein
P t e r y g o m a n d i b u l ar ra p h e
Linguan
l e r v e a n d s u p e r i o rp h a r y n g e acl o n s t r i c t o rm u s c l e
Masseter
muscle
Palatoglossus
muscle in palatoglossalarch
Palatinetonsil
Palatopharyngeus
muscle in palatopharyngealarc
R a m u so f m a n d i b l
Inferior alveolarartery,vein, and nerve
Styloglossus
muscle
Facialnerve
4{r
Parotidgland
Stylopharyngeus
muscle
Stylohyoid
muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
muscre
Internaljugular vein, internalcarotid artery
a n d n e r v e sl X , X , a n d X l l i n c a r o t i d
L o n g u cs a p i t i sm u s c l e
Prevertebralfascia
Superiorcervical sympatheticganglion
Buccopharyngeal fascia
and retropharyngealspace
S u p e r i o rl o n g i t u d i n am
l uscle
Verticaland transversemusctes
I n f e r i o rl o n g i t u d i n am
l uscle
Styloglossus
muscle
B u c c i n a t omr u s c l e
ortonsu"
Musclesof facialexpression
Hyoglossus
muscle
Cenioglossu
msu s c l e
S u b l i n g u saal l i v a rgyl a n d
S u b m a n d i b u ldaur c t
andibularcanal,inferior alveolarartery,vein, and nerve
Lingualnerve
Nerve to mylohyoid
V e n a c o m i t a n so f h y p o g l o s s anl e r v e ( t o l i n g u a lv e i n )
Linguaa
l rtery
. F a c i aal r t e r y
Submandibularsalivarygland
S u b m a n d i b u llay rm p hn o d e
Mylohyoidmuscle
F a c i avl e i n
I n t e r m e d i a t ed i e a s t r i ct e n o o n
Platysmamuscle
Hyoid bone
Plate 60
Frontalsection
behindl st molartooth
(anteriorview)
demonstrating
bedsof sublingualand
submandibularglands
Oral Region
Salivary Glands
Superficialtemporal artery and vein

and auriculotemporalnerve
Branchesof facial nerve
facial artery
Transverse
Accessoryparotid gland
Parotidduct
B u c c i n a t o rm u s c l e( c u t )
Massetermuscle
L i n g u a ln e r
Tongue
F r e n u l u mo f t o n g u e
S u b l i n g u aflo l d w i t h o p e n i n g s
d lu c t s
of sublingua
Parotid gland
S u b l i n g u acl a r u n c l ew i t h o p e n i n g
o f s u b m a n d i b u l adr u c t
Retromandibular
vein (anteriorand
posterior branches)
gland
Sublingua
Digastricmuscle
(posteriorbelly)
S u b m a n d i b u ldaur c t
muscle
Sublingualartery and vein
Externaljugular vein
Sternocleidomastoidmuscle
Mylohyoidmuscle(cui)
Digastricmuscle (anteriorbelly)
4{F
Hyoid bone
Facialartery and vein
Parotidgland:
totally serous
Oral Region
S u b m a n d i b u lgalra n d :
mostlyserous,partiallymucous
Common trunk receivingfacial,

anterior branch of retromandibular,
a n d l i n g u a lv e i n s( c o m m o n f a c i a lv e i n )
S u b l i n g ug
al a n d :
almostcompletelymucous
Plate 61
Afferent Innervation of Mouth and pharynx

SeealsoPlates45, 52, Sg,64, 1n,1?fg,,l25, ig3, lgs
Trigeminalnerve(V) :
Trigeminal(V) (maxillaryV2)
V i a s u p e r i o ra l v e o l a r
Glossopharyngeal
nerve 0n {,fffi
nerves
Vagus
nerve (Xl ;-/"7.//.'r
Via pterygopalatine
g a n g l i o na n d n a s o p a l a t i n e
Facialnerve(Vll)
and greaterand lesser
palatinenerves
Facial(Vll) (intermediate
nerve)
Via greater petrosalnerve, pterygopalatine
g a n g l i o na
, n d g r e a t e ra n d l e s s e rp a l a t i n en e r v e s
(lX)
Glossopharyngeal
Via pharyngealplexus
V i a t o n s i l l a rb r a n c h e s
Tasteplus generalsensation
v i a l i n g u a lb r a n c h e s
Trigeminal(V) (maxillaryV2)
a pharyngealbranch of
pterygopalatineganglion
tr
Vagus(X)
Via internalbranchof
s u p e r i olra r y ng e a ln e r v e
Facial(Vll) (intermediate
nerve)
Via greaterpetrosalnerve and
pterygopalatineganglion
(lX)
Glossopharyngeal
plexus
Via pharyngeal
V i a t o n s i l l a rb r a n c h e s
Tasteplus general
s e n s a t i o nv i a
l i n g u a lb r a n c h e s
Vagus(X) and
glossopharyngeal(lX)
Via pharyngeal
prexus
Vagus(X)
V i ai n t e r n a l
branchof
supenor
laryngeal
Trigeminal (V)
(maxillary V2)
Via pterygopalatine
g a n g l i o na n d
nasopalatineand
g r e a t e ra n d l e s s e r
p a l a t i n en e r v e s
V i as u p e r i o r
alveolarnerves
Trigeminal(V)
(mandibularV3)
Via buccal nerve
Via inferior
a l v e o l a rn e r v e
nerve
Trigeminal(V)
(mandibularV3)
ia lingual
nerve
Facial(Vll) (intermediate nerve)
Tastevia chorda tympani and lingual nervt:
*{r
Oral Region
Pharynx: Median Section
Sellaturcica
Frontalsinus
S p h e n o o c c i p i t asly n c h o n d r o s i s
S p h e n o i d asl i n u s
tonsil
Pharyngeal
Nasalseptum
Pharyngealtubercle of occipital bone

aryngealraphe
Nasopharynx
A n t e r i o rl o n g i t u d i n allig a m e n t
Soft palate
terior atlantooccipitalmembrane
Palatineglands
Hard palate.-
Pharyngealopening of auditory
(pharyngotympanic,Eustachian)
tube
A p i c a ll i g a m e n to f d e n s
!
Anterior
arch of
atlas(C1
vertebra)
Oral cavity
Palatinetonsil-..-
Dens of
axis (C2
vertebra)
Body of tongue
Oropharynx
Pharyngeal
constrictor
muscles
Foramencecum
L i n g u a tl o n s i l
Buccopharyngeal
fascia
Cenioglossus
muscle
Root of tongue
Retropharyngeal
space
Epiglottis
Mandible
i i!:rj"r,
Ceniohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Hyoepiglottic ligament
Prevertebral
fasciaand
anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Vertebral
bodies
Thvrohvoid membrane
Laryngopharynx
Laryngealinlet (aditus)
Thyroid cartilage
Vocalfold
Transversearytenoid
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Esophagus
muscles
Esophageal
Thyroidgla
Superficial(investing)layer of deep cervicalfascia
Pretrachealfascia
space(of Burns
Suprasternal
of sternum
Manubrium
Pharynx
4{tr
Plate 63
Medialview
Median (sagittal)section
S o h e n o i d sa il n u s
Pharyngeal
tonsil
Torustubarius
Pharyngeal
tubercle(basilarpartof occipitalbone)
Pharyngeal
raphe
Pharyngealopening of auditory
(pharyngotympanic,Eustachian)tube
Hard palate
Pharyngealrecess
Salpingopharyngealfold
Soft oalate
Palatineglands
Uvula
S e m i l u n a fro l d
Supratonsillarfossa
Palatinetonsil
Palatopharyngeal
arch
Palatoglossal
arch
Oropharynx
Triangularfold
Tongue (drawn forward and downward)
L i n g u a tl o n s i l
Epiglottis
Vallecula
Pharyngealmucosaremoved
C a r t i l a g i n o ups a r t o f a u d i t o r y( p h a r y n g o t y m p a n i cE,u s t a c h i a nt )u b e
Medial pterygoid plate
Tensorveli palatini muscle and tendon
L e v a t o rv e l i p a l a t i n im u s c l e
Ascendingpalatineartery
Pharyngealbranch of ascendingpharyngealartery
Lesserpalatineartery
S a l p i n g o p h a r y n g e umsu s c l e
Pterygoid hamulus
Pterygomandibularraphe
Tonsillarbranch of lesserpalatineartery
Superiorpharyngealconstrictor muscle
Tonsillarbranch of ascendingpharyngealartery
Palatoglossus
muscle
Palatopharyngeus
muscle
Tonsillarbranch of ascendingpalatineartery
Tonsillarbranch of facial
Tonsillarbranch of dorsal lingualartery
Glossopharyngealnerve (lX) and tonsillarbranch
S t y l o h y o i dl i g a m e n t
Hyoglossusmuscle
Middle pharyngealconstrictor muscle
S t y l o p h a r y n g e um
s uscle
4{tr
Plate 64
Pharynx
Muscles of Pharynx: Median (Sagittall Section
Medial pterygoid plate

Cartilaginouspart of auditory (pharyngotympanic,Eustachian)tube
Tensorveli palatinimuscle
Pharyngobasilarfascia
Levatorveli oalatinimuscle
P a l a t i n ea o o n e u r o s i sa n d t e n d o n o f
t e n s o rv e l i o a l a t i n im u s c l e
P h a r y n g etaul b e r c l e( b a s i l apra r to f o c c i p i t abl o n e )

P h a r y n g e arla p h e
A n t e r i o rl o n g i t u d i n alli g a m e n t
Anterior atlantooccipitalmembrane
A p i c a l l i g a m e n to f d e n s
e u sm u s c l e
lpingopharg
yn
Musclesof soft palate
ridge)
Palatopharyngealsphincter(Passavant's
Superiorpharyngealconstrictormuscle
Pterygomandibularraphe
muscle
Palatopharyngeus
Clossopharyngealpart ol
superior pharyngealconstrictor
Stylopharyngeusmuscle
Stylohyoidligament
Styloglossusmuscle
ibers to pharyngoepiglotticfold
B u c c o p h a r y n g e af al s c i aa n d
retropharyngealspace
Prevertebralfasciaand anlenor
l o n g i t u d i n alli g a m e n t
Hyoglossus
muscle
I n t e r n abl r a n c ho f s u p e r i olra r y n g e anle r v e
Ceniohyoid
muscte
L o n g i t u d i n apl h a r y ng e a lm u s c l e s
Mylohyoid
muscte
Hyoid bone
I n f e r i o rp h a r y n g e acl o n s t r i c t o rm u s c l e
P h a r y n g e aal p o n e u r o s i s
Thyrohyoid
memDrane
C r i c o p h a r y n g e um
s uscle
(part of inferior pharyngealconstrictor)
T h y r o i dc a r t i l a g e
r i c o i d a t t a c h m e n to f l o n g i t u d i n a l
e s o p h a g e am
l uscle
Median
cricothyroid ligament
l uscle
C i r c u l a re s o p h a g e am
C o r n i c u l a t ea n d
arytenoid cartilages
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
l s o p h a g e am
l uscle
o ng i t u d i n ae
#r
. . . M a r g i n so f m i d d l ep h a r y n g e a l
c o n s t r i c t o rm u s c l e
- Margins and attachmentsof inferior
pharyngeal constrictormuscle
Plate 65
Pharynx: Opened Posterior View
r a r t o f o c c i p i t a lb o n e )
B a s eo f s k u l l( b a s i l a p
Pharyngealtonsil
Nasalseptum
Torustubarius
Pharyngeal
opening
of auditory(pharyngotympanic,
Eustachian)
tube
recess
Nasopharynx
Parotidgland
(fold
Toruslevatorius
causedby levator
velipalatinimuscle)
Salpingopharyngeal
fold
Soft palate
A n g l eo f m a n d i b l e
bulargland
Uvula
Palatinetonsil
Oropharynx
Root of tongue
Palatopharyngeal
arch
Prominencecaused by greaterhorn
of hyoidbone
Epiglottis
Laryngealinlet (aditus)
P r o m i n e n ccea u s e db y s u p e r i ohr o r n
of thyroid cartilage
Laryngopharynx
ielotticfold
Piriformfossa(recess)
Cuneiformtubercle
Foldover internalbranch
of superiorlaryngealnerve
Corniculatetubercle
Interarytenoidnotch
overlamina
of cricoid cartilage
Esophagus
4{tr
Trachea
Plate 66
Pharynx
Muscles of Pharynx: Partially Opened Posterior View
Basilarpart of occipital bone
't\
}i,ilri:l,
P h a r y n g e atlu b e r c l e
*-
Pharyngeal
tonsil
*
\:
Cartilaginouspart
of auditory
( p h a r y n g o t y m p ainc ,
Eustachian)tube
Styloid
process
Digastric
muscle
(Posterlor
belly)
Pharyngobasilar
fascia
Choana
Stylohyoid
muscte
Levatorveli
p a l a t i n im u s c l e
Stylopharyngeus
muscre
Superiorpharyngeal
constrictormuscle
muscle
Accessory
b u n d l ef r o m
Salpingopharyngeus
muscte
Petrouspart of
t e m p o r a lb o n e
Uvula
Medial
p t e r y g o i dm u s c l e
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Middlepharyngeal
constrictor muscle
Pharyngobasilar
fascia
muscle
Stylopharyngeus
Pharyngealraphe
goepiglotticfold
Pharyn
Superiorpharyngeal
fold
Aryepiglottic
Hyoid bone (tip of greater
lnferiorpharyngeal
constrictor muscle (cut edgeJ
Middle pharyngealconstrictormusc
l uscles
L o n g i t u d i n apl h a r y n g e am
Epiglottis
S u p e r i ohr o r no f
thyroidcartilage
Inferior pharyngealconstrictormuscle
Cuneiformtubercle
Thyrohyoid membrane
C o r n i c u l a t eu b e r c l e
lnternal branch of
superior laryngealnerve
(Transverse
and oblique)
a r y t e n o i dm u s c l e s
P h a r y n g e aal p o n e u r o s i s
Posteriorcricoarytenoidmuscle
C r i c o p h a r y n g e aml u s c l e( p a r to f
inferior pharyngealconstrictor)
l s o p h a g e am
L o ng i t u d i n a e
l uscle
C r i c o p h a r y n g e um
s u s c l e( p a r to f
inferior pharyngealconstrictor)
Posteriorborder of thyroid cartilagelamina
id attachment of longitudinal
esophagealmuscle
muscle
ularesophageal
4{tr
Pharynx
Plate 67
Muscles of Pharynxl Lateral View
Pharyngobasilar
fascia
T e n s o rv e l i p a l a t i n im u s c l e
Levatorveli palatini muscte
Lateralpterygoid plate
B u c c i n a t o rm u s c l e( c u t )
P t e r y g o m a n d i b u l ar ra p h e
igastricmuscle
(posterior
belly)(cut)
Buccinatorcrest
of mandible
yloidprocess
Superiorpharyngealconstrictor muscle
Styloglossusmuscle
Obliqueline
of mandible
Stylohyoidligament
M i d d l e p h a r y n g e acl o n s t r i c t o rm u s c l e
H y o g l o s s u sm u s c l e
reater horn of hyoid bone
Digastricmuscle (anteriorbelly
r i o r h o r n o f t h y r o i dc a r t i l a g e
M y l o h y o i dm u s c l e
T h v r o h v o i dm e m b r a n e
Inferiorpharyngeal
constrictormuscle
Hyoid bone
Stylohyoidmuscle (cut)
Thyroid cartilage
T e n d i n o uasr c h
Zone of sparsemusclefibers
C r i c o p h a r y n g em
u su s c l e
(partof inferiorpharyngeal
constrictor)
M e d i a n c r i c o t h y r o i dl i
C r i c o t h y r o im
duscle
sopnaSus
Trachea
4{r
Plate 68
Pharynx
Arteries of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions
5i"'{i',..',",.
{ S u p r a t r o c h l eaarr
Supraorbitala
Deep temporal arteries
Dorsal nasala
Massetericartery
A n g u l a ra r t e r y
Infraorbitalartery
S p h e n o p a l a t i naer t e r y
D e s c e n d i n gp a l a t i n e
Transverse
facial
artery(cut)
P o s t e r i o sr u p e r i o r
alveolarartery
Superficial
temporal artery
S u p e r i o rl a b i a la r t
Buccalartery
Maxillaryartery
and parotid duct (cut)
Posteriorauricularartery
Ascendingpharyngealartery
I n f e r i o rl a b i a la r t
Occipital artery and

s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o ibdr a n c h
S u p e r i o rp h a r y n g e a l
C l o s s o p h a r y n g e anle r v e ( l X )
Ascendingpalatineartely
Mental branch of
i n f e r i o ra l v e o l a ra r t
Tonsillar
artery
Inferior alveolarartery
a n d l i n g u a lb r a n c h
Facialartery
Linguaa
l rtery
Facialartery
S u b m e n t a al r t e r y
M y l o h y o i db r a n c ho f
i n f e r i o ra l v e o l a ra r t e r y
S u b m a n d i b u l agr l a n d
H y p o g l o s s anl e r v e ( X l l )
Suprahyoidarter
External
carotidartery
S u p e r i o rl a r y n g e aal r t
S u p e r i otrh y r o i da
C r i c o t h y r o i da r
Common carotid
Vertebralartery
Subclavianartery
A s c e n d i n gp h a r y n g e aal r t e r y
Vagus nerve (X)
Superiorcervical
cardiac nerve
trunk
Sympathetic
Ascending cervicalartery
Inferiorthyroidartery
cervical artery
Suprascapularartery
Costocervicaltrunk
Thyrocervicaltrunk
4{tr
Pharynx
Plate 69
Veins of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions

SeealsoPlates 23,31,'lO4
S u p r a t r o c h l e avre i n
S u p r a o r b i t avl e i n
Nasofrontalvein
S u p e r i o ro p h t h a l m i cv e i n
A n g u l a rv e i n
Externalnasalvein
Emissaryvein (of Vesalius)
c o m m u n i c a t i n gw i t h
c a v e r n o u ss t n u s
lnfraorbitalvein
O c c i p i t a lv e i n
and artery
Posterior
superior 5;
alveolarveins
Superficialtemporal
vein and artery
Palatinevein
Pterygoidplexus
Transversefacial vein (cut)
S u p e r i ol ra b i avl e i
Posteriorauricularvein
Deep facial vein
(anteriorand
M a x i l l a r yv e i n s
posteriorbranches)
jugularvein(cut)
External
I n f e r i o rl a b i a lv e i n
Mental vein
Inferior alveolarvein and artery

ipital vein and artery
Facialvein and a
Externalpalatinevei
S u b m e n t a vl e i n
S u b m a n d i b u l agr l a n d
Vena comitans of
hypoglossalnerve
D o r s a ll i n g u a lv e i n c o u r s i n g
medial to hyoglossusmuscle
L i n g u a vl e i n
C o m m u n i c a t i o nt o a n t e r i o rj u g u l a rv e i n
S u p e r i o rl a r y n g e avl e i n
S u p e r i o rt h y r o i dv e i n
Thyroid gland
M i d d l e t h y r o i dv e i n
Inferiorthyroid vei
Termination
o f a n t e r i o rj u g u l a rv e i n ( c u t )
Left brachiocephalicvein
Common trunkreceiving
facial,anterior branch of
retromandibular,and
l i n g u a lv e i n s( c o m m o n f a c i a lv e i n )
Vagus nerve (X) and
sympathetictrunk
iddle scalenemuscle
A n t e r i osr c a l e n m
e uscle
j ul g u l avr e i n( c u t )
Externa
Transversecervical
vein (cut)
Suprascapularvein (cut)
Subclavianartery
S u b c l a v i a nv e i n
4{v
Plate 70
Pharynx
Nerves of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions
Zygomaticotemporalnerve (V2)
Deep temporal nerves(V3
Massetericnerve (V3)
M a n d i b u l a rn e r v e ( V 3 )
Nerve to medial pterygoid and
tensor veli palatinimuscles(V:) (cut)
Zygomaticofacialnerve (V2
M a x i l l a rny e r v e( V z )
I n f r a o r b i tn
ae
l r v e( V z )
Creater and lesser
p a l a t i n en e r v e s( V 2 )
AuriculotemporaI
nerve(V:)
A n t e r i o r ,m i d d l e ,a n d p o s t e r i o r
s u p e r i o ra l v e o l a rn e r v e s( V 2 )
meningealartery
Nerve to lateralpterygoid
m u s c l e( V 3 )( c u t )
Superficial
temporal
artery(cut)
Facialnerve(Vll)(cut)
Maxillaryartery
B u c c a ln e r v e ( V : ) C h o r d at y m p a n i n e r v e ( V l l )
Linguan
l e r v e( V 3 )
Accessorynerve (Xl) (cut)
Medialpterygoidmuscle(cut)
(ventralramus)(cut)
(lateralpterygoid removed)
2 spinalnerve
l n f e r i o ra l v e o l a r
nerve (V:)
(ventralramus)(cut)
Mental nerve (Vr)

Nerve to mylohyoid (V3)
Clossopharyngealnerve (lX)
a n d t o n s i l l a rb r a n c h
H y p o g l o s s anl e r v e ( X I l )
C a r o t i dn e r v e ( l X )a n d c a r o t i d
N e r v e t o t h y r o h y o i dm u s c l e( C 1 , 2 v i a X l l )
Internaland externalbranches
o f s u p e r i o rl a r y n g e a nl e r v e( X
slPerior oot
A n s ac e r v i c a l i(sC l , 2 , r , I(
lnferiorroot,
Nerves to superior and inferior belliesof omohyoid,
sternohyoid,and sternothyroidmuscles(ansacervicalis)
Recurrentlaryngealnerve (X)
plexuscomposedof
Pharyngeal
geal
branches
from glossopharyn
(lX),vagus(X),and sympathetic
nerves
Internalcarotidartery
External
carotidartery
Vagusnerve(X)and superior
cervicalcardiacbranch
(ventralramus)(cut)
Phrenin
c e r v e( C 3 ,4 , 5 )
cervicalartery
r scalenemuscle
Brachialplexus(cut)
Sympathetictrunk and middle cervical

Thyrocervicaltrunk
Vertebralartery
artery
Subclavian
*{r
Pharynx
Plate 7l
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Head and Neck
parotidnodes
Superficial
(deepparotidnodes
d e e pt o a n dw i t h i n
parotid gland)
Subparotid
node
Facialnodes
Nasolabial
Buccinator
nodes
Mastoid nodes
Mandibular
Sternocleidomastoid
nodes
nodes
Superiorlateral
superficialcervical
jugular)
(external
node
Submandibular
nodes
Jugulodigastricnode
Submental
nodes
Suprahyoid
node
Superiordeeplateralcervical
(internal
jugular)nodesSuperiorthyroidnodes
superficial
cervical
(spinalaccessory)
nodes
Intercalatednode
Inferiordeep
lateralcervical
(scalene)
node
node
Juguloomohyoid
Thoracicduct
Anteriordeepcervical
(pretracheal
and thyroid)nodes
(deepto infrahyoidmuscles)
Anteriorsuperficial
cervical
nodes(anteriorjugularnodes
Transverse
cervical
chain of
nodes
J u g u l atr u n k
Supraclavicular
nodes*
Subclaviantrunk and nooe
*Thesupraclavicular
groupof nodes(also
knownasthe lowerdeepcervicalgroup),
especially
on the left,arealsosometimes
referredto asthe signalor sentinellymph
nodesof Virchowor Troisier,
especially
when
sufficiently
enlargedand palpable.
These
nodes(or a singlenode)areso termedbecause
theymaybe the firstrecognizedpresumptive
evidenceof malignant
diseasein the viscera.
Plale 72
4{tr
Pharynx
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Pharynx and Tongue
gobasilar
fascia
Pharyn
nodes
Retropharyngeal
belly)
muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
node
lntercalated
node
f ugulodigastric
Deep lateral cervical

(internaljugular) nodes
J u g u l o o m o h y oni o
dde
entralcollectingvessels
Marginalcollectingvessels
g vessels
Basalcollectin
to
Communication
Lymphaticdrainageof pharynx:
posteriorview
Lymphaticdrainageof tongue
node
Submental
S u b m a n d i b u lnaor d e
node
Jugulodigastric
Deeo lateralcervical
(internaljugular) nodes
node
fuguloomohyoid
Pharynx
Plate 73
Thyroid Gland: Anterior View
Externalcarotid
Hyoid bone
Internalcarotidarterv
Superiorlaryngeal
nerve
Internalbranch
Externalbranch
Superiorthyroidarteryand
Superiorlaryngeal
artery
Thyroidcartilage(lamina)
Thyrohyoidmembrane
Ansa
t
cervicalis{
Mediancricothyroid
ligament
Superior
root
Inferior
root-
muscles
Cricothyroid
Cricoidcartilage
Commoncarotid
Internaljugularvein
Middlethyroidvein
Inferiorthyroidveins
Pretracheal
lymphnodes
lnferiorthyroidartery
'Phrenicnerve
Superficial
cervicalartery
Anteriorscalenemuscle
Suprascapular
artery
Vagusnerve(X)
Thyrocervical
trunk
jugularvein
External
Subclavian
arteryand
Anteriorjugularvein
1strib (cut)
Vagus nerve (X)
Leftrecurrentlaryngeal
nerve
Rightrecurrent
laryngeal
nerve
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Brachiocephalicveins
Supenor vena cava
Aortic arch
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid
ligament
Commoncarotidartery
Medialmarginof
sternocleidomastoidmuscle
Cricothyroid
muscle
Cricoid cartilage
*{ry
Plate 74
Thyroidgland
Cupula(dome)of pleura
Thyroid Gland and La;ynx
Thyroid Gland and Pharynx: Posterior View
Superiorpharyngeal
constrictormuscle
Middlepharyngeal
muscle
constrictor
ExternalcarotidarterY
lnternalcarotidarterY
Facialartery
Tip of greaterhorn
of hyoid[ens-
Lingualartery
Inferiorpharyngeal
muscle'
constrictor
nerve
Superiorlaryngeal
-lnternal branch
Externalbranch
raphe
Pharyngeal
SuperiorthyroidarterY
Zoneof sparse
musclefibers
Cricopharyngeus
muscle(partof inferior
pharyngealconstrictor)
Circularesophageal
musclein V-shaped
areaof sparse
muscle
longitudinal
fibers (areaof Laimer)
SuperiorlaryngealarterY
CommoncarotidarterY
Vagusnerve(X)
Internaljugularvein
Thyroidgland
(rightlobe)
Superiorparathyroidgland
Longitudinal
esophagealmuscle
lnferiorthvroidvein
Trachea
lnferiorbulbof
i n t e r n aj ul g u l avr e i n
Vertebralarterv
cervicalartery
gland
Inferiorparathyroid
nerve
Rightrecurrentlaryngeal
cervicalartery
artery
Leftsubclavian
artervandvein
Thyrocervicaltrunk
Rightsubclavian
arteryandvein
Internalthoracic
arteryandvein
Left recurrent laryngeal
Arch of aorta
Leftvagusnerve
vein
Rightbrachiocephalic
trunk
Brachiocephalic
Rightvagusnerve(X)
Superiorvenacava
Plate 75
Parathyroid Glands
SeealsoPlate 80
Posterior view
h y r o h y o i dm e m b r a n e
Hyoid bon
S u p e r i ol ra r y n g e a l
Internalbranch
External
branch
External
carotidartery
Superiorlaryngeal
artery
Vagusnerve(
Epiglottis
Inferiorpharyngeal
constrictor
muscle(cut)
Superiorthyroid
Fibrouscapsuleof
thyroidgland(cut)
F i b r o ucsa p s u l e
of
t h y r o i dg l a n d( c u t )
Cricopharyngeus
muscle(partof
inferiorpharyngeal
constrictor)
gland
Superiorparathyroid
Superiorparathyroid
gland
Rightlobeof thyroidglano
Leftlobeof thyroidgland
Ascendingcervicalarter
glano
Inferiorparathyroid
(maybe morecaudallylocated,
e v e nw i t h i nm e d i a s t i n u m )
Inferiorparathyroid
gland
recurrentlaryngealnerve
Left recurrentlaryngealnerve
Esophagus
Superficialcervical artery
Suprascapularartery
Thyrocervical
trunk
Subclavianartery
Vertebral
artery
Trachea
Subclavianartery
Rightlateralview
Externalcarotio
Superiorlaryngeal
arte
S u p e r i otrh y r o i da r t e r y( c
Inferior pharyngealconstrictor muscle
lnternalbranchof
nerve
superiorlaryngeal
External
branchof
superiorlaryngeal
nerve
gland
Superiorparathyroid
C o m m o n c a r o t i da
I n t e r n aj ul g u l a r
T h y r o i dg l a n d( r i g h lto b e )
(retractedanteriorly)
Inferior parathyroidgland
nerve
Esophagus
Plate 76
*{r
Gartilages of Larynx
Hyoidbone
Thyrohyoidmembr
Superiorhorn of thyroidcartil
cartilage
Corniculate
Arytenoidcartilage
Superiorthyroidnotch
Thyroidcartilagelami
Vocalligament
ligament
Mediancricothyroid
Inferiorhornof thyroid
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Posterior view
Anteriorview
Corniculatecartilage
MuscularprocessI Arytenoid
Vocalprocess
f cartilage
Cricoid
cartilage
Hyoepiglottic
ligament
Hyoidbone
Thvrohvoidmembrane
Thyroidcartilagelamina
arynSealpromrnence
cart
Corniculate
Arytenoid
Muscularprocess
*{r
joint
Cricothyroid
Right lateralview
Medial view, median

(sagittal)section
Plale 77
lntrinsic Muscles of Larynx
piglottis
Foramen
for superior
laryngeal
vessels
and
internalbranchof
nerve
superiorlaryngeal
yepiglottic
fold
Cuneiform
tubercle
andtransverse
arytenoidmuscles
Corniculate
tubercle
Aryepiglottic
muscle
Posterior
cricoarytenoid
muscle
Oblique
arytenoidmuscle
I
t
Transverse
arytenoidmuscle
Straight
part
Oblique
part
Posterior
cricoarytenoid
muscle
Cricothyroid
muscte
ricoidcartilage
Rightlateralview
Posterior
view
Epiglottis
Aryepiglottic
muscle
O b l i q u ea n d
transverse
arytenoidmuscles
Posterior
cricoarytenoid
muscle
Thyroepiglottic
muscte
Arytenoid
cartilage
Thyroarytenoid
muscte
Laminaof
Lateral
cricoarytenoid
muscte
C o n u se l a s t i c u s
Cricothyroid
muscle (cut away)
Lateraldissection
Posteriorcricoarytenoidmuscre
Lateralcricoarytenoid
T
Transverse
and obliquearytenoidmuscles
Cricothyroid muscle
Conus
elasticus
Thyroarytenoid
muscle
Nr
Plate 78
Vocalismuscle
Vocal ligament
Lamina
of
thyroid
cartilage
Actions of Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Nr
Cricothyroidjoint
(pivotpoint)
Action of posterior cricoarytenoidmuscles

of vocalligaments
Abduction
Action of cricothyroid muscles

(increasing
tension)
Lengthening
of vocalligaments
Action of lateral cricoarytenoidmuscles
++
Action of transverseand oblique arytenoidmuscles

Adduction of vocal ligaments
Action of vocalisand thyroarytenoidmuscles

Shortening(relaxation)of vocal ligaments
Plate 79
Nerves of Larynx
Superior
Internalbranchof
superiorlaryngeal
nerve
laryngealnerve
Internalbranch
External
branch
Sensorybranches
to larynx
of Calen
Aryepiglottic
muscle
Thyroepi
glotticmuscle
Transverse
and oblique
arytenoidmuscles
Thvroarvtenoid
muscle
Vocalismuscle
Cricothvroid
muscle
Cricopharyngeus
muscle
(partof inferior
pharyngealconstrictor)
Rightrecurrent
laryngeal
nerve
Lateralcricoarvtenoid
muscle
Posterior
cricoarvtenoid
muscle
Thyroidarticularsurface
Anteriorand posteriorbranches
of
inferiorlaryngeal
nerve
nerve
Rightlateralview:
thyroid cartilagelamina removed
Rightlateralview
Leftvagusnerve(X)
Rightvagusnerve(
Leftcommoncarotidartery
Anomalous right inferior
laryngealnerve (not recu
Leftinferiorlaryngealnerve
recurrentlaryngeal
nerve
Anomalous (retroesophageal)
right subclavianartery
Leftsubclavian
artery
Right common carotid
Anomalous(retroesophageal)
rightsubclavian
arteryoriginating
from leftsideof aorticarch
Archof aorta
nerve
Anteriorview:
anomalousright
inferior laryngeal
nerve,not recurrent,
associatedwith
anomalousright
subclavianarterv
Plate 80
Nr
Eyelids
S u p e r i o rp a l p e b r a cl o n j u n c t i v a
t a r s a (l m e i b o m i a n )g l a n d s
s h i n i n gt h r o u g h
l a p i l l aa n d p u n c t u m
S u p e r i o rl a c r i m a p
P I i c as e m i l u n a r i s
L a c r i m acl a r u n c l ei n
l a c r i m a l a k e( l a c u sl a c r i m a l i s )
C o r n e o s c l e r aj ul n c t i o n
(cornealimbus)
I n f e r i o rl a c r i m a p
B u l b a rc o n j u n c t i v a
over sctera
In f e r i o rc o n j u n c t i v aflo r n i x
L e v a t o rp a l p e b r a es u p e r i o r i sm u s c l e
O r b i t asl e p t u m
Sclera
S u p e r i o rt a r s a l( M i . i l l e r ' sm) u s c l e( s m o o t h )
S u p e r i o rc o n j u n c t i v aflo r n r x
O r b i c u l a r i so c u l i m u s c l e( p a l p e b r apl a r t )
Palpebralconjunctiva
S u p e r i otra r s u s
T a r s a(lm e i b o m i a n )g l a n d s
Cornea
-Lens
S e b a c e o u sg l a n
A n t e r i ocr h a m b e r
( csi l i a )
Eyelashe
*{r
lris
O p e n i n g so f t a r s a lg l a n d s
P o s t e r i ocrh a m b e r
l n f e r i otra r s u s
O r b i c u l a r i so c u l i m u s c l e( p a l p e b r apl a r t )
In f e r i o rc o n j u n c t i v aflo r n i x
O r b i t a ls e p t u m
F r o n t a lb o n e
l n s e r t i o no f l e v a t o rp a l p e b r a e
s u p e r i o r im
suscle
S u p e r i otra r s u s
L a t e r ap
l alpebraligament
a n d o v e r l y i n gr a p h e
I n f e r i o rt a r s u s
Supraorbitalartery and nerve

S u p r a t r o c h l e aarr t e r ya n d n e r v e
D o r s a ln a s a la r t e r y
a n d i n f r a t r o c h l e anr e r v e
Lacrimalsac
M e d i a lp a l p e b r a l i g a m e n t
M a x i l l a( f r o n t a lp r o c e s s )
Z y g o m a t i cb o n e - - F
Orbit and Gontents
Infraorbitalartery and nerve
Plate 81
Lacrimal Apparatus
6sjtif'a:+
SeealsoPlates 45, 133
O r b i t a lp a r t o f
I a c r i m a gl l a n d
L a c r i m acl a n a l i c u l i
Palpebral
partof
l a c r i m agl l a n d-
Excretoryducts of
l a c r i m ag
l land
Lacrimalsac
N a s o l a c r i m adl u c t
P l i c as e m i l u n a r i s
O p e n i n go f
n a s o l a c r i m adl u c t
L a c r i m a cl a r u n c l e
4{tr
I n f e r i o rl a c r i m a lp a p i l l aa n d p u n c t
Frontalbone (cut away)
O r b i t a lp a r t o f
lacrimag
l land
L a c r i m acl a n a l i c u l i
L a c r i m a sl a c
Palpebralpart of
l a c r i m ag
l l a n da s o l a c r i m adl u c t
Excretoryducts of
l a c r i m ag
l land
P l i c as e m i l u n a r i s
and lacrimal
Middle nasal
concna
Nasalcavity
L a c r i m acl a r u n c l e
I n f e r i o rl a c r i m a lp a p i l l aa n d p u n c t u m
O p e n i n g o f n a s o l a c r i m adl u c t
Plate 82
I n f e r i o rn a s a l
c o n c h a( c u t )
I n f e r i o rn a s a lm e a t u s
Orbit and Contents
Fascia of Orbit and Eyeball
Horizontalsection
Tarsusof eyelid
4{r
Palpebralconjunctiva
M e d i a lp a l p e b r a l i g a m e n t
B u l b acr o n j u n c t i v a
Nasalcavity
Cornea
C h e c kl i g a m e not f
medialrectusmuscle
Lateralpalpebralligament
r , - C h e c k l i g a m e n to f
lateralrectus muscle
E t h m o i d ac le l l s
Periorbita
Periorbita
Sclera
M e d i a rl e c t u sm u s c l e
andfascialsheath
sheathof eyeball
Fascial
(Tenon's
capsule)
Fascialsheathof eyeball
(Tenon'scapsule)
Episcleral
space
Lateralrectusmuscle
andfascialsheath
Sclera
fat
Retrobulbar
(orbitalfat body)
C o m m o nt e n d i n o ursi n g
Levatorpalpebraesuperiorismuscle and fascialsheath
Frontal section
-{*y*
Superioroblique muscle and fascialsheath

Medial rectus muscle and fascialsheath
S u o e r i o rr e c t u sm u s c l e
and fascialsheath
Periorbita
Lacrimalgland
Ethmoidalcell
Lateralrectusmuscleand
fascialsheath
ascialsheathof eyeball
Periorbita
(Tenon's
capsule)
Scler
lnferiorrectusmuscle
andfascialsheath
Fascialsheathof eyeball
(Tenon'scapsule)
I n f e r i o ro b l i q u e m u s c l e
and fascialsheath
Episcleral
space
Infraorbitalnerve (V2)
R e t r o b u l b a fra t ( o r b i t a lf a t
Muscleattachmentsand nervesand vesselsenteringorbit

S u p e r i oor r b i t a l
muscle
superioris
Levatorpalpebrae
L a c r i m an
l e r v e( V t )
S u p e r i o ro b l i q u em u s c l e
F r o n t a ln e r v e ( V t )
Suoeriorrectus muscle
Trochlearnerve (lV)
Medialrectusmuscle
Lateralrectus
S u p e r i o rb r a n c ho f o c u l o m o t o rn e r v e( l l l )
Inferiororbitalfissure
A b d u c e n tn e r v e ( V l )
Orbit and Contents
lnferior rectus muscle

l n f e r i o rb r a n c ho f o c u l o m o t o rn e r v e ( l l l )
N a s o c i l i a r yn e r v e ( V 1 )
Plate 83
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Rightlateralview
S u p e r i oor b l i q u em u s c l e
Levatorpalpebrae
superioris
muscle
,Trochlea
(pulley)
Suoeriorrectusmuscle
Medialrectusmuscle
al rectusmuscle(cut)
C o m m o n t e n d i n o u sr i n g
Lateralrectusmuscle(cut)
lnferiorobliquemuscle
Inferiorrectusmuscle
periortarsus
Superiorview
Levatorpalpebrae
muscle(cut)
superioris
Medialrectusmuscle
Inferiorrectus
cF
Superiorrectusmuscle(cut)
Lateralrectusmuscle
Optic nerve(ll)
Superiorrectusmuscle(cut)
muscle(cut)
Levatorpalpebrae
superioris
Innervationof extrinsiceve muscles:

anteriorview
Trochtear
S u p e r i oor b l i q u em u s c l et nerve(lV)
(
Levatorpalpebrae
superioris
muscle
Oculomotor
n e r v e( l l l )
Superiorrectus
Medialrectusmuscle
Inferiorrectus
4{tr
Plate 84
I n f e r i oor b l i q u e
Orbit and Gontents
Arteries and Veins of Orbit and Eyelids
Medialpalpebralartery
Superiorview
ateralpalpebralartery
Supratrochlear
a
Dorsalnasalarterv
artery
Supraorbital
A n t e r i om
r eningeal
Zygomaticbranches
Anteriorethmoidal
Posterior
ciliaryarteries
Posterior
ethmoidal
M u s c u l abr r a n c h
Lacrimal
artery
Continuation of ophthalmic arter
Centralretinalartery
M u s c u l abr r a n c h
Ophthalmic
Supraorbital
artery
Supratrochlear
artery
nasalartery
Anteriorview
Superiormedial
palpebralartery
Frontalbranchof
superficial
temporal
Angular artery
lnferior medial
palpebral artery
Superiorlateralpalpebral
Inferiorlateralpalpebral
arter
S u p e r i oar n di n f e r i o r
palpebralarterialarches
Zygomaticofacial artery
Facialartery
Transversefacial
Infraorbital
artery
(X = anastomosisof vesselsfrom
externaland internalcarotid arteries)
Supratrochlear
vein
Lateral view
Supraorbitalvein
C a v e r n o ussi n u s
Nasofrontalvein
A n g u l avr e i n
Vorticoseveins
Facialvein
I n f e r i o ro p h t h a l m i cv e i n
Pterygoid
Maxillaryvein
R e t r o m a n d i b u l avre i
Orbit and Gontents
Deep facialvein
4{F
Plate 85
Nerves of Orbit
Superiorview
-&lLrJ
Levatorpalpebrae
superioris
muscle
Supratrochlear
nerve
S u p e r i orre c t u sm u s c l e
Medialrectusmuscle
Lacrimalgland
Lacrimalnerve
Infratrochlear
nerve
Lateralrectusmuscle
Nasociliarynerve
Frontalnerve
Trochlearnerve (lV)
Maxillarynerve(Vz)
Meningealbranch
of maxillarynerve
O p h t h a l m i cn e r v e ( V 1
M a n d i b u l anre r v e( V : )
Lesserpetrosalnerve
and nerve plexus
Meningeal branch
of mandibularnerve
O c u l o m o t o r n e r v e( l l l )
Trochlearnerve (lV) ,
T r i g e m i n a(l s e m i l u n a rg) a n g l i o n
Abducent nerve (Vl)

Tentorium cerebelli
i:!;1
i
il-
Tentorial(meningeal)
branch of ophthalmic nerve
Long ciliary nerves
Superior view:
levatorpalpebraesuperioris,
superiorrectus,and superior
obliquemusclespartially
cut away
Supratrochlear
nerve(cut)
Supraorbital
nervebranches(cut)
Infratrochlear
n
Anteriorethmoidal
S u p e r i o rb r a n c ho f
o c u l o m o t o rn e r v e ( l l l ) ( c u t
Nasociliarynerve
Internalcarotid plexus
Trochlearnerve (lV) (cut)
Plate 86
Short ciliary nerves

Lacrimalnerve
root of ciliary
Parasympathetic
ganglion(frominferiorbranch
of oculomotornerve)
theticroot of ciliary
ganglion (from internal
carotid olexus)
Sensoryroot of ciliary ganglion
(fromnasociliary
nerve)
Branches
to inferior
and medialrectusmuscles
Inferior branch of
oculomotor nerve (lll)
Lacrimalnerve
Frontalnerve (cut)
O p h t h a l m i cn e r v e ( V 1 )
*{r
Orbit and Contents
Eyeball
Cornea
Horizontal section
Z o r r u l afri b e r s
( s u s p e n s o rl yi g a m e n ot f l e n s )
C a p s u l eo f l e n s
A n t e r i o rc h am b e r
Posle r i o r c h a
S c l e r avl e n o u ss i n u s
( c a n a ol f S c h l e m m )
Iridoco
S c l e r asl p ur
tl
C i l i a r yb o d y a n d c i l i a r yn r u s c l e
I angle
'ocesses
C i l i a r yp a r t o f r e t i n . r
I
T e n d o no 1
l a t e r a lr e c t u s
muscle
Ora serrata
Tendon
medial
muscte
,
I
I
t
I
\
\
\
\.
V i t r e o u sb o d y
H y a l o i dc a n a l
I space/
Sclera
L a m i n ac r i b r o s ao f s c l e r a
s h e a t ho f
's
c a p s ul e
C e n t r a lr e t i n a l
4{tr"
Orbit and Gontents
Subarachnoid
spac'e
Plate 87
Anterior and Posterior Ghambers of Eye
Schwalbe'sline
Trabecularmeshworkand spaces
of iridocornealangle(of Fontana)
Posteriorlimitinglamina
(Descemet'smembrane)
Endotheliumof anteriorchamber
Scleralvenoussinus(canalof Schlemm)
Cornea
lridocorneal
angle
Pectinateligament
Major arterial
circleof iris
Anteriorciliaryvein
Bulbar
conjunctiva
Anterior chamber
Sclera
Minor arterial
circleof iris
Ciliary
part of
Meridional Circular
fibers
fibers
Ciliarymuscle
Dilatorpupillae
muscle
Ciliarybody
Perichoroidal
space
Note:For clarity,only singleplaneof zonularfibersshown;

actually,
fiberssurroundentirecircumference
of lens.
Plate 88
Pigment
epithelium
(iridialpartof
retina)
Nucleusof lens
Capsuleof lens
Sphincterpupillaemuscle
4{tr
Olbit and Contents
Lens and Supporting Structures
Optic part of retina
Ora serrata
O r b i c u l ucsi l i a r i os f
ciliarybodycovered
by ciliarypartof retina
Ciliaryprocesses
Cortex
Equator
Z o n u l a fri b e r s
Eveballsectionedin frontal plane:

airteriorsegmentviewedfrom behind
Zonularfibers
4{r
Orbiculusciliarisof ciliarvbody
Horizontalsection
Ora serrata
Optic part
of retina
O r b i c u l ucsi l i a r ios f
ciliarvbodvcovered
by ciliarypartof retina
Zonularfibersfanningout
and blendinginto lenscapsule
Enlargement
of segmentoutlinedin top illustration(semischematic)
Orbit and Gontents
Plate 89
Intrinsic Arteries and Veins of Eye

SeealsoPlate 85
Minor arterialcircle of iris

Anterior chamber
M a j o r a r t e r i a cl i r c l eo f i r i s
( c a n a lo f S c h l e m m )
Blood vesselsof ciliary body

coniunctivaand
conjunctivalvessels
Anterior ciliaryartery and vein
Ciliary
body
IL e n s
lridocorneal
angre
Ora serrata
P o s t e r i ocrh a m b e i
M u s c u l aar r t e r ya n dv e i n
Z o n u l a fri b e r s
Extrinsic
eye muscle
Vitreouschamber
Long posterior ciliary artery
Vorticosevein
Episcleralartery and vein

Retinalartery and vein
Long posteriorciliary artery

posteriorciliary arteries
Central retinalartery and vein
S u p e r i otre m p o r a l
r e t i n aal r t e r i o l e
Inferiortemporal
retinalarteriole
and venule
Right retinal vessels:ophthalmoscopic view
Plate 90
S u p e r i onr a s a l
retinalarteriole
a n dv e n u l e
ano
Macula
Foveacentralis
*{r
S u p e r i o rm a c u l a r
arterioleand venule
Optic disc
Inferiornasal
retinalarteriole
a n dv e n u l e
Inferior macular
arterioleand venule
Orbit and Gontents
Vascular Supply of Eye
Vasculararrangements
within the choroid (vasculartunic) of the eyeball
Anterior tributariesof a vorticosevein
Anterior ciliary arteries
Tendonof superiorrectus muscle
J u n c t i o nosf s u p r a c h o r o i d a l
formingvorticosevein
tributaries
Sclera
S u p e r i oor p h t h a l m ivce i n
Posteriorconjunctival
artery and vein
Bulb of vorticose(choroid)vein
Vorticose(choroid)vein
A n t e r i o rc i l i a r yv e i n s
ciliaryartery
Longposterior
Malor arterialcircle of iris
Shortposterior
ciliaryarteries
Minor arterial
c i r c l eo f i r i s
External
sheathof
opticnerve(duramater)
Conjunctiva
ano cornea
lnternalsheath
of optic nerve
(pia-arachnoidmater)
Shortposterior
ciliaryarteries
Centralretinal
arteryand vein
Arteriesand
v e i n so f i r i s
( c a n a lo f S c h l e m m )
Vessels
of internal
sheathof optic nerve
Veinsdrainingscleralvenous
sinus(into anteriorciliaryveins)
ciliaryarteries
Shortposterior
A n t e r i o rc i l i a r yv e i n s
N o n p ig m e n t e da n d p i g m e n t e d
regionsof the retina
Recurrentbranch of anterior ciliarvarterv
Segmentof episcleralvein*
Muscular
artery
lnferiorophthalmicvein
Posteriortributariesof a vorticose vein
*The episcleralveinsare shown here anastomosin1with the vorticose veins,

which they do; however they also drain into thi anterior ciliary veins.
Orbit and Gontents
Cryd4s/*
Plate 91
Pathway of Sound Reception
Frontalsection
Facialnerve (Vll) (cut)

Limbs of stapes
Prominenceof lateralsemicircularcanal
Baseof stapesin oval (vestibular)window
Vestibule
Semicircularducts, ampullae,utricle,and saccule
Tegmen tympani
Facialnerve (Vll) (cut)
M a l l e u s( h e a d )
Vestibular
nerve
Epitympanic
Cochlear nerve
Internalacoustic
meatus
Vestibulocochlear
n e r v e( V l l l )
External
acousticmeatus
Nasopharynx
Tympanicmembrane'
Tympaniccavity
Cochlea
Promontory
Round (cochlear)window
,
Auditory(pharyngotympanic,Eustachian)tube
4Ntr
Plate 92
Scalatvmpi
Note: Arrows indicatecourse of sound waves.
External Ear and fVmpanic GavitY
Otoscopicview of right tympanicmembrane
Rightauricle(pinna)
Triangular
fossa
C r u xo f h e l i x
meatus
acoustic
External
Y a r Sf l a c C l O a
Scaphoidfossa
Lateralprocessof malleus
Posteriormallearfold
Anteriormallear
fold
Cruraof antihelix
L o n gl i m bo f i n c u s
Auriculartubercle(of Darwin)
Antihelix
Concha of auricle
Lobuleof auricle
H a n d l eo f m a l l e u s
Tragus
Umbo
Intertragicnotch
tttragus
Coneof light
fympanic
Parstensa
Coronaloblique sectionof externalacousticmeatusand middle ear (tympaniccavity)
S u p e r i o rl i g a m e n to f m a l l e u s
of malleus
Long limb of incus
S h o r lt i m bo f i n c u s
Tendonof stapediusmuscle
Footplateof stapes
},
Chorda tympani nerve (cut)
Handleof malleus
Promontory
with tympanicplexus
Anterior ligment of malleus(cut)
Tensortympanimuscle
Tympanicmembrane
Tensorveli palatinimuscle
Tympaniccavity
Eustachian)
tube
Auditory(pharyngotympanic,
(lateral
view)
Righttympaniccavity after removalof tympanicmembrane
process
malleus
of
Lateral
Chorda tympani nerve
Tendon of tensor tympani muscle
L o n gl i m b o f i n c u s
Ossiclesarticulated:medial view
Prominenceof facial canar
Pyramidaleminence and tendon

of stapediusmuscle
Stapes
Handle of malleus
Tympanic
Fossaof round window
Lesserpetrosalnerve
Tympanic nerve
Ear
plexuson promontory
Tympanic
process
Lenticular
of incus
C/Fd4g/*
4{tr
Plate 93
lVmpanic Gavity
tateral wall of tympaniccavity:medial(internal)view

Superiorligament of malleus
Head of malleus
S u p e r i ol ri g a m e not f i n c u s
Epitympanic
recess
S h o r tl i m bo f i n c u s
Anteriororocessof m
Posterior
mallearfold
Chordatympaninerve
Posteriorligament of incus
Anteriormallearfold
Long limb of incus
Tensortympanimuscle
tympani nerve
H a n d l eo f m a l l e u s
Lenticular
processof incus
Tympanic
membrane
(parsten
Facialnerve(Vll)
Auditory
(pharyngotympanic,
Eustachian)
tube/
lnternalcarotid artery
Medial wall of tympaniccavity:lateralview
Prominenceof lateralsemicircularcanal
Prominenceof facial canal
Mastoid antrum
G e n i c u l u m( g e n i c u l a t eg a n g l i o n )o f f a c i a ln e r v e
Baseof stapesin
fossaof oval (vestibular)
Creater petrosalnerve
Limbsof s
-/
Pyramidaleminence
Tensortympanimuscle
(tendoncut)
Auditory
(pharyngotympanic,
Eustachian)
tube
Chorda tympani nerve (cut)
Levatorveli palatini
muscle
Mastoid cel
Tendonof stapedius
muscle
Fossa
of round
(cochlear)
window
Promontory with tympanic

n e r v e ( o f J a c o b s o n a) n d p l e x u s
unoer mucosa
fossi
Jugular
Facialnerve (Vll)
in stylomastoid
foramei
Plate 94
Tympaniccells
4{F
Bony and ltlembranous Labyrinths
Rightbony labyrinth(oticcapsule),anterolateralview:
suiroundihgcincellousbone removed
Dissectedrieht bonv labvrinth(otic capsule):

membranoui labyriirth rbmoved
Ellipticalrecess
Cochlearrecess
Vestibule
(note
perforations
for nerve
fibers)
Helicotrema
Internalopeningof
aqueduct
vestibular
Scalavestibuli
Osseousspiral
lamina
Scalatympani
Rightmembranouslabyrinthwith nerves:posteromedialview
duct
Anteriorsemicircular
ner
Superiorpartof vestibular
(fromutricleandanteriorand
lateralmembranous
ampullae)
ampulla
Anteriormembranous
ampulla
Lateralmembranous
Cochlearduct (basalturn)
Common
membranous
limb
Cochlearnerve
Lateral
semicircular
duct
Posterior
semicircular
duct
Vestibulocochlear
nerve
Vestibular
membranous
Posterior
ampulla
ganglion
Vestibular
4{F
Ear
lnferiorpartof vestibular
nerve(from
sacculeand posteriormembranous
ampulla)
duct
Endolymphatic
Plate 95
Bony and Memblanous Labyrinths (continuedl
Bonyand membranouslabyrinths:schema
A n t e r i o rs e m i c i r c u l acr a n a la n d d u c t
Dura mater
Posteriorsemicircular
c a n a la n d d u c t
Endolymphaticsac
Common bony and
Endolymphaticduct
i n v e s t i b u l aa
r queduct
m e m b r a n o ul is
Lateralsemicircular
canal and duct
f,\,
Utricle
Otic capsule
Saccule
Stapesin oval
(vestibular)window
Helicotrema of cochlea
D u c t u sr e u n i e n s
In c u s
Scalavestibuli
Malleus
C o c h l e a rd u c t
Tympanic cavity
Scalatympani
Externalacoustic meatus
Umbo
Tympa n rc memor ane------7
) indow
R o u n d ( c o c h l e a rw
(closedby secondary
t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e )
ochlear aoueduct
Otic capsule
Vestibule
Pharyngotympanic(auditory) tube
Sectionthroughturn of cochlea
Scalavestibuli
Osseous
s p i r alla m i n a
Nervefibers
(Reissner's)
Vestibular
memDrane
Cochlearduct
Spiral igament
M o d i o l u so f
Tectorialmembrane
Spiralorgan(of Corti)
S p i r a lg a n g l i o n
Basilam
r embrane
Scalatympani
Osseouscochlea
Outerhaircells
Cochlear nerve
4{tr
Plate 96
P i l l a(rr o d )c e l l s
I n n e rh a i r c e l l
Orientation of Labyfinth in Skull
Superiorprojectionof
right bony labyrinth
on floor of skull
Croovefor greaterpetrosalnerve
ganglion)of facialnerve
Geniculum(geniculate
Cochlea
zPlaneof anterior
canal
,/ semicircular
Cochlear nerve
Facialnerve(Vl
lnternalacoustic
openrnS
Vestibulocochlear
nerve(Vlll
Lateralsemicircular
canal
Vestibular
nerve
Petrouspart
of temporalbone
External
openingof
vestibular
aqueduct
(forendolymphatic
duct)
\. Planeof posterior
canal
semicircular
lateral projection of right membranouslabyrinth

Cochlearduct
Ceniculum(geniculate
of facialnerve
Cochlearnerve
Trigeminal nerve (V)
part of
vestibular
nerve
Vestibulocochlear
lnternaljugularvein
Inferiorpart of
vestibularnerve
duct
al semicircular
duct
Posterior
semicircular
Superior
petrosalsinus
Sigmoid
sinus
Confluence
of sinuses
Transverse
sinus
Ear
4{tr
Plate 97
Auditory (Pharyngotympanic, Eustachian| Ti,rbe

SeealsoPlates 52, 55, 65
C a r t i l a g i n o u sp a r t o f a u d i t o r y
( p h a r y n g o t y m p a n i c ,E u s t a c h i a n )
t u b e a t b a s eo f s k u l l : i n f e r i o r v i e w
Palatineprocessof maxilla
P t e r y g o i dh a m u l u sa n d
medial pterygoid plate.
Horizontal plate of palatinebone
Lateralpterygoid plate
Choana
.
Scaphoidfossa
) of cartilaginouspart of
f?l"l,il11ti"1t auditorylpharynsotympanic,
M e d t a ll a m t n a )
E u s t a c f r i a nt u) b e "
Foramenovale
Foramenlacerum
F O r a m e nS p r n o s u m
Petrouspart of temporal bone
S p i n eo f s p h e n o i db o n e
entering carotid
Occipital condyle
Mastoidprocess
Foramenmagnum
Sectionthrough cartilaginouspart of auditory

(pharyngotympanic,
Eustachian)
tube,
with tube closed
Sectionthrough cartilaginouspart of auditory

(pharyngotympanic,
Eustachian)
tube,
with tube open
Trigeminalganglion
T r i g e m i n agl a n g l i o n
in carotid canal
Duramater
Internalcarotid artery in carotid cana
Duramater
Laterallamina
of cartilage
Laterallamina
of cartilage
M e d i a ll a m i n a
of cartilage
A u d i t o r yt u b el u m e n
Tensorveli palatini
muscte
muscle
Salpingopharyngeu
s
muscte
M e d i a ll a m i n a
of cartil
Auditorytubelumen
Tensorvelipalatini
muscte
muscle
S a l pni g o p h a r y n g e u s
muScre
Nasopharynx
4{tr
Eustachian)
tubeclosedby
elasticrecoilof cartilage,
tissueturgidity,
and tensionof
salpingopharyngeus
muscles
Plate 98
Nasopharynx
Lumen opened chiefly when attachment
of tensor veli palatinimuscle pulls wall
of tube laterallyduring swallowing
Eat
Meninges and Diploic Veins

. : j ' , '
SeealsoPlate
D i p l o i cv e i n
Coronal
dissection
S u p e r i o rs a g i t t aSl I NU
E m i s s a r vy e i n
Frontaa
l n d p a r i e t a lt r i b u t a r i e s
o f s u p e r f i c i atle m p o r a lv e i n
l ranches
Frontaa
l nd parietab
o f s u p e r f i c i atle m p o r a la r t e r y
C r a n u l a rf o v e o l a
( i n d e n t a t i o no f s k u l lb y
a r a c h n o i dg r a n u l a t i o n )
A r a c h n o i dg r a n u l a t i o n
C e r e b r a vl e i n ( b r i d g i n gv e i n ) p e n e t r a t e s u b d u r a sl p a c et o e n t e r s i n u s
D u r a m a t e r( p e r i o s t e aal n d m e n i n g e a l a y e r s )
D u r a - s k u l li n t e r f a c e( s i t eo f e p i d u r a lh e m a t o m a )
Arachnoid
space
Subarachnoid
P i am a t e r
Middlemeningeal
Deep,
m i d d l e ,a n d
superficial
temporal
artefles
and veins
L a t e r a (l v e n o u s )I a c u n a
B r i d g i n gv e i n
Inferior
sagittal
SINUS
/t
l{1,
'l
ir,
S u p e r i o rt h a l a m o s t r i a t ae n d
c h o r o i d a lv e i n s ,i n t e r n a lc e r e b r a l
v e i n s ,a n d c h o r o i d p l e x u so f
l a t e r a vl e n t r i c l e
Diploicand emissary
v e i n so f s k u l l
Frontad
l i p l o i cv e i n
A n t e r i o rt e n r p o r a l
d i p l o i cv e i n
l iddle
D e e p a n d s u p e r f i c i am
c e r e b r a vl e i n s
P a r i e t ael m i s s a r yv e i n
P o s t e r i o tre m p o r a l
O c c i p i t a le m i s s a r yv e i n
M a s t o i de m i s s a r yv e i n
Nr
Meninges and Brain
Plate 99
Meningeal Arteries
Frontal(anterior)and parietal
(posterior)branchesof
m i d d l e m e n i n g e a al r t e r y
Middle
meningealartery
Anterior
meningeal
branch of
anterior
ethmoidal
Arachnoid sranulations
O p e n i n go f s u p e r i ocr e r e b r avle i n
Lateral(venous)lacuna
Superiorsagittalsinus
Dura mater
artery
Mastoid branch of
occipital artery
M e n i n e e a lb r a n c h e so f
ascendingpharyngealartery
Mastoid branch of
occipital artery
Recurrentmeningealbranch of
c )r t e r y
l a c r i m a( lo p h t h a l m i a
Accessory meningealartery
Anterior meningealbranch of
anteriorethmoidalartery
Posteriorethmoidal artery
Internalcarotid artery and its
meningohypophysealtrunk* (phantom
4{tr
Accessorymeningeal
Superficial
temporalartery
Maxillaryartery
Posterior
auricularartery
Occipitalartery
External
carotidarter
Anterior and posterior

meningealbranchesof
vertebralartery
Tentorial,cavernoussinus,and meningeal
branchesof meningohypophysealtrunk*
*Variant;most commonly,
these branchesarisedirectly from internalcarotid artery.
Plate l OO
Meninges and Brain
Epidural Hematoma
Temporalfossahematoma
Medial displacementof
middle cerebralvessels
Shiftof normal
midlinestructures
Skullfracture
middle
crossing
meningeal
a.
Compressionof
posteriorcerebrala.
Herniationof
temporallobe
undertentorium
cerebelli
6ii
Herniationof
cerebellartonsil
Compressionof oculomotor(lll) n.
pupil dilatation
leadingto ipsilateral
and 3rd cranialn. musclepalsv
Shiftof brainstemto
opposite side may
reverselateralization
of signsby tentorial
pressureon contralateralpathways.
hemiparesis,
deeptendonhypersign
reflexia,
and Babinski's
"Questionmark" skin incision(black);

outlineof free bone flap and burr holes(red)
Skinflap reflected(Raneyclipscontrolbleeding).Freebone
flap removed and dura opened. Clot evacuatedby irrigation,
suction,andforceos.
Sectionshowingacutesubduralhematomaon rightsideand
'subduralhematoma associatedwith temooral lobe intracerebral
hematoma ("burst" temporal lobe) on left
Meninges and Brain
Nr
Plate I Ol
Meninges and Superficial Gerebral Veins
Calvaria
Pericranium
Cranularfoveola
Galeaaponeurotica
Arachnoidgranulation
Emissarv
vein
Tributary
of superficial
temporalvein
(siteof epiduralhematoma)
Duramater
Arachnoid-durainterface
(siteof subduralhematoma)
Arachnoid
Bridgingvein
Subarachnoid
space
Piamater
erebralartery
Superiorcerebralvein
Falxcerebri
al hemisphere
Branches
of middlemeningeal
artery
Superiorsagittal
Superiorcerebralveins
(bridgingveins)(penetrating
arachnoidand dura materto
entersuperiorsagittalsinus)
Duramater
Superiorcerebralveins
(beneatharachnoid)
ior anastomotic
vein (of Trolard)
Inferioranastomotic
vein (of Labb6)
middle
Superficial
cerebralvein
4{r
Middlemeningeal
arterVandveins/
Inferiorcerebralveins
(beneatharachnoid)
Plate I 02
Meninges and Brain
Dural Venous Sinuses
S u p e r i osra g i t t asli n u s
si
Straight
Sagittalsection
Creatcerebralvein(of Calen)
cerebelli
Tentorium
S u p e r i osra g i t t asli n u s
Inferiorsagittalsi
S p h e n o p a r i e t asli n u s
Anterior and oosterior

intercavernoussinuses
Superior
petrosalsinus
Basilar
v e n o u sp l e
Inferior
petrosalsin
Tojugular
foramen
Sigmoid
sinus
Transversesinus
O c c i p i t asl i n u i
Falxcerebelli
*{r
Meninges and Brain
of sinuses
Confluence
Plate 1O3
Dural Venous Sinuses (continuedl

Skullsectionedhorizontally:
superiorview
yland)
H y p o p h y s (i p
s i t u i t a rg
,
S u p e r i o rs a g i t t asl i n u s( c u t )
Falxcerebri (cut)
T O p t i c n e r v e( l l )
A n t e r i o ra n d p o s t e r i o r
i ntercavernous
s tn u s e s
S p h e n o p a r i est ai nl u s
Trochlearnerve (lV)
O p h t h a l m i cn e r v e ( V 1 )
S u p e r f i c i am
l iddle
cerebralvein (cut)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
C a v e r n o u ss i n u s
T r i g e m i n agl a n g l i o n
Basilar
v e n o u sp t e
M a n d i b u l a rn e r v e ( V : )
Superior
p e t r o s a sl i n u s
Abducent nerve (Vl)
Inferior
p e t r o s a sl i n u s
Petrosalvein
Tentorial
F a c i a nl e r v e ( V l l ) ,
i n t e r m e d i a t en e r v e ,a n d
v e s t i b u l o c o c h l e anre r v e ( V ll l )
artery
Tentorium
cerebelli
C l o s s o p h a r y n B(el X
a l)
andvagus(X)nerves
Inferior
cerebralvein
(cut
J u g u l a fro r a m e n
Transverse
sinus
I n f e r i osr a g i t t a l
s i n u s( c u t )
Transverse
sinus
S t r a i g h st i n u s
Falxcerebri (cut)
C o n f l u e n c eo f s i n u s e s
'#r"
r e a t c e r e b r a vl e i n ( o f C a l e n )
S u p e r i o rs a g i t t asl i n u s( c u t )
*{r
C a v e r n o u ss i n u s
ic chiasm
Posterior
c o m m u n i c a t i n ga r t e r y
Trochlearnerve (lV)
A b d u c e n tn e r v e ( v l )
O p h t h a l m i cn e r v e
lnternalcarotid
arrery
Hypophysis
( p i t u i t a r yg l a n d )
M a x i l l a r yn e r v e
S p h e n o i d asl i n u s
Coronal section
t h r o u g h c a v e r n o u ss i n u s
Plate 1O4
Nasopharynx
Meninges and Brain
Gerebrum: Lateral Views
Centralsulcus(of Rolando)
gyrus
Postcentral
gyrus
Precentral
sulcus
Postcentral
Precentral
sulcus
Superiorparietallobule
Superiorfrontalgyrus
Intraparietal
sulcus
Suoeriorfrontalsulcus
Inferiorparietallobule
pramarginal
gyrus
gurargyrus
Middlefrontalgyrus
Inferiorfrontalsulcus
Inferiorfrontalgyrus
Opercularpart
part
Triangular
Orbitalpart
tooccipital
sulcus
Frontal
pole
pole
Calcarine
sulcus
Lunatesulcus
(inconstant)
t
t
Lateralsulcus Anteriorramus
ramus
(of Sylvius) Ascending
Posterior
ramus
Temporalpole
Transverse
occipitalsulcus
Superiortemporalgyrui
notch
Preoccioital
Superiortemporalsulcui
Middletemporalgyru
Inferiortemporalgyrus
Inferiortemporalsulcui
Frontallobe
Parietallobe
Temoorallobe
Occipital
Parietal
ooerculum
F r o n t aol p e r c u l u m
Orbitalooerculum
4{r
Meninges and Brain
lnsula
(island
of Reil)
Shortgyri
Centralsulcus
Limen
Longgyrus
C i r c u l asr u l c u s
Temporaloperculum
Plate I 05
Gerebrum: Medial Views

Forhypophysis
seePlate 147
S a g i t t a ls e c t i o n o f
brain in situ
C i n g u l a t eg y r u s
Cingulate
sulcus
M e d i a l f r o n t a lg y r
S u l c u so f c o r p u sc a l l o s u
P a r a c e n t r aslu l c u s
C e n t r a ls u l c u s( o f R o l a n d o )
P a r a c e n t r al ol b u l e
M a r g i n a ls u l c u s
C o r p u sc a l l o s u m
Fornix
;.
S e p t u n 'pr e l l u c i d u m
I n t e r v e nt r i c u l a r
f o r a m e n( o f M o n r o
lnterthalamic
adhesion
'/
T h a l a m ua
snd
3rd ventricle
-,-Precuneus
S u p e r i o rs a g i t t asl i n u s
C h o r o i dp l e x u s
of 3rd ventricle
S t r i am e d u l l a r i s
of thalamus
1
Parietooccipital
S UI C U S
S ub c a l l o s a l
(parolfactory)
C un e u s
Anterior
commtssure
P i n e a lb o d y
Posterior
commtssure
Calcarine
s ur c u s
in tentorium
cerebelli
Habenular
commrssure
S ub c a l l o s a l
gyrus
Hypothalamic
S UI C US
L.rmina
te
r e a t c e r e b r a vl e i n
S up r a optrc
recess
S u p e r i o cr o l l i c u l u s
I n f e r i o rc o l l i c u l u s
l )l a t e
T e c t a l( q u a d r i g e m i n a p
Optic chi
Tubercinereun'r
erebellum
H y p o p h y s i s( p i t u i t a r yg l a n o l
M a m m i l l . r r yb o d y
C e r e b r a lp e d u n c l e
Cerebraa
l queduct
(ot Sylvius)
S u p e r i o rm e d u l l a r yv e l u m
4 t h v e n t r i c l ea n d c h o r o i d p l e x u s
I n f e r i o rm e d u l l a r yv e l u m
M e d u l l ao b l o n g a t a
M e d i a l s u r f a c eo f c e r e b r a l
h e m i s p h e r e :b r a i n s t e m e x c i s e d
C i n g u l a t eg y r u s
M am m i l l o t h . r l a m i c
fasciculus
M a m m i l l a r yb o d y
l s t h m u so f c i n g u l a l eg y r u s
P a r i e t o o c c i p i t as lu l c u s
C un e u s
uncu5
C a l c a r i n es u l c u s
O p t i c n e r v e( l l
Linguag
l yrus
( ) l i a c t o r yt r a c t
C o l l a t e r asl u l c u s
R h i n asl u l c u s
M e d i a l o c c i p i t o t e m p o r agl y r u s
O c c i p i t o t e m p o r asl u l c u s
L a t e r a ol c c i p i t o t e m p o r agl , y r u s
Plate I 06
orro,ni*
Eifl,""
I
F i m b r i ao f h i p p o c a m p u s
D e n t a t eg y r u s
P a r a h i p p o c a m p agly r u s
*{r
Meninges and Brain
Gerebrum: Inferior View
Frontalpole of cerebrum
Sectionedbrainstem
Straightgyrus
Olfactorvsulcus
Orbitalsulci
Longitudinal
cerebralfissure
Cenu of corpuscallosum
L a m i n at e r m i n a l i s
Olfactorybulb
factory tract
Orbitalgyri
O p t i cc h i a s m
Temporalpole of cerebrum
Optic nerve(ll) (cut)
Lateralsulcus(of Sylvius)
Hypophysis
(pituitarygland)
Inferiortemporalsulcus
Inferiortemporal
Anterior
perforated
substance
Optic tract
u b e rc i n e r e u m
Mammillarybody
Inferior(inferol a t e r a lm
) argin
of cerebrum
Posteriorperforated
(in
substance
interpeduncular
fossa)
R h i n asl u l c u s
ebralcrus
Uncus
Lateralgeniculate
body
Inferior
temporal gyru
nigra
Substantia
Medialgeniculate
body
Occipitotemporal
surcus
ed nucleus
Lateraloccipitotemporal gyrus
i n a ro f t h a l a m u s
Superiorcolliculus(of
corporaquadrigemina)
Collateral
ebralaqueduct
Parahippocampal
gyrus
Splenium
o f c o r p u sc a l l o s u m
Medial occipitotemporalgyrus
Calcarine
sulcu
Apexof cuneus
Occipitalpole of cerebrum
Longitudinal
cerebralfissure
lsthmusof cingulate
4{r
Meninges and Brain
Plate I 07
Ventricles of Brain
Left lateralphantomview
Frontal(anterior)
horn
Rightlateralventricle
Centralpart
Left
lateral
ventricle
Temporal(inferior)horn
Occipital (posterior)horn
Cerebralaqueduct(of Sylvius)
4th ventricle
Leftlateralaperture
(foramenof Luschka)
Leftinterventricular
foramen(of Monro)
Leftlateralrecess
Medianaperture
(foramenof Magendie)
3rd ventricle
Supraoptic
recess
Interthalamicadhesio6
I n f u n d i b u l ar er c e s 6
Centralcanalof soinalcord
Pinealrecess
Suprapineal
Corpus callosum
S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
Lateralventricle
Body of caudate nucleus
Choroid plexusof lateralventricle
Striaterminalis
Superiorthalamostriatevein
Body of fornix
Internalcerebralvein
Tela choroidea of 3rd ventricle
id plexusof 3rd ventricle

Thalamus
Putamen
) ,
) Lenurormnucreus
C l o b u s p a l l i d u s)
I n t e r n a cl a p s u l e
3rd ventricleand interthalamicadhesion
Hypothalamus
Tail of caudate nucleus
Optic tract
White arrow in left

interventricular
foramen (of Monro)
-
Ependyma
Pia mater
Coronal section of brain: posterior view
Plate I 08

Temporal (inferior)horn of lateralventricle
F i m b r i ao f h i p p o c a m p u s
Hippocampus
Dentategyrus
gyrus
Parahippocampal
4{F
Meninges and Brain
Girculation of Gerebrospinal Fluid
Choroid plexusof lateralventricle(phantom)
achnoid space
C i s t e r no f c o r p u sc a l l o s u m
f, rachnoid granulations
Duramater
Arachnoid
lnterventricular
foramen (of Monro)
Chiasmaticcistern
Choroidplexusof 3rd vent

lnteroeduncularcistern
Cerebralaqueduct(of Sylvius)
Quadrigeminalcistern
(of great cerebral vein)
Prepontinecistern
Lateralaperture(foramenof Luschka)
Choroidolexusof 4th ven
cistern
cerebellomedullary
Medianaperture
(foramenof Magendie)
Duramater
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid
space
Centralcanalof soinalcoro
Nr
Meninges and Brain
Plate I 09
Basal Nuclei (Gangliaf
Horizontalsections
throughcerebrum
C e n u o f c o r p u sc a l l o s u m
H e a d o f c a u d a t en u c l e u s
L a t e r avl e n t r i c l e
C o l u m no f f o r n i x -
&
I n s ul a
( i s l a n do f R e i l )
t4".
3rd ventricle
Interthalamic
adhesion
E x t e r n acl a p s u l e
Thalamus
Claustrum
C r u so f f o r n i x
R e t r o l e n t i c u l apra r t
o f i n t e r n a lc a p s u l e
C h o r o i dp l e x u s
o f l a t e r a vl e n t r i c l e
T a i lo f c a u d a t en u c l e u s
S p l e n i u mo f
c o r p u sc a i l o s u m
H i p p o c a m p u sa n d f i m b r i a
O c c i p i t a l( p o s t e r i o r h) o r n
o f l a t e r a vl e n t r i c l e
Habenula
O r g a n i z a t i o no f
b a s a ln u c l e i ( g a n g l i a )
P i n e a lb o d y
C a u d a t eP u t a m e nC l o b u s
nucleus
pallidus
Cleft for internalcapsule
Striatum
Lentifornt
r-rucleus
Corpus
striatum
B a s anl u c l e i
(ganglia)
Caudate
t Body
n u c l e u Is H e a d
Levelsot
sectrons
{Babove
lA-
Thalamus
B
Pulvinar
L e n t i f o r mn u c l e u s
( g l o b u sp a l l i d u sm e d i a l
to putamen)
*{r
Plate I I O
Amygdaloid body -
M e d i a l g e n i c u l a t eb o d y
\Tail of caudate nur
Interrelationship
of thalamus,lentiformnucleus,caudate
nucleus/and amygdaloidbody (schema):
left lateralview
Meninges and Brain
Thalamus
orpuscallosum(cut)
Interventricular
foramen(of Monro)
Headof caudatenucleus
Tela choroidea (cut edge)

of 3rd ventricle-.
3rd ventricle
Columnsof fornix
Choroid
Anteriortubercle
Superiorthalamostriate
Striaterminalis
Peshippoca
Interthalamicadhesion
(inferior)horn
Temporal
of lateral ventricle
Laminaaffixa
Internalcerebralvei
Striamedullaris
Dentategyrus
lartrigone
Collateralemi
Pulvinarketractedl
Hippocampus
Lateralgeniculatebody
F i m b r i ao f h i
I geniculatebody
Posterior
commissure
Brachiumof superiorcolliculus
Habenular
commissure
Brachiumof inferiorcolliculus
Pinealbody
Collateral trigone
Superiorcolliculus
Calcaravi
lnferiorcolliculus
Occipital(posterior)
horn
of lateralventricle
Cerebellum
Calcarine
3rd ventricle
lnternal
medullary
lamina
lnterthalamic
adhesion
Intralaminar
nuclei
Reticular
nucleus
External
medullary
lamina
Mediannuclei
Schematicsection
through thalamus
(at level of broken
line shown in figure
at right)
Meninges and Brain
4{tr
Pulvinar
body
Lateralgeniculate
I geniculate
body
T h a l a m i cn u c l e i
CM
[D
l-P
M
MD
VA
Vl
V[
VP
VPt
VPM
Centromedian
Lateraldorsal
Lateralposterior
Medial
Medialdorsal
Ventralanterior
Ventralintermedia.
Ventrallateral
Ventralposterior
Ventralposterolateral
Ventralposterornedial
Schematic representation of thalamus

(external
medullarylaminaand
reticularnucleiremoved)
I
I
Lateralnuclei
Medialnuclei
'r ,' ', ; ' Anteriornuclei
Plate | | 1
Hippocampus and Fornix
Superiordissection
Cenu of corpuscallosum(cut)
Septumpellucidum
Headof caudatenucleus
Columnsof fornix
Striaterminalis
Bodyof fornix
Peshippocampus
Thalami
of fornix
Dentategyrus
Fimbriaof hippocampus
Commissureof fornix
Spleniumof corpuscallosum(cut)
ventricle
Occipital(posterior)horn
of lateralventricle
4{F
Tailof caudate
Temporal(inferior)horri
Fornix:schema
Plate I l2
Coronal section:posteriorview
lleninges and Brain
Gerebellum
Superiorsurface
Anterior cerebellarnotc
lobule(H lV-V)
Quadrangular
Primaryfissure
C e n t r a ll o b u l e ( l l & l l l
Horizontalfissure
C u l m e n( l V &
i m p l e l o b u l e( H V l )
Posteriorlobe
P o s t l u n a ft ies s u r e
i o rs e m i l u n a r
(anseriform
l o)b u l e( H V l l A )
F o l i u m( V l l A )
Horizontalfissure
l n f e r i osr e m i l u n a r
( c a u d a l )o b u l e( H V l l B )
Posteriorcerebellarnotch
centrallobule
Superiorvermist
( L i n s u l(al ) S u p e r i om
r e d u l l a rvve l u m
(HX)
ventricle
Inferior
lnferior surface
of centrallobule
S u p e r i o)r
Middle ) Cerebellar
peduncles
Inferior
)
Flocculonodularlobe
(dorsolateral)
Posterolateral
fissure
fissure
Retrotonsillar
velum
N o d u l e( )
Inferior
vermis
Posteriorlobe
U v u l a( l X
l onsil
Pyramid(
Tuber(Vl
Posteriorcerebellarnotch
Decussationof
superiorcerebellar
B i v e n t e rl o b u l e ( H V l l l )
(postpyramidal)
Secondary
fissure
Horizontalfissure
l n f e r i osr e m i l u n a r
( c a u d a l )o b u l e( H V l l B )
Cerebralcrus
M e d i a l l o n g i t u d i n afla s c i c u l u s
4th ventricle
Nuclear layer of
medulla oblongata
S u p e r i om
r e du l l a r y
S u p e r i ocre r e b e l l a r
peduncle
Fastigial
Clobose
L i n g u l a( l )
Dentate
Vermis
LmDOtl
4{tr
Sectionin planeof superiorcerebellarpeduncle
Meninges and Brain
Plate I | 3
Brainstem
Posterolateral
view
Thalamus(cut surtace)
Lateralgeniculate
body
Pulvinars
of thalami
Optic tract
P i n e a lb o d y
Medial geniculatebody
S u p e r i ocro l l i c u l i
Brachiaof superiorand inferior colliculi
Inferiorcolliculi
erebralcrus
Trochlearnerve (lV)
Pons
Superiormedullaryvel
rigeminalnerve (V)
Superiorcerebellar
peduncle
cerebellar
Rhomboid fossaof
Vestibulocochlear
nerve(Vlll)
4th ventric
F a c i a nl e r v e ( V l l )
Clossopharyngeal(lX) and
vagus(X)
ferior cerebellarpeduncle
Cuneatetubercle
C r a c i l et u b e r c l e
Accessorynerve (Xl)
Dorsalrootsof
Nr
l s t s p i n a ln e r v e ( C 1)
Cuneatefasciculus
Cracile fascicu
factorytract
Anteriorview
Anteriorperforated
substance
I n f u n d i b u l u(mp i t u i t a rsyt a l k )
Optic chiasm
M a m m i l l a rbyo d i e s
Temporallobe (cut surtace)
Optic tract
n e r v e( l l l )
Tubercinereum
Trochlear
nerve(lV)
Cerebralcrus
Trigeminalnerve (V)
ucentnerve(Vl)
Posteriorperforatedsubstance
acial nerve (Vll) and

intermediatenerve
Vestibulocochlearnerve (Vlll)
Flocculusof cerebellum
Middle cerebellarpeduncle
Olive
oid plexusof 4th

ventricle
lossopharyngeal
nerve(lX)
Pyramid
V e n t r arlo o t so f 1 s ts p i n a l
Decussationof pyramids
Plate I 14
nerve(X)
H y p o g l o s snael r v e( X l l )
n e r v e( X l )
Meninges and Brain
Fourth Ventricle and Gerebellum
Posteriorview
3rd ventricle
Dorsalmediansulcus
Pulvinao
r f thalam
peduncle
Superiorcerebellar
Pinealbody
Locusceruleus
S u p e r i ocro l l i c u l u s
emrnence
lnferior
Facialcolliculus
Trochlearnerve (lV)
area
Vestibular
Superiormedullary
Dentate nucleus
of cerebellum
( Superior
C e r e b e l l apre d u n c l e {s M i d d l e( Inferior-
riaemedullares
Lateralrecess
Taenia of 4th ventricle
Superiorfovea
Cuneatetubercle
aciletubercle
S u l c u sl i m i t a n s
Dorsalmediansulcus
lnferior fovea
Lateralfuniculus
T r i g e m i n taul b e r c l e
lus
fascicu
Hypoglossaltrigone
Vagal t
e fasciculus
*{r
terthalamicadhesion
Median sagittalsection
Bodyof forn
Posteriorcommissure
H a b e n u l acro m m i s s u r e
T h a l a m u(si n
3rd ventricle
Pinealbody
of corpuscallosum
Interventricular
foramen (of Monro
Great cerebralvein (of Calen)
Anterior commissure
Laminatermi
H y p o t h a l a m i cs u l c
C e r e b r aple d u n c l e
Cerebralaqueduct(of Sylvius
Superiorco
Tectal(quadrigeminal)plate
l n f e r i ocr o l l i c u l u s
Pons
Superiormedullaryvelum
eriormedullaryvelum
M e d i a l l o n g i t u d i n afla s c i
Choroidplexusof 4th ventric

Medulla oblongata
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
of pyrami
Decussation
Central canal of spinalcor
Meninges and Brain
Plate t t 5
Granial Nerve Nuclei in Brainstem: Schema

Posteriorphantomview
O c u l o m o t o rn e r v e( l l l )
ed nucleus
nucreus
Accessorvoculomotor
( Edi n ger-Westphal) nucleus
Lateralgeniculate
Mesencephalin
c ucleus
of trigeminal
Trochlearnucleus
Trochlear
nerve(lV)
Principal
sensorynucleusof
Motor nucleusof
trigeminal
nerve
trigeminal
Trigeminalnerve
(V) and ganglion
Trigeminal
nerve(V)
and ganglion
Facialnerve (Vll)
and geniculate
ganglion-
nucreus
Vestibulocochlear
Facialnucleus
Ceniculum
(geniculateganglion)
of facial nerve
Superior
and inferior
salivatory
nuclei
Anterior.
C o c h l e a rJ
nuclei
Posterior
Vestibular
nuclei
pharyngeal
nerve(lX)
Glossopharyngeal
n e r v e( l X )
Vagusnerve(X)
Vagus nerve (X)
A c c e s s o r yn e r v e ( X l ) *
Spinaltract and spinal

nucleusof trigeminalnerve
Nucleua
s mbiguus
(dorsal)nucleus
Solitarytract
Dorsalvagalnucleu
Efferentfibers
I
Afferentfibers
Mixed fibers
o f v a g u s n e r v e( X )
H y p o g l o s snaul c l e u s
S p i n anl u c l e u s
of accessory
nerve
4{tr
*Recent evidence
s_uggests
that the accessorynerve lacksa cranialroot and has no connection to the vagus nerve.
Verificationof this finding awaits further investigation.
Plate I 16
Granial Nerve Nuclei in Brainstem: Schema (continuedl
Medialdissection
A c c e s s o r yo c u l o m o t o r
(Edinger-Westphal)
nucleus
R e dn u c l e u s
O c u l o m o t onr u c l e u s
O c u l o m o t o r n e r v e( l l l
Trochlear
nucleus
Mesencephalin
c ucleus
of trigeminalnerve
Trochlearnerve (lV)
A b d u c e nnt u c l e u s
Trigeminal
nerve (V)
and ganglion
lnternalgenu
of facial nerve
Principal
F a c i a nl u c l e u s
sensorynucleusof
t r i g e m i n anle r v e -
V e s t i b u l a nr u c l e i
Motor nucleusof
t r i g e m i n a nl e r v e
Anteriorand posterior
c o c h l e anr u c l e i
S u p e r i oar n d
inferiorsalivatory
nuclei
V e s t i b u l o c o c h l e anre r v e ( V l l
Solitarytractnucleus
(dorsal)nucleus
Posterior
o f v a g u sn e r v e( X )
nucleus
Hypoglossal
Vagusnerve(X)
Nucleua
s mbiguus
Accessorynerve (Xl)*
Spinalnucleusof accessorynerve
Olivei
S p i n a lt r a c t a n d s p i n a l
t
nucleusof trigeminalnerve
Efferentfibers
.{nelenr rroers
Mixed fibers
*{Y
C(d4/^
*Recent evidence suggeststhat the accessorynerve lacksa cranialroot and has no connection to the vagus nerve.
Plate I l7
Granial Nerves (Motor and Sensory Distributionf: Schema

Spinalnervefibers
Efferent(motor) fibers
Afferent (sensory)fibers
ill
Oculomotor
I
Olfactory
Nasalcavity
C i l i a r ym u s c l es,p h i n c t e r
pupillae,and all externaleye
musclesexceptthosebelow
tl
Optic
Eye
IV
Trochlear
S u p e r i o ro b l i q u e
vl
Abduc
V
Trigeminal
Sensory-face
sinuses,teeth
Lateralrectus
muscte
Intermediate nerve
Motor-submandibular,
sublingual,lacrimalglands
Taste-anterior% of
tongue, sensorysoft palate
vtl
Facial
Musclesof face
vill
Vestibulocochlear
Cochlear Vestibular
IX
Glossopharyngeal
Taste-posterior1Aof tongue
Sensory-tonsil,pharynx, middle ear
Motor-stylopharyn geus,
parotid gland
Vagus
XI
Accessory
Sternoclei
trapezius
muscles
Motor-heart, lungs,palate,pharynx,
larynx,trachea,bronchi, Cl tract
Sensory-heart,lungs,trachea,
bronchi,larynx,pharynx,
Gl tract,externalear
4{r
?
Strap
muscles
(c1,2,3
fibers)
Plate I l8
Olfactory Nerve (ll: Schema
S u b c a l l o s a( lp a r o l f a c t o r ya) r e a
S e p t a la r e aa n d n u c l e i
Olfactorybulb cells:schema
F i b e r sf r o m I C o n t r a l a t e r a l
yulb
F i b e r tso I o l f a c t o r b
Efferentfibers to
o l f a c t o r yb u l b
A n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r e
Afferentfibersfrom bulb
t o c e n t r acl o n n e c t i o n s
a n dc o n t r a l a t e rbaul l b
Medial
olfactory stria
a n u l ec e l l ( e x c i t e db y
a n d i n h i b i t i n gt o m i t r a l
a n d t u f t e dc e l l s )
M i t r a lc e l l
R e c u r r e n pt r o c e s s
l u ft e d c e l l
Periglomerular
cell
Clomerulus
tory
fi b e r s
.k
-T/
ta
t
\:;
fftfnflt
Olfactory trac
( ) l l a c ' t o tv t l
Olfactory trigone
a n d o l f a c t o r yt u b e r c l e
L a t e r aol l f a c t o r ys t r i a
L a t e r aol l f a c t o r yt r a c t n u c l e u s
A n t e r i o rp e r f o r a t e ds u b s t a n c e
A m y g d a l o i db o d y ( p h a n t o m )
4{tr
Granial and Cervical Nerves
UNCUS
Hippocampal
fimbria
Dentate gyrus
P a r a h i p p o c a m p agly r u s
Plate 119
Optic Nerve (lll (Visual Pathwayl: Schema
C e n t r a ld a r k e r
c i r c l er e p r e s e n t s
m a c u t a rz o n e
L i g h t e rs h a d e s
represent
n ' r o n o c u l afri e l d s
E a c hc l u a d r a n t
a d i f f e r e n tc o l o r
P r o j e c t i o no r r
r i g h tr e t i n a
\i":,':
)Y_
Structure of retina: schema

A
B
C
C
H
P
R
nerves
ur)*
A n r a c r i n ec e l l s
[ 3 i p o l acr e l l s
Cones
C a n g l i o nc e l l s
H o r i z o n t a lc e l l s
P i g m e n tc e l l s
Rods
P r o j e c t i o ro. rn r i g h t
d o r s a ll a t e r ; r l
g e n i c u l a t en u c l e u s
Opticradiation
Optic radiation
1
)
i
C.rlcarine
1
{
I
"\
.-<
I
P r o j e c t i o no n l e f t
occipital obe
Plate 12O
A
P r o j e c t i o no n r i g h t
occipital obe
Oculomotor(llll, Tlochlear(lVl, and AbducentlVIl Nerves:Schema
L o n g c i l i a r yn e r v e
A n t e r i o re t h m o i d a ln e r v e
Abducentnucleus
S e n s o r yr o o t o f c i l i a r yg a n g l i o n
nucleus
Trochlear
Sympatheticroot of ciliary ganglion
Levatorpalpebrae
s u p e r i o r i sm u s c l e
O c u l o m o t onr u c l e u s
S u p e r i o rd i v i s i o no f
oculomotor nerve
Superior
rectusmuscle
oculomotor
Accessory
(Edinger-Westphal)
nucleus(parasympathetic)
Frontalnerve (cut)
Lacrimalnerve (cut)
tugr:l
I
t
Nasociliarynerve
l.\
l'r**
tY-l.'
Trochlearnerve (lV)
Oculomotornerve(lll)
O p h t h a l m i cn e r v e( V r )
Abducent
nerve(Vl)
lnfraorbitalnerve
Zygomalic nerve (cut)
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
I n f e r i oor b l i o u em u s c l e
l n f e r i o rd i v i s i o no f
oculomotor nerve
C i l i a r ym u s c l e
e uscle
D i l a t o rp u p i l l a m
Medialrectusmuscle
S p h i n c t epru p i l l a e
muscle
I n f e r i o rr e c t u sm u s c l e
Efferentfibers
Afferentfibers
Sympatheticfibers
fibers
Parasympathetic
Parasympatheticroot
o f c i l i a r yg a n g l i o n
M a n d i b u l anre r v e( V 3 )
a n dn e r v ep l e x u s
Maxillary nerve (Vz)
Lateralrectus muscle and
abducent nerve (turned back)
plexus
Cavernous
4ftr
Plate 121
Trigeminal Nerve (Vl: Schema

SeealsoPlates 24,42,43,45,46, 167, 168
' --'-*" Efferent fibers

'^** Afferent fibers
' " . " P r o p r i o c e p t i v ef i b e r s
Parasympatheticfibers
- -.* Sympatheticfibers
Ophthalmic nerve
T e n t o r i a(l n r e n r n g e a bl )r a n c h
T r i g e m i n a ln e r v e ( V ) g a n g l i o na n d n u c l e i
M o t o r n u rl e u s
M t ' s t ' n 1e ' p h . r l i nc u c l e u s
P r i r - r c . i psaeln s o r yn u r . l c u s
S p i r r atlr a c t ; r r r r nl u c ' l t ' u s
L a c r i m a nl e r v e
S e n s o r yr o o t o f
c i l i a r yg a n g l i o n
Frontan
l erve
P o s t e r i o er t h m o i d a ln e r v
L o n g c i l i a r yn e r v
S h o r tc i l i a r yn e r v e s
A n t e r i o re t h n r o i d a nl e r v
S u p r a o r b i t anl
S u p r a t r o c h l e anre r v e
I n f r a t r o c h l e anr e
Internan
l a s a lb r a n c h e s
an0
E x t e r n anl a s a lb r a n c h e s
o f a n t e r i o re t h m o i d a ln e r v e
Maxillary nerve (\
Zygomaticotemporal
nerve
Zygomaticofacialnerve
Zygomatic r-rerve
l n f r a o r b i t anl e r v e
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
Superior
alveolar
b r a n c h e so f
i n f r a o r b i t anl e r v e
SWJ
N a s a lb r a n c h e s
( p o s t e r i o rs u p e r i o r
l a t e r a l n, a s o p a l a t i n e ,
and posterior
s u p e r i om
r edial)
Chorda
t y m p a n in e r v e
N e r v e ( V i d i a n )o f
l r t e r y g o i dc a n a l
( f r o n rf a c i a ln e r v e l V l l l
. r n dc a r o t i dp l e x r - r s )
n{r
P h a r y n g e abl r a n c h
( , r e a t e ra n d l e s s e r
p a l a t i n en e r v e s
Superficial
t e n r p o r ab
l ranches
D e e p t e m p o r a ln e r v e s
( t o t e m p o r a l i sm u s c l e )
L a t e r a pl t e r y g o i d
a n d m a s s e t e r i cn e r v e s
A r t i c u l a rb r a n c h
and anterior
a u f l c u l a rn e r v e s
T e n s o rv e l i p a l a t i n a
i nd
m e d i a lp t e r y g o i d
A u r i c u l o t e m p o r ani e r v e
B u c c a ln e r v e
Submandibulal
ganglion
M e n t a ln e r v e
I n f e r i o rd e n t a lp l e x u s
Linguan
l erve
Plate 122
M y l o h y o i dn e r v e
lnferior
a l v e o l a rn e r v e
Otic ganglion
Mandibular nerve (Vr) T e n s o rt y m p a n in e r v e
P a r o t i db r a n c h e s
Lesserpetrosalnerve (fron'r
g , l o s s o p h a r y n g enael r v e I l X l )
Facial Nerve (Vlll: Schema

Seeals0
Deep petrosalnerve (from internalcarotid plexus)
Lesserpetrosalnerve
N e r v e ( V i d i a n )o f p t e r y g o i dc a n a l
Facial nerve (Vll)
c eatus
In t e r n aal c o u s t i m
l n t e r m e d i a t en e r v e
C e n i c u l a t eg a n g l i o n
M o t o r n u c l e u so f f a c i a ln e r v e
Internalcarotid Plexus
(on internalcarotid arterY)
S u p e r i o rs a l i v a t o r yn u c l e u s
Solitarytractnucleus
Otic ganglion
P t e r y g o p a l a t i ngea ng l i o n
Facialmuscles
Frontalbellv(frontalis)
of occipitofrontalis
Orbicularisoculi
Corrugatorsupercilii
Zygomaticusmajor
Zygomaticusminor
Procerus
Levator labii
supeflofls
Levatorlabii
supenons
alaequenasi
Levator
angulioris
Nasalis
Depressor
septinasi
belly
Orbicularis
ons
(occipitalis)of
occipitofrontalis
muscle
ipital
Depressor
angulioris
aurl
nerve
labii
Depressor
inferior
anchesto auricularmuscles
Mentalis
a u r i c u l a rn e r v e
(Risorius)
(notshown)
Nerve to staDediusmuscle
Stylomastoidforamen
Buccinator
T y m p a n i cp l e x u s
S u b l i n g ug
al a n d
Submandibular
Efferentfibers
S u b m a n d i b u l agr a
Afferentfibers
Linguan
l e r v e ( f r o m t r i g e m i n a nl e r v e )
fibers
Parasympathetic
C h o r d at y m p a n in e r v e
fibers
Sympathetic
),'i'
Tvmpanic nerve (of Jacobson)

(from glossopharyngealnerve)
s t r i cm u s c l e( p o s t e r i obre l l Y )
Stylohyoidmuscle
4{tr
aroticotympanicnerve (from internalcarotid plexus)
Plate 123
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Vlll|: Schema

,I
i.il
Afferentfibers
nit.i,:.i:r1-e;Y+:fi9:::+-rr+1*+li++9!sr:::E!j+t!:+i:B!4$G[14fi!jeh]ii",8ddt:$riij.hr
F a c i acl a n a l
Tympaniccavity
C e n i c u l u m( g e n i c u l a t e
g a n g l i o n )o f f a c i a ln e r v e
C h o r d a t y m p a n in e r v e
l erve
C r e a t e rp e t r o s a n
Headof malleus
) anglion
C o c h l e a r( s p i r a l g
V e s t i b u l an
r erve
C o c h l e a rn e r v e
Motor root of facial nerve
a n d i n t e r m e d i a t en e r v e
Vestibulocochlear
nerve(Vlll)
M e d u l l ao b l o n g a t a
( c r o s ss e c t i o r \
A m p u l l ao f l a t e r a l
s e m i c i r c u l adr u c t
Medial
Internal
acoustic
meatus
A m p u l l ao f s u p e r i o r
Superior
Inferior
A m p u l l ao f p o s t e r i o r
Lateral
*{r
Plate 124
I n f e r i o rc e r e b e l l a r
p e d u n c l e( t o c e r e b e l l u m )
V e s t i b u l agr a n g l i o n
Saccule
S u p e r i o rd i v i s i o n )
)
- I n f e r i o rd i v i s i o n
)
o l v e s l i b u l a rn e r v e
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (lXl: Schema

SeealsoPlates167,168
Efferentfibers
Afferentfibers
Parasympathetic
fibers
S p i n a lt r a c t a n d s p i n a ln u c l e u so f t r i g e m i n a nl e r v e
S o l i t a r yt r a c t n u c l e u s
T y m p a n i cn e r v e( o f J a c o b s o n )
T y m p a n i cc a v i t ya n d p l e x u s
N u c l e u sa m b i g u u s
I n f e r i o rs a l i v a t o r yn u c l e u s
S t y l o m a s t o i fdo r a m e n
Caroticotympanin
c e r v e ( f r o m i n t e r n a lc a r o t i dp l e x u s )
Deep petrosan
l erve
N e r v e ( V i d i a n )o f p t e r y g o i dc a n a l
L e s s ep
r e t r o s a ln e r v e
P t e r y g o p a l a t i ngea ng l i o n
M a n d i b u l a nr e r v e( V t )
Otic ganglion
A u r i c u l o t e m p o r anl e r v e
l ' , r r oiIrI , l l , r r rI r- * * I r r l r . rllr r , r r rhr ( ) t l ) n t l ) , 1 | ] i1( , 1 , . ' . , , t - - . - - - - - - - - A u d i t o r yrp h a r y n g o t y m p a n i c ,
E u s t a c h i a nt )u b e a n d p h a r y n g e aol p e n i n g
Clossopharyngeal
nerve(lX)
S t y l o p h a r y n g e um
s u s c l e( a n d b r a n c h
irom glossopharyngea
n le r v e )
l u g u l a rf o r a m e n
C o m m u n i c a t i o nt o a u r i c u l a r
b r a n c ho f v a g u s n e r v e
Tasteand
somaltc
sensatlon:
posreflor
Z of tongue
V a g u sn e r v e ( X )
S u p e r i o rc e r v i c a l
s y m p a t h e t i cg a n g l i o n
C a r o t i db r a n c ho f
glossopharyngen
ae
l rve
,{
,t
lt
I n t e r n a cl a r o t i da r t e r y
P h a r y n g e apl l e x u s
C a r o t i ds i n u s
P h a r y n g e a tl ,o n s i l l a ra, n d l i n g u a l
ae
l rve
b r a n c h e so f g l o s s o p h a r y n g e n
P h a r y n g e abl r a n c ho f v a g u sn e r v e
Carotid body
C o m m o n c a r o t i da r t e r y
E x t e r n acl a r o t i da r t e r y
4{tr
Plate 125
Vagus Nerve (Xl: Schema

Posterior
nucleusof vagus
nerve(parasympathetic
andvisceralafferent)
Glossopharyngealnerve (lX)
Solitarytractnucleus(visceral
includingtaste)
afferents
Meningeal branch of vagus nerve
Auricularbranchof vagusnerve
S p i n atlr a c ta n ds p i n a l
n u c l e uo
s f t r i g e m i n anle r v e
Eustachian)
tube
(somaticafferent)
Levatorveli
palatinimuscle
Nucleua
s mbiguus
(motorto pharyngeal
and laryngeal
muscles)
Salpingopharyngeus
muscle
Cranialroot of
accessory
nerve*
(seenextplate)
Palatoglossus
muscle
Palatopharyngeus
Vagusnerve (X)
muscle
foramen
Jugular
Superiorpharyngeal
constrictormuscle-
Superiorganglion of vagus nerve
Stylopharyngeus
muscle
Inferiorpharyngealconstrictormuscle
Cricothyroid
musc
Trachea
Esopha
R i g h st u b c l a v i aanr
Right recurrentlaryngealnerve
Heart
Hepatic branch of anterior
vagal trunk (in lesseromentum)
Celiac branchesfrom anterior
and posteriorvagal trunks
to celiacplexus
C e l i a ca n d s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i c
gangliaand celiac plexusl -e
Hepatic plex
Callbladder
and bileducts
Liver
Pyloricbranch
from hepaticplexus
Pancreas
Duodenum
A s c e n d i n gc o l o
Cecum
Appendix
Plate 126
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve

Pharyngealbranch of vagus nerve (motor to musclesof
palate and pharynx;sensoryto lower pharynx)
C o m m u n i c a t i n gb r a n c ho f v a g u sn e r v et o
carotid branch of glossopharyngealnerve
Pharyngeal
plexus
Superiorlaryngealnerve:
Internalbranch(sensory
andparasympathetic)
External
branch(motorto cricothvroidmuscle)
Superiorcervicalcardiac branch of vagus nerve
Inferiorcervicalcardiac branch of vagus nerve
Thoraciccardiac branch ofvagus nerve
Left recurrentlaryngealnerve (motor to musclesof larynx
except cricothyroid;sensoryand parasympatheticto
larynx below vocal folds; parasympathetic,efferent,and
afferentto upper esophagusand trachea)
P u l m o n a rpyl e x u s
Nr
Cardiacplexus
plexus
Esophageal
Anterior vagal trunk
Castric branchesof anterior vaeal trunk

(branchesfrom posterior trunkbehind stomach)
Vagalfibers(parasympathetic
motor,
secretomotor,
and afferentfibers)accompany
superiormesentericartery and its branches
usuallyas far as left colic (splenic)flexure
S m a l li n t e s t i n e
Efferentfibers
Afferentfibers
Parasympathetic
fibers
Accessory Nerve (XIl: Schema

Nucleua
s mbiguus
Vagus nerve (X)
nerve(joinsvagusnerve
Cranialroot of accessory
nervesuppliesmusclesof
andvia recurrentlaryngeal
larynx,exceptcricothyroid)*
Spinalroot of
nerve
accessory
Foramen
magnum
Jugularforamen
Superiorganglion
of vagus nerve
Accessory nerve (Xl)*
Inferior ganglion
of vagus nerve
C.l spinalnerve
C2 spinalnerve
Accessorv nerve
(to sternocleidomastoid
and trapeziusmuscles)
muscle(cut)
Sternocleidomastoid
3 spinal nerve
C4 soinalnerve
Trapezius
muscle
*{r
Efferentfibers
Proprioceptivefibers
*Recent evidence suggeststhat the accessorynerve lacksa cranialroot and has no connection to the vagus nerve'
Plale 127
Hypoglossal Nerve (XIII: Schema
Hypoglossal
nerve(Xll)
(in hypoglossal
canal)
Superior
longitudinal
Intrinsic
muscres
of tongue
Meningeal branch
H y p o g l o s snaul c l e u s
Transverse
andvertical
Inferior
longitudinal
'." 1t:lr/. rt-::-
Occipitalcondyle
Inferiorganglionof
vagusnerve
Ventralramiof
C 1 , 2 , 3f o r m
ansacervicalis
of cervicalplexus
Superiorcervical
sympathetic
ganglion
Superiorrootof
ansacervicalis
Cenioglossus
muscre
( v i aC 1 )
Hyoglossus
muscle
Thvrohvoidmusclei
( v i aC 1 )
Omohyoid muscle
( s u p e r i obre l l y )
Sternohyoidmuscle
Inferior root of ansacervicalis
Ansa cervicalis
Sternothyroid
muscle
Omohvoidmuscle(inferiorbel
Efi'erentfibers
4{tr
Plate 128
Afferentfibers
Gervical Plexus: Schema

SeealsoPlate32
Sternocleidomastoidmuscle (cut)
Creat auricularnerve
Lesseroccipital nerve
muscte
Creater occipital nerve

(from dorsal ramus of C2)
Nerves to anterior and lateral

rectus capitisand longus
c a o i t i sa n d c o l l i m u s c l e s
N e r v e st o l o n g u sc a p i t i sa n d
muscles
colliand levatorscapulae
Thyrohyoidmuscle
S u p e r i orro o t
of ansa cervicalis
lnferior root
of ansa cervicalis
Transversecervical nerve
Traoezius
muscle
N e r v e st o l o n g u sc a p i t i sa n d
colli, levator scapulae,and
m i d d l e s c a l e n em u s c l e s
C o m m u n i c a t i o nt o
brachialplexus
Phrenicnerve
Omohyoidmuscle
(superior
muscle
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
muscle
Supraclavicularnerves(medial,
intermediate,and lateral)
A n s ac e r v i c a l i s
muscle(cut)
Sternocleidomastoid
Efferentfibers
Nr
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Afferentfibers
Proprioceptivefibers
Plate 129
Autonomic Nerves in Neck
Internal
carotidnerve
Clossopharyngeal
n e r v e( l X )
Laryngopharyngeal
sympatheticbranch
Vagusnerve(X)(cut)
Superiorcervical
sympatheticganglion
Pharyngeal
plexus
Pharyngeal
branch
or vaSusnerve
External
carotidarteryand plexus
Superiorlaryngeal
nerve
Internalcarotid artery and carotid
branch of glossopharyngealnerve
Carotidbody
arotidsinus
Superiorcervical cardiac branch
of vagus nerve
Superiorcervical sympathetic
cardiac nerve
Phrenicnerve (cut)
Middle cervicalsympatheticganglion
*{r
Commoncarotidarteryand plexus
cardiacnerve
Vertebralganglion
Vertebralarteryand plexus
Recurrent
laryngeal
nerve
Cervicothoracic(stellate)ganglion
Ansa subclavia
Vagus nerve (X) (cut)
lnferior cervical sympathetic
cardiac nerve
Thoracicsympathetic
and
vagalcardiacnerves
Subclavianarterv
Plate 13O
Autonomic Nerves in Head

SeeafsoPlates 4446,86, 121,132-134r,ffi, 106
Creater oetrosalnerve
Deep petrosalnerve
Nerve (Vidian)of pterygoid canal

Trigeminalnerve (V)
M a x i l l a r yn e r v e ( V z )
Sensory
Roots of
ciliary
Sympathetic
ganglion
Parasympathetic
O p h t h a l m inc e r v e( V r )
Internalcarotid artery and plexus
Frontaa
l nd
lacrimal
nerves (cut)
C e n i c u l u m( g e n i c u l a t eg a n g l i o n )
of facial nerve
ciliary nerve
Vestibulocochlear
Posterior,
superior,
and inferiorlateral
nasatnerves
Clossopharyngeal
n e r v e( l X )
Vagus nerve (
Mandibular
nerve (V:)
Otic
ganglion
lnternal
carotid nerve
C h o r d at y m p a n i
Pterygopalatine
ganglion
S u p e r i ol ra r y n g e a l
eater
and lesser
palatinenerves
nerve (cut)
sympatheticganglion
l n t e r n a lc a r o t i d
artery and plexus'
lnferior
alveolarnerve
Carotid branch of
glossopharyngeal
Submandibular
ganglion
Pharyngeal
plexus
C a r o t i ds i n u s
Maxillaryartery
and plexus
Cervical
s y m p a t h e t i ct r u n k
c a r d i a cb r a n c ho f
v a S u sn e r v e
External
carotid
arteryand plexus
M i d d l e m e n i n g e a al r t e r ya n d p l e x u s
Facialartery and plexus
Common carotid artery and plexus

S u p e r i o rc e r v i c a ls y m p a t h e t i cc a r d i a cn e r v e
*{r
Plate 131
Giliary Ganglion: Schema
e uscle
S p h i n c t epru p i l l a m
e uscle
D i l a t o rp u p i l l a m
Accessory
oculomotor
(Edinger-Westphal)
nucleus(parasympathetic)
Oculomotor
(parasympathetic)
root of ciliaryganglion
Ciliary
ganglion
Ciliarymuscle
Lateral
geniculatebody
Optic nerve (ll)

Ophthalmic
n e r v e( V t )
Nasociliarynerve
L o n g c i l i a r yn e r v e
Trigeminal
ganglion
Nasociliary(sensory)
root of ciliary ganglion
Internal
carotid plexui
Sympatheticroot of ciliary ganglio
.r-Tectosoinal
I
!
-Th^,^-i-
<-
O p h t h a l m iacr t e r y
tract
^-.,
part
---fhoracic
of spinalcord
Internal
carotid artery
Superiorcervical sympatheticganglion
1st thoracic sympathetictrunk ganglio
C r a y r a m u sc o m m u n i c a
Preganglionic| _
PostganglionicfParasytpatheticfibers
T 1 s p i n a ln e r v e
Preganglionic
sympathetic
cellbodies
in intermediolateral
nucleus
(lateral
horn)of gray
matter
Afferentfibers
Visualpathway
Descending
pathway
Plate | 32
Nr
Pterygopalatine and Submandibular Ganglia: Schema
Ophthalmicnerve(Vr)
Trigeminalganglion
Deep petrosalnerve
eaterpetrosalnerve
Mandibularnerve(V:)
Otic ganglion
tympaninerve
Trigeminal
nerve(V)
Facialnerve(Vll)
nerve)
Lingualnerve
Maxillarynerve(Vz)
ganglion
Pterygopalatine
Superiorsalivatory
nucleus
Lacrimalgland
palatinenerves
Descending
Pharyngealnerve
Posteriornasalner
nerve(lX)
-
I^
Superiorcervicalsympatheticganglion
.l
Palatinen"ru"r I ureater
( Lesser-
Sympathetictrunk
T1 and T2 spinalnerves
Thoracic
spinal
cord
ganglion
Dorsal
root
gland
Sublingual
Submandibular
White
Cray
\-+v-./
Facialartery
Lingualartery
Rami communicantes
carotidarterv
Externalcarotidartervand
Ventral
root
presynapticcell
bodiesin
intermediolateral
nucleus(lateral
horn)of gray
matter
Commoncarotidarteri
Nr
r
r
Sympatheticpreganglionicfibers
Sympatheticpostganglionicfibers
preganglionicfibers
Parasympathetic
Parasympatheticpostganglionicfibers
Plate 133
Otic Ganglion: Schema
Mandibularnerve(V3)
ganglion
Trigeminal
Lesserpetrosalnerve
Otic ganglion
Chordatympaninerve
Ophthalmicnerve(Vr)
Trigeminal
nerve(V)
Maxillarynerve(Vz)
Facialnerve(Vll)
Clossopharyngeal
nerve(lX)
Auriculotemporalnerve
Inferiorsalivatorynucleus
Superficialtemporalartery
Pons
Parotidgland
Maxillary
artery
Medulla
oblongata
Tympanic
plexus
Inferior
alveolar
Tympanic
nerve
(of Jacobson)
Inferiorganglion(lX)
cervicalsympatheticganglion
Sympathetictrunk
T1 and T2 spinalnerves
Externalcarotidarterv
Thoracic
spinalcord
Internalcarotid
Commoncarotidar
White
Cray
\*^\r-l
Ramicommunicantes
rr r
r r
r
r
Sympatheticpreganglionicfibers
Sympatheticpostganglionicfibers
Parasympatheticpreganglionicfibers
postganglionicfibers
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
preganglionic
cell bodiesin
intermediolateral
nucleus(lateral
horn)of gray
matter
4{r
Plate 134
Granial and Gervical J{erves
Taste Pathways: Schema
-Usual
pathway
- - - - - -' Accessorypathway
Ventralposteromedial(VPM)
nucleusof thalamus
y cortex(justbelow facearea)
Lateralhypothalamic
area
Amygdaloid
body
Pontinetastearea
Trigeminal
nerve(V)
(semilunar)
ganglion
Trigeminal
Mesencephalic
nucleus
and
Motor nucleus
h a l m i cn e r v e( V r )
of trigeminalnerve
Maxillarynerve(Vz)
Mandibularnerve(Vr)
Nr
Ceniculate
Nerve(Vidian)
of pterygoidcanal
Otic
ganglion
Facialnerve(Vll)
and
Lingualnerve
Intermediatenerve
Nucleusof solitarytract
(rostralpart)
Fungiform
papillae
Clossopharyngeal
nerve(lX)
Foliate
papillae
Medullaoblongata
(lowerpart)
Vallate
papillae
Inferior(petrosal)
ganglion
gealnerve
of glossopharyn
Inferior(nodose)ganglionof vagus
Vagusnerve(X)
nerve
Superiorlaryngeal
Plate 135
Arteries to Brain and Meninges
Left middle meningealartery
Posterior
cerebralartery
Superiorcerebellar
artery
Basilar
artery
Middlecerebralartery
Anteriorcerebralartery
Anterior communicatingartery
Ophthalmicartery
Leftlabyrinthine
(internalacoustic)
arterv
Posterior
communicating
artery
Mastoidbranchof
leftoccipitalartery
Cavernous
sinus
Anteriorinferior
cerebellar
artery
Middle
meningeal
artery
Posterior
meningeal
branchof leftascendin
pharyngeal
Posterior
inferior
cerebellar
artery
Leftand right
vertebralarteries
(intracranial
Maxillary
artery
Superficial
temporal
artery
Posterior
meningeal
branchof vertebral
arter
External
carotid
atrcry
Anteriormeningeal
branchof vertebralartery
Posterior
auricular
artery
Facialartery
Occipital
Carotid
Lingualartery
pharyngeal
Ascending
artery
Superiorlaryngeal
artery
Carotid body
Vertebral artery
(cervicalpart)
Transverseprocess of C6
Deep cervicalartery
Supremeintercostal
artery
Costocervical
trunk
Subclavianartery
Plate | 36
Common carotid arterv

Ascendingcervicalartery (cut)
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervicaltrunk
Brachiocephalic
trunk
thoracicartery
Nr
Veins of the Vertebral Golumn: Vertebral Veins
Variation:right vertebralvein crossing

anterior to right subclavianartery
Left vertebral artery

Leftvertebralvein
Anterior vertebralveins
Left subclavianartery
Right deep cervicalvei
A c c e s s o r yv e r t e b r a l v e i n
Right vertebralartery
Vertebral veins: detail showing
v e n o u sc o m m u n i c a t i o n s
Rightsubclavianarteryand vein
Anterior arch of atlas(C1) (cut)
R i g h ti n t e r n a jl u g u l a rv e i n
( i n f e r i o rb u l b )
R ig h t b r a c h i o c e p h a l ivce i n
Right vertebralvein
D u r am a t e r
R i g h tc l a v i c l e
R i g h tc o m m o n c a r o t i da r t e r y
Rightvertebralartery
A n t e r i o ri n t e r n a l( e p i d u r a l )
vertebralvenous plexus
Dens (C2) (cut)
Venous plexusof vertebralartery
Anterior externalvertebralvenous plexus
Epiduralfat and anterior internalvertebral(epidural)venous plexus

C o m m u n i c a t i n gv e i n
vein
Basivertebral
lntervertebralveins
Veinsof the vertebral
Vertebralartery with venous plexus
column:vertebralveins
S u p e r i obr u l bo f r i g h ti n t e r n aj ul g u l a rv e i n
C o n d v l a re m m i s s a r vv e i n
ii.!-i,
lar-r
Deep cervicalvein
Vertebralarteries
Dura mater
Anteriorvertebral
velns
venouscommunlcauons
M a s t o i de m m i s s a r yv e i n
A n t e r i o ri n t e r n a l( e p i d u r a l v) e r t e b r a vl e n o u sp l e x u s
Venousplexusof vertebralartery
Anterior externalvertebralvenous plexus
C o m m u n i c a t i n gv e i n s
Anterior vertebralveins
Left deep cervicalvein
R i g h td e e p c e r v i c a vl e i n
Left vertebralvein
Formingvertebralvein
Accessoryvertebralvei
Rightvertebralartery and vein
Left vertebralartery
Left thyrocervicaltrunk
L e f t i n t e r n a jl u g u l a rv e i n ( i n f e r i o rb u l b )
Costocervicaltrunk
Left subclavianvein
Right thyrocervical ;
trunk
R i g h ts u b c l a v i a nv e i n
Left common carotid arterv
( i n f e r i o rb u l b )
R i g h tb r a c h i o c e p h a l ivce i n
Right subclavianartery
C(d4s/*
Plate | 37
Arteries to Brain: Schema
communicatingartery
Ophthalmicartery
Middle cerebral
Suoraorbital
arterv
Posteriorcommunicatingart
Supratrochlear
artery
Caroticotympanic branch
of internalcarotid artery
Lacrimal
artery
Dorsalnasalartery
Posterior
cerebral
Superiorcerebellar
artery
Angular artery
Anteriortympanicarter
Superficial
temporalartery
Middle meningealar
Posterior
auricular
artery
Maxillaryarter
Facialartery
Occipitalartery
B a s i l aa
r
artery
Anteriorinferior
cerebellar
artery
pharyngealartery
Ascending
Posterior
inferior
cerebellar
ar
Anteriorspinalartery
Spinalsegmental
medullary branches
External
carotidarterf
Vertebral artery
InternalcarotidarterV
ommon carotid artery
Deep cervicalartery
ial cervicalartery
Suprascapularartery
Vertebralartery
Supremeintercostal
artery
Ascendingcervicalarterir
Costocervicaltrunk
Inferiorthvroid arterv
Thyrocervicaltrunk/
ii
Subclavian
artery
S u b c l a v i a na
Internalthoracic arterv
Arch
Descending
*{r
Plate | 38
Ascending
Anastomoses
1
2
3
4
5
Right-Left
Carotid-Vertebral
Internalcarotid-External
carotid
Subclavian-Carotid
Subclavian-Vertebral
Arteries of Brain: lnferior Views
(orbitofrontal)
arter
Medialfrontobasal
A n t e r i o rc o m m u n i c a t i n Ba r t e r y
Anterior cerebralarterv
Distal medial striateartery
(recurrentartery ot
Anterolateral
arteries
central(lenticulostriate)
Middle cerebralarterv
Lateralfrontobasal(orbitofrontal)
arter
Prefrontal
Anterior choroidal arter
P o s t e r i o cr o m m u n i c a t i n ga r t e r y
Posteriorcerebrala
Superiorcerebellar
artery
Basilar
Pontinearteries
(internalacoustic)
Labyrinthine
arter
Anterior inferior cerebellararterv (AlC
Vertebralar
Anteriorspinalarte
Posterior
inferiorcerebellar
artery(PICA)
Posteriorspinal
Distalmedialstriateartery
(recurrent
arteryof Heubner)
Cerebralarterial
circle(of Willis)
(brokenline)
A n t e r i o rc o m m u n i c a t i n ga r t e r y
Anterior cerebralarterv
Posteriorcommunicatingartery
Anterior choroidal artery
1,.
fu
Optic tract
Posteriorcerebralartery
Cerebralcrus
Posteriormedial choroidal artery
Posteriorlateralchoroidal artery
M e d i ag
l e n i c u l a tbeo d y
P u l v i n aorf t h a l a m u s
Lateralventricle
Nr
Plate | 39
Gerebral Arterial Gircle (of Willisl
Vesselsdissectedout: inferiorview
Anterior cerebralartery
(A2 segment)
Distal medial striatearterv

(recurrentartery of Heubner)
Anteromedialcentral (perforating)
arteries
Anterior cerebralartery
(A1 segment)
Hypothalamic
artery
Anterolateral
central
(lenticulostriate)
arteries
Ophthalmicartery
Internalcarotid
Middle cerebralartery
Superiorhypophyseal
artery
Inferior hypophysealartery
Anteriorchoroidalarterv
Posterior
cerebralartery
(P2segment)
(P1segment)
Thalamotuberal
(premammillary)artery
S u p e r i o rc e r e b e l l a a
r
Basilar
Pontinearteries
Anterior inferior cerebellarartery (AICA)
Posteromedialcentral
(perforating) arteries
g artery
Thalamoperforatin
Posteromedialcentral
(paramedian)arteries
Labyrinthine(internalacoustic)artery
Vertebralartery
Vesselsin situ: inferiorvrew

Hypothalamicarter
Anterior communicating,artery
ic chiasm
sinus
Cavernous
Internalcarotid arter
Superiorhypophyseal
Middle cerebrala
Inferiorhypophyseal
artery
I n f u n d i b u l u(mp i t u i t a rsyt a l k )
portalveins
and longhypophyseal
(anterior
Adenohypophysis
lobeof pituitarygland)
(posterior
Neurohypophysis
lobeof pituitarygland)
ial central
(perforating) arteries
Efferent
hypophyseal
veins
Superiorcerebellarartery
Posterior
cerebral
Plate 14O
Basilarartery
Nr
Arteries of Brain: Frontal View and Section
Paracentralartery
M e d i a l f r o n t a lb r a n c h e s
Anterolateral
central
(lenticulostriate
a )r
Pericallosal
artery
Lateralfrontobasal
(orbitofrontal)arter
Callosomarginalartery
Polarfrontalartery
Prefrontal
Anterior cerebral
arteries
Precentral(pre-Rolandic)
a n d c e n t r a l( R o l a n d i c )
sulcalarteries
Medial frontobasal
(orbitofrontal)artery
Anterior parietal
( p o s t c e n t r asl u l c a l )
medial striate
artery (recurrent
artery of Heubner)
artery
Posterior
parietal
lnternalcarotid
artery
artery
Branchto
a n g u l agr y r u s
Anterior choroidal
artery
Temporal
branches
Posteriorcerebral
arterv
( a n t e r i o rm
, iddle,
and posterior
artery
cerebellar
Basilarand pontine arteries
and branches
(deep in lateralcerebral
l S y l v i a n sl u l c u s )
Labyrinthine(internal
acoustic)artery
A n t e r i o rc o m m u n i c a t i n g
Vertebralartery
\Posterior
inferior cerebellarartery (PICA)
artery
Anterior
spinal
I {ffi
4.t'/
Posteriorspinalar
Falxcerebri
C o r p u ss t r i a t u m
(caudateand lentiform nuclei
Anterolateralcentral
(lenticulostriate)arteri
I n s u l a( i s l a n do f R e i l
L i m e no f i n s u l a
Precentral(pre-Rolandic),
c e n t r a l( R o l a n d i c s) u l c a l ,
and parietalarter
Callosomarginalarteries
ano
Pericallosal
arteries
(branchesof anterior
cerebralarteries)
T r u n ko f c o r p u sc a l l o s u m
I n t e r n a cl a p s u l e
Rostrumof corpus callosum
Lateralcerebral(Sylvian)
Temooralbranchesof
middle cerebralartery
Temporallobe
Anterior cerebral arteries

(recurrentartery of Heubner)
Internalcarotid
Optic chiasm
Plate 141
Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medial Views

Anterior parietal(postcentralsulcal)artery{
parietalartery
Posterior
C e n t r a(lR o l a n d i cs )u l c aal r t e r y
Branchto angulargyrus
Precentral(pre-Rolandic)sulcalartery
Terminalbranches
of posteriorcerebral
artery
Prefrontal
sulcal
artery
Terminalbranchesof
anterior cerebral
artery
Lateralfrontobasal
(orbitofrontal)
left middle
cerebralartery
Left anterior
cerebralartery
Occipitotemporal
branches
Anterior communicatingartery
Posteriortemporal branch
Rightanteriorcerebralarteri
M i d d l et e m p o r abl r a n c h
Left internalcarotid artery
Polartemooralarterv
Posterior
Pericallosal
artery
Intermediate
Anterior
Suoeriorand inferior terminal branches(trunks)

Anterior temporal branch
4
4.
Paracentralartery
{r
Cingularbranches
Rightposteriorcerebralartery
Precunealartery
al
Polarfrontalartery
Dorsal branch
to corpus callosum
Parietoocci
oitalbranch
Calcarinebranch
Rightanterior
cerebralartery
Medialfrontobasal(orbitofrontal)artery
Anterior
communicatingartery (cut)
Medial occipital artery
( r e c u r r e na
t r t e r yo f H e u b n e r
Posteriortemporal brancn
Anterior temooral branch
Right internalcarotid artery
*Note: Anterior parietal(postcentral

sulcal)artery also occurs as separateanterior parietaland postcentralsulcalarteries.
Plate 142
Arteries of Posterior Granial Fossa
T h a l a m o e e n i c u l a taer t e r i e s
L a t e r a al n d m e d i a lg e n i c u l a t eb o d i e so f l e f t t h a l a m u s
A n t e r i o rc h o r o i d a la r t e r y
C h o r o i d p l e x u s e so f l a t e r a vl e n t r i c l e s
P u l v i n a rosf l e f ta n dr i g h t h a l a m i
C r u r ao f f o r n i x
Splenium
Anterolateralcentral
(lenticulostriate
a )r t e r i e s
O c c i p i t a l( p o s t e r i o r h) o r n o f r i g h t l a t e r a vl e n t r i c l e
R i g hd
t o r s abl r a n c ht o c o r p u sc a l l o s u m
(posterior
pericallosal
artery)
H e a d so f c a u d a t en u c l e i
P a r i e t o o c c i p i )t aB
l r a n c h eosf
|
) rightposterior
Calcarine) cerebralartery
Anterior
cerebralarteries
,}
Longitudinal
cerebral
fissure
Superior
colliculi
Superior
vermtan
branch
Ophthalmic artery
Posteriormedial
choroidal artery
to choroid plexus
of 3rd ventricle
Anterior
cerebralartery
Middle
Posteriorlateral
choroidal artery
cerebralartery
Posterior
c o m m u n i c a t i n ga r t e r y
L a t e r a (l m a r g i n a l b) r a n c h
T h a l a m o p e r f o r a t i nagr t e r i e s
iiI.:
Inferiorvermian artery
(phantom)
L e f t i n t e r n a lc a r o t i da r t e r v
Choroidal branch to 4th ventricle

(phantom)and
Basilarartery
Pontinearteries
e r e b e l l at ro n s i l l abrr a n c h
of posterior inferior cerebellarartery
L a b y r i n t h i n e( i n t e r n aal c o u s t i c )a r t e r y
Posterior
cerebralarterV
S u p e r i o rc e r e b e l l a a
r rtery
A n t e r i o rm e n i n g e a bl r a n c ho f v e r t e b r a a
l rtery
Temporalbranches
of posteriorcerebralarteri,
A n t e r i o rs p i n a la r t e r y
Outline of 4th ventricle(broken line)

Posteriormeningealbranch of vertebralartery
inferiorcerebellar
arterv(PICA)
Posterior
Leftposteriorspinalartery
Leftvertebralartery
*{r
Plate 143
Veins of Posterior Granial Fossa
Leftsuperiorand inferiorco
Basalvein (of Rosenthal)
Posteriormesencephalicvein
Medial geniculatebody
Lateral
mesencephalicvein
Lateralgeniculate
body
Leftthalamus
(cut surface)
Optic tracl
Confluence
of sinuses
Inferiorthalamostriatevei
Lefttransverse
sinus(cut)
Deepmiddle
cerebral
Superior
sagittal
Srnus
vetn
Anterior
cerebral
vetn
Optic
nerve(ll)
Superior
vermtan
veln
nferior
vermlanvern
Falxcerebelli(cut)
and occipitalsinus
Anteriorpontomesencephalic
veiri
inferiorcerebellar
h e m i s p h e rvi ce i n s
Trigeminalnerve (V
Transversepontine veiri
ntraculminatevein
ior cerebellar
vein (inconstant)
Petrosalvein (draining
to superiorpetrosalsinui)
vetn
Lateralpontine vein
Precentral
cerebellar
vein
Superiorretrotonsillar
vein
Anteromedian
medullarv
veiri
Vein of lateralrecessof 4th ventricle
4{tr
Plate 744
Superior,
middleand
I
inferiorcerebellar
pedunclei
Anterior soinalvein
(Inferiorretrotonsillar)
veinof cerebellomedullarv
Posteriorsoinalvein
4th ventricle
Partsof cerebellum
Lingula
TU Tuber
cL CentrallobuleP Pvramid
c Culmen
U Uvula
D Declive
N Nodule
F Folium
T Tonsil
Deep Veins of Brain

veins
of brainseePlate 102
Forsuperficial
L o n g i t u d i n acl e r e b r a fl i s s u r e
A n t e r i o rc e r e b r a vl e i n s
R o s t r u mo f c o r p u sc a l l o s u m
A n t e r i o rv e i n o f s e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
H e a d o f c a u d a t en u c l e u s
A n t e r i o rv e i n o f c a u d a t en u c l e u s
T r a n s v e r svee i n so f c a u d a t en u c l e u s
I n t e r v e n t r i c u l af or r a m e n( o f M o n r o )
C o l u m n so f f o r n i x
S u p e r i o rt h a l a m o s t r i a tvee t n
S u p e r i o rc h o r o i dv e i n a n d
c h o r o i d p l e x u so f l a t e r a vl e n t r i c l e
lnalamus
T e l ac h o r o i d e ao f 3 r d v e n t r i c l e
L a t e r a dl i r e c tv e i n
P o s t e r i ovr e i n o f c a u d a t en u c l e u s
l n t e r n a lc e r e b r a vl e i n s
B a s a vl e i n ( o f R o s e n t h a l )
C r e a t c e r e b r a vl e i n ( o f C a l e n )
I n f e r i o rs a g i t t asl i n u s
T e n t o r i u mc e r e b e l l i
T r a n s v e r ssei n u s
C o n f l u e n c eo f s i n u s e s
S u p e r i o rs a g i t t asl i n u s
4ttr
Dissection:
superiorview
U n c a lv e i n
A n t e r i o rc e r e b r a lv e i n
S u p e r f i c i am
l i d d l ec e r e b r a lv e i n
( d r a i n i n gt o s p h e n o p a r i e t asli n u s
Optic chiasm
D e e p m i d d l e c e r e b r a vl e r n
C e r e b r aclr u s
B a s a vl e i n ( o f R o s e n t h a l )
L a t e r a gl e n i c u l a t eb
M e d i a l g e n i c u l a t eb o d y
Inferior
cerebral
VEI NS
P u l v i n aor f t h a l a m u s
S p l e n i u mo f c o r p u sc a l l o s u m
C r e a t c e r e b r a lv e i n ( o f C a l e n )
Inferio r
anastomotrc
vein (of Labb6)
Dissection:
inferiorview
Plate 145
Subependymal Veins of Brain
P o s t e r i ovre i n so f s e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
S u p e r i otrh a l a m i vc e i n
S u p e r i ocrh o r o i dv e i n
Lateraldirect vein
Posteriorterminalvein of caudate nucleus
(posteriorpart of thalamostriatevein)
Internalcerebralveins(rightand left)
Transverse
veinsof caudatenucleus
Medial(atrial)veinof lateralventricle
Superiorthalamostriatevein
Lateral(atrial)vein of lateralventricle
Lateralventricle
Splenium
Anterior vein of
caudate nucleus
Creatcerebralvein
Anterior vein of
s e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
sal vein of corous
callosum
C e n uo f
corpus
callosum
nferior sagittal
srnus
lnternal
occipital vein
Straightsinus
Occipital
(posterior)
hornof
lateral
ventricle
Interventricular
foramen (of Monro)
Anterior commissure
Interthalamica
Anterior cerebralvein
Optic chiasm
Cerebellum
3rd ventricle
Deep middle cerebralvein
Inferiorthalamostriate
Basalvein (of Rosenthal)
Temporal(inferior)hornof lateralventricl6
Posteriormesencephalicvein
) u o e f l o r v e r m t a nv e t n
H i p p o c a m p a la n d i n f e r i o rv e n t r i c u l a vr e i n 6
Cerebralaqueduct
4{tr
Plate 146
4th
Lateraland medianapertures
of 4th
Veinson lateralwall of ventricle

Veinson medialwall and floor of ventricle
All otherveins
Hypothalamus and Hypophysis
Septumpellucidum
Thalamus
Fornix
Hypothalamic
sulcus
Anteriorcommissure
Paraventricular
Posterior
Principal
nucleIof
hypothalamus
Dorsomedial
Supraoptic
Ventromedial
Arcuate
(infundibular)
Mammillarybody
tract
Mammillothalamic
Optic chiasm
(pituitarystalk)
Infundibulum
4{tr
Dorsallongitudinal
fasciculus
andother
descendingpathways/ I
(pituitary
Hypophysis
Hypothalamic
sulcus
Paraventricular
hypothalamic
nucleus
hypothalamic
Supraoptic
Supraopticohypophyseal
tract
Tuberohypophyseal
tract
Mammillary
body
Hypothalamohypophyseal
tract
(pituitarystalk)
Infundibulum
Parstuberalis
Adenohypophysis
(anteriorlobe of
pituitarygland)
Fibroustr
Parsintermedia
Parsdistalis
nucleus
Arcuate(infundibular)
Medianeminence
of tubercinereum
lnfundibular
stem
Neurohypophysis
(posteriorlobe
of pituitarygland)
Plale 147
Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus and Hypophysis
portalsystem
Superior
hypophyseal
artery
hypophysealportalveins
Arteryof trabecula
portalveins
hypophyseal
(fibroustissue)
Trabecula
Efferent
hypophyseal
vein
to cavernous
sinus
Secondary
plexus
of hypophyseal
portalsysteml
Efferent
hypophyseal
vein
to cavernous
sinus
Neurohypophysis
(posterior
lobeof
pituitarygland)
Capillaryplexusof
process
infundibular
Efferent
hypophyseal
vein
to cavernous
sinus
Efferenthypophyseal
Inferiorhypophyseal
artery
vernsto cavernous
4{r
Plate 148
Head Scans: Sagittal MR lmages
Median(A) and paramedian(8, C) sagittalMR images
c
cc
Corpus
callosum
N P Nasopharynx
Extraocular
muscles
Frontalpole
FV
Fourth
ventricle
PG Pituitarygland
Lateral
ventricle
Medulla
oblongata
Regional Scans
Inferiornasal
concha
Cerebellum
Occipitalpole
O N Opticnerve
Pons
sinus
Sphenoid
SC Spinalcord
T
Thalamus
M B Midbrain
TC Tentorium
cerebelli
sinus
M S Maxillary
TO Tongue
Plate 149
Head Scans: Axial GT lmages
Axial CT imagesof the head from inferior (A) to superior(C)
Basilarartery
Cerebellum
M A M a s t o i da i rc e l l s
CH Cerebral
hemisphere
MB Midbrain
muscle
MM Masseter
cs
C o n f l u e n c eo f
stnuses
MR Medialrectus
muscle
Eye
MS Maxillarysinus
EA Externalacoustic
meatus
E S E t h m o i ds i n u s
F
Fat in orbit
FV Fourthventricle
t
Lens
TP Lateralpterygoid
t-R
Plate 15O
Medullaoblongata
Nasalconcha
NS Nasalseptum
P
Pons
S p h e n o isdi n u s
SC Semicircular
canats
muscte
SS Superiorsagittal
srnus
Lateral rectus
muscle
Temporalis
muscle
Tt
Temporallobe
Regional Scans
Head Scans: Goronal GT Images
CoronalCT imagesof the headfrom anterior (A) to posterior(C)
c
E
A n t e r i ocr l i n o i d
process
Lateralrectus
muscle
C r i s t ag a l l i
Eye(vitreous
chamber)
Levatorpalpebrae
and
superioris
superiorrectus
musctes
sinus
ES E t h m o i d
G
rc
IR
Regional Scans
Createrwing of
the sphenoid
lnferiornasal
concha
lncisivecanal
lnferiorrectus
muscle
Maxillarysinus
M R Medialrectus
muscle
N
Nasalseptum
oc
Oral cavity
S p h e n o isdi n u s
Zygomaticarch
Plate 151
2 Back and Spinal Gord

Section
Topographic Anatomy
Plate 152
rs2 Back
Bones and Ligaments

Plates 153-159
Column
rss Vertebral
Vertebrae
r se Thoracic
Vertebrae
rss Lumbar
RadiograPhs
Vertebrae:
r se Lumbar
andCoccyx
rsz Sacrum
Lumbar
Region
Ligaments:
rss Vertebral
Region
Lumbosacral
Ligaments:
rss Vertebral
Spinal Gord
Plates l6(F173
160
161
inSitu
Rami
andVentral
Cord
Soinal
Nerve
toVertebrae
Roots
ofSpinal
Relation
163
Manifestations
DiscHerniation:
Clinical
Lumbar
Anesthesia
andEpidural
Puncture
Lumbar
t64
Dermatomes
165
Topography
General
Nervous
System:
Sympathetic
pathetrc
Topography
: General
Nervous
System
Parasym
162
166
167
t68
Schema
Nervous
System:
Sympathetic
Schema
Nervous
System:
Parasympathetic
17l,
Roots
andNerve
Membranes
Spinal
Cross
Origin:
Sections
Nerve
Spinal
171
Cord:
Schema
ofSpinal
Arteries
169
Back and Spinal Gord

rzz Arteries
ofSpinal
Cord:
Intrinsic
Distribution
rzs Veins
ofSpinal
Cord
andVertebral
Column
Muscles and Nerves

Plates 174-l80
rze Muscles
ofBack:
Superficial
Layers
rzs Muscles
ofBack:
Intermediate
Layers
tze Muscles
ofBackDeep
Layers
rzz Nerves
ofBack
rze Suboccipital
Triangle
'rzs Lumbar
Region
ofBack:
Cross
Section
reo TypicalThoracic
Spinal
Nerve
Back
occipitalprotuberance
External
muscle
Trapezius
L i g a m e n t u mn u c h a e
S p i n eo f s c a p u l a
Spinousprocessof
C7 vertebra
Deltoid muscle
Infraspinatus
muscle
Tricepsbrachii
muscle
Long head
Lateralhead
Tendon
D e l t o i dm u s c l e
Triangleof auscultation
Medialborderof
scapula
lnferiorangleof
scapula
major muscle
Latissimus
L u m b a r( t r i a n g l e d o r s i m u s c l e
of Petit)
Spinousprocessof
T 1 2v e r t e b r a
C l u t e u sm e d i u s
muscle
lliac crest
Erectorspinae
muscle
Posteriorsuperior
iliacspine
Intergluteal(natal)
Sacrum
C l u t e u sm a x i m u s
muscle
Greatertrochanter
of femur
cleft
Clutealfold
e/fd4g/^
Topographic Anatomy
Plate 152
Vertebral Golumn
Anteriorview
left lateralview
Posteriorview
A t l a s( C l )
A x i s( C 2 )
Cervical
curvature
C7
C7
C7
T1
T1
Thoracic
vertebrae
Thoracic
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Lumbar
curvature
(S1-5)
Sacrum
S a c r u m( S 1 - 5 )
*{w
Plate | 53
Bones and Ligaments
Thoracic Vertebrae
articular
processand facet
Superior
costalfacet
Vertebralforamen
Pedicle
Body
Transverse
costalfacet
Superior
Superior
costalfacet
vertebral notch
(forms lower
margin of
intervertebral
foramen)
Transverse
process
Pedicle
lnferior
articular
process
Superior
articularfacet
T6 vertebra:
lateralview
T6 vertebra:
superiorview
Superiorarticular
processand facet
Superiorarticular
processandfacet
7th rib
Costal facet
S p i n o ups r o c e sos f
T7 vertebra
T12vertebra:
lateralview
processof
Transverse
T9 vertebra
Inferiorarticularprocess(T9)
4{tr
Spinousprocess(T9)
T7,Tgand T9 vertebrae:
posteriorview
Bones and Ligaments
Plate 154
Lumbar Vertebrae
A n u l u sf i b r o s u s
Vertebralbody
Nucleus
purposus
Vertebral foramen
process
Transverse
lntervertebraldisc
Superiorarticularprocess
Accessorvorocess
M a m m i l l a r yp r o c e s s
Lamind
Spinousprocess
Mammillary process
[2 vertebra:
superiorview
Transverseprocess
Spinousprocess
Vertebralbody
Vertebralcanal
Superior
Intervertebral
disc
articularprocess
M a m m i l l a r yp r o c e s s
Transverse
process
Vertebralbody
Inferior
articular
process
Inferior
vertebralnotch
Intervertebral
(neural)foramen
Superior
vertebral
notch
Parsinterarticularis
Accessory
process
of L3 vertebra
facet
for sacrum
Inferior
articularprocess
[3 and L4 vertebrae:
posterior view
Plate 155
l-umbarvertebrae,assembled:
left lateralview
Bones and Ligaments
Lumbar Vertebrae: RadiograPhs

Lateralradiograph
Anteroposteriorradiograph
B
IA
t
P
Body of L3 vertebra
Intervertebraldisc space
Inferiorarticularprocessof L1 vertebra
L a m i n ao f L 4 v e r t e b r a
I
lA
lntervertebralforamen
Inferiorarticularprocessof L3 vertebra
Pedicleof L3 vertebra
lN
lnferior vertebralnotch of L2 vertebra
S p i n o u sp r o c e s so f L 4 v e r t e b r a
Pedicleof L3 vertebra
SA Superiorarticularprocessof L1 vertebra
S F Sacralforamen
T
Transverseprocessof L3 vertebra
Bones and Ligaments
Spinousprocessof L3 vertebra
SA Superiorarticularprocessof L4 vertebra
SN Superiorvertebralnotch of L3 vertebra
Note: The vertebralbodies are numbered
Plate 156
Sacrum and Goccyx

SeealsoPlates 153, 159, 248,352-gS4
Superior
articular
process
Baseof sacrum
Lumbosacral
articularsurface
Superior
articularprocess
Ala (wing)
Promontory
r a lp a r t
o f p e l v i cb r i m
( l i n e at e r m i n a l i s )
Sacralhiatus
Transverse
ridges
Mediansagittalsection
Apexof sacrum
Transverseprocess
of coccyx
Facetsof
superiorarticular
Anteriorinferior
view
Pelvic surface
A u r i c u l asru r f a c e
Nr
Sacraltuberosity
Lateralsacralcrest
M e d i a n s a c r a lc r e s t
Intermediatesacralcresl
Posterior
sacralforamen
Posterior
sacral
foramina
Sacralcornu
(horn)
Coccygealcornu
(horn)
Anterior (pelvic)
sacralforamen
Coronalsection
through52 foramina
Transverseprocess
of coccyx
Posteriorsuperiorview
Plate 157
Bones and Ligaments
Vertebral Ligaments: Lumbar Region
left lateralview
(partially sectioned
in median plane)
joint
Capsuleof zygapophyseal
(partiallyopened)
S u p e r i oar r t i c u l aprr o c e s s
process
Transverse
Lumbarvertebral
L i g a m e n t ufm
lavum
lntervertebraldisc
I n t e r s p i n o ul i sg a m e n t
,i
i\srprarpinous
Anterior
l o n g i t u d i n lai g
l ament
ligament
l
tl
Intervertebralforamen
Posterior
l o n g i t u d i n lai g
l ament
Posteriorvertebralsegments:
anteriorview
Anteriorvertebralsegments:
posteriorview
Pedicle(cut surface)
(pedicles sectioned)
Pedicle (cut surface)
Ligamentumflavum
S u p e r i o ra r t i c u l a r
process
Intervertebraldisc
process
Transverse
l n f e r i o ra r t i c u l a r
Bones and Ligaments
Plate 158
Vertebral Ligaments: Lumbosacral Region
Superiorarticularprocess
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
I ransverseprocess
Lamina
Pedicle(cut)
Bodyof
L1 vertebra
longitudinal
ligament
Pedicle
lntervertebral
foramen
Intervertebral
discs
Spinousprocess
lnterspinous
ligament
Supraspinous
ligament
Superiorarticularprocesses;
facettropism(difference
in
facetaxis)on rightside
Spinousprocess
process
Transverse
Bodyof
L5 vertebra
Ligamentum
flavum
L5 spinalnerve
lliolumbar
lliaccrest
Auricularsurfaceof sacrum
(forarticulation
with ilium)
Posterior
supeflor
i l i a cs p i n e
Posterior
inferior
i l i a cs p i n e
left lateralview
Posteriorsacroiliacligamenl
Creatersciaticforamen
S p i n eo f i s c h i u m
4{tr
Lateral,
Sacrospinous
sacrococcySeal
ligaments
Lesser
sciaticforamen
Sacrotuberous
ligament
Posteriorview
Plate | 59
Bones and Ligaments
Spinal Gord and Ventral Rami in Situ
B a s eo f s k u l l
C2 vertebra (axis)
C B s p i n a ln e r v e
T.l spinalnerve
C 1 v e r t e b r a( a t l a s )
C e r v i c apl l e x u s
C7vertebra
T1 vertebra
B r a c h i apll e x u s
.l
st rib
ldura mater
F i l a m e n t so f
s p i n a ln e r v e
roots (T7 and TB)
T't2
vertebra
L1
vertebra
1 2 t hr i b
L 1 s p i n a ln e r v e
C o n u sm e d u l
llioinguinal
nerve
L u m b apr l e x u s
C a u d ae q u i n a
L5 vertebra
L5 spinal nerve
Femoralnerve
S 1 s p i n a ln e r v e
Sacralplexus
S a c r u m( c u t a w
F i l u mt e r m i n a l ei n t e r n u m
Terminationof dural sac
F i l u mt e r m i n a l ee x t e r n u m
t c o c c y g e al i g a m e n t )
g l u t e a ln e r v e s
Sciaticnerve
Posteriorfemoral
cutaneousnerve
5 5 s p i n a ln e r v e
' P u d e n d a ln e r v e
Coccygealnerve
f,
Coccyx
Spinal Gord
nrlS
4.12
Plate 16O
Relation of Spinal Nerve Roots to Vertebrae
-.
' l s p i n a ln e r v e e x i t s
'' I1Cabove
C.l vertebra
'-C1
Uur" /
c2'
C3
C3 ' c 4
of skull
Cervical
enlargemenl
---C4
C5
C5
t)
C7
T1
T1
T2
C B s p i n a ln e r v e
exits below
C7 vertebra
(there are B cervical
nervesbut only
7 cervicalvertebrae)
r2
T?
T3
r4
TA
T5
T5
r6
r7
Lumbar disc protrusiondoes not usuallyaffect

nerve exiting above disc. Lateralprotrusion
at disc level L4-5 affectsL5 spinalnerve, not
L4 soinalnerve. Protrusionat disc level L5-S1
affectsS.l spinalnerve, not L5 spinal nerve.
T7
.-TB
-T9
--T1O
'r
Lumbar
e n la rge me n t -----_____a
T10
-zT1l
'
T11
-2r'T12 T 1 2
/Lr
L1
C o n u sm e d u l l a r i s
( t e r m i n a t i o no f
s p i n a lc o r d )
,L2
L5 --'L3
-L4
Filum
terminale
Internum
-L5
-Sacrum
S1
Filum
terminale
externum
(coccygeal
ligament)
S3
S4
S5
Terminationof
d u r a ls a c
Nr
Coccygealnerve
I
I
I
I
Plate | 61
Cervicalnerves
Thoracicnerves
Lumbarnerves
Sacraland coccygealnerves
Medial protrusionat disc level L4-5 rarelyaffects

L4 spinal nerve but may affect L5 spinalnerve
a n d s o m e t i m e sS 1 - 4 s o i n a ln e r v e s .
Spinal Gord
Lumbar Disc Herniation: Glinical Manifestations
Schematiccrosssection
s h o w i n gc o m p r e s s i o no f
nerve rool
,/."
{''"'z;""
'//;.d,
.,,.| \
t
4{tr
Nucleus
purposus
Characteristic
posture in left-sided
l o w e r l u m b a rd i s c
herniation
Nerverool
exposureof
Surgical
r isc
l o w e rl u m b a d
herniation
C l i n i c a fl e a t u r e so f h e r n i a t e dl u m b a r n u c l e u sp u l p o s u s
Level of herniation
Pain
Numbness
Weakness
Atrophy
Reflexes
Minor
Changes
uncommon
i n k n e ea n d
a n k l ej e r k s ,
but internal
hamstring
reflex
diminished
or absent
L3
L4
Over
sacro\Ls
iliac
joint,
hip,
SL5
lateral
\
L4-5 disc; t h i g h
5th lumbar and leg
nerve root
[5-Sl disc;
1st sacral
nerve toot
Spinal Gord
Over
sacroiliac
joint,
hip,
posrerolateral
thigh
and leg
to heel
Dorsiflexion
of great toe
and foot;
difficulty
w a l k i n go n
heels;foot
Lateralleg, o r o p m a y
first 3 toes occur
Plantar
f l e x i o no f
foot and
great toe
may be
affected;
difficulty
Back of
w a l k i n go n
calf, lateral toes
heel,foot
to toe
A n k l ej e r k
diminished
or absent
Castrocnemiusand soleus
Plate 162
Lumbar Puncture and Epidural Anesthesia
Lumbarpuncture
Subarachnoid
space
Needleentering
subarachnoidspace
lliac
crest
Arrows show locationsof

insertionof needles.
Epiduralanesthesia
Dural sac
Epiduralspace
Spinousprocessof L4
Ligamentumflavum
Epiduralanesthesia
and lumbarpunctureare performedby insertinga needleabove or below the L4 vertebralspine,
which liesat the levelof the iliaccrest.Forepiduralanesthesia,
the needlepassesinto the epiduralspace,and anesthetic
agentbathesthe nerve rootsin proximity.Lumbarpuncture,on the other hand,is performedin order to collecta sample
of cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)or to introducean anestheticagentinto the CSF(spinalanesthesia),
so thereforethe needie
penetratesthe duralsac to enter the subarachnoidspace.
Cryd4/^
Plate 163
Spinal Gord
Dermatones
Schematicdemarcationof dermatomes
(accordingto Keeganand Carrett)
Thereis
shownas distinctsegments.
actuallyconsiderableoverlapbetween
any two adjacentdermatomes.An
alternativedermatomemap is that
providedby Foerster(seeReferences).
S3
S4
ss
15,
Ll,
L2
S1
4{F
L5
L4
Levels of principal dermatomes

C5
C5,5,7
C8,Tl
C6
C6,7,8
C8
T4
Spinal Gord
Clavicles
Lateralpartsof upperlimbs
Medialsidesof upperlimbs
Thumb
Hand
Ringand littlefingers
Levelof nipples
T10
t1
Ll,2,3,4
L4,5, 51
L4
sl, 2, L5
s1
s2,3,4
Levelof umbilicus
Inguinalor groin regions
Anteriorand innersurfacesof lower limbs
Foot
Medialsideof greattoe
Posteriorand outer surfacesof lower limbs
Lateralmarginof foot and little toe
Perineum
Plate 164
Sympathetic Nervous System: General Topography
I n t e r n a cl a r o t i dp l e x u s
I n t e r n a cl a r o t i dn e r v e
S u p e r i o rc e r v i c a lg a ng l i o n
Cray ramicommunicantes
Externalcarotid nerve
C e r v i c a ls y m p a t h e t i ct r u n k
M i d d l e c e r v i c a lg a n g l i o n
C e r v i c a lc a r d i a cn e r v e s
C e r v i c o t h o r a c i (cs t e l l a t eg) a n g l i o n
Thoracic visceralnerves
P u l m o n a r yp l e x u s
C a r d i a cp l e x u s
W h i t e a n d g r a yr a m i c o m m u n i c a n t e s
E s o p h a g epalle x u s
C r e a t e rt h o r a c i cs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e
L e s s e rt h o r a c i cs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e
Aorticorenalganglion
L u m b a rs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e s
Celiacplexus
C e l i a cg a n g l i o n
S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cg a n g l i o n
S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cp l e x u s
In f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cg a n g l i o n
In f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cp l e x u s
S u p e r i o rh y p o g a s t r i cp l e x u s
Hypogastricnerve
S a c r a sl p l a n c h n i cn e r v e s
Inferiorhypogastricplexus
C/Fd4ae
Plate 165
Spinal Gord
Parasympathetic Nervous System: General Topography
O c u l o m o t o r n e r v e( C N l l l )
F a c i a nl e r v e ( C N V l l )
C l o s s o p h a r y n g e anle r v e ( C N l X )
Vagus nerve (CN X)
L a c r i m agl l a n d
P t e r y g o p a l a t ignaen g l i o n
Parotidgland
S u b m a n d i b u lgaar n g l i o n
S u b l i n g ua n
l ds u b m a n d i b u lgalra n d s
Cervical
cardiacbranch
P u l m o n a r yp l e x u s
Esophagealplexus
Anterior and posteriorvagal

tru nks
C e l i a cp l e x u s
plexus
mesenteric
Superior
P e l v i cs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e s( f r o m 5 2 - 4 )
Inferior hypogastricplexus
Cavernousnerves
Cryd4s4*
Spinal Gord
Plate 166
Sympathetic Nervous System: Schema
Superiorcervicalganglion
Internalcarotid nerve and olexus

Externalcarotid nerve and olexus
$flacrimalgland
C r a y r a m ic o m m u n i c a n t e s
Firstthoracicgan
.\
lnnervationto arrectorpili muscles,..,'

vascularsmooth muscle,and sweat i'}
g l a n d so f s k i n
diac branches
Createrthoracic
s p l a n c h n i cn e r v e
Celiacganglion
tl:
Lesserthoracic
splanchnicnerve
1 . t . . . - - 1 . . -
\.-.-'r'
Aorticorenal
ganglion
Liver
Whiteramus
communtcans
Callbladder
Bileducts
Pancreas
Cray ramus
communtcans
Leastthoracic
splanchnicnerve
Kidneys
mesenteflc
ganglion
Intestines
F i r s tl u m b a r
Lumbar
splanchnic
nerves
Descending lnferior
mesenteric
colon
ganglion
Firstsacralganglion
Sigmoidcolon
Urinary
bladder
lnferior
hypogastric
plexus
Prostate
Preganglionicfibers
Postganglionic fibers
Plate | 67
Externalgenitalia
CryW
Spinal Gord
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Schema
ganglion
Pterygopalatine
B r a n c ho f o c u l o m o t o rn e r v e( l l l )
Branchof facialnerve (Vll)
Medulla oblongata
Branchof glossopharyngeal
n e r v e( l X )
Otic ganglion
S u b m a n d i b u l agra n g l i o n
fr
/t,
(f
plexus
Pulmonary
Liver
Callbladder
n
g
K' ."
B i l ed u c t s
Pancreas
lntestines
Descendingcolon
Inferiorhypogastric
prexus
s2
Sigmoidcolon
Rectum
53j
Urinarb
y ladder
S4
P e l v i cs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e s
Preganglionic fibers
Postganglionic fibers
Spinal Gord
Externalgenitalia
Prostate
6ry4c/*
Plate 168
Spinal Membranes and Nerve Roots
Posteriorview
V e n t r a lr o o t o f s p i n a ln e r v e
Dorsal root of soinalnerve
) anglion
D o r s a lr o o t ( s p i n a l g
W h i t e a n d g r a yr a m i c o m m u n i c a n t e s
to and from sympathetictrunk
V e n t r a lr a m u so f s o i n a ln e r
Dorsal ramus of soinalnerve
D u r am a t e r
M e s o t h e l i sa el o t u mi n d o r s am
l e d i a ns u l c u s
P i a m a t e ro v e r l y i n gs p i n a lc o r d
Filamentsof dorsal root
D e n t i c u l a t el i g a m e n t
Dorsalhorn
Membranes removed: anterior view
(greatly magnified)
Lateral
horn
Craymatter
White matter
Ventralhorn
F i l a m e no
t sf d o r s arl o o t
Dorsal root of spinalnerve
Filamentsof ventral root
Dorsal root (spinal)ganglion
Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
Ventral ramus of spinalnerve
Ventral root of soinal nerve
Cray and white

rami communicantes
Plate | 69
4{tr
Spinal Gord
Spinal Nerve Origin: Gross Sections

SeealsoPfates 169, 172,173
Sectionthroughthoracicvertebra
Body of vertebra
Dura mater
F a ti n e p i d u r a ls p a c e
Arachnoid mater*
Sympatheticganglion
D e n t i c u l a t el i g a m e n t
Ventral root
S u b a r a c h n osi d
pace
Pia mater*
White and gray rami

communrcantes
Recurrent
meningeal
b r a n c h e so f s p i n a l
nerve
Ventral ramus
(intercostalnerve)
Pleura
LUnS
Dorsalramus
Dorsalroot
(spinag
l )a n g l i o n
Dorsal root
Lateralhorn of
g r a y m a t t e ro f s p i n a lc o r d
of dorsal
ramus
of spinal
nerve
M e d i a lb r a n c h
Sectionthrough lumbarvertebra
Lateralbranch
lnternalvertebral
(epidural)venous plexus(of Batson)
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Ventral root
to lumbarplexus)
Ventralramus(contributes
D o r s arl a m u s
Dorsal and ventral

r o o t s o f l u m b a ra n d
s a c r a ls p i n a ln e r v e s
f o r m r n gc a u o ae q u r n a
Spinal Gord
Dorsalroot
Dorsal root
Nr
ganglion
*Leptomeninges
C o n u sm e d u l l a r i s
Plate | 7O
Arteries of Spinal Gord: Schema

SeealsoPlate 138
Posterior view
Posteriorinferior cerebellarartery
Posterior
cerebralar
Superiorcerebellarartery
Posteriorsoinalarteries
Basilarartery
Anterior inferior
cerebellarartery (Al
Vertebralartery
Posteriorinferior
c e r e b e l l aa
r r t e r y( P I C A )
Posteriorsegmental
m e d u l l a r ya r t e r i e s
_o
A n t e r i o rs p i n a l
Deep cervicalartery
ao
Vertebral
artery
A n t e r i o rs e g m e n t a l
medullary arteries
A s c e n d i n gc e r v i c a l
arrery
Subclavianartery
Deep cervicala
S u b c l a v i a na r t e r
(t:,
t,.l
Anterior segmental
m e d u l l a ray r t e r y
/;:,
Posteriorsegmental
medullary arteries
,:.i\
ifi
Posteriorintercostalartery
i)
Pialplexus
Thoracic
vertebrae
Liki
\UI
/n
Posterior
intercostalarteries
ifj
,t
Major anterior segmental

m e d u l l a r ya r t e r y( g r e a t
r a d i c u l a ra r t e r yo t
Adamkiewicz)
'9,
4{tr
Posteriorintercostalarter
l"-l
, T i I'
A n t e r i o rs e g m e n t a l
m e d u l l a r ya r t e r y
Posteriorsegmental
medullary arteries
omotic loops to
anteriorspinalartery
Lumbar artery
Lumbar arteries
Lumbar
vertebrae
Anastomoticloops to
posterior spinalarteri
fi,
Lateral(or medial)
sacralarteries
C a u d ae q u i n aa r t e r
Lateral(or medial)
sacralarteries
'u
(s
rb
Plate 171
Sacrum
N o t e : A l l s p i n a ln e r v e r o o t s h a v e
associated radicular or segmental
medullary arleries Most roots have
radicular arteries (see Plate 172) Both
types of arteries run along roots, but
r a d i c u l a ra r t e r i e se n d b e f o r e r e a c h i n g
a n t e r i o ro r p o s t e r i o rs p i n a la r t e r i e s ;
l a r g e rs e g m e n t a lm e d u l l a r ya r t e r i e s
c o n t i n u e o n t o s u p p l y a s e g m e n to f
t h e s ea r t e r i e s
Spinal Gord
Arteries of Spinal Gord: Intrinsic Distribution

Posteriorspinalarteries
Anteriorspinalartery
Anterior segmental
medullary artery
artery
Anteriorradicular
radicular
artery
Branchto vertebralbody
and dura mater
nalbranch
Dorsalbranchof posterior
intercostal
artery
intercostal
artery
Posterior
Paravertebral
anastomoses
Prevertebralanastomoses
Thoracic (descending)aorta
*{r
Sectionthroughthoraciclevel:
anterosuperiorview
Sulcal(central)branchesto
rightsideof spinalcord
Posterior
radicular
artery
Anterior segmental
Rightposteriorspinalartery
from pialplexus
Peripheral
branches
to leftside
Sulcal(central)branches
of spinalcord
Leftposteriorspinalartery
medullaryartery
Pial arterialolexus
radicular
arteries
A n t e r i o rs p i n a l
artery
Posterior
radicular
Arterialdistribution:schema
Note: All spinal nerve roots have associated radicular or

segmental medullary arteries Most roots have radicular arteries.
B o t h t y p e s o f a r t e r i e sr u n a l o n g r o o t s , b u t r a d i c u l a ra r t e r i e se n d
before reaching anterior or posterior spinal arteries;larger segmental
medullary arteries continue on to supply a segment of these arteries
Spinal Gord
Anterior segmental
m e d u l l a r ya r t e r y
Pialarterialplexus
Plate 172
Veins of Spinal Gord and Vertebral Golumn
I n t e r n a vl e r t e b r a (l e p i d u r a lv) e n o u sp l e x u s
External
vertebralvenous
plexus
l n t e r v e r t e b r avle i n
I n t e r n a vl e r t e b r a l
( e p i d u r a l v) e n o u s
p l e x u s( B a t s o n ' s
veins)
Externalvertebralvenous olexus
B a s i v e r t e b r av le i n
t e r n a lv e r t e b r a vl e n o u sp l e x u s
Basivertebralvein
I n t e r n a vl e r t e b r a l
( e p i d u r a l v) e n o u sp l e x u s
S e g m e n t am
l edullary/
r a d i c u l a rv e i n s
A n t e r i o rs p i n a lv e i n
A n t e r i o rs u l c a l
( c e n t r a l v) e i n
B a s i v e r t e b r av le i n
Intervertebral
vetn
n t e r n a lv e r t e b r a l
( e p i d u r avl )e n o u sp l e x u s
Internalvertebral
( e p i d u r a l v) e n o u sp l e x u s
Externalvertebral
v e n o u sp r e x u s
l n t e r v e r t e b r avl e i n
A n t e r i o rs e g m e n t am
l e d u l l a r y / r a d i c u l av re i n
P o s t e r i o sr e g m e n t am
l e d u l l a r y / r a d i c u l av re i n
P i a lv e n o u sp l e x u s
P o s t e r i osr u l c a l( c e n t r a l v) e i n
P o s t e r i o sr p i n a lv e i n
I n t e r n a vl e r t e b r a (l e p i d u r a l v) e n o u sp l e x u s
Plate 173
*{ry
Spinal Gord
Muscles of Back Superficial Layers
S u p e r i onr u c h alli n eo f
Spinousprocessof C2 ver
Sternocleidomastoidmuscl
Posterior
trianeleof neck
Trapeziusmuscle
S p i n eo f
S e m i s p i n a l icsa p i t i sm u s c l e
l e n i u sc a o i t i sm u s c l e
Spinousprocessof C7 vertebra
Spleniuscervicismuscle
L e v a t o rs c a p u l a em u s c l e
R h o m b o i dm i n o r m u s c l e( c u t )
D e l t o i dm u s c
Supraspinatus
muscle
natus
Infraspi
fascia
tus
posterior
s u p e r i om
r uscle
major muscle
(cut)
Teresmajor
muscte
Infraspinatus
fascia(over
infraspinatus
muscle)
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
Teresminor
and major
musctes
Spinousprocess
of T12 vertebra
dorsimuscle(cut)
Latissimus
fascia
Thoracolumbar
Serratusanterior muscle
External
o b l i q u em u s c l e
I n t e r n aol b l i q u e
m u s c l ei n l u m b a tr r i a n g l e
(of Petit)
Serratusposteriorinferior
muscre
1 2 t hr i b
rector spinaemuscle
lliac crest
Cluteal aponeurosis
( o v e r g l u t e u sm e d i u sm u s c l e
Muscles and Nerves
External
nternal
4{tr
Plale 174
Muscles of Back: Intermediate Layers
S u p e r i onr u c h alli n eo f s k u l l
Posterior
tubercleof atlas(C.l
L o n g i s s i m ucsa p i t i s
Rectuscapitisposteriorminormuscle
Obliquuscapitissuperiormuscle
Rectuscapitisposteriormajormuscle
r uscle
O b l i q u u sc a p i t i si n f e r i om
S e m i s p i n a l icsa p i t i s
L o n g i s s i m cuas p i t i sm u s c l e
S p l e n i ucsa p i t i sa n d
s p l e n i u sc e r v i c i s
posteriorsuperior
Serratus
S e m i s p i n acl iasp i t i sm u s c l e( c u t )
Spinalis
cervicismuscle
l l i o c o s t a l im
s uscle
o n q t s s t m ucse r v t c t sm u s c t e
Erector
sprnae
muscle
lliocostaliscervicismuscle
Longissimm
u su s c l e
lliocostalis
thoracismuscle
S p i n a l im
s uscle
Hook
Spinalisthoracismuscle
L o n g i s s i m utsh o r a c i sm u s c l e
lliocostalislumborum muscre
SpinousprocessofT12 vertebra
Tendon of origin of
transversusabdominis muscle
Transversus
abdominis
muscle and tendon
of origin
Internao
l blique
muscle
Thoracolumbarfascia
(posteriorlayer)(cut)
E x t e r n aol b l i q u e
muscle (cut)
lliac crest
4ttr
Plate | 75
Muscles and Nerves
Muscles of Back: Deep Layers
S u p e r i onr u c h alli n eo f
Mastoid Drocess
Posterior
tubercleof atlas
(Cl vertebra)
Spinousprocessof axis
(C2vertebra
Spinousprocess
of C7 vertebra
Obliquuscapitissuperiormuscle
Rectuscapitisposteriormajormuscle
processof atlas(C1)
Transverse
Obliquuscapitisinferiormuscle
Loneus
)
"
) Rotatores
cervicismuscles
Brevis )
Interspinaliscervicismuscle
Levatorcostaemuscle
External
intercostal
muscles
Semispinalis
thoracismuscles
Multifidusmuscles
Thoracolumbarfascia
(anteriorlayer)
Thoracolumbar
fascia
(posteriorlayer)(
Transversus
abdominismuscle
lumborummuscle
lntersoinalis
muscle
Intertransversarius
atuslumborummuscle
and tendon of origin
liaccrest
Multifidusmuscles
Erectorspinaemuscle(cut)
Multifidusmuscles(cut)
4{tr
Muscles and Nerves
PIate 176
Nerves of Back
Accessorynerve (Xl)
Trapeziusmuscle(refI ected)
o c c i p i t a ln e r v e ( d o r s a lr a m u so f
C 2 s p i n a ln e r v e )
3rd occipitalnerve(dorsalramusof
Levatorscapulae
muscle
Cervicalplexus
(ventralramiof
C2, 3 spinalnerves)
Transversecervical artery
and vein
plexus
Subtrapezial
Posterior
cutaneous
branches(frommedial
branches
of dorsalramiof C4-T6soinal
t C 7 , B a r em i n i m a l )
Deltoidmuscle
S up r a s p i n a t u s
muscle
Infrasoinatus
fascia
S p i n eo f
Teresminorand
majormuscles
scapula
Superiorlateralbrachial
cutaneous
nerve(from
axillarynerveC5, 6)
Infraspinatus
fascia
Posterior
cutaneous
branches(fromlateral
branches
of dorsalrami
o I f T - 1 2 s p i n anl e r v e s )
Rhomboid
m i n o rm u s c l e
Rhomboid
m a l o rm u s c l e
Lateralcutaneous
branches
of
ventralrami(intercostal
nerves)
L a t i s s i m ud so r s im u s c l e
E x t e r n aolb l i q u em u s c l e
Spinousprocessof
T12vertebra
Thoracolumbarfascia
lliaccrest
lliohypogastric
nerve
( v e n t r arla m u so f L l s p i n a l
nerve)
Superior
clunialnerves
( d o r s ar la m io f L l , 2 , 3 s p i n a l
nerves)
muscle
4{tr
Plate 177
Medialclunialnerves
( d o r s ar la m io f 5 1 , 2 , 3s p i n a l
nerves)
lnferiorclunialnervesfrom
posteriorfemoralcutaneous
n e r v e( s a c r apl l e x u sS 1 ,2 , 3 )
Muscles and Nerves
Suboccipital TFiangle
Rectuscapitis posterior major muscle
E p i c r a n iaapl o n e u r o s i s
(galeaaponeurotica
Occipital belly (occipitalis)of
occioitofrontalis
a l i sc a p i t i sm u s c l e
(cutand reflected\
Vertebralartery
(atlanticpart)
Obliquuscapitis
suoeriormuscle
Greater occioital nerve

(dorsalramus of C2
s p i n a ln e r v e )
nerve
Suboccipital
(dorsalramusof C1
spinalnerve)
Occipitalartery
Posteriorarchof
atlas(C1vertebra)
Third occipital nerve
( d o r s a lr a m u so f C 3
spinal nerve)
italartery
O b l i q u u sc a p i t i s
inferiormuscle
a n d s p l e n i u sc a p i t i s
musclesin posterior
triangleof neck
Creater occioital
nerve (dorsalramus
of C2 spinalnerve)
Posterior
auricularartery
C r e a ta u r i c u l anre r v e
(cervicalplexusC2,3
capitismuscle
Splenius
(cut and reflected)
occipital nerve
(dorsalramusof C3
spinalnerve)
Longissimus
capitismuscle
Lesseroccipital nerve
(cervicalplexusC2)
cervicismuscle
Splenius
cervicismuscle
Semispinalis
Traoezius
muscle
Posterior
cutaneous
branches
of dorsalramiof C4, 5 , 6
spinalnerves
and Nerves
liscapitismuscle(cut)
capitismuscle(cut)
Splenius
4{tr
Plate | 78
Lumbar Region of Back: Gross Section
lnferiorvena cava
Descending(2nd) part of duodenum
Kidney
Renal(Cerota's)fascia
(anterior and posterior layers)
Pancreas
Anterior longitudinalligament
Perirenalfat
Cruraof diaphragm
Superior
mesenteric
artervandvein
Extraperitoneal
(subserous)
fascia
(areolar
tissue)
Mesentery
Abdominal aorta
Transversalis
fascia
Duodenojejunal
junction
Bodyof
L2 vertebra
Psoasmajor
muscte
and fascia
Lumbar
spinalnerve
Transverse
process
External
oblique
muscle
Spinal
duramater
Cauda
equina
Internal
Transversus
abdominis
muscle
Tendonof originof
transversus
abdominis
and
internalobliquemuscles
posterior
Serratus
inferiormuscle
Latissimus
dorsi muscle
lumborummuscle
Quadratus
process
Spinous
of L1vertebra
ligament
Supraspinous
Erector
spinaemuscle
Thoracolumbarfascia(posteriorlayer)
Thoracolumbarfascia(middlelayer)
Thoracolumbarfascia(anteriorlayerquadratuslumborum fascia)
Plate 179
*{r
Muscles and Nerves
fiTpical Thoracic Spinal Nerve
Anterior cutaneousbranch
Lateralbranch
External
I
intercostal
membrane
Transversus
thoracis
muscle
muscle
External
intercostal
lnternalintercostal
muscle
muscle
lnnermostintercostal
Ventralroot
Dorsal root
Anterior branch
lntervertebral
foramen
Dorsalroot (spinal)
ganglion
lateral cutaneousbranch
Posteriorbranch
Spinalnerve
Sympatheticganglion
ray and white rami communicantes
Ventralramus(intercostalnerve
atissimusdorsi muscle
Subscapularis
muscle
Teresmaiormuscle
Dorsalramu6
M e d i a lb r a n c h
Lateralbranch
Posteriorcutaneousbranch
Traoezius
muscle
Rhomboidmaiormuscle
Erectorspinaemuscle
lnternalintercostalmembrane
Note: In lower thoracic

region, lateralbranch of
dorsal ramus is longer,
motor, and cutaneous;
medial branch is shorter
and motor onlv.
Muscles and Nerves
muscle
Infrasoinatus
*{r
Plate l8O
3 Thorax
Section
Topographic Anatomy
Plates l8t
181 Thorax
Mammary Gland
Plates 142-144
Gland
182 Mammary
Gland
ofMammary
183 Arteries
Gland
of Mammary
andNodes
Vessels
184 Lymph
Body Wall
Plates 185-195
ofThorax
185 BonyFramework
Joints
186 RibsandSternocostal
Joints
187 Costovertebral
Wall
Thoracic
188 Anterior
Wall(continued)
Thoracic
189 Anterior
Placement
Tube
Drainage
190 Chest
InternalView
Wall:
Thoracic
191 Anterior
Nerves
andArteries
192 Intercostal
Nerve
193 Phrenic
Surface
Thoracic
194 Diaphragm:
Abdominal
Surface
195 Diaphragm:
Lungs
Plates t9G2lO
AnteriorView
ofLungs:
196 Topography
PosteriorView
of Lungs:
197 Topography
View
inSitu:
Anterior
198 Lungs
Thorax
199 Lungs:
Medial
Views
226 Nerves
of Heaft
200 Bronchopulmonary
Segments
227 lnnervation
of HeartSchema
201 Bronchopulmonary
(continued)
Segments
228 lnnervation
ofBlood
Vessels:
Schema
202 Tracheaand
MajorBronchi
229 Prenatal
andPostnatal
Circulation
203 Nomenclature
ofBronchi:
Schema
204 Intrapulmonary
Airuvays:
Schema
Mediastinum
205 Intrapulmonary
Blood
Circulation:
Schema
Pfates 23O-24l
206 Great
Vessels
ofSuperior
Mediastinum
230 Mediastinum:
Right
Lateral
View
207 BronchialArteries
andVeins
231 Mediastinum:
LeftLateralView
208 Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
ofLung
232 Esophagus
inSitu
209 Autonomic
Nerves
inThorax
233 Topography
andConstrictions
of Esophagus
210 Innervation
ofTracheobronchial
Tree:
Schema
234 Musculature
of Esophagus
235 Pharyngoesophageal
Junction
Heart
236 EsophagogastricJunction
Plates 211-2X,
237 Arteries
of Esophagus
211 Heart
inSitu
238 Veins
ofEsophagus
212 Heart:
Anterior
Exposure
239 Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
of Esophagus
213 Radiograph
ofChest
240 Nerves
of Esophagus
214 HearL
BaseandDiaphragmatic
Surfaces
241 Mediastinum:
Cross
Section
215 Pericardial
Sac
216 Coronary
Arteries
andCardiac
Veins
Regional Scans
2'17 Coronary
Arteries
andCardiac
Veins:Variations
Plale 242
218 Coronary
Arteries:
Arteriographic
Views
242 Chest
Scans:
AxialCTlmages
219 Coronary
Arteries:
(continued)
Arteriographic
Views
220 Right
Atrium
andVentricle
Gross-Sectional Anatomy
221 LeftAtrium
andVentricle
Plates 243-246
222 Yalves
andFibrous
Skeleton
of Heart
243 Cross
Section
ofThorax
atT3Level
(continued)
223 Valves
andFibrous
Skeleton
ofHeart
244 Cross
Section
ofThorax
atT3-4DiscLevel
224 Alria,
Ventricles,
andInterventricu
larSeptu
m
225 Conducting
System
ofHeart
245 Cross
Section
ofThorax
atT't-5DiscLevel
246 Cross
Section
ofThorax
atTTLevel
Thorax
Biceps
brachii
muscle
muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternalhead
head
Clavicular
Triceps
brachii
muscle
Axilla
Anterior
axillaryfold
Jugular
notch
Posterior
axillaryfold
Deltoid
muscle
Pectoralismajor
muscle
head
Clavicular
Sternalhead
Bodyof
sternum
dorsi
Latissimus
muscle
Cephalic
Xiphoidprocess
of sternum
vetn
Serratus
anteriormuscle
Lineaalba
Rectusabdominis
muscle
Tendinous
intersection
External
oblique
muscle
Serratus
anteriormuscle
Topographic Anatomy
64a4#
Plate l8l
Mammany Gland
Anterolateral
dissection
Suspensory
ligaments
of
breast(Cooper's)
ar
glands
Pectoralis
m a j o rm u s c l e
(deepto
pectoral
fascia)
A x i l l a r yt a i l ( o f S p e n c e )
Serratus
anteriormuscle
External
2nd ri
Pectoralis
maJor
muscle
Pectoral
fascia
Intercostal
muscles
ligaments
Suspensory
of breast(Cooper's)
Lactiferousduct
actiferoussinus
C l a n dl o b u l e s
Fat (subcutaneous
tissuelayer)
Sagittalsection
Plate 182
4{tr
Mammary Gland
Arteries of Mammary Gland
Subclavianarter
I n t e r n a tl h o r a c i c
artery and its
perforatingbranches
M e d i a l m a m m a r yb r a n c h e s
Axillara
y rter
Brachialplexu
Brachial
Lateralthoracic art
ano
Lateralmammary
branches
A x i l l a r yt a i l ( o f S p e n c e )
Lateralmammary
branchesof
lateralcutaneous
branchesof posterior
intercostalarteries
*fr
Mammary Gland
Plate 183
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Mammary Gland
Parasternalnodes
Apical axillary
(Rotter's)
Interpectoral
nodes ( s u b c l a v i a nn) o d e s
C e n t r a la x i l l a r yn o d e s
Lateral
axillary
(humeral)
nodes
Posterior
axillary
(subscapular)
nodes
Anterior
axillary
(pectoral)
nodes
Pathwayto anterior
mediastinalnodes
Pathwaysto opposite breast

Pathwaysto inferior phrenic (subdiaphragmatic)nodes and livei
Plate 184
4{tr
Mammary Gland
Bony Framework of Thorax

Jugularnotch
Anteriorview
Manubrium
Angle
Sternum
Coracoid
process
Body
Glenoid
cavity
Xiphoid
process
Neck
Scapular
Subscapular
fossa
Clavicle
Trueribs(l-7)
Costal cartilages
Falseribs(B-.12
loatingribs(.11-12)
Head
Posteriorview
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Body
Acromion
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
lnfraspinous
fossa
T r u er i b s( 1 - Z )
4{r
F a l s rei b s( B - 1 2 )
Floatingribs
fi1-12)
Body Wall
Plate t 85
Ribs and Sternocostal Joints
Subclavius
muscle
1st left rib:

superiorview
Muscleattachments
Origins
Croovesfor
subclavian
Insertions
Anterior
scalene
muscle
Middle rib:
posterior view
Head
Neck
Serratus
anterior
muscle
Tubercle
Middle
scalene
muscle
l st digitation)
Posterior
scalene
muscle
Articular
for transverse
processof
vertebra
2nd left rib:

superiorview
Serratus
anterior
(2nddigitation)
\-V^r-l
Articularfacets
for vertebralbodv
lnterclavicula
i gra m e n t
Manubrium
Costalgroove
Costoclavicular
ligament
Articularcavity
lntraarticular
sternocostal
ligament
Costalcartilages
ndraljoints
Radiatesternocostal
ligaments
Note:The headof a typicalrib

articulates
with the superior
costalfacetof the thoracic
vertebraof the samenumber(by
its inferiorarticularfacet),the
inferiorcostalfacetof the
vertebraabove(by its superior
articularfacet),and the
intervertebral
disc betweenthe
two vertebrae.The costal
tuberclearticulateswith the
processof the
transverse
vertebraof the samenumber.
Costalcartilages
joints
Interchondral
4{tr
Xiphoid
process
Costoxiphoid
ligament
Plate 186
Sternocostalarticulations:
anteriorview
Body Wall
Gostovertebral Joints
Transverse
costalfacet(fortubercleof rib of samenumberasvertebra)
Anteriorlongitudinal
ligament
Lateralcostotransverseligament
Inferior costal
facet (for head o{
rib one number
greater)
Intertransverseligament
Interarticular
ligamentof
head of ri
ligament
Superiorcostotransverse
Superiorcostal
facet (for head of
rib of same
Superiorarticular
facetof rib head
number
Radiate
ligament of
ligament
Intraarticular
headof
Radiate
ligament
of head
Synovial
cavities
of rib
Left lateral view
ligament(cut)
Superiorcostotransverse
Superiorcostal
facet(for headof rib
of samenumber)
Transverseprocess
(cutoff
ligament
Costotransverse
Transverse
section:superiorview
Radiateligamentof head of rib
ostotransverseligament
uperior costotransverseligament
ansverseligament
Right posterolateralview
Body Wall
Nr
Plate 187
Anterior Thoracic Wall
Sternothyroidmuscle
tnu"st"d
by
Sternohyoidmuscle I
cervicalfascia
Omohyoid muscleJ
Sternocleidomastom
i du
Posteriortriangleof
Trapeziusmuscle
Clavicle
Perforating
branches
of internal
thoracicarteryand anteriorcutaneous
branches
of intercostal
nerves
Subclavius
muscleinvestedby
fascia
clavipectoral
Thoracoacromial
artery(pectoral
branch)and lateralpectoralnerve
C e p h a l i cv e i n
Costocoracoidligament
Coracoid process
Acromion
Medial
pectoral
nerve
Long thoracic nerve

and lateralthoracic artery
minor
Pectoralis
muscleinvestedby
Clavipectoral
fascia
Latissimu
d so r s im u s c l e
Digitations
of serratus
a n t e r i om
r uscle
D i g i t a t i o n so f
serratusanterior muscle
xternal intercostal
membranesanterior to
internalintercostal
muscles
Lateralcutaneous
branches
of
intercostalnervesand
posterior intercostalarteries
External
intercostal
muscles
E x t e r n aolb l i q u e
musc
Bodyandxiphoidprocess
of sternum
Anteriorlayerof rectussheath
4{tr
Cryd4*/*
Plate 188
I n t e r n aol b l i q u em u s c l e
Sternalismuscle (inconstant)
L i n e aa l b a
R e c t u sa b d o m i n i sm u s c l e
Cutaneousbranchesof thoracoabdominal
(abdominalportions of intercostal)nerves
and superiorepigastricartery
Body Wall
Anterior Thoracic Wall (continuedl
Omohyoid, sternothyroidand sternohyoidmuscles

Clavicle
S u b c l a v i umsu s c l e
Trapezius
muscle
I n t e r n a jl u g u l a rv e i n
Levatorscaoulaemuscle
Anterior
/ ruiddl" ! s.rl"n" muscles

/ eotturio,)
Thoracoacromialartery
Phrenicnerve
Coracoid process
prexus
Thoracicduct
Pectoralismajor
muscle (cut)
Subclavian
artery and vein
Deltoid
muscle
artery and vein
Intercostobrachialnerve
Superiorthoracic artery
Long thoracic nerve

andlateral thoracic artery
lnternalthoracic
artery and veins
Pectoralisminor muscle
xternal intercostalmuscle
Digitationsof
serratusanterior muscle
Lateralcutaneous
branchesof intercostal
nervesand posterior
intercostalarteries
intercostal
muscle (cut)
Transversusthoracis
muscle
Anterior intercostal
branchesof internal
thoracic artery
Externalintercostalmuscles
lntercostalnerve
External
intercostal
membranes
anterior to internal intercostalmuscli-'s
l n t e r n a lo b l i o u e m u s c l e
R e c t u sa b d o m i n i sm u s c l ea n d s h e a t h( c u t )
Body Wall
Musculophrenicartery
and vein
abdominismuscre
Transversus
S u p e r i o re p i g a s t r i ca r t e r i e sa n d v e i n s
*{r
Plate | 89
Ghest Drainage Ti,rbe Placement
Preferredsites
(2ndor 3rd
1.Forpneumothorax
interspace
at midclavicular
line)
(5thinterspace
2. Forhemothorax
at midaxillarv
line)
B.Trocarwithdrawn;
tubepassed
into
chestthroughcannula
C.Cannulawithdrawn;
tube connected to
underwater seal(with
suctionif indicated)
D, Intercostal_+
spacers
pierced above
rib to avoid
damageto
neurovascutar
b u n d l el y i n gi n
costal groove
Thoracocentesis
and tube drainage
with underwatersealdrainage
usuallysuffices.
Plate | 9O
Nr
Body Wall
Anterior Thoracic Wall: lnternal View
S t e r n o t h y r om
i du s c l e
S t e r n o h y o im
du s c l e
Manubrium
of sternum
lnferior thyroid artery
Vertebralartery
Anterior scalenemu
S u b c l a v i a na r t e r ya n d v e i n
trunk
Brachiocephalic
Subclavianartery and vein
C l a v i c l e( c u t ) - - *
B r a c h i o c e p h a l ivce i n
Brachiocephalicvein --'
Internalthoracic
artery and vein
P h r e n i cn e r v e a n d
pericardiacophrenic
artery and vei
arteriesand veins
and intercostalnerve
Internalthoracic
artery and vein
intercostal
a r t e r i e sa n d v e i n s
and intercostalnerve
muscles
Perforatingbranches
of internalthoracic
artery and vein and
anterior cutaneous
branch of
intercostalnerve
Innermost
intercostal
muscles
Transversus
thoracis
muscte
Collateral
branchesof
intercostalartery
and vein
Bodyof ster
Sternocostal
triangle
4{tr
Diaphragm
S l i p so f
c o s t a lo r i g i n
of diaphragm
Musculophrenic
arteryandvein
Transversus
abdominis
muscle
Transversus
abdominis
muscle
Sternalpart of diaphragrh
X i p h o i dp r o c e s S
Body Wall
Internalthoracic artery and veins

S u p e r i o re p i g a s t r i ca r t e r ya n d v e i n s
Plate | 91
Intercostal Nerves and Arteries
Ventralroot
Dorsalroot
(spinal)ganglion
Spinal(radicular,
or segmental
medullary)
branchof posteriorintercostalartery
Trapeziusmuscle
Erectorspinae
Medialbranch
Lateralbr
Dorsalramusof thoracicner
Dorsalbranchof posteriorintercostalartery
Rhomboidmajormuscle
Erectorspinaemuscle
Costotransverse
ligamen
Posteriorintercostalarterv
Intercostal
nerve(ventral
ramusof thoracicspinal
Internalintercostalmembrane
Internalintercostalmembrane
deep to externalintercostal
muscle
muscle
Serratusanterior
is muscle
Serratus
anterior
muscle
Lateral
cutaneous
branchof
intercostal
nerve
Anteriorbranch
of lateralcutaneous
branchof
intercostalnerve
External
muscle
*{r
Pectoralismajormuscle
Anteriorcutaneousbranchof intercostalnervb
Plate 192
External
oblique
muscle
Perforating
branch
Superior
epigastricartery
Rectusabdominis
Lateralcutaneous
branchof posterior
intercostalartery
al intercostalmembrane
Anteriorintercostalarteries
Body Wall
Phrenic Nerve
!1 u"",'",*',
|
Ventralrami
{:;
Right common carotid a
plexus
Brachial
Brachial
Left phrenic nerve
Rightphrenicnerve
artery
Leftsubclavian
R i g h st u b c l a v i aanr t
Leftvagusnerve(X)
R i g h tv a g u sn e r v e (
Left common carotid arterv
Right internal
Leftinternal
thoracicartery(cut)
thoracicartery(cut)
Brachioceohalic
trunk
Thoracic cardiac nerves
Right pericardiaco-
Left pericardiacophrenic artery (cut)
phrenicartery(cut
5upeflor vena cava
Leftrecurrent
nerve
laryngeal
Rootof rightlung
Rootof leftlung
Pericardialbranch
of phrenic nerve
partof
Mediastinal
parietalpleura
Mediastinalpart of
parietalpleura,
Costalpart of
parietalpleura
Diaphragmatic
part of parietal
pleura(cut)
P h r e n i c o a b d o m ibnraal n c h e s
of ohrenicnervesto inferior
surfaceof diaphragm
Phrenic
(efferentand
afferentfibers)
Lower intercostalnerves
(afferentonlyfrom peripheral
partof diaphragm)
Body Wall
4ttr
Plate 193
Diaphragm: Thoracic Surface

SeealsoPlates23O,231
T h o r a c i c( d e s c e n d i n ga) o r t a
Neck of rib
Left sympathetictrunk
TB-9 intervertebral
disc
Left greaterthoracic
R i g h st y m p a t h e ttircu n k
Hemiazygosvein
Right greaterthoracic
s p l a n c h n i cD r V 1
M e d i a s t i n apl l e u r a
Costal part of
parietalpleura
Esophagus
Azygos
VlD-
Thoracic
duct
R i g h tl e a f l e to f
central
Diaphragmatic
part of
parietalpleura
(cutaway)
Diaphragmatic
part of parietal
pleura (cut away)
Left leaflet of
central tendon
R i g h tp h r e n i cn e r v ea n d
pericardiacophrenic
artery and vein
Mediastinalpart of
parietalpleura and
pericardium(cut)
Mediastinalpart of parietal
p l e u r aa n d p e r i c a r d i u m( c u t )
Left phrenic nerve and

pericardiacophrenic
artery and vein
R i g h tc o s t o d i a p h r a g m a t i c
recessof pleuralcavity
Pericardium
lnferior vena cava (receivinghepatic vein!)
Left costomediastinal
Right internalthoracic artery and veins

R i g h tc o s t o m e d i a s t i n a l
n{r
Plate 194
A n t e r i o rm e d i a s t i n u m
Sternum
Transversus
thoracismuscle
Left internalthoracic artery and veins
5th costal cartilage
Middle leafletof central tendon covered bv oericardium
Body Wall
Diaphragm: Abdominal Surface

SeealsoPlates253,263,
Sternocostaltriangle
Sternalpart of diaphragm
A n t e r i o rb r a n c ho f r i g h t p h r e n i cn e r v e
Anterior branch of left phrenic nerve

Costal part of diaphragm
Centraltendon of diaphragm
R i g h ti n f e r i o rp h r e n i ca r t e r y
hiatus
Esophageal
C a v a lo p e n i n g
F i b e r fsr o mr i g h tc r u sp a s s i n g
hiatus
to leftof esophageal
R i g h ct r u so f d i a p h r a g m
Left inferior phrenic artery
Creater thoracic solanchnicnerve
Recurrentbranch to esophagus
L e s s e rt h o r a c i cs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e
Anterior branch
Lateralbranch
Leftsuperior
artery
suprarenal
Leastthoracic
s p l a n c h n i cn e r v e .
Left phrenic nerve

Costal part
of diaphragm
Leftcrusof
diaphragm
Transversus
abdominis
m
triangle
Lumbocostal
1 2 t hr i b
Lateralarcuateligament
Lumbarpartof diaphragm
Quadratus
M e d i a la r c u a t el i g a m e n t
l u m b o r u mm u s c l e
P s o a sm a j o r m u s c l e
S y m p a t h e t i ctru nk
Aortichiatus
C e l i a ct r u n k
Body Wall
Plate t 95
Topography of Lungs: Anterior View
Thyroid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Cervical(cupula,or dome, of)
parietalpleura
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
J ug u l a r( s u p r a s t e r nnaol )t c h
A p e xo f l u n g
j or i n t
Sternoclavicula
Arch of aorta
Clavicle
Cardiacnotchof leftlune
I st rib and costalcartila
Left border of heart
R i g h tb o r d e ro f h e a r t
Horizontal
fissure
of right
lung
(often
incomplete)
Right
nipple
Left
nipple
Costomediastinal
recessof pleural
cavtty
fissure
O b l i q u ef i s s u r e
of leftlung
Costodiaphragmatic
recessof pleural
cavity
Costodiaphragmatic
Spleen
I n f e r i o rb o r d e r o f r i g h t l u n g
Inferiorborderof leftlung
Left dome of diaphragm
Pleuralreflection
Pleuralreflection
Callbladdei
Stomach
R i g h td o m e o f d i a p h r a g m
Bare area of pericardium

Xiphoid process
Plate 196
*{r
Lungs
Topography of Lungs: Posterior View
Spinousprocessof T1 vertebra
A p e xo f l e f tl u n g
1s t r i b
Obliquefissureof leftlung
Cervical(cupula,or dome, of) parietalpleura
1 s tr i b
e f r i g h tl u n g
O b l i q u ef i s s u r o
Clavicle
H o r i z o n t af ils s u r e
of rightlung(often
incomplete)
Left border of costal
parietap
l leura
R i g hb
t order
of costal
parietalpleura
Costodiaphragmatic
recessof pleural
cavity
Costodiaphragmatic
recessof pleural
cavity
Spleen
Liver
Pleuralreflection
Pleuralreflection
Inferiorborderof leftlung
*{r
Lungs
Inferiorborderof rightlung
Left kidney
R i g h tk i d n e y
Left dome of diaphragm
R i g h td o m e o f d i a p h r a g m
Left suprarenalgland
R i g h ts u p r a r e n agl l a n d
Plate | 97
Lungs in Situ: Anterior View
Thyroidgland
Omohyoid, sternothyroidand sternohyoidmuscles
Manubrium
of sternum
Tracheaand inferior thyroid veins

Phrenicnerve
j ul g u l avr e i n
Externa
Anteriorscalenemuscle
Thoracicduct
Costal part of parietalpleura (cut away)
a c h i apl l e x u s
Clavicle
Pectoralismaior muscle
Pectoralis
Internalthoracic artery
and vein
Axillaryartery and vein
Intercostal
musctes
notch
of leftlung
Superiorlobe,
M i d d l el o b e ,
I n f e r i olro b e
o f r i g h tl u n g
Superiorlobe,
Inferiorlobe
of leftlung
Costomediastinal
space
O b l i q u ef i s s u r e
Horizontal fissure
o f r i g h tl u n g
Oblique fissure
Costodiaphragmaticrecess
Diaphragmatic
part of parietalpleura
M u s c u l o p h r e nai cr t e r y
L i n g u lo
a f s u p e r i olro b eo f l e f tl u n g
Diaphragm
*{r
Plate | 98
7th costal cartilage

Xiphoid process
Pleuralreflectioni
Mediastinalpart of parietalpleura
F i b r o u sp e r i c a r d i u m
Lungs
Lungs: Medial Views
Rightlung
Areafor trachea
Groovefor subclavian
a
Areafor esophagus
Croovefor brachiocephalic
vein
Croovefor azygosvein
Croovefor 1stri
Obliquefissure
Pleura(cutedge)
Croove for superiorvena cava
Rightsuperiorlobar
(eparterial)
bronchus
Superiorlobe
Areafor.thymus
and fatty.
tissueof anteriormediasti
Rightpulmonaryarteries
Rightbronchialartery
Anteriorborder
Rightintermediate
bronchus
Hilum
R i g h st u p e r i opr u l m o n a rvye i n s
Horizontalfissure
(hilar)
Bronchopulmonary
lymphnodes
C a r d i a ci m p r e s s i o n
Rightinferiorpulmonaryveins
Obliquefissure
lnferior lobe
Middle lobe
for esophagus
Groove for inferior vena cava
ligament
Pulmonary
Diaphragmaticsurface
Inferiorborder
4{ffi
Left lung
4t-/
Apex
arterv
Croovefor subclavian
Areafor tracheaand esophagus

Oblique
Croovefor left
vein
brachiocephalic
roovefor l st rib
Croove for arch of aor
Anteriorborder
Pleura (cut edge)
Leftpulmonary
Leftbronchialarteries
Leftmainbronchus
L e f ts u p e r i o rp u l m o n a r yv e i n s
Areafor_thymus
and fatty.
tissueof anteriormediastinum
Superiorlobe
Hilum
Cardiacimpression
P u l m o n a rl yi g a m e n t
B r o n c h o p u l m o n a r (yh i l a r )
lymphnodes
Cardiacnotch
Inferior
Leftinferiorpulmonaryvei
Croovefor descending
aorta
Inferiorborder
Lungs
Obliquefissure
tor esophagus
surface
Diaphragmatic
ingula
Plate 199
Bronchopulmonary Segments
Rightlung
Anteriorview
Superiorlobe
Superiorlobe
Apical(S1
Anterior(S3
Posterior(S
Middle lobe
l i n g u l a(rS a )
l,lnferior
I
l/
Lateral(Sa
t.
'
, ^q '
(5")
\ lrngutar
I
I
rl
l1
Medial(Ss)
I
I
,
\
ii
Inferiorlobe
Anterior
Inferior lobe
Anteromedial
basal(S7*8)
basal(SB)
Medial
basal(S7
Posterior
basal(S1o)
Lateral
basal(Se)
Posterior
basal(S1o)
'..,
Lateral
basal(Se)
---f-'EE
Posteriorview
Left lung
--+--'
T
-.i;--1:,
Superiorlobe
Apical(Sr)
(S2)
Posterior
Anterior(S3)
-'iir'Middle lobe
isl
Inferior lobe
tl
7'
Lateral(Sa)
Inferior lobe
Superior(56)
Superior(56)
Lateral
basal(Se)
Lateral
basal(Se)
'-lZ.tr.-
Posterior
b a s a1l S t o l
rr!
Posterior
basal(Sro)
lt
tt
t,
ll,
\t,
',
,I
Plate 2OO
r/-\
t--t
iri
4{F
Lungs
Bronchopulmonary Segments (continuedl
Lateralviews
Rightlung
Superiorlobe
Superiorlobe
Apical(S1)
Posterior(52)
A n t e r i o r( S 3 )
Middle lobe
Lateral(Sa)
M e d i a (l S s )
lnferiorlobe
S u p e r i o r( 5 6 )
lnferiorlobe
Anteromedial
basal(S7*8)
Superior(56)
Anterior
basal(58)
Lateral
basal(Se)
Lateral
basal(Se)
Medialviews
Superiorlobe
4{tr
Superiorlobe
A p i c a l( S l )
Posterior(S2)
A n t e r i o r( 5 3 )
Middle lobe
(Ss)
tr4edial
Inferiorlobe
S u p e r i o(r5 6 )
Medial
lnferiorlobe
basal(Si
Superior(56)
Anterior
basal(S
Anteromedial
basal(S7*8)
Lateral
Lateral
basal(Se)
basal(Se)
Posteriorbasal(S1o)
Lungs
Posteriorbasal(Slo)
Plate 2Oi
l|achea and Major Bronchi
Connective
tissuesheath
(visceral
layerof pretracheal
fascia)
Thyroid cartilage
Median cricothyroid
ligament...-
Trachealcartilage(ring)
Elastic
fibers
Cland
Smallartery
Lymphvessels
Cricoid cartilage
Connective tissue
sheath(viscerallaver
of pretracheal fascia)
Nerve
(cutaway)
A n n u l a (r i n t e r c a r t i l a g i n o u s )
ligaments
Trachealcart
Mucosaof oosteriortracheal
wallshowslongitudinal
folds
formedby densecollections
of elasticfibers
Superiorlobar
(eparterial)
bronchus
Gland
Elastic
fibers
Superiorlobar
bronchus
To
supenor
lobe
(smooth)
Trachealis
muscle
muscle
Esophageal
Epithelium
Lymphvessels
Suoeriordivisionbronchus
Lingularbronchus
Middle
lobar bron
{r
To
middle
lobe
Rightand left
m a i nb r o n c h i
Intermediate
bronchus
Inferiorlobar
bronchus
Inferiorlobar
bronchus
Pfate 2O2
g6
87+8
To
inferior
lobe
To
inferior
lobe
Intrapulmonary
To
superior
lobe
Extrapulmonary
*{r
Intrapulmonary
Lungs
Nomenclature of Bronchi: Schema
g 1 + 2 b i ci
Trachea
glbic
BlbiP
B 1 + 2 bci
glbiic
p
B1+2bii
B 1 + 2 a i0i
9 1 + 2 b iB
glbiiP
p
91+2aii
lbi
glai
B1 b
g1+2aii
B1a
g 2 a iP
92aii
1+2a
g 1+ 2 b i
S u p e r i o rl o b a r
(eparterial)I
oroncnus
B2b
g3ai
B2(posterior)
g 3 a iP
Superior
lobar
B1(apical)
92bii
g 3 a ie
81+2ci
+2cii
B1
g2ai c
92ai
81+2b
Superior
division
B1+2(apicoposterior)
g:c7p
bronch
9 3 a i ia
g 3 a i iP
g3bii
g3bi
and left
main bronchi
B3 (anterior)
ir3b
g6a -
B6bi
Middle lobar bronchus
a6!
86 lsuperior, I
lower lobe)---_
B6 (superior,tower lobe)
ga (lateral)
g4ai
Brb
$.3:bii
Lingular
bronchus
---
Intermediate
bronchus
B6c
..
;p Socrt
4a
g4aii
84 (superiorlingutar)
gabi
B6c
94ai
g4aii
B5
(inferior
lingular)
r B4bi
b4b
Bsb
I n f e r i o rl o b a r
bronchus
(medial)
g4bii
84a
b6b
g6ci
gs
B
33ai
B3 (anterior)
g6ai
B6aii
g:a
gabii
I n f e r i o rl o b a r
bronchus
B7*8(anteromedialbasal)
Bz (medialbasal)
g7+8a -97+8ai
B8 (anteriorbasal)
89 (lateralbasat)
gSai
g o a i iv
87b
gab
gTbi
gsbi
89 (lateralbasal
g9ai o
g7+8aii
Blo (posteriorbasal)
B7+8b
7+8bi
g10a
g7+8bii
ETbii
Bel
B9a
B9ai
Blo (posteriorbasal)
geaiP
gl Oaii
g10b
g 9 a i io
g e a i iP
g10c
[e"ii
g9bii
g1Oci
g9bii
gsbiiP
g10aii
[10ai
d
glObi
glObii
4{tr
Nomenclature in common usagefor bronchopulmonary

segments(Plates200 and 201) is that of .lacksonand
Huber, and segmentalbronchi are named accordingly.
lkeda proposed nomenclature(as demonstratedhere) for
bronchialsubdivisionsas far as 6th generation.For simplification on this illustration.onlv some bronchial subdivisions
are labeled as far as 5th or 6th generation.Segmental
b r o n c h i( B ) a r e n u m b e r e df r o m 1 t o 1 0 i n e a c h l u n g ,
correspondingto pulmonary segments.ln left lung,
Lungs
g 9 b ic
'B1Obi
gl0cii
gebiP
globii
Bt and 82 are combined as are 87 and 88. Subsegmental,

or 4th order, bronchi are indicated by addition of lowercase lettersa,b,or cwhen an additional branch is present.
Fifth order bronchi are desisnatedbv Roman numeralsi
(anterior)or ii (posterior)a;d 6th oriler bronchi by Greek
lettersa or p. Severaltexts use alternatenumbers (as
proposed
bv Bovden)for segmentalbronchi.
'
Variationsof'standardbronchial pattern shown here
are common, especiallyin peripheralairways.
Plate 2O3
lntrapulmon ary Airways: Schema
*{Y
9
@!
Cartilages
92
^:
Respiratory
bronchioles
(alveoli
appearat
thislevel)
tro
N@
$n
oc
N6'
J
Cartilages
Decomesparser
(mostlyat
pointsof
branching)
! . =
ii
m-
Alveolarducts
Alveolarsac
Alveoli
No further
cartilages
Acinus
(part
of lung
supplieb
dy
terminal
bronchiole)
lermtnat
bronchiole
OJ
Respiratory
bronchioles
(3-B orders)
Acinus
Alveolar
s a c sa n d
alveoli
Poresof Kohn
Subdivisions
of intrapulmonaryairways
Structureof intrapulmonaryairways
Plale
2O4
Lungs
lntrapulmonaty Blood Girculation: Schema
Terminalbronchiole
Bronchialartery (from left heart
via thoracic aorta)
-.>
P u l m o n a rvye i n
(to leftheart)
Pulmonary
artery (from
r i g h th e a r t
Pulmonary
vein (to
left heart)
4{tr
V i s c e r a pl l e u r aa n d s u b p l e u r acl a p i l l a r i e s
C a p i l l a rbye dw i t h i na l v e o l awr a l l
(cutawayin places)
Pulmonaryarteriesand their branchesdistributesegmentallywith the bronchi.

Pulmonaryveinsand their tributariesdrain intersegmentally.
Lungs
Plate 2O5
Great Vessels of Superior Mediastinum
T h y r o i dg l a n d
R i g h tv a g u sn e r v e( X )
Thyroid cartilage
I racnea
Left common carotid artery

Leftvagus nerve (X)
Phrenicnerve (cut)
Thoracic duct
B r a c h i a pl l e x u s
Left subclavianartery and vein
Right subclavianartery and vein
Left brachioceohalicvein
B r a c h i o c e p h a l itcr u n k
Arch of aorta
Phrenicnerve and
pericardiacophrenic
artery and vein (cut
Vagus nerve (X)
S u p e r i o rv e n a c a v a
Left recurrent
laryngealnerve
R i g h ts u p e r i o rl o b a r
(eparterial)
Ligamentum
arteriosum
bronchus
R i g h tp u l m o n a r y
Left
purmonary
artery
P u l m o n a r yt r u n k
Right
purmonary
verns
Left
g:lilo"u"
Mediastinal
part of
parietalpleura
(cut edge)
Mediastinal
part of
parietap
l leura
(cut edge)
Costal part of
parietalpleura
(cut edge)
Costal part of
parietalpleura
(cut edge)
Diaphragmatic
part of
parietap
l leura
(cut)
Rightcostodiaphragmatic
recessof
pleuralcavity
Diaphragmatic
part of
parietap
l leura
and cut edge
R i e h ti n t e r m e d i a t eb r o n c n u s
P h r e n i cn e r v e( c u t )
Azygos vein
T h o r a c i cd u c t
I n f e r i o rv e n a c a v a
Plate 2O6
Left main bronchus

Pericardium(cut edge)
Diaphragm
E s o p h a g uas n d e s o p h a g e apl l e x u s
*{r
Lungs
Bronchial Arteries and Veins
Esophagus
Nr
Trachea(pulledto left by hook
3 r d r i g h tp o s t e r i o r
intercostalartery-
Superiorleft
b r o n c h i aalr t e r y
R i g h tb r o n c h i a a
l rtery
Aorta(pulledaside
by hook\
R i g h tm a i n b r o n c h u s
Left main bronchus

(pulled to right by hook)
lnferior left
bronchialartery
Esophagealartery
Esophageal
branch
of bronchialartery
Variationsin bronchialarteries
Bronchialveins
Azygos
Right
b r o n c h i a vl e i n
Left main
bronchus(turned
up by hook)
Leftbronchialvein
Accessory
hemiazygos
vein
R i g h ta n d l e f t b r o n c h i a l
a r t e r i e so r ig i n a t i n gf r o m
aorta by singlestem
Lungs
O n l y s i n g l eb r o n c h i a la r t e r y
t o e a c h b r o n c h u s( n o r m a l l y ,
two to left bronchus)
Plate 2O7
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Lung

SeealsoPlates 72, 184.,239
R i g h tp a r a t r a c h e anl o d e s
Left paratrachealnodes
R i g h ts u p e r i o rt r a c h e o b r o n c h i anl o d e s
B r o n c h o m e d i a s t i n layl m p h a t i ct r u n k
B r o n c h o r r r e d i a s t i nl vam
l p h a t i ct r u n k
Brachiocephalicvein
I n f e r i o rd e e p c e r v i c a l
(scalene)node
B r a c h i o c e p h a l ivce i n
l n f e r i o rd e e p c e r v i c a l
( s c a l e n en) o d e
V i r c h o w ' sn o d e
Thoracicduct
a n d j u g u l a rl y m p h a t i ct r u n k
Left superior
t r a c h e o b r o n c h i anl o d e s
R i g h tl y m p h a t i cd u c t
Subclavian
vein
and subclavian
l y m p h a t i ct r u n k
Bronchopulmonary
( h i l a r )n o d e s
P u l m o n a r y( i n t r a p u l m o n a r y )n o d e s
Bronchopulmonary
( h i l a r )n o d e s
Subpleural
lymphatic
prexus
P u l m o n a r y( i n t r a p u l m o n a r y )n o d e s
Subpleural
Iymphatic
prexus
Interlobular
lymph
vessets
Interlobular
lymph
vessel
Drainage
follows
bronchi,
arterres
and
v e tn s
lnferior
t r a c h e o b r o n c iha l
( c a r i n a ln
) odes
Drainage
follows
bronchi,
arteries
and veins
Pulmonary
ligaments
Routesto
mediastinum
4{tr
Drainageroutes
R i g h t l u n g : A l l l o b e sd r a i n t o p u l m o n a r ya n d b r o n c n o p u l m o n a r y( h i l a r )n o d e s ,t h e n t o i n f e r i o rt r a c h e o b r o n c h i a l
( c a r i n a ln
) o d e s ,r i g h t s u p e r i o rt r a c h e o b r o n c h i anl o c r e s ,
and right paratrachealnodes on way to brachiocephalic
v e i n v i a b r o n c h o m e d i a s t i n al yl m p h a t i ct r u n k a n d / o r
i n f e r i o rd e e p c e r v i c a l( s c a l e n e n) o d e .
Plate 2O8
L e f t l u n g : S u p e r i o rl o b e d r a i n st o p u l m o n a r ya n d b r o n c h o p u l m o n a r y( h i l a r )n o d e s ,i n f e r i o rt r a c h e o b r o n c h i a( lc a r i n a l )
nodes,left superiortracheobronchialnodes,left paratracheal
nodes and/or (aortic arch) node of ligamentumarteriosum,
t h e n t o b r a c h i o c e o h a l ivce i n v i a l e f t b r o n c h o m e d i a s t i n at rlu n k
a n d t h o r a c i cd u c t . L e f t i n f e r i o rl o b e d r a i n sa l s ot o o u l m o n a r v
a n d b r o n c h o p u l m o n a r y( h i l a r )n o d e sa n d t o i n f e r i o rt r a c h e o ) o d e s ,b u t t h e n m o s t l yt o r i g h ts u p e r i o r
b r o n c h i a l( c a r i n a l n
t r a c h e o b r o n c h i anl o d e s ,w h e r e i t f o l l o w ss a m e r o u t e a s l y m p h
f r o m r i g h tl u n g .
Lungs
Autonomic Nerves in Thorax

SeealsoPlates 130, 131, 165, 166, 318
Cervicothoracic
( s t e l l a t eg) a n g l i o n
A n s as u b c l a v i a
Cervicalcardiac nerves
(sympathetia
c nd vagal)
T h o r a c i c( s y m p a t h e t i c )
c a r d i a cb r a n c h e s
Cervicalcardiac nerves
(sympatheticand vagal)
Thoracic(sympathetic)
a n d b r a n c h e st o c a r d i a c
a n d p u l m o n a r yp l e x u s e s
T h o r a c i c( s y m p a t h e t i c )
A n t e r i o rp u l m o n a r yp l e x u s
T h o r a c i cc a r d i a cb r a n c h
ofvagusnerve
A n t e r i opr u l m o n a rpy l e x u s
P o s t e r i opru l m o n a rpyl e x u s
( p r o t r u d i nfgr o mb e h i n d
leftbronchus)
P o s t e r i opru l m o n a rpyl e x u s
( p r o t r u d i n gf r o m b e h i n d
r i g h tb r o n c h u 5 ) 6th intercostalnerve
Cray and white
ramicommunicantes
Sympathetictrunk
Thoracicaortic olexus
E s o p h a g epal le x u s
Bth intercostalnerve
6th thoracic
Creater thoracic
S y m p a t h e t i cb r a n c h
t o e s o p h a g e apl l e x u s
ay andwhite
ramicommunicantes
Creater thoracic
L e s s e tr h o r a c i c
A n t e r i o rv a g a lt r u n k
L e s s e tr h o r a c i c
Diaphragm
(pulled down)
Leastthoracic
Azygosvein (cut)
I n f e r i o rv e n a c a v a ( c u t )
Lungs
Nr
Plate 2O9
Innervation of Tlacheobronchial Tlee: Schema

SeealsoPlates 167,168
C l o s s o p h a r y n g e anle r v e( l X )
D e s c e n d i n gt r a c t s
i n s p i n a lc o r d
Vagus nerve (X)

(cholinergic;efferent to smooth
muscle and glands;afferent
f r o m a o r t a ,t r a c h e o b r o n c h i a l
m u c o s aa n d a l v e o l i )
Sympathetic nerves
Afferent nervesfrom
n o s e a n d s i n u s e s( v i a
t r i g e m i n a [l V ] a n d
glossopharyngealflXl
nerves)may also initiate
reflexesin airways
Superior
laryngeal
nerve
Larynx
(adrenergic)
T3
Cough
receptors
T4
T5
n{r
P u l m o n a rpyl e x u s
ough receptors
Parasympathetic
fibers
Sympathetic
fibers
Afferentfibers
lrritant receptors
Stretchreceptors(Hering-Breuerreflex)
Plate 21O
Lungs
Heart in Situ
Inferiorthyroid veins
Thymus
Trachea
B r a c h i o c e o h a l itcr u n k
Vagus nerve (X)
Arch of aorta
T h o r a c idc u c t
B r a c h i apl l e x u s
Phrenicnerve and
ic
pericardiacophren
artery and vein
Superiorvena cava
1s t r i b
Mediastinalpart
of parietalpleura
P h r e n i cn e r v ea n d
pericardiacophrenic
artery and vei
R i g h tl u n g
Leftlung
Pericardium
Diaphragm
Mediastinal
*{r
Heart
Diaphragmatic
Costal
Partsof
parietal
pleura
L i n eo f f u s i o n
of fibrous
pericardium
to diaphragm
lnternal
thoracic
artery
Superior
epigastric
artery
Musculophrenic
arrery
Plate 211
Heart: Anterior Exposure
Pericardium(cut edge) at site

of reflectionfrom great vessels
Brachiocephalic
Right vagus nerve
R i g h itn t e r n al u
l g u l avr e i n
Arch of aorta
Right recurrentlaryngealnerve
Phrenicnerve
Left internaljugular vein
S u b c l a v i a na r t e r ya n d v e i n
Internalthoracic
artery and vein
Left vagus nerve
Ligamentum
arteriosum
pericardiacophrenic
artery and vei
P u l m o n a rtyr u n k
Superiorvena cava
Leftpulmonary
artery
Right
p u l m o n a r ya r t e r
Transverse
pericardial
Transverse
p e r i c a r d i sailn u s
R i g h st u p e r i o r
p u l m o n a rvye i n
Left
supenor
pulmonary
vetn
Hilumof
r i g h tl u n g
Mediastinal
pleura
(cut edge)
Hilum
of left
lung
Pericardium
(cut edge)
Mediastinal
part of
parietal
preura
(cut edge)
Pericardium
(cut edge)
Right
ventricle
4{tr
Conusarteriosus
R i g h ta u r i c l e
( a t r i a la p p e n d a g e )
R i g ha
t trium
Plate 212
C o r o n a r ys u l c u s
right coronary artery
A n t e r i o ri n t e r v e n t r i c u l a i
s u l c u sa n da n t e r i o r
i n t e r v e n t r i c u bl ar ra n c h
of leftcoronaryartery
Left
auricle
(atrial
appendage)
Inferior
border
(acute
margin)
of heart
Apex
of heart
Left
ventricle
Leftborder
( o b t u s em a r g i n )
of heart
Heart
Radiograph of Chest
Precordialareasof auscultation
A
Apex of heart
AA
Aortic arch
Clavicle
CP
C o r a c o i d p r o c e s so f s c a p u l a
D o m e o f d i a p h r a g m( r i g h t )
D
lV
l n f e r i o rv e n a c a v a
PA
P u l m o n a r ya r t e r y ( l e f t )
RA
R i g h ta t r i u m
Spineof scapula
SV
T r a c h e a( a i r )
Left ventricle
Aortic area
Valves
valve
Pulmonic
P u l m o n i ca r e a
Tricuspidarea
Aortic valve
Mitral
M i t r a la r e a
Tricuspidarea
eUd4/*
Heart
Plate 213
Heart: Base and Diaphragmatic Surfaces
R i g h tp u l m o n a r ya r t e
Arch of aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Right auricle (atrialappendage)
Left auricle
Superiorvena cava
Left superior
p u l m o n a r yv e i n
R i g h ts u p e r i o r
Left atrium
Rightatrium
Left inferior
S u l c u tse r m i n a l i s
Pericardialreflection
Right inferior
O b l i q u ev e i n
of left atrium
(of Marshail)
C o r o n a r sy u l c u s
C o r o n a r ys i n u s
Inferiorvena cava
Left ventricle
R i g h tv e n t r i c l e
Apex
Baseof heart:posteriorview
L e f tc o m m o n c a r o t i da r t e r y
Leftpulmonaryartery
L e f ts u p e r i o rp u l m o n a r yv e i n
B r a c h i o c e p h atlriucn k
Arch of aorta
Right pulmonary artery
R i g h ts u p e r i o rp u l m o n a r yv e i n
Left auricle (atrialappendage)
R i g h ti n f e r i o rp u l m o n a r yv e i n
Left inferior pulmonary vein
terminalis
O b l i q u e v e i n o f l e f ta t r i u m
R i g h at t r i u m
Left atrium
C o r o n a r sy i n u s
Leftventricle
*{r
Plate 214
Inferiorvena cava
Coronary sulcusand
Posteriorinterventricularsulcus
and posterior interventricular
branch of right coronary artery
(posteriordescendingartery)
Baseand dia.phragmatic
surfaces:
posrerornreflor
vtew
Heart
Pericardial Sac
Suoeriorvena cava
Archof aorta
Ascendingaorta
Left auricle (atrialappendage)
pericardial
sinus
Transverse
Left ventricle
eft pulmonary veins
Coronary sinus
Oblioue vein of left atrium

(Marshall's)
Posterior
i n t e r v e n t r i c usl aurl c u s
O b l i q u ep e r i c a r d i sa iln u s
Leftatrium
Diaphragmaticpart
of pericardium
R i g h tp u l m o n a r yv e i n
Esophagealprominence
Sternocostaloart of
pericardium(cut edge)
Heart drawn out of opened

pericardialsac:left lateralview
R i g h at t r i u m
{r.";.1"h
!,
lnferior vena cava
Arch of aorta
Ascendingaorta
R i g h tp h r e n i cn e r v ea n d
pericardiacophren
ic
5 U p e n o rv e n a c a v a
Mediastinalpart of
parietalpleura (cut edge)
phrenic nerve and
pericardiacophrenicvessels
pericardial
Transverse
sinus
P u l m o n a rtyr u n k( b i f u r c a t i o n )
Superiorvena cava
Leftlung
R i g h tp u l m o n a r yv e i n s
Mediastinalpart of
parietalpleura (cut edge)
eft pulmonary veins

sinus
Obliquepericardial
Esophagealprominence
Inferiorvena cava
Line of fusion
Diaphragmaticpart
of oericardium
o f f i b r o u sp e r i c a r d i u m
to diaphragm
',
Pericardialsacwith
heart removed:anteriorview
Heart
4{tr
Plate 215
Goronary Arteries and Gardiac Veins
(SA)
Sinuatrial
nodal branch
Leftauricle(cut)
Leftcoronaryartery
Atrialbranchof right
coronaryartery
Circumflexbranchof
left coronaryartery
Rightcoronaryartery
Creatcardiacvein
Left (obtuse)marginalartery
Anteriorinterventricular
branch(leftanterior
descending)
of left
coronaryartery
Anteriorcardiacveins
Smallcardiacvei
Right(acute)marginalbranch
of rightcoronaryiltery -
Diagonalbranch
of anterior
interventricu
lar
artery
Interventricular
septalbranches
Sternocostalsurface
(SA)nodalbranch
Sinuatrial
Obliqueveinof leftatrium
(of Marshall)
(SA)node
Sinuatrial
Creat cardiacvein
Circumflex
branchof
" leftcoronaryartery
Smallcardiacvein
Leftmarginalbranch
Coronarysinus
Posterior
left
ventricular
branch
Posterior
veinof
left ventricle
Middle cardiac vein

Interventricular
septalbranches
Plate 216
Rightcoronaryartery
Posteriorinterventricular
branch(posteriordescendin
g)
of right coronaty artery
Right marginalbranch
Diaphragmaticsurface
4{tr
Heart
Coronary Arteries and Gardiac Veins: Variations
(leftanteriordescending)
Anteriorinterventricular
branchof left coronaryarteryis very short.Apicalpart
surfacesuppliedby branches
of anterior(sternocostal)
(posterior
descending)
from posteriorinterventricular
branchof rightcoronaryarterycurvingaroundapex.
(posteriordescending)
branchis derivedfrom circumflexbranchof
left coronaryarteryinsteadof from right
coronaryartery.
(posteriordescending)
branchis absent.Areasuppliedchieflyby small
branchesfrom circumflexbranchof left
coronaryarteryand from rightcoronaryartery.
g)
(posterior
descendin
interventricular
Posterior
branchis absent.Areasuppliedchieflyby elongated
(leftanteriordescending)
anteriorinterventricular
branchcurvingaroundapex.
Heart
Plate 217
Goronary Arteries: Arteriographic Views
Rightcoronaryartery:left anteriorobliqueview
(SA)
Sinuatrial
nodalbranch
Right
coronaryartery
Branches to back of left ven
Right(acute)marginalbranch
Posterior
interventricular
branch(posterior
descending
artery)
Rightcoronaryartery:right anteriorobtiqueview
(SA)nodalbranch
Sinuatrial
Conus(arteriosus)
brancn
coronaryartery
R i g h (t a c u t e )
marginalbranch
Atrioventricular(AV)nodalbranch
Rightposterolateral
branches(to back
of left ventricle)
branch
(posterior
descending
artery)
Plate 218
4{r
Heart
Goronary Arteries: Arteriographic Views (continued|
Left coronaryartery:left anteriorobliqueview
coronary artery
C i r c u m f l e xb r a n c h
A n t e r i o ri n t e r v e n t r i c u l abrr a n c h( l e f ta n t e r i o rd e s c e n d i n g )
Diagonal branchesof anterior interventricularbranch
Atrioventricularbranch of circumflexbranch
Le{t (obtuse)marginalbranch
rolateralbranches
(Perforating)interventricularseptal branches
Left coronaryartery:right anteriorobliqueview
coronary artery
Anterior interventricular
branch (left anterior
descending)
Circumflex
branch
Perforating)
Interventricular
septalbranches
Arteriogram
Left (obtuse)marginalbranch
branches
erolateral
4{F
D i a g o n a lb r a n c h
of
A n t e r i o irn t e r v e n t r i c u bl ar ra n c h
Atrioventricularbranch of circumflexbranch
Heart
Plate 2l9
Right Atrium and Ventricle
A s c e n d i n ga o r t a
Right auricle (atrialappendage)
Superiorvena cava
C o n u sa r t e r i o s u s
R i g h tp u l m o n a r ya r t
Cristaterminalis
Atrioventricular
part
of membranous
septum
R i g h st u p e r i o r
p u l m o n a rvye i n
a lc u s p
Left atri
of tricuspidvalve
R i g h ti n f e r i o r
Pectinatemuscles
ingof
Interatrialseptum
c o r o n a r sy r n u s
Limbusof fossaovalis
alve
(Thebesian)
of coronary
s r nu 5
Fossaovalis
Valve(Eustachian)
of inferiorvena cava
Inferiorvena cav
Openedright atrium: right lateralview
Aorta
Transverse
p e r i c a r d i sa il n u s
Superiorvena cava
R i g h ta u r i c l e( a t r i a la p p e n d a g e )
Right atrium
P a r i e t alli m b
M e m b r a n o u sp a r t o f
interventricularseptum
Pulmonary
trunk
Transversepericardialsinus
A n t e r i osr e m i l u n acru s p
Pulmonary
Rightsemilunar
cusp
VAIVC
L e f ts e m i l u n a cr u s p
Supraven
tricular
crest
Septal
p a p i l l a rm
y uscle
lnterventricularseptum
(musculap
r art)
Tricuspid
valve
S e p t o m a r g i n at rl a b e c u l a
(moderator band)
Chordae tendineae
P o s t e r i opra p i l l a rm
y uscle
4{tr
A n t e r i o pr a p i l l a rm
y uscle
Trabeculaecarneae
Plate 22O
Openedright ventricle:anteriorview
Heart
Left Atrium and Ventricle
Arch of aorta
s il n u s
T r a n s v e r spee r i c a r d i a
F o l do f l e f ts u p e r i o r
v e n ac a v a( l i g a m e n t
of Marshall)
Ligamentum
arteflosum
L e f tp u l m o n a r y
artery
l ppendage)
L e f ta u r i c l e( a t r i a a
O b l i q u ev e i n o f
left atrium (of Marshall)
artery
f t p u l m o n a r yv e i n s
Leftatrium
A n t e r i o rp a p i l l a r y
R i g hp
t ulmonary
vetns
C h o r d a et e n d i n e a e
Coronary
srnus
Posteriorpapillarymuscle
lnferior
venacava
4{F
Flap opened in posterolateral

wall of left ventricle
L e f ta u r i c l e( a t r i a la p p e n d a g e )
Archof aorta
eftpulmonary
artery
L e f t s e m i l u n a cr u s p
Aortic
VAIVE
R i g h ts e m i l u n a cr u s p
P o s t e r i o sr e m i l u n a cr u s p
Membranous
septum
artery
Left superior
Valve of
foramenovale
R i g hp
t ulmonary
vetns
M u s c u l a rp a r t o f
i n t e r v e n t r i clua r
seprum
Leftatrium
C o r o n a r ys i n u s
Mltral valve
kut away
lnferior vena cava
Sectionthrough left atrium and ventricle

with mitral valvecut away
Heart
Plale
221
Valves of Fibrous Skeleton of Heart
A n t e r i o rs e m i l u n a rc u s p
Pulmonary
VAIVE
R i g h ts e m i l u n a cr u s p
Left fibrous trigone
L e f ts e m i l u n a rc u s p
Right coronary artery
Right (coronary)
s e m i l u n a cr u s p
Aortic
valve
Atrioventricular
partof
membranous
Left (coronary)
semilunar
Posterior
(noncoronary)
s e m i l u n a rc u s p
C i r c u m f l e xb r a n c h l
Mitral
Commissural
VAIVE
cusps
Posterior
\Right
fibrou
-Atrioventricul;
nodalbrancht
Left fibrous ring

(of mitral valve
Posteriorinterventricularbrancht
Heart in diastole:
viewedfrom basewith atria removed
A n t e r i o rs e m i l u n a cr u s o
Pulmonary
valve
R i g h ts e m i l u n a rc u s p
L e f ts e m i l u n acru s p
*{r
Conusarteriosus
eft fibrous trigone
Rightcoronaryartery
Right (coronary)
semilunar
l n t e r v e n t r i clua r
part
Left (coronary)
s e m i l u n a rc u s p
Atrioventricular
part
Posterior
(noncoronary)
semilunar
Membranous
septum
Anterior
cusp
C i r c u m f l e xb r a n c h l
Septal
cusp
Tricuspid
VAIVC
Rightfibrousring
(of tricuspidvalve)
Left fibrous ring

(of mitral valve)
Rightfibroustrigone
Posteriorinterventricularbrancht
Heart in svstole:
viewedfrom basewith atria removed
Atrioventricular(AV) nodal brancht
.Of left coronary

artery
tOf right coronary artery
Pfate 222
Heart
Valves and Fibrous Skeleton of Heart (continued|
C o m m i s s u r eo f s e m i l u n a vr a l v ec u s p s
Opening of left coronary artery
Ascendingaorta
N o d u l e o f s e m i l u n a vr a l v e
(body of Arantius)
Aortic sinuses(of Valsalva)

O p e n i n go f
Membranous
septum
B r o k e nl i n e i n d i c a t i n gl e v e l
of origin of tricuspidvalve
o n o p p o s i t es i d eo f s e p t u m - '
y uscle
A n t e r i opr a p i l l a rm
Anteriorcusp
of mitralvalve
Muscularpartof
interventricularseptum
Atrioven
tricular
part
O p e n i n go f
inferiorvena cava
Membranous
septum
- lnterventricular
part (behind valve)
O p e n i n go f
c o r o n a r ys r n u s
Posterior
cusp
Anteriorcusp
Septalcusp
Septal
p a p i l l a rm
y uscle
Tricuspid
VAIVE
Posteriorpapillary
muscle (sectioned)
Posterior
p a p i l l a r ym u s c l e
(sectioned)
A n t e r i o pr a p i l l a r y
muscle
Tricuspid(right atrioventricular)valve
Anteriorcusp
Left atrium
Mitral
cusp
Posterior
VAIVE
Commissural
cusps
Anterior
p a p i l l a rm
y uscle
(sectioned)
Anterior papillary
muscle (sectioned)
Mitral (left atrioventricular) valve
Heart
*{r
Plale 223
Atria, Ventricles, and Interventricular Septum
R i g h ts u p e r i o rp u l m o n a r yv e i n
Aortic sinus(of Valsalva)
Anteriorcuspof
mitralvalve
Left atrium
Openings of coronary arteries

Ascendingaorta
R i g h ta u r i c l e( a t r i a la p p e n d a g e )
Left auricle
Left semil u n a rc u s p
Ascendingaorta
L e f ts e m i l u n a cr u s p
Aortic
valve
Aortic
valve
Left
pulmonary
vetns
R i g h ts e m i
r u n a rc u s p
Posterior
s e m i l u n a r( n o n coronary) cusp
Superior
venacava
Atrioventric
ut a r
part
\
Interventric
ular
Outflow
to
putmonary
trunk
pdrr\\
onus
arteriosus
Right
anteflor
papillary
muscle (cut)
Right
ventricle
Rightatriurir
S e p t o m a r g i n at rl a b e c u l a
(moderator band)
Anterior
cusp
(retracted)
S e p t a l( m e d i a l )p a p i l l a r ym u s c l e
Septal
cusp
Posterior
cusgi
Left
ventricle
4{tr
Leftposterior
p a p i l l a rm
y uscle
R i g h ta n t e r i o r
papillarymuscle(cut)
Left anterior
p a p i l l a rm
y uscle
Right posterior papillarymuscle
Left ventricle
M u s c u l a rp a r t o f i n t e r v e n t r i c u l asre p t u m
Plale 224
Planeof section
Heart
Gonducting System of Heart
Ascendingaorta
A t r i o v e n t r i c u l apr a r t
I n t e r v e n t r i c u l apra r t
S i n u a t r i a(lS A )
nodal artery
septum
v"ru,.rnous
I
P u l m o n a r yv a l v e
Atrioventricular(AV) node
Sinuatrial
( S A )n o d e
(AV)
Atrioventricular
b u n d l e( o f H i s )
C r i s t at e r m i n a l i s
R i g hb
t undle
Note: Specific
i n t e r n o d a cl o n d u c t i o n
pathwaysin the atria
may exist based on
s t r o n gp h y s i o l o g i c a l
and someanatomical
evidence
Purkinjefibers
L,
Septomarginal
trabecula
( m o d e r a t o rb a n d )
terior
p a p i l l a rm
y uscle
R i g h ft i b r o u sr i n g
( o ft r i c u s p i vda l v e
Subendocardial
branches
Inferior vena cava ----{
( P u r k i n jfei b e r s )
Rightside
P o s t e r i o sr e m i l u n a rc u s o
Aortic
valve
L e f ts e m i l u n a rc u s p
Arch of aorta
R i g h st e m i l u n acru s p
Membranous
septum
I n t e r v e n t r i c u l apra r t
Atrioventricularpart
Left auricle
Leftbundle
Right
p u l m o n a r yv e i n s
Anterior
p a p i l l a r ym u s c l e
Mitral valve
(cut awaY)
Subendocardial
branches
( P u r k i n j ef i b e r s )
M u s c u l apr a r to f
i n t e r v e n t r i c usl aerp t u m
/\_
Left side
Plale 225
Nerves of Heart
$@So Pmts13O, 15,ltr, ffi
sympatheticganglio
Rightvagus nerve (X)
( C o n j o i n e ds y m p a t h e t i ca n d
vagal)superiorcervicalcardiac nerves
Middle cervical
sympathetic
Middle cervical
(sympathetic)cardiac nerve
Phrenicnerve
Inferior cervical
(vagal)cardiac branch
Vertebralganglion
I n f e r i otrh y r o i da r t e r y
Vertebralartery
Cervicothoracic
Ansa subclavia
sympatheticganglion
Leftvagus nerve (X)
Superiorcervical
Superiorcervical
Middle cervical
Phrenicnerve
Middle cervical
Inferiorcervical
ertebralganglion
Cervicothoracic
Inferiorcervical
sympathetic
cardiac nerves
Right recurrent
laryngealnerve
Inferior cervical
( s y m p a t h e t i cc)a r d i a cn e r v e s
Thoracic cardiac brancn
of vagus nerve
4th thoracic
sympatheticganglion
Thoracic (sympathetic)
c a r d i a cI p 1 n 6 h s 5 Cardiac plexus
3rd thoracic
cardiac branches
'Thoraciccardiac
branch of
vaSusnerve
Left recurrent
laryngealnerve
Phrenic nerve (cut)
Plale
226
Heart
lnnervation of Heart: Schema

Posterior
nucleus
Superiorcervical
ofvagusnerve
Nucleusof
solitarytract
Superiorcervical
Middle cervical
sympatheticga
(vagal)cardiac br
Middle cervical
lnferior cervical
(vagal)cardiac branches
I
I
I
Vertebralganglion (variation)
t
I
I
Ascending
connections
A n s as u b c l a v i a
Cervicothoracic
(stellate)
I
I
I
I
I
lst intercostal
nerve
lnferior cervical
Thoracic cardiac
branch ofvagus nerve
2nd thoracic
sympatheticganglion
W h i t e r a m u sc o m m u n i c a
C r a y r a m u sc o m m u n i c a n s
cardiac branches-
gangliori
4th thoracicsympathetic
Cardiac
prexus
Sympatheticpreganglionic
postganglionic
Sympathetic
preganglionic
Parasympathetic
postganglionic
Parasympathetic
Visceralafferentaccompanying
sympatheticfibers
Visceralafferentaccompanying
parasympathetic
fibers
Heart
*{r
Plale 227
lnnervation of Blood Vessels: Schema
Cervicalsympathetic
trunkganglia
Internalcarotidnerve
------r-r-----r
,a---
White ramuscommunicans
Cervicalcardiacnerves
Brachial
plexus
Cardiopulmonarysplanchnic
\ aand
: : _ aortic
_ _ : _nerves
lntercostal
nerves
Spinalnerves
Upperlumbar
sympathetic
trunkgangli
Spinalnerves
Grayramuscommunicans
*{r
Lowerlumbar
sympathetic
trunkganglia
Sympatheticfibers
Postganglionic
sympathetic
fibersto lumbarand
sacralplexuses
and
to nervesof lowerlimb
Preganglionic
Postganglionic
Plate 22a
Heart
Prenatal and Postnatal Girculation
Prenatalcirculation
Pulmonarv
trunk
Superiorvena
Rightpulmonary
Ductusarteriosus
Leftpulmonaryartery
eft pulmonaryvein
Rightpulmonaryvein
Foramen ovale
Inferiorvenacava
Hepaticvein
Ductusvenosus
Celiactrunk
artery
Superiormesenteric
Ligamentur
arteriosum
Umbilicalarteries
*{r
Fossaovalis
(obliterated
foramenovale
Ligamentum
venosum
(obliterated
ductusvenosus)
Ligamentum
teres
(roundligament)of liver
(obliteratedumbilicalvei
Medialumbilicalligaments
(occludedpartof umbilicalarteries)
Postnatal circulation
Heart
Plate 229
Mediastinum: Right Lateral View

Cervical(cupula,or dome, of) parietalpleura
and suprapleuralmembrane (Sibson'sfascia)
Anterior scalenemuscle and phrenic nerve
1s t r i b
R i g h ts u b c l a v i a na r t e r ya n d v e i n
Trachea
Clavicle
Rightvagus nerve (X)
1s t r i b
Sympathetictrunk
Right and left

b r a c h i o c e p h a l ivce i n s
Right superior intercostalvei

4th thoracic vertebral
Arch of azygosvein
a n d b r o n c h i a la r t e r y
Right internalthoracic
artery
Thymus(seenthrough
m e d i a s t i npalle u r a )
Azygos vein
Posteriorintercostal
v e i n a n d a r t e r ya n d
intercostalnerve
Internalintercostal
muscte
Internalintercostal
m e m b r a n ed e e p t o
externalintercostal
muscle
Cray and white
r a m tc o m m u n r c a n t e s
Costal part of
parietap
l leura
(cut edge)
Creater thoracic
E s o p h a g uasn d
plexus
esophageal
B r o n c h o pl m
u onary
(hilar)lymph
P u l m o n a r yl i g a m e n t
(cut)
* N e r v e a n d v e s s e l sc o m m o n l y r u n i n d e p e n d e n t l y
Plate 23O
pericardiacophrenic
artery and vein"
artery
M e d i a s t i np
aa
l rt
of parietalpleura
(cutedge)
F i b r o u ps e r i c a r d i u m
overrightatrium
Righp
t ulmonary
vetns
lnferior vena cava
(covered by
m e d i a s t i n apl a r t
of parietalpleura)
Diaphragm (covered by
diaphragmaticpart
of parietalpleura)
Costalpartof
parietalpleura(cutedge)
Costodiaphragmaticrecess
of pleuralcavity
Nr
Mediastinum
Mediastinum: Left Lateral View
A n t e r i o rs c a l e n em u s c l ea n d o h r e n i cn e r v e
Cervical(cupula,or dome, of) parietalpleura and

s u p r a p l e u r am
l e m b r a n e( S i b s o n ' sf a s c i a )
1s t r i b
Left subclavianvein and artery
Esophagus
Thoracicduct
Clavicle
v a g u sn e r v e( X )
Leftsuperior
vein
intercostal
Left internalthoracic arterv
Archof aorta
T h y m u s( s e e nt h r o u g h
Leftrecurrent
nerve
laryngeal
m e d i a s t i n apl l e u r a )
L i g a m e n t u ma r t e r i o s u m
Bronchopulmonary
( h i l a rl)y m p hn o d e s
Accessory
hemiazygosvein
Left phrenic nerve and

pericardiacophrenic
artery and veinl
Posteriorintercostal
vein and artery and
intercostalnerve
Mediastinalpart o{
parietalpleura
(cut edge)
Internalintercostal
muscle
F i b r o u sp e r i c a r d i u m
Internalintercostal
m e m b r a n ed e e p t o
externalintercostal
muscre
L e f tp u l m o n a r y
vetns
Crayand white
ramicommunicantes
P u l m o n a r yl i g a m e n t
(cut)
Costalpleura
(cut edge;
E s o p h a g uasn d
plexus
esophageal
(coveredby mediastinal
thetic trunk
part of parietalpleura)
reater thoracic
splanchnicnerve
Diaphragm (covered
b y d i a p h r a g m a t i cp a r t
Thoracic
(descending)aorta
of parietalpleura)
Leftmainbronchus
andbronchialartery
C o s t o di a p h r a g m a t i c
Costalpartof
parietalpleura(cutedge)
*Nerve and vesselscommonly run independently
Mediastinum
4{F
Plate 231
Esophagus in Situ
P o s t e r i o sr c a l e n em u s c l e
B r a c h i apl l e x u s
S u b c l a v i a na r t e r y
T h y r o c e r v i c at lr u n k
I p a r to f e s o p h a g u s
Recurrentlaryngealnerves
Thoracicduct
I n t e r n ajlu g u l a rv e i n ( c u t )
S u b c l a v i a nv e i n ( c u t )
L e f tb r a c h i o c e p h a l ivce i n ( c u t )
Internalthoracic artery (cut)
V a g u sn e r v e( X
Phrenicnerve (cut)
1 s tr i b( c u t )
t
Brachiocephalic
trunk-'
L o n g u sc o l l i m u s c l e
S u b c l a v i a na r t e r y
Vagus nerve (X)
Trachea
Left recurrent
l a r y n g e anl e r v e
Arch of
aorta
Bifurcation
of trachea
Arch of
a z y S o sv e t n
R i g h tm a i n
pleura
(cut edge)
bronchus
S u p e r i ol ro b a r
eft main
bronchus
(eparterial)
bronchus
Thoracic
(descending)
aorta
Thoracicpart
of esophagus
Esophageal
plexus
M e d i a s t i n apl a r t o f
parietalpleura
(cut edge)
Mediastinal
part ot
parietap
l leura
Gut eagel-
Pericardium
(cut edge)
Diaphragm
Diaphragmatic
part of
parietap
l leura
Inferior
vena cava
Anterior
v a g a lt r u n k
(cur)
Hepatic
v e i n s( c u t )
Inferior
v e n ac a v a
R i g h ta n d
l e f t c r u r ao f
diaphragm
In f e r i o rp h r e n i ca r t e r i e s
4{tr
A b d o m i n a la o r t a
Plale 232
Stomach
Abdominal
part of
esopnagus
Mediastinum
Topography and Gonstrictions of Esophagus
lnferiorpharyngeal
muscle
constrictor
Thyroidcartilage
Piriformfossa(recess)
Pharyngoesophageal
constriction
Thyroidcartilage
Cricoidcartilage
16
q
O
Thoracic
(aortobronchial)
constriction
E
o
Cricoidcartila
(muscle)
Cricopharyngeus
partof inferiorpharyngeal
constrictor
Cricopharyngeus
(muscle)partof
inferior
Archof aorta
pharyngeal
constrictor
Sternum
Trachea
.E
Arch of aorta
oo
s
DO
GI
q,
Leftmain
bronchus
Lateralview
38
40
Diaphragmatic
constriction
(inferior
esophageal
"sphincter";+
Abdominalpart
of
Fundusof stomach
Cardiacparl
of
4{tr
Mediastinum
Plate 233
Musculature of Esophagus
nferior pharyngealconstrictor muscle
Zone of sparsemusclefibers
(muscle)
Cricopharyngeus
constrictor
Cricoid
cartilage
Mainlongitudinal
musclebundle
passingupwardandventrallyto
attachto middleof posterior
surfaceof cricoidcartilage
Accessory
musclebundlefrom posterolateralsurfaceof cricoidcartilageAdditionalfibersfrom contralateral
(muscle)
sideof cricopharyngeus
constrictor
Trachea
Circularmusclelaverwith
sparselongitudinal
fibers
in V-shaped
area(of Laimer)
Bareareaon ventralsurfaceof
Lateralmassof longitudinal
muscle
Fibroelastic
membranes
with sparsemusclefibers
Windowcut in longitudinal
musclelayer
Circularmusclelayer
Leftmain
bronchus
4{r
Plate 234
Mediastinum
Pharyngoesophageal Junction
muscle
constrictor
Superiorpharyngeal
Rootof tongue
Epiglottis
Palatopharyngeusmuscle
I Longitudinal
t lil"r'J:g*'
fold
inlet(aditus)
Laryngeal
Thyroidcartilage(superiorhorn)
Thyrohyoidmembrane
branchof superiorlaryngeal
artery
nerveandsuperiorlaryngeal
andvein
arvtenoidmuscle
Transverse
arvtenoidmuscle
Thyroidcartilage
Posteriorcricoarytenoidmuscle
muscle
constrictor
Inferiorpharyngeal
Pharyngeal
aponeurosis(cut away\
Zoneof sparsemusclefibers
(muscle)partof inferior
Cricopharyngeus
pharyngeal
constrictor
Cricoidcartilage(lamina)
Cricoesophagealtendon
(attachmentof longitudinalesophagealmuscle)
Posteriorview with
pharynxopenedand
mucosaremoveo
muscle
Circularesophageal
mucosaand submucosa
Esophageal
area(of Laimer)
Circularmusclein V-shaped
Rightrecurrentlaryngealnerve
muscle
esophageal
Longitudinal
muscle
Windowcut in longitudinal
exposescircularmusclelayer
4{F
Mediastinum
Plate 235
Esophagogastric Junction
Esophagus
gitudinalesophagealmuscle
Esophageal
m
Circularesophagealmuscle
Submucosa
Cradualslightmuscularthickening
Phrenoesophageal
ligament
(ascendingor upper limb)
Supradiaphragmatic
fascia
Diaphragm
nfradiaphragmatic
(transversalis)
fascia
Phrenoesophageal
Iigament
(descendinglimb)
Peritoneum
Subhiatal
fat ring
Zigzag (Z) line:
junctureof
esophagealand
gastnc
Cardiacnotch
Cardiacpart
(cardia)
of stomach
Longitudinalesophagealmuscle(cut)
Circularesophagealmuscle
(shown hereas spiral)
Cardiacnotch
Castricfolds
(rugae)
Fundus
of
stomach
Collarof Helvetius
Window cut in middlecircularmusclelayerof stomach
Innermostobliquemusclelayerof stomach
(formssling)
Outer longitudinalmusclelayerof stomach(cut)
4{F
Plate 236
Mediastinum
Arteries of Esophagus
branchof
Esophageal
Common
carotidartery
Subclavian
Esophageal
branchof
Cervicalpartof esophagus
trunk
Thvrocervical
artery
Subclavian
Vertebralartery
lnternalthoracicartery
Commoncarotidartery
trunk
Trachea
Arch of aorta
artery
3rd rightposteriorintercostal
t bronchialarterv
Superiorleftbronchialartery
branchof rightbronchialartery
Esophageal
branch
Inferiorleftbronchialarteryand esophageal
aorta
Thoracic(descending)
of thoracicaorta
branches
Esophageal
Thoracicpart
of esophagus
inalpart
of esophagus
Diaphragm
Stomach
Inferior phrenic
Common hepatic artery
Mediastinum
Esophageal
branchof left
gastricartery
Leftgastricartery
Celiactrunk
artery(cut)
EsoPhageal
Commonvariations:
branchesmayoriginatefrom left
inferiorphrenicarteryand/or
directlvfrom celiactrunk.
to abdominalesophagus
Branches
mayalsocomefrom splenicor
shortgastricarteries.
Plale 237
Veins of Esophagus
SeealsoPlate 312
I n f e r i o rt h y r o i dv e i n
I n f e r i o rt h y r o i dv e i n
I n t e r n aj ul g u l a r
vetn
S u b c l a v i a nv e i n
\ Subclavian
vetn
Vertebralvein
Thoracic
duct
Right
b r a c h i o c e p h a l ivce i n
Left brachioc e p h a l i cv e i n
Left superior
i n t e r c o s t avl e i n
R i g h ts u p e r i o r
E s o p h a g e avle i n s
(plexus)
Esophagus
Accessory
h e m i a z y g ovse i n
6 t h r i g h tp o s t e r i o r
Azygos vein
Junctionof accessory
nemrazygos
a n d a z y g o sv e i n s
Hemiazygos
Submucous
venousplexus
vetn
inferior phrenic vein
TLeft
Inferiorvena cava (
Diaphragml
,il
S h o r tg a s t r i cv e i n s
Liver
H e p at i c
verns
Hepatic
portal
vetn
R i g h tr e n a lv e i n
Left gastricvein
Omental
(epiploic)
verns
Left gastro-omental
( g a s t r o e p i p l o i cv)e i n
Right gastricvei
Esophagealbranchesof left gastricveiri
Plate 238
I n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cv e i n
S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cv e i n
R ig h t g a s t r o - o m e n t a( g
l a s t r o e p i p l o i cv)e i n
Nr
Mediastinum
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Esophagus

SeealsoPlates 2O8,266
Inferior deep cervical

( i n t e r n ajlu g u l a r )n o d e s
V i r c h o w ' sn o d e
Paratracheal
nooes
Posterior
mediastinal
nodes
t r a c h e o b r o n c iha l
nooes
Posterior
parietalnodes
Intercostal
nooes
S u p e r i o rp h r e n i cn o d e s
Left eastricnodes
(cardiacnodes of stomach)
Juxtaesophageal
and superior
phrenic
C e l i a cn o d e s
*{r
Mediastinum
Plate 239
Nerves of Esophagus
Anterior
view
Superiorganglionof vagusnerve
*{r
ganglion
Superiorcervicalsympathetic
nferior ganglionof vagus nerve
Esophagus
Pharyngealbranch of vagus nerve
Vagusnerve(X)
Recurrent
laryngeal
nerves
Rightrecurrent
laryngeal
nerve
nerve
Superiorlaryngeal
Cervicalsympathetic
trunk
ganglion
Cervical(sympathetic
andvagal)cardiacnerves
ganglionof cervicalsympathetic
Vertebral
trunk
Ansasubclavia
Ansasubclavia
Branchto esophagus
and recurrent
nervefrom stellateganglion
3rd
intercostal
(stellate)
Cervicothoracic
ganglion
nerve
Crayand
white rami
communicantes
Thoracic(vagal
and sympathetic)
cardiacbranches
Posterior
view
Cardiacolexus
3rd thoracic
sympathetic
ganglion
Thoracic
sympathetic
trunk_
Rightgreater
thoracic
splanchnic
nerve
Sympathetic
fibers along
left inferior
phrenic artery
Branchof
posteriorvagal
trunkto celiac
plexus
plexuses
Pulmonary
plexus
Esophageal
(anteriorportion)
Branchesto esophageal
plexusfrom sympathetic
trunk,greaterthoracic
splanchnic
nerve,and
thoracicaorticplexus
Leftgreaterthoracic
nerve
solanchnic
Anteriorvagaltrunk
Vagalbranchto hepaticplexus
via lesseromentum
Esophageal
prexus
(posterior
portion)
Principal
anteriorvagalbranch
to lessercurvatureof stomach
Vagalbranchto fundus
and bodyof stomach
Posterior
vagaltrunk
Greater
thoracic
splanchnic
nerves
Vagalbranch
to celiacplexus
Sympathetic
fibers along
esophageal
branch of left
gastricartery
Celiacplexus
and ganglia
Plate 24O
Vagal branch
to fundus and
cardiac part
of stomach
Posterior
vagal
branchto
lesser
curvature
Mediastinum
Mediastinum: Gross Section
5th left costal cartilage
Rightventricle
Internalthoracicarteryand vein
thoracismuscle
Transversus
ma.jormuscle
Pectoralis
Pleuralcavity
part,
Interventricular
part
Atrioventricular
of membranous
septum
Muscularpartof
interventricular
septum
Leftventricle
Suoeriorvena cava
Papillarymuscle
Rightatrium
Phrenicnerveand
pericardiacophrenic
artery and vein
Pericardialcavity
partof
Mediastinal
parietalpleura
R i g hltu n g
(middlelobe)
Leftatrium
Phrenicnerveand
pericardiacophrenic
arteryand vein
Coronarysinus
Branchesof right
Leftlung
(superior
lobe)
mainbronchus
of
Branches
leftmainbronchus
Rightinferior
pulmonaryvein
Leftinferior
pulmonary
vein
Oblique
pericardialsinus
Thoracic
(descending)aorta
Esophagusand
esophagealplexus
8th rib
Azygosvein
Hemiazygos vein
Thoracicduct
trunk
Leftsympathetic
TBvertebra
Mediastinum
Leftgreaterthoracicsplanchnicnerve
*{r
Plale
241
Ghest Scans: Axial GT lmages

Seriesof chestaxialCT imagesfrom superior(A) to inferior(C)
A
B
C
ery#
A,
A,
AZ
B
IV
t
TB
tst_
LV
PA
Ascendingaorta
D e s c e n d i n ga o r t a
Azygos vein
Body of vertebra
Inferiorvena cava
Liver
Left (main stem) bronchus
L e f t s u p e r i o rl o b e o f l u n g
Left ventricle
Pulmonaryartery
Plate 242
R
Rib
R B R i g h (t m a i ns t e m )b r o n c h u s
RSI- Rightsuperiorlobeof lung
RV Rightventricle
S
Sternum
SC Spinalcord
SP Spinousprocessof vertebra
SV Superiorvenacava
T
Trachea(bifurcation)
Regional Scans
o
t
o
o
o
f oint
TransverseSection:LowerLevelof T3, Sternoclavicular
Plate243
M e d i a s t i n allv m p h n o d e
Manubrium
o
o
o
t
o
Sternoclavicularioint (articulardisc)
Clavicle
Brachiocephalictrunk
Trachea
II
C o s t a lc a r t i l a s eo f 1 s t r i b
Left common carotid arterY
3
!f
t
Left vagus nerve (X)
R i g h tl u n g
Pectoralisminor muscle
Axillaryfossa
Left subclavian
artery
Tendon of long
head of biceps
brachii muscle
Shaft of left
humerus
S u r g i c anl e c k
of right
Long
headof
triceps
brachii
muscle
humerus
Delroid
muscte
Teres
mrnor
muscle
lntercostal
muscles
Scapula
o
t
o
rl
ql
Left recurrent laryngealnerve
R h o m b o i dm a i o r m u s c l e
Thoracic duct
5
G)
Esophagus
o
o
t
ll
Right vagus nerve (X
I n f r a s p i n a tm
u su s c l e
Phrenicnerve
o
o
Leftlung
muscle
Subscapularis
II
Teres
mtnor
muscle
qt
o
-
q)
Costotransverseioint
muscle
Trapezius
Body ofT3 vertebra
S p i n acl o r d
Erectorspinae muscle
Rhomboid maior muscle
muscle
Transversospinalis
C./Td4s/*
o
o
ql
o
-
Transverse
Section:T3-4 Intervertebral
Disc,Manubrium
Plate 244
S u p e r i o rt r a c h e o b r o n c h i al yl m p h n o d e
D
D
o
o
Trachea
Superiorvena cava
o
o
o
t
Right phrenic nerve

Arch of azygosvein
IT
R i g h tl u n g
Internalthoracic artery and vein
Intercostalmuscl
Left lung
Ribs
P e c t o r a l i sm i n o r m u s c l e
Tendon of long head of

b i c e p sb r a c h i im u s c l e
C o m b i n e ds h o r t h e a d
o f b i c e p sb r a c h i ia n d
coracobrachialismuscles
Shaft o{
T e n d o no f l o n g
head of biceps
brachii muscle
numerus
Deltoid
muscte
Shaft of
numerus
LOnS
head of
tnceps
brachii
Lateral
head of
tnceps
brachii
muscle
muscte
rl
o
o
I
o
o
o
=,
o
5
Teres
maJor
muscte
Long head of
triceps brachii
muscle
Teresminor muscle
Left latissimusdorsi tendon

( i n s e r t i n go n t o h u m e r u s )
Scapula
Esophagus
Teresmajor muscle
Thoracic duct
T3-4 intervertebraldisc
5
ql
S p i n a lc o r d
R h o m b o i dm u s c l e
o
l
S u b s c a p u l am
r i su s c l e
Left recurrent
laryngealnerve
Left vagus nerve (X)
Trapeziusmuscle
Obliquefissure(of leftlung)
o
rh
{
Axillaryfossa
L a t i s s i m udso r s i
tendon
Pectoralismaior muscle
T e r e sm i n o rm u s c l e
Scapula
I n f r a s p i n a t um
s uscle
CUd4*/*
o
r|
!l
x
!,
t
g)
I
o
o
F
o
g
TransverseSection: T4-5 Intervertebral Disc, Sternal Angle
rt
o
o
o
I n f e r i o rt r a c h e o b r o n c h i al yl m p h n o d e s
o
o
o
M a n u b r i o s t e r n aj ul n c t i o n
A s c e n d i n ga o r t a
Internalthoracic arterYand vein
R i g h tp u l m o n a r ya r t e r y
=.
2nd costal cartilage
Superiorvena cava
R i g h tl u n g
=
ql
rt
P e c t o r a l im
s inor muscle
Axillaryfossa
Left lung
lntercostalmuscles
Tendon of long
head of biceps
b r a c h i im u s c l e
L o n gh e a d
of biceps
Deltoid
muscle
Shaftof
numerus
Lateral
head of
triceps
brachii
muscle
Latissimus
dorsi
tendon
Teresmajor muscle
|,|
ll
anterior
Serratus
muscle
D e s c e n d i n ga o r t a
Trapeziusmuscle
Azygos vein
Esophagus
Thoracic duct
T4-5 intervertebraldisc
$
I
(tl
o
F
o
Accessoryhemiazygosvein
Rhomboid maior muscle!
9.
o
Left main bronchus
I n f r a s p i n a t um
s uscl
o
rt
Teres major
muScle
r i su s c l e
Scapula
{
,
Long head of triceps

!l
o
o
=.
o
a
o
t
ll
Latissimus
dorsi
tendon
!-
Ribs
Coracobrachialis
muscre
o
o
Cfd4*/*
!f
t
Transverse
Section:Levelof T7,3rd InterchondratSpace
rt
o
o
Orifice of tricuspidvalve
Coronarysulcus
Internalthoracic artery and vein
S t e r n u m( b o d y )
o
o
t
IT
Anterior interventricularsulcus
o
rt
Interatrialseptum
Apex of heart
Superiorvena cava
l n t e r v e n t r i c u l asre p t u m
R i g h ti n f e r i o r
ry muscte
Left ventricle
Azygos vein
Leafletof mitralvalve
Serratus
a n t e r i o rm u s c l e
Coronarysulcus
L a t i s smi u s
dorsi muscle
o
rt
Coronarysinus
Oblique
Inferior
a n g l eo f s c a p u l a
pericardialsinus
o
o
Descendingaorta
o
o
o
-t
o
Thoracic duct
L a t i s s i m uds o r s i m u s c l e
-a
g
D
=
ql
t
Neckof 7th rib

Zygapophyseal(facet)joint
Head of 7th rib

Body offT vertebra
Trapezius muscle
CUd4/^
o
rl
!t
x
qf
t
{
{
o
o
4 Abdomen
Section
Topographic Anatomy
Plale 217
z+z Abdomen
Body Wall
Plates 24&167
ofAbdomen
zca Bony
Framework
Dissection
Wall:
Superficial
Abdominal
zlg Anterior
Dissection
Abdominal
Wdl:Intermediate
zso Anterior
Deep
Dissection
Abdominal
Wall:
zsr Anterior
Cross
Sections
zsz Rectus
Sheath:
Internal
View
AbdominalWall:
zsg Anterior
Wall
Abdominal
zsl Posterolateral
Abdominal
Wall
zss Arteries
ofAnterior
Abdominal
Wall
zse Veins
ofAnterior
Wall
Abdominal
z5z Nerves
ofAnterior
Nerves
zss Thoracoabdominal
Dissections
Region:
zss Inguinal
Spermatic
Cord
zeo Inguinal
Canaland
Inguinal
Hernta
zer Indrrect
Canal
Sheath
andInguinal
zez Femoral
Wdl:Internal
View
Abdominal
zee Posterior
Abdominal
Wall
ofPosterior
zec Arteries
Wall
Abdominal
zes Veins
ofPosterior
Abdominal
Wall
of Posterior
Vessels
andNodes
zee Lymph
Abdominal
Wall
ofPosterror
zsz Nerves
Abdomen
Peritoneal Gavity
Visceral Vasculature
Plates 26,&174
Plates 3OO-317
zea Regions
andPlanes
ofAbdomen
Arteries
ofStomach,
Liver,
andSpleen
301 Arteries
ofLiver,
Pancreas,
Duodenum,
andSpleen
zeg Greater
Omentum
andAbdominalVrscera
zzo Mesenteric
Relations
ofIntestines
zzr Mesenteric
Relations
(continued)
ofIntestines
zzz Omental
Bursa:
Stomach
Reflected
zzg 0mental
Bursa:
Cross
Section
zzc Peritoneum
ofPosterior
Abdominal
Wall
300
3o2
Variations
inCeliac
Trunk
303
Arteriogram
Celiac
Arteries
of Duodenum
andHead
ofPancreas
305 ArterialVariations
andCollateral
Supply
ofLiver
andGallbladder
304
306
Arteries
ofSmall
Intestine
Viscera (Gutl
307
Arteries
ofLarge
Intestine
Pfates 275-285
308
Variations
inColic
Arteries
zzs Stomach
inSitu
zzs Mucosa
ofStomach
309
zzz Musculature
ofStomach
zza Duodenum
inSitu
3tt
Veins
ofLarge
lntestine
312
Hepatic
Portal
VeinTributaries:
Portacaval
Anastomoses
zzs Mucosa
andMusculature
of Duodenum
zso Mucosa
andMusculature
ofSmall
Intestine
zar lleocecal
Region
313
zsz lleocecal
(continued)
Region
zss Vermiform
Appendix
zac Mucosa
andMusculature
ofLarge
Intestine
position
zas Sigmoid
Colon:Variations
in
Veins
ofStomach,
Duodenum,
Pancreas,
andSpleen
3 t o Veins
ofSmall
Intestine
Variations
Portal
ofHepatic
Vein
314 Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
ofStomach
315
Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
ofPancreas
3t6
Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
Intestine
ofSmall
317
Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
Intestine
ofLarge
Innervation
Plates 318-328
Viscera (Accessory Organsf

Plates 286-299
zae Topography
ofLiver
Autonomic
Nerves
andGanglia
ofAbdomen
3 t 9 Nerves
ofStomach
andDuodenum
318
Nerves
(continued)
ofStomach
andDuodenum
321 Innervation
ofStomach
andDuodenum:
Schema
3.20
zez Surfaces
andBedofLiver
zaa LiverinSituandVariations
inForm
322
Nerves
ofSmall
Intestine
zag Liver
Segments
andLobes:Vessel
andDuctDistribution
323
Nerves
ofLarge
Intestine
zso Intrahepatic
Vascular
andDuctSystems
zsr Liver
Structure:
Schema
zsz Intrahepatic
Biliary
Systems:
Schema
Innervation
ofSmall
andLarge
Intestines:
Schema
325 Autonomic
Reflex
Pathways:
Schema
zse Schematic
Cross
Section
ofAbdomen
atT10
zse Gallbladder
andExtrahepatic
BileDucts
(Common)
zss Junction
of
BileDuct
andDuodenum
324
Intrinsic
Autonomic
Plexuses
ofIntestine:
Schema
327 Innervation
andBiliary
ofLiver
Tract:
Schema
326
328
lnnervation
ofPancreas:
Schema
zge Variations
inCystic
andHepatic
Ducts
Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands
zsz Schematic
Cross
Section
ofAbdomen
atT'12
zgs Pancreas
inSitu
zss Spleen
Plates
SZC}-347
szs Kidneys
inSitu:
Anterior
Views
inSitu:Posterior
seo Kidneys
Views
Abdomen
ofAbdomen
atT12
Cross
Section
33r Schematic
andVeininSitu
sez RenalArtery
inRenalArtery
andVein
eos Variations
ggr Gross
Structure
ofKidney
andRenal
Segments
sos IntrarenalArteries
Tubule:
Schema
andCollecting
sse Nephron
gsz Blood
ofKidney:
Schema
Vessels
inParenchyma
atT12-11
Section
ofAbdomen
Cross
esa Schematic
atLl-2
Cross
Section
ofAbdomen
esg Schematic
geo Ureters
Bladder
andUrinary
ofUreters
ser Arteries
Bladder
andUrinary
Ureters,
ofKidneys,
sce Nerves
ges Innervation
Schema
Ureters:
andUpper
ofKidneys
andSchema
Dissection
Glands:
ofSuprarenal
oee Nerves
gcz Arteries
inSitu
Glands
ofSuprarenal
andVeins
Abdominal Sections
Plates 348-349
(Sagittal)
gcg AbdominalWall
Section
Paramedian
andViscera:
at 13,4
ofAbdomen
CrossSection
srs Schematic
Regional Scans
Fascia
sez Renal
Plate 35O
Bladder
andUrinary
Vessels
andNodes
of Kidneys
a+s Lymph
CTlmages
Scans:Axial
eso Abdominal
Atlas of Human AnatomY
Abdomen
muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltopectoral
triangle
Sternalhead
Clavicularhead
muscle
Trapezius
Sternum
Body
Deltoidmuscle
Xiphoid
process
Pectoralis
major muscle
Serratus
anterior
muscle
Tendinous
intersection
External
oblique
muscle
Lineaalba
S e m i l u n al irn e
Umbilicus
Anteriorsuperior
i l i a cs p i n e
lliaccrest
Superficial
circumflexiliac vein
Superficial
epigastricveins
lnguinal
ligament
Pubicsymphysis
Pubictubercle
c(d4#
Topographic Anatomy
Plale 247
Bony Framework of Abdomen
4{tr
Transverseorocessesof lumbar vertebrae
I n n e rl i p
lliactuberosity
Intermediate
zone
lliaccrest
Outerlip
Wing (ala)of ilium
Tuberculum
Creater
sciatic
notch
Arcuateline
Anteriorsuperior
lschialspine
iliacspine
Lesser
sciaticnotch
Anteriorinferior
iliacspine
Iliopubic
emtnence
ter trochanter
of femur
Superior
pubicramus
Pectenpubis
(pectinealline)
Obturator
Pubicsymphysis
foramen
lschial
tuberosity
Pubictubercle
Inferior
pubicramus
Inferiorpubic ligament
Plate 248
Pubicarch
Lessertrochanter
of femur
Body Wall
Anterior Abdominal Wall: Superficial Dissection
*{r
major
Pectoralis
muscle
Xiphoidprocess
Rectussheath
L i n e aa l b a
Serratus
anterior
External
oblique
muscle
tissue
Subcutaneous
(superficialfascia)
of abdomen
Muscular
part
Aponeurotic
pan
Anteriorsuperior
i l i a cs p i n e
I n g u i n al il g a m e n t
(Poupart's)
lntercrural
fibers
Thoracoepigastric
vein
Camper's(fatty)layer,
(membranous)
Scarpa's
layerof subcutaneous
tissueof abdomen
(turned back)
of
layerto
Scarpa's
fascialata
Superficial
circumflex
iliacvessels
Superficial
i n g u i n arli n g
External
spermatic
fasciaon
spermatic
cord
Cribriformfascia
in saphenous
openrnS
Fascialata
Creat
s a p h e n o uvse i n
Superficial
dorsalveinof penis
Body Wall
Superficial
vessels
epigastric
external
pudendalvessels
ligament
Fundiform
fasciaof
Superficial
penisand scrotum
(dartosfascia)(cut)
Deep(Buck's)
fasciaof peniswith
deepdorsalveinof
penisshowingthrough
Plate 249
Anterior Abdominal wall: Intermediate Dissection
Nr
Pectoralismajor
muscles
'Anteriorlayerof
rectussheath
(cutedges)
Latissimus
d o r s im u s c l e
L i n e aa l b a
Serratus
anteriormuscle
Rectusabdominis
muscle
External
External
lcut away)
\cut away)
Tendinous
intersection
External
intercostal
muscles
External
oblique
aponeurosts
(cut edge
Rectussheath
Internal
Anteriorsuperior
i l i a cs p i n e - I n g u i n al i g a m e n t
(Poupart's)
Cremaster
muscle
(lateralorigin
Inguinalfalx
(conjointtendon
Reflected
i n g u i n al il g a m e n t
Internaloblique
muscle
Pyramidalis
muscle
Inguinalfalx
(conjointtendon)
l n g u i n al il g a m e n t
(Poupart's)
Anteriorsuperior
i l i a cs p i n e
External
oblique
(cutand
aponeurosis
turneddown)
Pectineal
ligament
(Cooper's)
Lacunarligament
(Cimbernat's)
Reflected
inguinal
ligament
Pubictubercle
Femoralvein
(in femoral sheath)
ligament
Suspensory
of penis
Saphenous
openrnS
muscles
Cremaster
and cremasteric
fascia
Cremaster
muscle
( m e d i a lo r i
Deep(Buck's)
fasciaof penis
Fascialata
External
spermatic
fascia(cut)
Great saphenousvein
Plate 25O
Superficial
fascia
of penisand
scrotum(cut)
Body Wall
Anterior Abdominal Wall: Deep Dissection
Superior
vessels
epigastric
4{tr
External
\cut away)
Anteriorlayerof
rectussheath(cut)
L i n e aa l b a
R e c t u sa b d o m i n i s
muscte
Anteriorlayerof
rectussheath
aponeurosis(cut)
abdominis
Transversus
muscle(cut)
I n t e r n ao
l blique
a p o n e u r o s i s( c u t )
fascia
Transversalis
(opened on left)
Transversus
a b d o m i n i sm u s c l e
Extraperitoneal
fascia(areolartissue)
Internal
o b l i q u em u s c l e( c u t )
M e d i a lu m b i l i c a l
l i g a m e n t( o c c l u d e dp a r t
o f u m b i l i c a la r t e r y )
Posteriorlayer
of rectus sheath
A r c u a t el i n e
Inferior
epigastricvessels
I n f e r i o re p i g a s t r i c
artery and vein (cut)
A n t e r i osr u p e r i o r
i l i a cs p i n e
S i t eo f d e e p i n g u i n a l
r i n g ( o r i g i no f i n t e r n a l
spermaticfascia)
lnguinal ligament
(Poupart's)
C r e m a s t e r i ca n d p u b i c
branchesof inferior
epigastricartery
Superficial
circumflexiliac,
S u p e r f i c i ael p i g a s t r i
Superficial
externalpudendal
arteries(cut)
Femoralsheath
(containsfemoral
a r t e r ya n d v e i n )
I n g u i n a fl a l x
(conioint tendon)
I n g u i n al i g a m e n t
(Poupart's)
P e c t i n e alli g a m e n t
L a c u n a rl i g a m e n t
(Cimbernat's)
(Cooper's)
P e c t i n e alli g a m e n t
(Cooper's)
L a c u n a rl i g a m e n l
(Cimbernat's)
Fat in retropubic space

(of Retzius)
Reflected
inguinaligament
Pectinealfascia
P u b i ct u b e r
nternal spermaticfascia
C r e m a s t e rm u s c l ea n d f a s c i a
E x t e r n asl p e r m a t i cf a s c i a
Body Wall
Deep(Buck's)
fasciaof penis
Superficialfascia
o f p e n i sa n d
scrotum (cut)
muscleandfascia(cut)
Cremaster
xternal spermaticfascia(cut)
Plate 251
Rectus Sheath: Gross Sections
Sectionabovearcuateline
Aponeurosis
of
externalobliquemuscle
Rectusabdominis muscle
Aponeurosis
of
External
oblique
i n t e r n a lo b l i q u e m u s c l e
Skin
lnternal
L i n e aa l b a
Transversus
a b d o m i n im
s uscle
Aponeurosis
of transversus
a b d o m i n im
s uscle
Posterior
layer
of rectussheath
Peritoneum
Extraperitoneal fascia
Falciform
ligament
Subcutaneous
tissue(fattylayer)
Transversalis
fascia
Aponeurosis
of internalobliquemusclesplitsto formanteriorandposterior
layersof rectussheath.
Aponeurosis
of external
obliquemusclejoinsanteriorlayerof sheath;
aponeuiosis
of transversus
abdominis
musclejoinsposterior
layer.Anteriorandposterior
layeisof rectussheathunitemedially
to formlineaalba.
Sectionbelow arcuateline
Aponeurosis
of
e x t e r n aol b l i q u em u s c l e
A p o n e u r o s i so f
internaloblique muscle
Aponeurosis
of transversus
a b d o m i n im
s uscle
Extraperitonealfascia
Internal
oblique muscle
Transversus
a b d o m i n im
s uscle
Transversalis
fascia
Peritoneum
External
Median umbilical
ligament(obliterated
u r a c h u s i)n m e d i a n
u m b i l i c aflo l d
ligamentand fold
aneouS
tissue(fattyand
membranous
layers)
A p o n e u r o soi sf i n t e r n aol b l i q u em u s c l ed o e sn o t s p l i ta t t h i sl e v e b
l u t p a s s ecso m p l e t e layn t e r i otro
rectusabdominismuscleand is fusedtherewith both aponeurosis
of externalobliquemuscleund thut
of transversus
abdominismuscle.Thus,posteriorwalloi rectussheathis absentbelbwarcuateiine,
and rectusabdominismusclelieson transversalis
fascia.
Plale 252
*{r
Body Wall
Anterior Abdominal Wall: Internal View

seePlate229
Forumbilicalvessels
Parietal
pleura
Diaphragm
Diaphragmatic
fascia
Round
ligament
(ligamentum
teres)of liver
ano
paraumbilical
vetns
Falciform
ligament
Peritoneum
(cut edges)
tcus
Transversalis
fasciaand
its cut edge
Peritoneum
ransversalis
fascia
Rectus
abdominis
muscle
Externaland
lnternal
oblique
musctes
Inferior
epigastric
Transversus
abdominis
muscle
VCSSCIS
Inguinal
triangle
(Hesselbach's)
Left medial
umbilical
ligament
(obliterated
leftumbilical
artery)
Transversalis
fascia(cut)
lnterfoveolar
ligament
R i g h tm e d i a l
u m b i l i c a fl o l d
Deep
circumflex
i l i a cv e s s e l s
Median
umbilical
ligament
(obliterated
urachusa
) nd
paraumbilical
v e i n si n m e d i a n
Deep
i n g u i n arl i n g
Cremasteric
and pubic
branchesof
inferior
epigastricartery
U m b i l i c a lp r e v e s i c a l
fascia
Testicularvessels
L a t e r a ul m b i l i c a fl o l d
(containsinferior
epigastricvessels)
E x t e r n aill i a cv e s s e l s
Spermaticcord
oral nerve
Femoralsheath
Lacunarligament (Cimbernat's)
muscle
lliopsoas
Pectinealligament (Cooper's)
xternal iliac vessels

Supravesicalfossa
I n g u i n afl a l x ( c o n j o i n t e n d o n )
Transversevesicalfold
U m b i l i c a la r t e r y
(occluded part distalto this point)
Obturator internusmuscle
Obturator nerve and vessel6
Ureter(cut)
Anterior recessof ischioanalfossa
Superiorvesicalartery
Ductus (vas)deferens
Body Wall
L e v a t o ra n i m u s c l e
"**r --Brlbourethral (Cowper,s)

gland embedded
perinealmuscle
inalvesicle in deeptransverse
Prostateand sphincterurethraemuscle
U r i n a r yb l a d d e r
P e r i n e am
l embrane
Plate 253
Posterolateral Abdominal Wall
Serratus
anteriormuscle
lnfraspinousfascia
Rhomboim
d a j o rm u s c l e
Auscultatory
triangle
Lateralcutaneous
branchof dorsalramusof TZ soinal
Medialcutaneous
branchof dorsalramusof TZ spinal
Trapezius
muscle
Latissimu
d so r s im u s c l e
E x t e r n aolb l i q u em u s c l e
Thoracolumbar
fascia(posterior
layer)
Lateralcutaneous
branchof
subcostal
nerve(ventralramusof T12)
Lumbartriangle(of Petit)
lliaccrest
Lateralcutaneous
branchof iliohypogastric
nerve(11)
Superiorclunialnerves(lateralcutaneous
branches
of dorsalramiof L1-13spinalnerves)
Glutealaponeurosis
overqluteusmediusmuscle
Cluteusmaximusmuscle
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
Latissimus
dorsimuscle(cutand turnedback)
Serratus
oosteriorinferiormuscle
Digitations
of costaloriginof latissimus
dorsimuscle
Digitations
of costaloriginof externalobliquemuscle
Externalobfique muscle(cutand turnedback)
Tendon of origin of transversusabdominis muscle
Internaloblioue muscle
Lateralcutaneous
branchof subcostal
nerve(ventralramusofTl 2)
Lateralcutaneous
nerve(Ll )
l l i a cc r e s t
Superiorclunialnerves(lateralcutaneous
branches
of dorsalramiof L1-13soinalnerves)
Cluteusmaximusmuscle
Plate 254
4{tr
Body Wall
Arteries of Anterior Abdominal Wall
arterv
Subclavian
Lateralthoracic
artery
Subscapular
Internalthoracicarteries
Pericardiacophrenic
arterywith
phrenicnerve
*{r
arterv
Thoracodorsal
ransversus
thoracis
muscle
anch to falciform
ligamentof liver
Anterior
intercostal
arteries
Musculophrenic
arteries
Superiorepigastric
arteries
Diaphragm
Transversus
abdominis
muscleand aponeurosis
with lower
Anastomoses
intercostal,
subcostal,
a n dl u m b a r
Ex
Internal
oblique
muscres
Transversus
abdominismuscre
Ascendingbranch of
deep circumflexiliac artery
Superficial
circumflexiliac
Superficial
epigastric
artery
Rectusabdominis
muscles
Internal
External
Posteriorlaverof
rectussheath
ate line
Inferiorepigastric
artery
Superficialepigastric
arterv
Femoralartery
Femoralartery
Superficial
external
pudendalartery
Deepexternal
pudendalartery
Cremasteric
andtesticular
arteriesand artervto ductus
deferensin spermatic
Body Wall
arteriesof
penis (deep to
Buck's fascia)
Plate 255
Veins of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Subclavian
vein
Axillaryvein
External
Internal
Anterior
Cephalicvein
Intercostal
tributaries
to axillary
vern
Lateralthoracicvein
Anterior
intercostalveins
Axillaryvein
Internalthoracic vein
al thoracicvein
Musculophrenic
vei
venousplexus
Superiorepigastric
veins
Thoracoepigastric
vein
Perforatin
g tributaries
to internalthoracic
vetn
Paraumbilical
veinsin
roundligamentof liver
gastricvein
Thoracoepi
Inferiorepigastric
veins
tariesof
paraumbilicalveins
Tributaries
to deep
circumflexiliacveins
Thoracoepigastric
vein
Thoracoepi
gastricvein
Superficial
epigastric
vein
Superficial
circumflexiliacvein
al circumflex
iliacvein
Superficialepigastricvein
External
pudendalvein
Externalpudendalvein
S a p h e n o u so p e n i n g
fascia over
s a p h e n o uosp e n i n g
Femoralvein
Creatsaphenous
vein
(venous)plexus
Pampiniform
Deep dorsal vein of penis
(deep to Buck'sfascia)Superficialdorsalvein of penis
Plate 256
saphenousvein
Anteriorscrotalveins
Nr
Body Wall
Nerves of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Medial brachial
cutaneous nerve
Intercostobrachial
n e r v e( T 1 , 2 )
Long thoracic nerve
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
Serratus
anteriormuscle
External
obliquemuscle(cut)
Posteriorlayerof
rectussheath
Anteriorlayerof
rectussheath(cut)
Lateralcutaneous
branches
of intercostalnerve(T2-11
Anteriorcutaneous
branches
of intercostal
nerve(T1-11
Lateralcutaneous
branch
of subcostal
nerve(T12)
Lateralcutaneous
branch
of iliohypogastric
nerve(11)
Anteriorcutaneous
branch
of subcostal
nerve(T12
Lateralfemoralcutaneous
nerve(12,3)
Anterior cutaneousbranch
of iliohypogastricnerve (11
Femoralbranchesof
genitofemoralnerve (11,2)
Anteriorscrotalbranch
o f i l i o i n g u i nn
ae
l r v e( 1 1 )
Rectusabdominismuscle
Transversus
abdominis
muscle
Internalobliquemuscle
(cut)
and aponeurosis
Anteriorand lateral
branches
cutaneous
of subcostal
nerve(T12)
Anteriorbranchof
iliohypogastric
nerve(11)
i o i n g u i n anle r v e( 1 1 )
External
oblique
aponeurosis(cut)
Anteriorcutaneous
branch
nerve(11)
of iliohypogastric
llioinguinn
ae
l r v e( 1 1)
muscle
Cremasteric
cord
of soermatic
External
spermatic
fascia
of spermatic
cord
Cenitalbranchof
genitofemoralnerve (11, 2)
Body Wall
4{tr
Plate 257
Thoracoabdominal Nerves
Spinalnervetrunk
Meningealbranch
Spinalsensory
(dorsalroot)ganglion
Dorsalroot
Ventral rool
Erectorspinaemuscle
Medialbranch,
Lateralbranchof
Dorsal(posterior)
r
Ventral(anterior)
ramusof spinalnerve(intercostal
nerve)
Collateral
branch
External
intercostal
muscle
Internalintercostal
muscle
Innermostintercostal
muscle
Latissimus
dorsi
muscle
Subcostal
muscles
Serratus
anterior
muscle
Windowcut
in innermosl
intercostal
muscl6
Lateral
cutaneous
branch
Communicating
branch
Creater and lesser

thoracic s p l a n c h n i c
nerves
Sympathetictru
Cray and white rami communicante!
R e c t ua
s b d o m i n im
s uscle
Internal
intercostal
Internalintercostal
muscle
membranes
anteriorto
externalintercostal
muscles
Collateral
branch
rejoiningintercostal
Transversus
abdominismuscle
lnnermost
intercostal
muScle
Internal
intercostal
muscle
External
intercostal
muscte
Lineaalba
External
intercostal
membrane
External
Anteriorcutaneous
branch
*{r
Plate 258
Body Wall
lnguinal Region: Dissections
L i n e aa l b a
m u s c l ea n d
aponeurosrs
Rectussheath
(anteriorlayer)
A n t e r i o rs u p e r i o ri l i a cs p i n e
Transversalis
fasciawithin
inguinaltriangle
(site of direct
i n g u i n a lh e r n i a )
Internao
l b l i q u em u s c l e
kut and reflected\
Transversus
abdominismuscle
D e e pi n g u i n arli n g
l n g u i n a fl a l x
(conjoint
tendon)
(in transversalis
fascia)
Cremastermuscle
(lateralorigin)
Reflected
inguinal
ligament
InferiorepiBastricvessels
(deep to transversalis
fascia)
I ng u i n a ll i g a m e n t( P o u p a r t ' s )
fibers
L a c u n a rl i g a m e n t( C i m b e r n a t ' s )
External
spermaticfascia
on spermatic
cord exiting
Cremaster
muscle
( m e d i a lo r i g i n )
S u p e r f i c i ai ln g u i n a lr i n g
L a t e r a cl r u s -
Superficial
i n g u i n a lr i n g
Fundiform
l i g a m e n to f p e n i s
M e d i a cl r u s
Pubiccrest
Posterior(internal)view
4{tr
Rectussheath(posteriorlayer)
Arcuateline
M e d i au
l m b i l i c al il g a m e n t
Anteriorsuperioriliacspine
Transversalis
fascia(cutaway)
l l i o p u b i tcr a c t
vessels
Inferiorepigastric
i n a l ( H e s s e l b a c h ' st r)i a n g l e
Femoralnerve
enital branch of genitofemoralnerve
and testicularvessels
D e e p i n g u i n a lr i n g
lliopsoasmuscle
Externaliliac vessels
al ring (dilated)(broken line)
L a c u n a rl i g a m e n t( C i m b e r n a t ' s )
Rectinealligament (Cooper's)
anastomosis
Obturator-pubic
Obturatorvessels
vessels
Pubicbranches
of inferiorepigastric
M e d i a nu m b i l i c al il g a m e n t
Pubicsymphysis
Hesselbach'striangle by Carlos Machado after Frank Netter
Body Wall
Cryd4/*
Plate 259
lnguinal Ganal and Spermatic Gord
Testicularvesselscovered by peritoneum
External
obliquemuscle
Testicularvesselsand genital branch of genitofemorai
Internao
l b l i q u em u s c l e
Transversus
abdominis muscle
Cremastericvessels
Transversalis
fasc
Externaliliac vesselscovered by peritoneum
Extraperitoneal
fascia(loose
connectivetissue)
Ductus (vas)deferenscovered by peritoneum

I n f e r i o re p i g a s t r i cv e s s e l s
Peritoneum
Medialumbilicaligament
( o c c l u d e dp a r t o f u m b i l i c a la r t e r y )
U m b i l i c a lp r e v e s i c afla s c i a
Urinarybladder
P y r a m i d a l im
s uscle
Medianumbilical
ligament (urachus)
Superficial
i n g u i n a lr i n g s
Anterior
supeflor
i l i a cs p i n e
gin of internal
spermaticfascia
from transversalis
fasciaat deep
llioinguinalnerve
Pubic
symphysis
S p e r m au c
cord
(covered by
intermingling
fibers of
external
oblique
aponeurosts)
Femoral
vessets
P u b i ct u b e r c l e
Cremastermuscle
and cremasteric
fasciaon
spermaticcord
Externalspermaticfascia
e n v e l o p i n gs p e r m a t i c
In g u i n a l i g a m e n t(P o u p a r t ' s )
Inguinalfalx (conjoint tendon)
Intercruralfibers
Plate 260
Body Wall
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
Loop of bowel
e n t e r i n gh e r n i a ls a c
vessels,
testicular
Ductus(vas)deferens,
nerve
and genitalbranchof genitofemoral
forming spermaticcord
Neck of hernialsac
Inferiorepigastric
vessels
Origin of
internalspermatic
fasciafrom
fasciaat
transversalis
d e e p i n g u i n a lr i n g
Peritoneum
Extraperitoneal
fascia
fascia
Transversalis
*;';,
"?,:',
External
spermatic
fascia
Cremaster
muscleand
fascia
Superficial
Internalspermatic
fascia
H e r n i a ls a c
Ductus(vas)deferensand
cord
vessels
of spermatic
Body Wall
*{r
Plate 261
Femoral Sheath and Inguinal Ganal
Transversalis
fascia(cutedge)
Extraperitoneal
fascia
peritoneum
Parietal
Medianumbilicalligament(urachus)
Medialumbilicalligament(occludedpart
of umbilicalarterv)
Inferiorepigastricvessels
Deepcircumflexiliacvessels
Testicular
vessels
teric artery
Ductus(vas)deferens
External
iliacvessels
Pubic(obturatoranastomotic)
vessels
(cut)
External
obliqueaponeurosis
Internalspermatic
fasciaon spermatic
cord
Femoralnerve(deepto iliopsoas
fascia)
Femoralvessels
in femoralsheath
Falciform
marginof saphenous
opening
(cutand reflected)
Ureter
Cenitofemoral nerve
Urinary
bladder
Pectineal
ligament
(Cooper's)
Lacunar
ligament
(Gimbernat's)
Inguinal
ligament
(Poupart's
Transversalis
fasciaforms
anteriorwall of
femoralsheath
(posterior
wall
formedby
iliopsoas
fascia)
lliac fascia
Cenital branch of genitofemoralnerve
Femoralbranch of genitofemoral
Testicular
vessels
Externaliliac
Inferior epigastric
Ductus(vas)deferensandcremasteric
a
Pectinealligament (Cooper's
*{r
Plate 26.2
Femoralring
Transversalis
fasciaforms
anterior wall of femoral sheath
L a c u n a rl i g a m e n t( C i m b e r n a t '
I n g u i n al il g a m e n(tP o u p a r t ' s
Lymphnode(Cloquet's)
in femoral
Femoralsheath(cutopen)
Pectineal
fascia
Body Wall
Posterior Abdominal Wall: Internal View
Cavalopening
Diaphragm
tendonof diaphragm
andvagaltrunks
crusof diaphragm
Leftcrusof diaphragm
Medianarcuateligament
Aortaandthoracicduct
and least
; lesser,
nerves
thoracicsplanchnic
Medialarcuateligament
Lateralarcuateligament
trunk
Sympathetic
Quadratuslumborum
muscle
minormuscle
majormuscle
abdominis
Transversus
muscle
Internal
obliquemuscle
obliquemuscle
External
lliacusmuscle
iliacspine
superior
muscle
Piriformis
(ischiococcygeus)
muscle
ligament(Poupart's)
internusmuscle
muscle
Rectococcygeus
Tendinous
archof
levatorani muscle
Openingfor femoralvessels
ligament(Cooper's)
Pectineal
Lacunarligament(Cimbernat's)
Pubicsymphysis
Lesser
trochanterof femur
membrane
Urethra
Pubictubercle
Body Wall
*{r
Plate 263
Arteries of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Inferior phrenic
Recurrent
branch
esophagus
Celiactrunkwith commonhepatic,
leftgastric,
and splenicarteriel
Superiorsuprarenal
arteries
artery
$iddle suprarenal
Superiormesenteric
artery
Superiorsuprarenal
arteries
Inferiorsuprarenal
artery
Middlesuprarenal
artery
lnferior
suprarenal
artery
Leftrenalartery
Right
renalartery
(ovarian)
Testicular
arteries
Psoasmajor
muscle(cut)
Abdominalaorta
mesenteric
artery
Quadratus
lumborum
muscle
Leftcolic artery
arteries
Subcostal
artery
Superiorrectal
artery
1stto 4th right

lumbararteries
Common
iliacarteries
Mediansacral
artery
lliolumbar
artery
Internaliliac
artery
Superiorgluteal
artery
Lateral
sacralarteries
External
iliac artery
Umbilical(patent
part)arterygiving
riseto superior
vesicalarteries
Testicular
(ovarian)
artery
Ascending
branch of-
Obturatorarterv
qeep
circumflex
iliacartery
Inferiorvesical
arteryand arteryto
ductusdeferens
Superficial
circumflex
iliacartery
Middlerectal
artery
lnferior
epigastric
Internalpudendal
artery
artery
Inferiorgluteal
artery
Pubic,
Cremasteric
branches
of inferior
epigastric
artery
Superficial
epigastric
artery(cua)
Transversalis
fascia(cut)
Femoralartery
Ductusdeferensand testicular
artery(cut)
Superficial
externalpudendalarteri
Deepexternalpudendalartery
Plate 264
abdominalwall
(turned down)
Medialumbilicalligament
(occludedpartof umbilical
artery)
4{F
Body Wall
Veins of Posterior Abdominal Wall
lnferiorphrenic
Diaphragm
Hepatic veins
Esophagus
lnferior vena cava
veinsand
Leftsuprarenal
with inferior
anastomosis
phrenicvein
Right inferior
s u p r a r e n avl e i n
Right renal vein
Leftrenalvein
Psoasmajor
muscle (cut)
Ovarian(testicular)
verns
Quadratus
Ascending
l u m b a rv e i n s
l u m b o r u mm u s c l e
vein
Subcostal
iliac
vetn
l st to 4th right
lumbar vei
Internaliliac
vetn
l l i o l u m b a rv e i n
Superiorgluteal
vetn
Common
i l i a cv e i n
nferiorgluteal
veln
Ovarian
(testicular)
v e i n sa n d
ureter(cut)
lnternal
pudendal vein
Internal
iliac
External
vetn
i l i a cv e i n
Middlerectal
veln
Median
sacralvein
Uterinevein
Lateral
sacralvei
Superiorvesical
vern
Deepcircumflex
i l i a cv e i n
Deep circumflex
iliacvein
Superficial
circumflex
i l i a cv e i n
Obturatorvein
of uterus
lnferior
epigastricvein
(cut)
Inferiorepigastric
vetn
Superficialepigastricvein (cut)
tal venous
plexus
Pubic (obturator anastomotic)vein
Uterovaginalvenous
plexus
Femoralvein
4{tr
Body Wall
vein
Creatsaohenous
pudendalvein
External
Vesicalvenousplexus
Anteriorabdominal
wall fturned down)
Plate 265
Lymph vessels and Nodes of posterior Abdominal wall
R i g h st u b c l a v i at n
runk
Thoracicduct
Tracheobronchialnodes
Inferiorphrenicnodes
Thoracicduct
Cisternachyli
R i g h ltu m b a trr u n k
Intestinal
trunk
Celiac
nooes
Superior
mesenteric
nodes
Visceral
(preaortic)
lymph
nodes
lnferior
mesenteric
node
Leftlumbartrunk
Lumbarnodes
(lateralaorticnodes)
Common iliac nodes
Common iliac nodes
Middle sacralnodes
Internaliliacnodes
External
iliacnodes
Lateralsacralnodes
Inferior
epigastric
OOO-
Node of Cloquet,
or Rosenmi.iller
(highestdeep
i n g u i n anl o d e )
Superficial
inguinal
nooes
(superior,
horizontal,
and
inferior
lverticall
groups)
Deep
inguinal
nooes
Plate 266
n{r
Body Wall
Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall
and least
Creater,lesser,
nerves
thoracicsplanchnic
trunks
Sympathetic
nerve(T12)
Subcostal
lliohypogastricnerve
(L 1 )
Celiac,superiormesenteric,
and aorticorenalganglia
lliohypogastric
nerve(11)
llioinguinalnerve (Ll)
Muscularbranches
from lumbarplexus
nerve(T12)
Subcostal
llioinguinal
n e r v e( L l
Psoasmajor
muscle(cut)
Cenitofemoral
n e r v e( L 1 , 2 )
Quadratus
lumborum
muscle
Transversus
abdominis
muscle(cut)
lliohypogastric
nerve(11)
Subcostal
nerve (T1
and its
lateral
cutaneous
branch
Intermesenteric
(paraaortic)
plexus
Crayand
white rami
communicantes
llioinguinal
n e r v e( 1 1 )
Cenitofemoral
n e r v e( L 1 , 2 )
Lateralfemoral
cutaneous
nerve(L2,3)
Femoralbranch,
Cenitalbranch
of genitofemoral
n e r v e( L 1 , 2 )
Lumbosacral
trunks(14,5)
Obturatornerves
Accessorvobturator
nerve(13,4) (occasional)
Lateral
femoral
cutaneous
nerve
(L2,3\
Femoral
nerve
Femoralnerve
plexus(14-54)
Pudendal
nerve(S2,3, 4)
(L2-L4)
Obturatornerve(12,3, 4)
*{r
Body Wall
nerve(11)
Anteriorcutaneous
'Anterior
nerve(L.l)
of ilioinguinal
scrotal(labial)branches
Plate 267
Regions and Planes of Abdomen
Right
lateralrectusplane
( s e m i l u n al irn e )
Righthypochondrium
(hypochondriac
region
Umbilical region
Rightflank(lumbarregion)
Left
lateralrectusplane
( s e m i l u n al irn e )
Left
hypochondr
Leftflank(lumbar
region)
.Et9$g!9tc!elplaE
nous Dlane
Rightgroin(inguinalregion
eft groin(inguinal
region)
Pubic(hypogastric
region)
Plate 268
Peritoneal Gavity
Greater Omentum and Abdominal Viscera
Falciformligament
Left lobe of liver
Right lobe of liver
Stomach
Callbladder
Creater omentum overlYing

colon and small
transverse
i n t e s t i n e( j e j u n u ma n d i l e u m )
Createromentum(turnedup)
Transverse
colon(turnedup)
Transverse
mesocolon
Left colic (splenic)fle
R i g h tc o l i c ( h e p a t i c )f l e x u r
S m a l li n t e s t i n e( l e j u n u ma n d i l e u m )
A s c e n d i n gc o l o n
Cecum
S m a liln t e s t i n(ec o v e r i ndge s c e n d i ncgo l o n )
S i g m o i dc
Peritoneal Gavity
4{v
Plate 269
Mesenteric Relations of Intestines
Transverse
colon (e/evated)
Transversemesocolon
S u p e r i odr u o d e n af lo l d
Superiorduodenal fossa
Left colic (splenic)flexure
Paraduodenalfossa
Inferior duodenal fossa
I n f e r i o rd u o d e n a lf o l d
Mesentericoparietalrecess(fossa)
Superiormesenteric
artery
in root of mesentery
ferior mesentericartery and vein
Esophagus
R i g h tc r u s o f d i a p h r a g m
( p a r tp a s s i n gt o r i g h t
of esophagealhiatus)
(part passingto left
of esophagealhiatus)
Left crus of diaphragm
Exposureof suspensory
muscleof duodenum
(ligamentof Treitz)
Celiac trunk
Suspensorymuscle of
tf
d u o d e n u m( l i g a m e n o
Treitz)
Superiormesentericartery
Duodenojejunalflexure
e n d i n g( 4 t h ) p a r t
of duodenum
Jejunum
4{tr
Pfate 27O
Inferior (horizontal,or
3rd) partof duodenum
D e s c e n d i n g( 2 n d ) p a r t
of duodenum
Peritoneal Gavity
Mesenteric Relations of Intestines (continuedl
colon
ransverse
(e/evated)
mesocolon
Creater
omentum
(e/evated)
(e/evatedover pancreas\
fejunum(cut)
Freetaenia
(taenialibera)
Mesentery(cutand
smallintestineremoved)
Omental
(epiploic)
append
flexure
eft colic(splenic)
Rightcolic
(hepatic)
flexure
Rightparacolic
gutter
Leftparacolicgutter
Ascending
Sigmoidmesocolon
Terminalpartof
i l e u m(
gmoidcolon
Cecum
Retrocecal
recess
Vermiform
appendix
*{r
Sigmoid colon (reflected)

Sigmoid mesocolon
Intersigmoid
Parietal
peritoneum
Commoniliacvessels
Peritoneal Gavity
Plale 271
Omental Bursa: Stomach Reflected
Inferior vena cava (retroperitoneal)
Castro-omental(gastroepiploic)arterialanastomosis(enclosed
in gastrocolicligament)

(in peritonealfold)
Hepatoduodenalligament
(right margin of lesseromentum)
Probe in omental
(epiploic)foramen
Stomach(posteriorsurface)
Caudatelobeof liver
in superiorrecessof omentalbursa
Left gastricartery (in gastropancreaticfold)
Leftinferiorphrenicartery
(retroperitoneal)
Callbladder
Castrophrenicligament
Diaphragm
Leftsuprarenal
glandand superior
poleof kidney(retroperitoneal)
Liver
stro-
splenic
(gastrolienal)
ligament
Spleen
R i g h tc o l i c
(hepatic)flexure
Left colic (splenic)flexure

ligament
Kidney(retroperitoneal)
(2nd)partofduodenurh
Descending
Rightgastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
artery(coveredby peritoneum)
A n t e r i osr u p e r i opr a n c r e a t i c o duodenal artery (retroperitoneal)
Head of pancreas(retroperitoneal)
Plate 272
S p l e n o r e n a(ll i e n o r e n a ll)i g a m e n t
Tailof pancreas(intraperitoneal)
I Posteriorlayers | ^,
ligament
Anteriortry"r, iiril I of Sastrocolic
Transverse
mesocolon
Body of pancreas(retroperitoneal)
Nr
Peritoneal Gavity
Omental Bursa: Cross Section
Vertebralbodyof L1
Left kidney
Parietal
perttoneum
C r e a t e ro m e n t u m
Visceralperitoneum (cut edges)
O m e n t a l( e p i p l o i c ) /
foramen (of Winslow)
( C o m m o n )b i l e d u c t
Portal
triad
Stomach
Pancreas
O m e n t a l b u r s a( l e s s e sr a c )
Hepatic portal vein

Proper hepatic artery
Peritoneal Gavity
L e s s eo
r m e n t u m( h e p a t o d u o d e n a l
and hepatogastricligaments)
Nr
Plate 273
Peritoneum of Posterior Abdominal wall
Inferiorvena cava
( C o m m o n )b i l e d u c t a n d
proper hepatic artery
C o r o n a r yl i g a m e n to f l i v e r
R i g h st u p r a r e ngal a n d
O m e n t u m ( e p i p l o i c )f o r a m e n
\
behind right free margin
o f l e s s e ro m e n t u m
R i g h tt r i a n g u l a r
ligament---1
Attachment
of transverse
mesocolon
and right
gastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
vessels
Abdominal aorta and celiac trunk

F a l c i f o r ml i g a m e n t
Hepatic
VCINS
Superiorrecessof omental bursa (lessersac)

Attachment of lesseromentum and
left gastricartery
Esophagus
Left triangular
ligament
of liver
Castrophrenic
l i g a m e n ta n d
left inferior
phrenic artery
t gastflc
vessels
Splenorenal
(lienorenal)
l i g a m e n ta n d
splenicvessels
Parietal
peritoneum
Phrenicocolic
ligament
Duodenum
Root of
mesentery
Site of
ascending
colon
Common iliac
artery (retroperitoneal)
Externaliliac
artery (retroperitonea
Testicular
v e s s e l(sr e t r o peritoneal)
Ureters(retroperitoneal
Siteof deep
Median
umbilical
fold
(contains
uracnus)
Nr
Plale 274
Pancreasand
splenicartery
(retroperitoneal)
Attachment of
transverse
meS0colon
Superior
mesenteric
vessels
Siteof
descending
colon
Attachment of
sigmoid
mesocoton
and sigmoid
vessets
Superior
rectal vessels
Sacrogenital
fold (ligament)
Lateral
(contains
inferior epigastricvessels)
Medial
(contarns
occluded part
of umbilical
artery)
Peritoneal Cavity
Stomach in Situ
Leftlobeof liver
Falciform
ligament
ligament )
Hepatoduodenal
omentum
I Lesser
ligament,
Hepatogastric
Abdominalpart
of esophagus
notch(incisure)
Cardiac
Round
ligament
ofl
(obliterated
umbilical
vein)
Fundusof stomach
Diaphragm
lnferior
border
of
Quadrate
lobeof
liver
Riehtlobe
ofliver.Gallbladder
Omental
(epiploic)
fora
(of Winslow)
Pylorus
Duodenum
Rightkidney
(retroperitoneal)
*{r
Rightcolic
(hepatic)
flexure
createromentum
flexure
Leftcolic(splenic)
Variationsin
positionand
contour of
stomachin
relationto
bodv habitus
Hypertonic stomach
Viscera (Gutl
Orthotonic stomach
Hypotonic stomach
Atonic stomach
Plate 275
Mucosa of Stomach
SeeatsoPhe 236
Z i g z a g( Z ) l i n e
(junction of gastric
and esophagealmucosa)
Cardiacorifice
Gastricfolds(rugae)
Pyloricorifice
Gastriccanal
(magenstrasse)
S u p e r i o(r1 s t )p a r t
of duodenum
( a m p u l l ao,r
Pylorus
d u o d e n a lc a p )
Castric and
fundic zones
4{F
Pyloriczone
Surfaceepith e l i a l
e1
M u c o u sc e l l
Parietal
cell
(betweenmucouscell
a n dc h i e fc e l l )
S o l i t a r yl y m p h f o l l i c l e( n o d u l e )
N e u r o e n d o c r i n eC c e l l
Muscularis
Submucosa
Plate 276
Castric (fundic)glands
Viscera (Gutl
Musculature of Stomach
muscleof esopha
Longitudinal
musclelayerof stomach
Outerlongitudinal
(concentratedchieflyat lesserand Sreater
curvaturesand at pyloric part)
Middlecircularmusclelaverof stomach
4{tr
Collarof Helvetius
(middlecircularand
i n n e r m o sotb l i q u e
fibersblendhere)
Outer longitudinalmuscle
layer(cutaway)
Section
through
pylorus
(composeo
chieflyof
thickened
circular
muscle)
Middlecircular
musclelayer
lnnermost
obliquemuscle
layer
Circularmuscle
of duodenum
Longitudinal
m u s c l eo f d u o d e n u m
Viscera lGutl
Windowscut in
m i d d l ec i r c u l a r
musclelayer
Plale 277
Duodenum in Situ
Head of pancreas
Suprarenal
gland
Kidney
Superiormesentericvessets
Transverse
mesocolon
and itscut edges
Celiactrunk
Rightfreemarginof lesser
omentum(hepatoduodenal
ligament)
Splenicartery
Transverse
colon (cut)
Leftcolic
(splenic)
flexure
Suprarenal
gland
Pylorus
Ki
Transverse
mesocolon
and its
cut edges
Right
colic
(hepatic)
flexure
Transverse
colon(cut)
Ascending
colon
Psoas
maJor
muscle
Descending
colon
Descending(2nd) part
Duodenum
Inferiorduodenalfold andfossa
Inferior (horizontal,
or 3rd)part
Ascending
(4th)par
Rootof mesentery(cut edgei)
Duodenojejunal
flexureandjejunum(cut)
Inferiormesenteric
artery
Abdominalaorta
Inferiorvena cava
Plate 278
4{r
Viscera (Gutl
Mucosa and Musculature of Duodenum

Hepatic portal vein
Properhepaticartery
artery
troduodenal
( C o m m o nb) i l ed u c t
Rightgastricartery
Rightfreemarginof lesser
omentum(hepatoduodenal
ligament)
Commonhepaticartery
Pyloricorifice
Superiorduodenal
(Common)bileduct
( a m p u l l ao,r
duodenalcap)
(no circularfolds)
Accessorypancreatic
duct (of Santorini)
(Principal)pancreatic
duct (of Wirsung)
Descending
(2nd)part
Minor duodenal
papilla (inconstant
flexure
Duodenojejunal
Circularfolds
(valves
of
Jejunum
Major duodenal
papilla(of Vater)
(4th)part
Ascending
Head of pancreas
mesentericartery and vein
Inferiorduodenalflexure
Inferior(horizontal,
or 3rd)part
Outer
longitudinal
musclelayer
(with window
cut)
lnner
circular
muscle
layer
(with
window
cut)
Laversof
dubdenalwall
Submucosa
with duodenal
(Brunner's)
glands
*{r
Viscera lGutl
of stomach,
Barium radiograph
-proximal
jejunum
duodenum, and
B Bodyof stomach
D Duodenalcap (1st part)
D 2 D e s c e n d i n(g2 n d )p a r t
of duodenum
F Fundusof stomach
jejunum
Proximal
I
P Pylorus
PA Pyloricantrum
Plate 279
Mucosa and Musculature of small Intestine
fejunum
Mesentery
A n a s t o m o t i cl o o p
( a r c a d e )o f
jejunal arteri
Straightarteries
(arteriaerectae)
Serosa(visceral
pefltoneum)
Longitudinal
m u s c l el a y e r
Circular
m u s c l el a y e r
Barium radiographof jejunum
Submucosa
Mucosa
C i r c u l afro l d s
(valves
of
Kerckring)
Solitary
l y m p h o i dn o d u l e
lleum
Mesentery
Anastomotic loops
(arcades)of
ileal arteries
Straightarteries
(arteriaerectae
Serosa(visceral
pefltoneum)
Longitudinal
musclelayer
Circular
musclelayer
Barium radiographof ileum
Submucosa
Mucosa
Circularfol
S o l i t a r yl y m p h o i dn o d u l e s
Aggregatelymphoid
n o d u l e s( P e y e r ' sp a t c h e s
Plate 28O
4{tr
Viscera (Gutl
lleocecal Region
lleocolicartery
-Colic branch
llealbranch
Posteriorcecalarterv
artery
Appendicular
Anteriorcecalartery
Vascularfold of cecum
uoeriorileocecalrecess
lleocecalfold (bloodlessfold of Treves)
Terminalpartof ileum
Inferiorileocecalrecess
Appendicular
artery
Vermiformappendix
Freetaenia
(taenialibera)
External
iliacvessels
(retroperitoneal)
Retrocecalrecess
Cecalfolds
Rightparacolicgutter
Omental taenia
*{r
Posteriorcecal
Cecalfolds
Somevariationsin posteriorperitonealattachmentof cecum

nesof
Viscera (Gutl
Plate 281
lleocecal Region (continuedl
Free taenia (taenia libera)
Ileocecallips:labialform of ilealorifice
(asseencommonlypostmortem
and occasionally
in vivo)
Terminalpartof ileum
Orifice of vermiform appendix
Freetaenia
(taenialibera)
Vermiform appendix
Circularmuscleof colon
Mesocolic taenia
Fibersto papilla
Fibersto ileum
Fibersaround ileocecaljunction
C i r c u l am
r u s c l eo f i l e u m
llealpapilla:papillary
formof ilealorifice
(found.mostcommonly
In vtvol
Schemaof musclefibersat ileal orifice
Plate 282
4{F
Viscera (Gutl
Vermiform Appendix
long
of unusually
Bariumradiograph
appendix(A Appendix;C Cecum)
Variationsin position of appendix
Mesoappendix
(visceral
peritoneum)
o n g i t u d i n aml u s c l e
Circularmuscle
4{tr
Viscera lGutl
Plate 283
Mucosa and Musculature of Large Intestine

Forrectum
andanalcanal
seeplates391-396
Creater omentum (cut away)

R i g h tc o l i c
(hepatic)flexure
Transversemesocolon
Transversecolon
Omental taenia
Omental
(epiploic)
appendices
Haustra
(cut away)
Peritoneum
(cutaway)
Omental
taenia
(exposed
Descending
colon
Peritoneum
by hook
Freetaenia
(taenialibera)
Ascending
coton
Mesocolic
taenta
(exposed
by hook)
S e m i l u n af or l d s
R e c t o s i g m o i jdu n c t i o n
(taeniaespreadout and
unite to form longitudinal
Freetaenia
(taenialibera)
musclelayer)
lleal
orifice
Vermiform appendix
Levatorani muscl
Externalanal sphinctermuscle
Plate 284
Nr
Viscera (Gutl
Sigmoid Golon: Variations in Position
Short,straight,
obliquelyinto pelvis
*{r
Looping to right side
Viscera lGutl
Ascendinghigh into abdomen
Plate 285
Topography of Liver
Lateralrectus
( s e m i l u n a rp) l a n e
Transpyloric
plane
Diaphragm
Liver
covered by
diaphragm,
p l e u r aa n d
rung
(percussion
duliness)
Diaphragm
Liver
covered by
diaphragm
and pleura
(percussion
flatness)
Liver
coveredby
diaphragm,
p l e u r aa, n d
rung
(percussion
dullness)
Liver
covered by
diaphragm
(percussion
flatnessor
intestinal
resonance)
Liver
covered by
diaphragm
and pleura
(percussion
flatness)
Nr
Diaphragm
Plate 286
Livercovered
bydiaphragm,
preura,
a n dl u n g
(percussion
d ul l n e s s )
Livercovered
by diaphragm
and pleura
(percussron
flatness)
allbladder
lnferior border of liver
Viscera (Accessory Organsl
Surfaces and Bed of Liver

Coronaryligament
Diaphragm(pulled
ligament
Lefttriangular
Right
triangular
Fibrousappendixof liver
ligament
Leftlobe of liver
Rightlobe
of liver-
ligament
Falciform
teres)of liver
Roundlieament(ligamentum
(obliteraiedumbiliial vein)formingfree
borderof falciformligament
Costal
*{r
Anteriorview
Portahepatis
teres
Fissure
for ligamentum
Hepaticportalvein
C o l i ci m p r e s s i o n
hepaticartery
process
process
Papillary
Caudatelobe
for
Fissure
venosum
ligamentum
sophageal
Roundligamentof liver
Callbladder
Quadratelobe
Duodenal
R e n ailm p r e s s i
Cysticduct
rmpresslon
Castricimpression
Common hepatic duct

ligament
Righttriangular
portionof
Hepatorenal
coronary ligament
impr
Suprarenal
Bare area
lnferior vena
Coronary
ligament
Hepatic veins
Visceralsurface
Lefttriangular
ligament
ligament
Coronary
Barearea
lnferior vena cava
Suprarenalgland
Rightkidney
Left
triangular
ligament
R i g ht r i a n g u l a r
ligament
Superiorrecess
of omentalbur
for
Fissure
ligamentum
venosum
Duodenum
Stomach
Croove for (inferior)vena
Posteriorview
Viscera (Accessory Olgansl
Bedof liver
Plale 287
Liver in Situ and Variations in Form
Roundligament(ligamentum
teres)of liver
(obliterated
umbilicalvein)
Quadrate
Callbladder
Leftlobe of liver
Caudatelobeseenthroughlesser
omentum(hepatogastric
ligament)
Rightlobeof liver
cut in lesseromentum
(hepatoduodenal
ligament)
Omental
(epiploic)
foramen
(of Winslow)
Properhepaticartery
(Common)bileduct
portalvein
Kidney
(retroperitoneal)
Lesser
omentum
(hepatogastric
ligament)
Duodenum
Spleen
Leftcolic
(splenic)
flexure
Rightcolic
(hepatic)
flexure
*{r
Variationsin form of liver
Verysmallleft
lobe,deepcostal
impressions
Completeatrophy
of leftlobe
(leftportalvein
compression)
Transverse,
"saddlelikd'liver,
relativelylargeleft lobe
Verydeep renal
impression
and
'torsetconstriction"
Plate 288
Viscera lAccessory Olgansl
Liver Segments and Lobes: Vessel and Duct Distribution

-
6b;;
Functional
surgical
segments
Leftlobe
Rightlobe
Anatomicf
Right(partof) liver
Lateral
division
Medial division
is
Divisioninto segments
basedupon ramificationsof
bile ductsand hepaticvessels.
It doesnot entirelycorresPond
with divisioninto anatomiclobes.
Left(partof) liver
Medial
division
Posterior
lateral
seBment
(vil)
(Posterior
supenor
Lateraldivision
Parietal
surface
area)
Right
anterior
lateral
segment
Rightlobe
(vt)
(Posterior
inferior
area
Visceral
surface
4{F
Distributionof vessels
and ducts
I
2
3
4
D
Phantomdivision
betweenanteriorand
posteriorsuperiorareas
Inferiorvenacavd
Viscera lAccesso;y Organsl
Commonhepaticduct,hepaticportal
vein,and properhepaticarterY
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
t4
l5
16
Rightbranch
Left branch
Anteriorsegment
Medialsegment
Posteriorsegment
Lateralsegment
Anteriorinferiorarea
Medialinferiorarea
Anteriorsuperiorarea
Medialsuperiorarea
Posteriorinferiorarea
Lateralinferiorarea
Posteriorsuperiorarea
Lateralsuperiorarea
Caudatelobe
(rightand left)
Caudateprocess
Plate 289
lntrahepatic vascutar and Duct systems
S u b l o b u l avre i n
H e p a t i cv e i n
o b u l a rv e i n s
Portal
triad
Portal triads
Properhepaticartery
Perivascular
fibrous(Clisson,s)
capsuleextendinginto porta
hepatisalongvesielsa'jd bileduct
Hepatic portal vein

C o m m o n h e p a t i cd u c t
Portaltriad
to hepatic vein
Normallobularpatternof liver
Plate 29O
4{tr
Liver Structure: Schema
Lymphvessel
Connective
tissue
Limiting
plate
Centralvein
of portal space
vein (tributary
to hepaticvein)
Sublobular
Periportal
space(of Mall)
Perisinusoidal
spaces(of Disse)
Centralvein
Sinusoids
Centralvein
Periportal
bileductule
(canalof
Branchof
portal vein
Bileduct
Branchof
hepaticartery
Portalarteriole
Intralobular
bileductule(cholangiole)
Periportal
arteriole
Intralobular
arteriole
Central vein
Periportal
bileductule(canalof Hering)
Inletvenule
Distributing
vein
4{tr
Plate 291
Intrahepatic Biliary Systems: Schema
l l i l , ' , . rn . r l i tu l i
Si r ru s o i c i
&.1'
$
I n l t , r l , r, tl r l , rIrr r l l r l r r rl L r l r , r ,J r , , l ,rr, r; j , , 1 , . ( ,
N o l r . ; l r r t l t e . t l r o v r ,i l l u s l r . r t i o r r ,
l r i c r . l r . r l r cu l i , r 1 t p r ' , rars
: l t . t rlrr r r l sr r i l l rr r , r l l , , r lt l r r . i r
o , , rn l l o t t e \ ( , r ,i t \ r l t o t t n l r l r t l
, t c lr r , r i l t , ,st l t e ' ri . t l i z , r l r o O
r tl
- t r ' l ' { t s r , r l ' r . , . , - , , t r { 1 , , ri i | r
l i v t ' r p . r r r , n lr t l r n a l r r ' l l s .
(,
ic?
4{tr
.::'
''
i'\
d)
L o w - p o w e rs e c t i o n o f l i v e r
Plate 292
o
o
o
rt
TransverseSection: Level of T1 0, Esophagogastricfunction
ql
,-'
D
o
o
o
Diaphragm
o
o
Xiphoidprocess
Costal cartilages
o
o
ju nction
Esophagogastric
rt
|o
ql
3
-o
3
ql
Castric folds (rugae)
(forming right boundary
of esophagealhiatus)1
t
II
o
F u n d u so f s t o m a c h
Right crus of diaphragm

(forming left boundary of
esophagealhiatus)
Serratus
a n t e r i o rm u s c l e
Thoracic aorta
Azygos vein
Left crus of
diaphragm
o
rh
Spleen
lnferior lobe of left lung in

costodiaphragmaticrecess
I n f e r i o rl o b e o f r i g h t l u n g i n
costodiaphragmaticrecess
Bodyof T10 vertebrS
o
gf
r
c
o
3
o
f
Erectorspinae muscle
!t
rl
!r
rf
o
o
t
IT
Latissimusdorsi muscle
o
o
o
to
Diaphragm
o
rt
lnferior vena cava
.{
Thoracic duct
cryd4#
Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
Right and left

h e p a t i cd u c t s
Rightand left hepaticarteries

Properhepaticartery
Common
hepatic ducl
Anteriorlayerof
lesseromentum(cutedge)
Cystic
artery
Rightgastricartery
Cystic duct
ommon hepatic artery
Hepatic
p o r t a lv e i n
Gastroduodenal
artery
Liver
Stomach
(Common)
bileduct
Callbladder
Hepaticducts
S u p e r i o(r1 s t )
partof
duodenum
Left
Cysticduct
Transverse
colon (cut)
Spiral Smooth
par!
fold
Head of
pancreas
4{tr
(Hartmann's
pouch)
Common
hepatic
duct
Cland
orifices
Callbladder
(Common)
bileduct
Descending
( 2 n d )p a r t o f
duoden
Hepatopancreatic
ampulla (of Vater)
M a j o r d u o d e n a lp a p i l l a( o f V a t e r
Plate 294
Junction of (Gommonl Bile Duct and Duodenum
(Common) bile duct

( d u c t u sc h o l e d o c h u s )
Longitudinalmuscle
of duodenum
Minor
duodenal
Longitudinal
duodenal
muscteseen
through
openrng
in circular
papilla
Circular
folds
Major
duodenal
papilla
ircularmuscle
of duodenum
Pancreaticduct
Sphincterof (common)
bile duct (choledochus)
muscle
o n g i t u d i n ablu n d l e
Reinforcing
of pancreatic
Sphincter
duct (inconstant)
fibers
Longitudinal
fold
Fibersto
longitudinal
Reinforcing
fibers
Duodenalmusclefibersto
longitudinal
bundle
bundle
Interior of descending
(2nd)part of duodenirm
Sphincterof hepatopancreatic
ampulla
D u o d e n am
l ucosa
Pancreas
Sphincterof
( c o m m o n )b i l e
L o n g i t u d i n aIl D u o d e n a l
L o n e i t u d i nbaul n d l e
Circular
I muscle
Pancreatic
D u o d e n am
l uscle
L o n g i t u d i n abl u n d l e
Pancreas
S p h i n c t e ro f ( c o m m o n )
bileduct (choledochus)
Pancreaticduct
Fibersto
longitudinb
au
l ndle
Sphincterof pancreatic
duct (inconstant)
of
Sphincter
hepatopancreatic
ampulla
L o n g i t u d i nbaul n d l e
Pancreaticduct
S p h i n c t eorf
hepatopancreatic
ampulla
ion, level B
Sphincterof
hepatopancreatic
Major
d u o d e n a lp a p i l l a
Reconstruction
ampulla
Hepatopancreatic
ampulla
(common
channel)
Variationsin union of bile and pancreaticducts

(Common)
b i l ed u c t
Pancreatic
duct
tncter
of ampulla
Short common
channel
f (Common;
I bileduct
Pancreatic
duct
Duodenal
ncter of
ampulla
watl
No common
channel
L o n gc o m m o n
channel
4{tr
Plate 295
Variations in Gystic and Hepatic Ducts
Variationsin cysticduct
Adherentto
common
hepaticduct
Highunion
with common
hepaticduct
Anteriorspiral
, o r n r n cgo m m o n
hepaticducton
left side
Accessory(aberrant)hepatic ducts
Plate 296
TransverseSection: level of T12, Inferior to Xiphoid
o
o
rt
!f
A
D
o
o
o
Pyloric canal
o
o
o
-
Right colic (hepatic)flexure of colon

Transversecolon
(ascendingto left colic flexure)
Gallbladder
rt
to
!l
=
IT
o
rt
D e s c e n d i n gc o l o n
(descendingfrom left
colic flexure)
(Common)
b i l ed u c t
Splenicartery and vein
Proper
hepatic
anery
Superiorpoleof
leftkidney
Portal
Inferiorvena cav
Thoracic aorta
Pancreas
5
ll
Rightcrusof diaphragm
o
o
!i.
o
5
o
+
r
c
o
3
o
Right suprarenalgland
o
o
Spleen
o
N
o
o
ll
of duodenum
Hepatoduodenal
ligament
!ql
Superior(.1st)part
Portaltriad
cr7#
{
-
N
\
Pancreas in Situ
Splenicartery
Stomach (cut)
Portal
triad( Proper
heparrc
I
( ( C o m m o n )b i l e
Right free margin of lesseromen

Suprarenalgla
Duodenum
(retroperitoneal)
Attachment
of transverse
mesocolon
R i g h tc o l i c
(hepatic)
flexure
Transverse
colon (cut)
Transverse
colon (cut
Left kidney (retroperitoneal)

Attachment of
transversemesocolon
Inferior mesentericvein
(retroperitoneal)
Middlecolicarteryandveifi
Superiormesentericartery and veir{
Duodenofejunal
flexure
Uncinate processof panc
Root of mesentery(cut)
4ttr
Low-power
section
of pancreas
Pancreaticnotch
(of Langerhans)
n t e r l o b u l adru c t
Interlobula
r ptum
se
Plate 298
Pancreaticduct
(ofWirsung)
y pancreaticduct (of Santorini)
Spleen
Posterior
extremity
ligament
Castrosplenic
Posterior
extremity
Superior
Short
gastric
vessels
Castric
impression
Renal
impression
Hilum
lnferior
border
Splenorenal
(lienorenal)
ligament
Splenicartery
Leftgastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
vessels
Splenic
Colic
Anteriorextremi
Diaphragmatic
surface
Visceralsurface
Anteriorextremitv
Shortgastricvessels
Stomach(cut)
Serosa(visceral
S p l e n ip
culp
Splenic
trabeculae
Splenicvein
Crosssection
gland
Suprarenal
Splenicarteryand
*{r
(lienorenal)
ligament
Splenorenal
(cut)
mesocolon
Attachmentof transverse
Spleenin situ
Plate 299
Arteries of Stomach, Liver, and Spleen
Right and left inferior phrenic arteries

A b d o m i n a la o r t
Left gastricartery
Splenicartery
Celiac trunk
Esophagealbranch of left gastricartery
Lefthepaticartery
Recurrentbranch of left inferior
phrenic artery to esophagus
Right hepatic artery
Short
gastric
arteries
Cystic
artery
Cystic
duct
Proper
hepatic
artery
(Common;
bileduct
Hepatic
portal vein
Right
gastric
artery
Supraduodenal
artery
*{ry
Posterior
superior,
A n t e r i osr u p e r i o r
pancreaticoduodenalarteries
C o m m o n h e p a t i ca r t e r v
Right gastro-omental
( g a s t r o e p i p l o i ca)r t e r y
Castroduodenalartery
Plate 3OO
S p l e n i cb r a n c h e so f
splenicartery
Left gastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)artery
Dorsal pancreaticartery
Arteries of Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, and Spleen
Intermediate
hepaticartery
Properhepaticartery
Righthepaticartery
Rightand leftinferiorphrenic
arteries(shownherefrom
commonstem)
Lefthepaticartery
Hepatic portal vein
e l i a ct r u n k
Common hepatic
artery
Abdominalaorta
Cysticartery
Left
gastric
artery
Callbladder
Short
gastric
arteries
Cystohepatic
triangle
(of Calot)
Cystic
Commonhepaticduc
( C o m m o n )b i l e
Rightgastricartery
Leftgastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
artery
Supraduodenal
a
Arteryto tail of pancreas
Gastroduodenal
artery
eaterpancreaticartery
Splenicartery
I pancreaticartery
pancreatic
artery
Anastomotic
branch
Middlecolicartery(cut)
Posterior
superior
pancreaticoduodenal
attery (phantom
artery
Superiormesenteric
artery
Inferiorpancreaticoduodenal
Anteriorsuperior
pancreaticoduodenalartery
(gastroepiploic)
arteri
Posterior
inferior
pancreaticoduodenal
artery
Anteriorinferior
pancreaticoduodenal
artery
*{r
Plate 3Ol
Variations in Geliac llunk
Splenicartery
t a k e so r i g i n
C o m m o no r i g i no f
c e l i a ct r u n ka n d
superiormesenteric
arrery
Splenicand hepatic
arteriestakeorigin
rromsupenor
mesenteric
Replacedright hepatic
artery takes origin from
superior mesenteric;
inferior pancreaticod u o d e n a la n d 1s t
jejunal arteriesfrom
replaced right hepatic
Accessory
righthepatic
arterytakesoriginfrom
superiormesenteric;
inferioroancreaticoduodenalarteriesfrom
accessory
righthepatic;
I stjejunalartery
from anteriorinferior
pancreaticoduodenal
Plate 3O2
,/
f r o ms u p e r i o r
m e s e n t e n(cn o t e
replacedleft
hepaticartery
from leftgastric)
Hepatolieno-
mesenteric
trunk
Replacedhepatic
artery takes origin
Tromsupenor
mesenteric(note
inferior pancreaticoduodenalartery
from 1st jejunal)
Lienogastric
trunk
Hepatomesenteric
trunk
te
c e l i a ct r u n k
teflc
Accessory
right hepatic
artery takes
origin from
supeflor
mesenteric
Complete
celiac trunk
Hepatomesenteric
trunk
Rightgastroepiploic
(gastro-omental)
:r
celiac trunk artery takes

origin from
Hepatomesenteric
supenor
mesenteric
(Noteaccessorv (note accessory
left gastricartery left hepatic
from left hepatic) artery from
left gastric)
Geliac Arteriogram
1i
CH
CT
G
CD
H
RC
C o m m o n h e p a t i ca r t e r y
Left gastricartery
S p l e n i ca r t e r y
C a s t r o d u o d e n aal r t e r y
P r o p e rh e p a t i ca r t e r y
R i g h tg a s t r i ca r t e r y
Plate 3O3
Arteries of Duodenum and Head of Pancreas
Duodenum and head of pancreasreflectedto left

Castroduodenal
artery
Posterior
superiorpancreaticoduodenal
Anteriorsuperiorpancreaticoduodenal
artery
(phantom\
Superiormesenteric
artery
Inferior pancreaticoduodenalarterv
Posterior
inferior
Anteriorinferior
(partially in phantom)
Inferiorvena cava
Celiactrunk
Splenicartery
oper hepatic artery

Supraduodenalartery
Castroduodenal
artery
(partiallyin phantom\
Posterior
superior
pancreaticoduodenal
artery
Rightgastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
artery
(phantom,cut)
Createrpancreaticartery
Inferior
pancreaticartery
Dorsal
pancreaticartery
Anteriorsuperior
pancreaticoduodenal
artery
(phantom)
ic branch
Posteriorinferior
Superior
mesentericartery
Inferior
Anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenaf artery (ph antom)
Posteriorview
Plate 3O4
ArterialVariationsandGollateralSupplyof Liverand Gallbladder

Umbilicus(turnedup\
Internalthoracicarteries
with arteries
alciformand roundligaments
Right,middle(variable),
and lefthepaticarteries
Shortgastricarteries
Cystic
artery
lntercostal
arteries
Left
gastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
artery
Inferior
phrenic
artery
Castroduodenal
artery
Leftgastric
artery
Common hepatic
Celiactrunk
Posteriorsuperior
pancreaticoduodenal
artery
Splenicartery
Anteriorsuperior
pancreaticoduodenal
arter
Dorsal
pancreatic
artery
Rightgastricartery
Superior
mesenteric
artery
Rightgastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
Inferiorpancreatic
artery
Inferior pancreaticoduodenalartery
Omental(epiploic)arteri
Omental(epiploic)arterialarc
*{r
Accessoryor replacedarteries
1. Rightor commonhepatic
2. Lefthepatic
3. Righthepatic
4. Cvstic
Anastomoses
of correspondingarteries
left hepatic
5. Inferiorphrenic/leftgastricH
6. Right<-+ left hepatic
Cystic
Capsular
Right
gastric
Gastroduodenal
relativesafety
Effectsof hepatic I l" Zonr.of
;[il;;'i''ffiil"I Bi:ffi:1iJ""Ji':;E?i?"",'5:
Plate 3O5
Arteries of Small Intestine
S u p r a d u o d e n aal r t e r v
S p l e n i ca r t e r va n d v e i n
C a s t r o d u o d e n aal r t e r y
Posterior
superior
( g a s t r o e p i p l o i ca)r
A n t e r i o rs u p e r i o r
Dorsal
pancreatrcartery
nor
pancreatrc
artery
Superiormesenteric
arteryandvein
Anastomosis
(inferior
pancreattcoduodenal to
1s t j e j u n a l
artery
R i g h tc o l i c
artery
lleocolic
anery
Superior
mesenteflc
artery
Anterior
cecal artery
Posterior
cecal artery
Appendicular
artery
J e j u n aal n d i l e a l( i n t e s t i n a la) r t e r i e b
A n a s t o m o t i cl o o p s ( a r c a d e s )
Straightarteries(arteriaerectae)
Plate 3O6
4{tr
Arteries of Large Intestine

Forafteries
Middle colic artery

Transverse
mesocoron
Marginal
dr rEr y
Straightarteries
(arteriaerectae
i u n a la n d i l e a l
(intestinal)arteries
\
Marginal artery
(Common
portion)
lnferior
mesenteric
aruery
Posterior
Anterior
eft colic
artery
Marginal artery
Ascending
branch
Descending
branch
Marginal
arrery
lleocolic
a
Colic
branch
lleal
branch
Sigmoid
arteries
igmoid
mesocolon
Anterior
cecal arter
Posterior
cecalartery
Appendicular
arrery
I n t e r n a li l i a c
aight
artenes
(arteriae
rectae)
Median sacralartery
(from abdominal aorta)
Middlerectalartery
Branchof superior rectalartery
rior rectalartery
,d,
nferiorrectalartery
4{r
Plate 3O7
Variations in Golic Arteries
Middlecolic
Middle
colic artery
artery
Right
colic
arrery
R i g h tc o l i c
arrery
lleocolic
artery
Commontrunk for
right colic and middle
colic arteries
Largebranch
from left
colic artery
Middlecolic
artery absent
R i g h tc o l i c
artery absent
Right
colic
artery lleocolic
artery -
lleocolic
artery
Absenceof middlecolic
artery replacedby large
branchfrom left colic
artery
of Riolan
Middlecolic
artery
Superior
mesenteric
artery
R i g h tc o l i c
arrery
Inferiormesenteric
artery
lleocolic
Leftcolic
artery
artery
Arc of Riolanbetween
middlecolic and
left colicarteries
Plate 3O8
$r
Veins of Stomach, Duodenum, Pancreasr and Spleen
H e p a t i cv e
Hepatic portal
lnferior vena cava

Left gastricvein and esophagealtributary
Posterior
supenor
pancreaticoduodenal
Short
gastnc
vetns
vetn
Right
gastricvei
Prepyloric
vetn
Anterior
supenor
pancreatrcoduodenal
vern
Right
gastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
Leftgastroomental
(gastroepiploic)
vetn
vel
Posterior
inferior
pancreatrcoduodenal
vet
Anterior
inferior
pancreaticod u o d e n a lv e i n
vern
n t cv e t n
S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i c
gastric
verns
Hepatic portal vein
R i g h tg a s t r i cv e i n
P o s t e r i o sr u p e r i o r
pancreaticoduodenalvein
Right gastro-omenta
( g a s t r o e p i p l o i cv)e i
Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenalvei
Left gastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)vein
(Creat) pancreaticvein
Anterior inferior oancreaticoduodenaJ

vein
Posteriorinferior oancreaticoduodenalvei
Inferior mesentericvein
*{r
Plate 3O9
Veins of Small Intestine
Hepatic portal vein
Left gastricvein
S p l e n i cv e i n
Right
gastric
vern
Middle
colic
vetn
(cut)
J e i u n a al n d i l e a l( i n t e s t i n a lv)e i n s
A n a s t o m o t i cl o o p s
Right
colic
vetn
Straightveins (venae rectae)
Transversecolon
(e/evated)
Transverse
mesocoton
*{r
S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r ya n d v e i n
l e j u n a la n d i l e a l( i n t e s t i n a lv)e s s e l
Relations
of superior
mesentericvein and artery
in root of mesenterv
Plate 31O
Veins of Large lntestine
Left gastric vein
Hepatic
portal vein
Prepyloric
vetn
Superior
mesenteric
Rightgastroomental(gastroepiploic) vei
(Dorsalor superior)
pancreaticvein
lnferior
vein
mesenteric
Anteriorsuperior
from colon(cut)
Tributary
Posterior
inferior
Anterior inferior
pancreaticoduodenalvei
Middle colic vein (cut)
Right colic
lleocolic
Anterior cecal vein
Posteriorcecal vein
Appendicular
Jeiunaland ileal
(intestinal)
veins
eft colic vein
Lefttesticular
(ovarian)vessels
mesentertcveln
Sigmoidveins
Median
sacralvein
Superior
rectalvein
Righttesticular
(ovarian)
vessels
iliacvessels
External
lnternaliliac ve
Superiorglutealvein
Obturator
Tributaries
of left
and rightsuperior
rectalveins
rectalvenousplexus
Perimuscular
Leftmiddlerectalvein
Leftinternalpudendalvein
in pudendalcanal(Alcock's)
Externalrectalvenousplexus
Right middle rectalvein

Right inferior rectalvein
(to internalpudendalvein)
Nr
Plate 3l I
Hepatic Portal Vein Tlibutaries: Portacaval Anastomoses
Falciform
ligamentand
roundligamentof liver
Paraumbilical
veins
Right
gastric
vetn
Esophageal
veins
I
I
I
Bloodfrom superior
mesentericvein
Bloodfrom splenic,gastric,
and inferior mesentericveins
Mixture of above two
Cavaltributaries
Leftgastricvein
Hepatic
portal
Short
gastric
veins
Posterior,
Anterior
superior
pancreaticoduodenal
Left
gastroomental
(gastroepiploic)
vein
vernS
Superiormesenteric
vein
Splenicvein
Posterior,
Anterior
inferior
pancreati
duodenal
verns
Middle
colicvein
Rightgastroomental(gastroepiploic)vein
Inferior
mesenteric
vein
Leftcolic
vein
Right
colicvein
Sigmoidveins
Anterior,
Posterior
Leftand right
superior
rectalveins
cecal
vetns
Appendicular
vetn
Middlerectalveins
Levatorani muscle
1
2
Portacavalanastomoses
Esophageal
3 Rectal
Paraumbilical
4 Retroperitoneal
Pfate 312
lnferiorrectalveins
4{tr
Variations of Hepatic Portal Vein
Typicalarrangement
Esophagealvein
Cysticvein
Short
gastric
vetn
Leftgastric
veln
Hepatic
portal vein
--t---,
1 . 0 9c m
__t___
Posterior
superior
Pancreaticveins
Suoeriormesentericvei
Leftgastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
vein
Rightgastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)
vein
lnferior mesentericvein
Inferiorpancreatico-
Left colic vein
duodenal veins
Middlecolicvein
Right colic
and ileal
Jejunal
(intestinal)
veins
l l e o c o l i cv e i n
lnferior mesenteric
vein mav enter
junctionof splenic
and superior
mesentericveins
Hepatic
portal vein
lnferior mesentericvern
mayentersuperior
mesentericvein
Hepatic
portal
vetn
Superior
mesenteric
Superior
mesenteric
vetn
High intestinalveins
Splenicvein
lnferior
vein
mesenteric
vetn
Leftgastricvein
oftenentersjunction
of splenicandsuperior
mesentericveins
Left gastricvein may

entersplenicvein
(24% of cases)
Right gastricvein
Hepatic
portal
vetn
Hepatic
Left gastric vein
Leftgastric
portal
vetn
Superior
mesenteric
vetn
4{tr
Plate 313
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Stomach
Celiac nodes
Nodes around cardia
Left gastricnodes
Right
supeflor
pancreatlc
Suprapyloric
nodes.
Splenic
nodes
Subpyloric
nooes.
Leftgastroomental
(gastroepiploic)
nooe
(gastroepiploic)
Left gastric nodes
Nodesaround
cardia
Leftgastroomental
z'
Z o n e sa n d
pathwaysof
gastriclymph
d r a i n a g e( z o n e s
not sharply
demarcated)
Right gastro-omental(gastroepiploic)n
4{tr
Plate 314
Suprapyloric,
retropyloric,
and
s u b p y l o r inco d e s
Left superior pancreatic

nodes
Celiac nodes
Right superior pancreaticnode
Superiormesentericnodes
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Pancreas
Anterior view
gastricnodes
Hepatic nodes
Splenicnodes
nodes
Superiorpancreatic
Celiacnodes
nodes
Superiormesenteric
(centralsuperiorgrouP)
node
(of Calot)
Pancreaticoduodenalnodes
Hepatic
portalvein
Celiacnodes
Posteriorview
nodes
Superiorpancreatic
Hepaticnodes
aroundbileducts
andproperhepatic
artery
S p l e n i vc e i n
lnferior mesentericvein
Superiormesenteric
arteryand vein
nodes
Superiormesenteric
(centralsuperiorgroup)
Pancreaticoduodenal
nodes
4{tr
Plate 315
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Small Intestine
R i g h tl y m p h a t i ct r u n k
Thoracic duct
Celiac nodes
Superiormesenteric
nodes (central
s u p e n o rg r o u p )
Thoracic duct
Cisternachyli
Intestinal
lymphatic
tru nk -
R i g ha
t nd
leftlumbar
lymphatic
trun
Plate 316
Superior
mesenteric
nodes
(juxtaintestinal
group)
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Large Intestine
E p i c o l i cn o d e s
Middle
c o l i cn o d e s
Superior
mesenleflc
nooes
(central
supenor
lnferior mesentericnodes
group)
Left colic nodes
Right
colicnodes
Preaorticnodes
S i g m o i dn o d e s
P a r a c o l i cn o d e s
Superiorrectal nodes
Left colic
nooeS
Preaortic
nooes
Common iliac
I n t e r n a li l i a cn o d e s
Superior
rectal
nodes
Middle
rectal
nooes
E x t e r n aill i a cn o d
M i d d l e r e c t a ln o d e s
Nr
S u p e r f i c i ai ln g u i n a l
Perineallymph vessels
( d r a i nl a r g e l yt o i n g u i n a l
Plate 317
Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia of Abdomen

$eealsoPlates lGi, 166
R i g h ts y m p a t h e t i ct r u n k
Thoracic duct
Anterior,
Posterior
vagal trunks
Right greater
a n d l e s s e rt h o r a c i c
s p l a n c hn i c
nerves
Left gastricartery
and plexus
R i g h tp h r e n i cn e r v e
Celiac ganglia
I n f e r i o rp h r e n i c
a r t e r i e sa n d p l e x u s e s
Left lesserthoracic
Right greater
a n d l e s s e rt h o r a c i c
s p l a n c hn i c
nerves
S p l e n i ca r t e r y
and plexus
Common hepatic
artery and plexus
R i g h ts u p r a r e n a l
prexus
Superiormesenteric
g a n g l i o na n d p l e x u s
Right aorticor e n a lg a n g l i o n
Left aorticorenal
ganglion
R i g h tl e a s tt h o r a c i c
s p l a n c h n i cn e r v e/
Left sympathetic
t r un k
R i g h tr e n a l
artery and plexus
Intermesenteric
(aortic)plexus
Right
Inferior mesenteric
ganglion
W h i t ea n dg r a y
r a m ic o m m u n i c a n t e s
Left colic artery

and plexus
C i s t e r n ac h y l i
Inferior mesenteric
artery and plexus
C r a y r a m u sc
Left common iliac

artery and plexus
3 r d l u m b a rg a n g l i o n
of sympathetictrunk
Superiorrectal
artery and plexus
2nd and 3rd lumbar

s p l a n c h n i cn e r v e s
Superior hypogastric
prexus
R i g h tu r e t e ra n d p l e x u s
R i g h tt e s t i c u l a (r o v a r i a n )
artery a n d p l e x u s
4 t h l u m b a rs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e
l st sacralganglion
o f s y m p a t h e t i ct r u n k
Internaland external
i l i a ca r t e r i e sa n d
plexuses
Right and left
hypogastricnerves
to inferior hypogastric(pelvic)plexus
4{tr
Plate 318
Innervation
Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum
Right and left inferior phrenic arteriesand plexu

A n t e r i o ra n d p o s t e r i o rl a v e r so f l e s s e ro m e n t u m
H e p a t i cb r a n c ho f a n t e r i o rv a g a lt r u n k
Celiac branch of posteriorvagal trunk
C e l i a cb r a n c ho f a n t e r i ovr a g a tl r u n k
Left gastricartery and plexus
Vagal
branch
from
hepatic
plexus
to
pyloric
part of
stomach
H e p a t i cp l e x u s
R i g h tg a s t r i c
Anterior gastric
branch of anterior
vagal trunk
$.'
i?,
Left lesserthoracic
Splenicarteryand plexus
C e l i a cg a n g l i aa n d p l e x u s
Plexuson gastro-omenta
(gastroepiploic)arteries
Superiormesentericartery and plexus
*{Y
lnnervation
P l e x u so n a n t e r i o rs u p e r i o ra n d a n t e r i o r
inferior pancreaticoduodenalarteries
(posteriorpancreaticoduodenalarteries
a n d p l e x u s e sn o t v i s i b l ei n t h i s v i e w )
Plate 319
Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum (continuedl

SeealsoPlates 16ti, 166
Plexuson gastro-omental
(gastroepiploic)arteries
Posteriorgastricbranch of posteriorvagal trunk

Hepatic branch of anteriorvagal trunk via lesseromentum
H e p a t i cp l e x u s
Branchfrom hepatic plexusto cardia via lesseromentum
Rightgastric
arteryand
prexus
Rightinferiorphrenicarteryand plexus
teriorvagaltrunk
Celiacbranchof posteriorvagaltrunk
Celiac branch of anterior vagal trunk
eft gastricartery and plexus
eft inferiorphrenicarteryand plexus

Celiac gangliaand plexus
Creater, lesser,and least
thoracic splanchnicnerves
Aorticorenalganglia
Splenicartery and plexus
4{tr
Greater,
Lesser,
ganglion
anch from right inferior phrenic
Least
plexusto cardiaof stomach
thoracic
splanchnic
nerveS
Rightand leftinferiorphrenic
arteriesand plexuses
Anteriorvagaltrunk
View
with
stomach
reflected
cephalad
Plexus
on
anteriorsuperior
and anteriorinferior
pancreaticoduodenal arteries
Plexuson gastroduodenalartery
Plexuson posteriorsuperior
and posteriorinferior
pancreaticoduodenal
arterie6
S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cg a n g l i o na n d p l e x u ' s
Right greater,
lesser,and
leastthoracic
Left gastric
C e l i a cg a n g l i a
R i g h ta o r t i c o r e n a lg a n g l i o n
S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cg a n g l i o na n d p l e x u s
Plate 32O
Celiac branches
of anterior
and posterior
vagal trunks
arteryand plexus
Leftgreater,lesser,
and leastthoracic
splanchnn
i ce r v e s
Left aorticorenalganglion
Innervation
lnnervation of Stomach and Duodenum: Schema

R i g h t6 t h t h o r a c i c
g a n g l i o no f
s y n rp a t he t i c
trunk
-y
\
pl exus
Esophagea
-"-o=
Cray,
White
r a t n lc o m m u n r c a n t e s
e t t g r e a t e rt h o r a c i c
s p l a nc hn i < nerve
s/
S p i n a sl e n s o r v
( c l o r s ar lo o t )
ganglion
ticplexus
L e f t9 t h t h o r a c i c
g a n g l i o no f
Anterior
( v o n t r a l r) o o t
of spinan
l erve
P o s t e r i ovr a g a lt r u n k
a n d c e l i a cb r a n c h
R i g h tg r e a t e rt h o r a r . i <
s p l a n c h n i ct ' t e f v - -
\,
\
\
R ig , h tl e s s e rt l r o r . r c - i <
s p l a n c h n i nc e r v e
a n d c . e l i a cb r a n c ho f
v a g u sn e r r v e( X )
Left gastricartery
C e l i a cg a n g l i . r
t*
t
L e r a st th o r a c i c
s p l a n c h n i nc e r v e
/\s-
e l i a ct r u n k
.rrtery
Cornn'ror.r
h e p a t i ca r t e r l -
t\
I
Short
gastflc
arIefles
Proper
h e p a t i ca r t e r y
Superior
nresenterc
gangJion
Aortir.orenal
g,.r
n glia
R i g h tg a s t r i ca r t e r y ,
R i g , hrte n a la r t e r v
( l a s t r o d u o d e n aal r t u r y
P o s t e r i oar n d a n t e r i o r
s u p e r i o pr a n c r e a t i r . o c l u o c l e n aalr t e r i e s
Superior
r ) r e s et e
n rc
Left,
R i g h tg a s t r o o n r e nt a I
(gastroepiploic)
artenes
ar r e r y
Posterior
. r n da n t e r i o r
ilttenor
p.rnc.reatico
cluocler-ral
Sympatheticfibers
Preganglionic
P o s t g a n g l i o n i .- - * * *
Parasympatheticfibers
.lrteI es
4{tr
lnnervation
Preganglionic
Postganglionic
Afferent fibers
Plate 321
Nerves of Small Intestine

SeealsoPlates 165,166
A n t e r i o rv a g a lt r u n
Posteriorvagal trunk
C e l i a cb r a n c h e so f a n t e r i o r
and posteriorvagal t
Hepatic plexus
Creater thoracic
Castroduodenalartery and plexus
Lesserthoracic
Leastthoracic
Aorticorenalganglia
I n t e r m e s e n t e r i(ca o r t i c )p l e x u s
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
arteriesand plexuses
arteryand plexus
Middle colic artery and plexus (cut)
R i g h tc o l i c a r t e r ya n d p l e x u s
l l e o c o l i ca r t e r ya n d p l e
artery and plexus
Peritoneum(cut edge)
M e s e n t e r ibcr a n c h e s
M e s o a p p e n d i x( c o n t a i n s
a p p e n d i c u l a ar r t e r ya n d
nerve ptexus
4{tr
Plate 322
Innervation
Nerves of Large Intestine

of
Fornerves
A n t e r i o rv a g a lt r u n k a n d hepatic branc
Posteriorv a g a lt
M a r g i n aal r t e r ya n dp l e x u s
Esophagus
Leftsuprarenal
plexus
Left lesserand
leastthoracic
R i g ha
t orticor e n ag
l anglion
Left aorticorenal
ganglion
Superior
mesenteric
ganglion
Leftrenalartery
a n dp l e x u s
Middlecolic
artery
and plexus
l s t l e f tl u m b a r
nerve
splanchnic
Leftlumbar
sympathetictrunk
lntermesenteric
(aortic)plexus
Left colic artery
and plexus
R i g h tc o l i c
arrery
and plexus
lnferior
mesenteric
ganglion,artery,
and plexus
lleocolic
artery
and plexus
Sigmoid
arteries
and plexuses
C e c a la n d
appendicular
arteries
and plex
Superior
hypogastric
plexus
tor
rectal
arrery
and plexus
Sacralsympathetictru
Rightsacralplexu
ightand left
P e l v i cs o l a n c h n i cn e r v e s
hypogastric
nerves
Middle rectal arterv and plexus

R i g h ti n f e r i o rh y p o g a s t r i c
( p e l v i cp) l e x u s
Vesicalplexus
Nr
lnnervation
Rectalplexus
Nerves from inferior hypogastric(pelvic)

p l e x u s e st o s i g m o i dc o l o n , d e s c e n d i n g
c o l o n , a n d l e f t c o l i c ( s p l e n i c f)l e x u r e
Plate 323
Innervation of Small and Large Intestines: Schema

Thalanrus
l{
t
.J
Hypothalamus
( r e d : s y m p a t h e r i cp a r t ,
b l u e = p a r a s y n r p a t h e t pi ca r t )
P o s t e r i o (r d o r s a l )
n u c l e u so f v a g u s
V a g u sn e r v e ( X )
M y e l e n c e pl . r al o n
(medulla
oblongata)
S y n r p a t h e t itcr u n k
I wr'it" I
S p i n a ls e n s o r y
( d o r s a lr o o t ) g a n g l i r > n
I cray/
Creater
Thoracic
{ Lesser
(
splanchnic
L e a st
nerves*
T10
T h o r a c o lu n r b a r
s p i n a lc o r d
T11
Aorticorenal
ganglion
T12
I n t e r m e s e tne r i c
( a o r t i c )p l e x u s
L.l
l n f er i or
mesenteilc
ganglion
L2
=1t--'
[3
Lunrbar
splanchnic
ne r v e s *
L4
t5
Hypogastric
ne r v e s
Sacral
s p i n a lc o r d
rJ
Sacral
s p l a n c h ni c
n e r v e s-
I n f e r io r
hypogastric
( p e l v i c )p l e x u s
{
rY
P e l v i cs p l . r n c h n i nc e r v e s
P u d e n d a ln e r v e
* A b d o m i n o p e l v i cs p l a n c h n i cn e r v c s
Plate 324
lnnervation
Innervation of Small and Large Intestines: Schema
Sympatheticefferents
Parasympathetic
efferents
Somaticefferents
Afferentsand CNSconnections
Indefinitepaths -----
4{tr
S u p e r i o rr e c t a l a r t e r v a n d n e r v e s
Rectalplexus
I n f e r i o r a n a l ( r e c t a l )n e r v e
Innervation
Levator
ani muscle
E x t e r n a la n a l
s p h i n c t e rm u s c l e
C h i e f s e g m e n t a ls o u r c e s
of sympathetic fibers
i n n e r v a t i n gd i f f e r e n t
r e g i o n so f i n t e s t i n a l
tract are indicated.
N u m e r o u s a f f e r e n tf i b e r s
are carriedcentripetally
through approximately
the same sympathetic
that transmit
preganglionic fibers.
Plate 324
Autonomic Reflex Pathways: Schema
Sympathetic
Spinal
Dorsal(posterior)
root
sensory
(dorsal
root)
ganglion
Thoracicpart
of spinalcord
lntermediolateral
c e l lc o l u m n
C a n g l i o no f
Spinalnerve
to vesselsand
g l a n d so f s k i n
r ror
V e n t r a(la n t eior)
W h i t er a m u sc o m m u n i c a n s
C r a yr a m u sc o m m u n i c a n d
C a n g l i o no f
s y m p a t h e tti rcu n k
Meningeal branch to spinal

m e n i n g e sa n d s p i n a lp e r i v a s c u l a r Stretch
plexuses(usuallyarisesfrom
(distention)
spinalnerve)
Abdominopelvic
(greater,
lesser,
and least)thoracic
splanchnn
i ce r v e s
Vagus
nerve(X)
Enteric
prexuses
C a n g l i o no f
sympathetictrunk
of gut
Superior
mesenteric
ganglion
Sympatheticf Preganglionic
fibers
I eostganglionic-----
Plate 325
Parasympathetic Preganglionic
fibers
P o s t g a n g l i o n -i c- - - -
4{tr
Afferentfibers -
lnnervation
Intrinsic Autonomic Plexuses of Intestine: Schema
Peritoneal
layersof
mesentery
Branchof
straight
artery
(arteriae
rectae)
to intestineand
accompanying
nerves
plexus
Longitudinalintramuscular
(Auerbach's)plexus
plexus
r intramuscular
(Meissner's)plexus
plexus
Periglandular
Visceralperitoneum(serosa)
Subserous
connectivetissue
muscle
Longitudinal
Intermuscular
stroma
Circularmuscle
Submucosa
S u b m u c o sgal a n d s
Nr
Muscularismucosae
glands
Mucosaand intestinal
Note:Intestinal
wall is shown
muchthickerthanin actualitv.
lnnervation
Plate 326
Innervation of Liver and Biliary Tlact: Schema

SeeahoPlateo 167,168
S y m p a t h e ttircu n k
Dorsalroot
(spinag
l )a n g l i o n
Thoracicpartof spinal
cord
R i g h tg r e a t e rt h o r a c i cs p l a n c h n i c
Leftgreaterthoracic
nerve
splanchnic
Posteriorvagal trunk
Right phrenic nerve to diaphragmatic
part of parietal(and visceral?)periton
Anteriorvagaltrunk
*{r
ic branchof
anterior vagal trunk
Diaphragm
P h r e n i cg a n g l i o n
Splenicartery
Anterior hepatic plexus
Posteriorhepatic plexus
\Castroduodenal
arteryand plexus
Sympatheticfibers
Preganglionic
P o s t g a n g l i o n i-c- - - - - Parasympathetic
fibers
Preganglionic
P o s t g a n g l i o n i-c- - - - - Afferentfibers
Plate 327
S o h i n c t e ro f
h e p a t o p a n c r e a t iacm p u l l a
Ramificationof
fibersaroundfine
of hepaticartery
lnnervation
Innervation of Pancreas: Schema
Dorsalroot
(spinag
l )a n g l i o n
Right
sympathetic
t r u n k_
trunk
eft sympathetic
Thoracic part of
spinalcord
Rightgreater
thoracic
splanchnic
nerve
Leftgreaterthoracic
splanchnic
nerve
Anteriorvagaltrunk
Posterior
vagaltrunk
Common areasof
p a n c r e a t i cp a i n
Celiac ganglia
n{r
mesenteric
ganglion
Superiormesenteric
arteryand plexus
Sympatheticfibers
Preganglionic
Postganglioni
S c h e m ao f
intrinsic
nerve
supply
Parasympathetic
fibers
Preganglionic
Postganglioni
Afferentfibers
lnnervation
Plate 328
Kidneys in Situ: Anterior Views
Esophagus
Diaphragm
R i g h ts u p r a r e n a l
gland
Left kidney
R i g h tr e n a l
artery and vein
Left renal artery

and vein
Right subcostalnerve
mesenteric
artery (cut)
Transversus
a b d o m i n i sm u s c l e
tal nerve
Abdominal aorta
Quadratus
Iumborum
muscle
liohypogastricnerve
l l i a cc r e s t
l i o i n g u i n anl e r v e
P s o a sm a j o r m u s c l e
l l i a c u sm u s c l e
Lateral femoral
cutaneousnerve
Right ureter
Cenitofemoral nerve
Left testicular
(ovarian)artery and vein
R i g h tc o m m o n
iliac artery
Inferior mesenteric
artery (cut)
Right external
i l i a ca r t e r
Peritoneum(cut)
R i g h ti n t e r n a l
iliac artery
Sigmoid mesocolon (cut)
Rectum
*{r
Esophagus
Inferiorvena cava
Area for bare
a r e ao f l i v e r
eft suprarenalgland
S p l e n o r e n al li g a m e n t
Right
s u p r a r e n agl l a n d
Area for stomach
Peritoneum
Area for spleen
(cut)
Area for liver
Tailof pancreas
Duodenum
Transversemesocolon
Peritoneum
Area for small intestine
(cut)
Area for colon
Area for
s m a l li n t e s t i n e
Plate 329
A r e a f o r d e s c e n d i n gc o l o n
Anterior relations
of kidneys
Kidneys in Situ: Posterior Views
Latissimus
dorsi
Serratusposterior
inferiormuscle-
Pleura(costodiaphragmaticrecess)
mbocostalligament
Quadratuslumborum
muscle(cut)
External
obliquemuscle
Diaphragm
Aponeurosis
of
transversus
abdominismuscle
Subcostalnerve
lnternal
obliquemuscle
Ascending
colon
Thoracolumbar
fascia
(posterior
layer)
ightkidney
Transversus
abdominismuscle
nerve
lliohypogastric
lliaccrest
Erectorspinae
Clutealaponeurosis
(overgluteusmedius
muscle)
dratuslumborum
muscle(cut)
Psoasmajor muscle
r ligament
Gluteusmaximus
muscle
Projection
of 11th rib
Areafor
Projectionof 12th
*{r
Posteriorrelations
of kidneys
Areafor diaphragm
o f 1 2 t hr i b
Areafor aponeurosis
ot transversus
abdominismuscle
Areafor aponeurosis
of transversus
abdominismuscle
Areafor quadratus
lumborummuscle
Areafor quadratus
lumborummuscle
Areafor
psoasmajormuscle
Areafor psoas
majormuscle
Kidneyls and Supralenal Glands
Plate 33O
Schematic Cross Section of Abdomen at T12

Lineaalba
Falciformligamenl
Superiorepigastricvessels
Transversalis
fascia
Parietalperitoneum
Visceralperitoneumof liver
Properhepatic
(bifurcation)
Lesseromentum
Leftgastricarteryand vein
7th costalcartilage
External
obliquemuscle
Diaphragm
Stomach
Commonhepaticduct
Cysticduct
Hepatic
portalvein
Costodiaphragmatic
recessof
pleural
cavity
Castrosplenic
ligamentand
short gastric
vessets
Spleen
lntercostal
vessets
and
nerve
Omental
(epiploic)
foramen
(of Winslow)
Common
hepaticartery
(retroperitoneal)
Hepatorenalrecess
(Morison'spouch)
Inferiorvena cava
Omentalbursa(lessersac)
Intercostal
muscles
ligament
Splenorenal
with splenicvessels
Parietalperitoneum
on posteriorwall
of omentalbursa
Rightsympathetic
trunk
Rightcrusof diaphragm
Azygosvein
Thoracicduct
Anteriorlongitudinal
ligament
Celiacganglia
Abdominalaorta
Body of T12 vertebra
Plate 331
Left kidney
Leftsuprarenalgland
musc'e
iH*F;"Trs 4{tr
[fft;f*r,
Kidneys and Supranenal Glands
Renal Artery and Vein in Situ
Inferiorvena cava
Esophagus
Left inferior phrenic vein
Right and left inferior phrenic arteries
Leftsuperiorsuprarenalarteries
Celiac trunk
Leftmiddle
suprarenal
artery
Rightsuperior
suprarenala
vein
Leftsuprarenal
R i g h tm i d d l e
suprarenalartery
Leftinferior
artery
suprarenal
vein
Rightsuprarenal
Rightinferior
suprarenal
arter
Uretericbranchof
left renalartery
Leftrenal
arteryandvein
Uretericbranch
Left testicular (ovarian)

arterv and vein
of right renal artery

Right renal artery and vein
Left2nd lumbarveinand communication

lumbarvein
to ascending
Right testicular (ovarian) artery and vein
Inferiorvenacavi
Abdominalaortd
arterv
Inferiormesenteric
artery(cut)
Superiormesenteric
*{r
Plate 332
Variations in Renal Artery and Vein
Proximal
subdivision
of renal
artery
A Low accessoryrightrenal
arterymay passanteriorto inferior
venacavainsteadof posteriorto it
B Inferiorphrenicarterywith
superiorsuprarenal
arteriesmayarise
from renalartery(middlesuprarenal
arteryabsent)
Doubleleftrenal
vein mayform
ringaround
abdominalaorta
Multiplerenalveins
Persistent
left
inferiorvenacava
mayjoin leftrenalvein
*{r
Plate 333
Gross Structure of Kidney
Anteriorsurface
of right kidney
Fibrouscapsule
(cutand peeledback)
Medialborder
Hilum
Renalartery
R e n avl e i n
Renalpelvis
Stellateveins visible
throughcapsule
Medialborder
Ureter
Suprarenalgland
and lobulated
kidney of infant
Fibrouscapsule
Cortex
Medulla(pyramids)
Renalpapilla
Minorcalices
Bloodvessels
enteringrenal
parenchyma
I sinus
Majorcalices
Renalcolumn
(of Bertin)
Renalpelvis
Fatin renalsinus
Minor calices
Baseof pyramid
Ureter
Rightkidneysectionedin
severalplanes,exposing
parenchymaand renal pelvis
Plate 334
Intrarenal Arteries and Renal Segments
Superior(apical)segmental
Frontalsectionof left kidnev:

anteriorview
Anteriorsuperior
segmental
artery
Capsular
and
perirenalbranches
Inferior
suprarenalartery
Anteriorbranch
of renalartery
Renal
Posteriorbranch
of renalartery
(posterior
segmental
artery)
Pelvicand uretericbranches
Anteriorinferior
segmental
artery
Posterior
segmental
arteries
Inferiorsegmentalartery
Vascularrenalsegments
Nr
Anteriorsurfaceof left kidnev
Plate 335
Posteriorsurfaceof left kidney
Kidneys and Supralenal Glands
Nephron and Gollecting Ti,rbule:Schema
Fibroustuot''".--.-----.=
"
'
convolutedtubule
Proximal
--ciitl-.il-renalcorpuscle
luxtamedullary
renalcorpuscle
Proximal
convoluted
tubule
Distal
I convolutedtubule
convoluted
tubule
H e n l e ' sl o o p
D e s c e n d i n gl i m b
A s c e n d i n gl i m b
C o l l e c t i n gt u b u l e
5
-
Henle's
loop
LCJ
Descending
Renal
medulla
(pyramid)
R e n a l( m a l p gi h i a n )c o r p u s c l e ;
g l o m e r u l a r( B o w m a n ' s )c a p s u l e
with glomerulus
Ascending
li
Afferent and efferent

glomerulaa
r rterioles
C
N
c
c
Openings
of papillary
ducts
Nr
ffi
tubutes
Cottecting
C r i b r i f o r ma r e a o f r e n a lp a p i l l a
Plate 336
Blood Vessels in Parenchyma of Kidney: Schema
A f f e r e n tg l o m e r u l a ra r t e r i o l e
E f f e r e ngt l o m e r u l a ra r t e r i o l e
J u x t a m e d u l l agrlyo m e r u l u s
( e f f e r e ngtl o m e r u l aarr t e r i o l e
d e s c e n disn t or e n a p
l yramid)
C o r t i c a lg l o m e r u l u s
E f f e r e n gt l o m e r u l a r
a r t e r i o l e( j o i n sc o r t i c a l
c a p i l l a r yp l e x u s
Corticomedullarg
y lomerulus
Cortical
capillary
US
f f e r e n tg l o m e r u l a ra r t e r i o l e
( j o i n sc o r t i c a lc a p i l l a r yp l e x u s
a n d a l s od e s c e n d si n t o r e n a lp y r a m i d )
Stellate
vetn
F i b r o u sc a p s
C a p s u l a ra n d p e r f o r a t i n gv e i n s
Cortical
radiate
(interlobular)
artefles
a n dv e i n s
Subcapsular
,> zone
uate
artery
andvein
Vasa rectae
s p u r i a( f r o m
juxtamedullary
efferent
glomerular
arterioles)
\1 i 1
Vasa rectae
vera (from
a r c u a t ea n d
cortical radiate
artefles)
Venulae
rectae
Medullary
capillary
plexus
Interlobar
arrery
andvein
e,
Renal
cotumn
(of Bertin)
H e n l e ' sl o o p
of nephron
Collecting
tubule
4{tr
Plate 337
lnterlobar
a r t e r ya n d
v e t nI n
perirenal
fat of
r e n a ls i n u s
TransverseSection: Level of T12-L1 lntervertebral Disc
o
o
o
3
c
o
tr
S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i cv e i n ( b e c o m i n gp o r t a lv e i n )
o
5
E!
qt
ll
ql
Transversecolon
II
!r
J
c
o
rt
( r i g h tc o l i c f l e x u r e )
E x t e r n aol b l i o u e m u s c l e
o
o
o
o
o
o
=i.
D e s c e n d i n g( 2 n d )
partof duodenum
o
J
o
D
I n f e r i o rv e n a c a v a
rh
Spleen
R i g h ts u p r a r e n agl l a n d
c
o
3
o
Liver
S u p e r i o rp o l e o f r i g h t k i d n e y
qf
t
o
G)
g)
f 12-t'l intervertebraldisc
qt
L e f tc r u s o f d i a p h r a g m
{
I
c44e/*
I
F
I
!l
o
o
TransverseSection:Levelof L1-2 IntervertebralDisc
:'
G)
g)
Superiormesentericvein
qt
t
Creater omentum
Pancreaswith uncinate process
Transversecolon
J u n c t i o no f 2 n d a n d 3 r d
p a r t so f d u o d e n u m
II
o
rt
Transversecolon
o
o
lleum
lejunum
o
o
rt
Perirenalfat
IT
o
rh
4
c
5
o
o
R i g h tr e n a lv e i n
(enteringinferior
vena cava)
Left kidney
Major calyx and renal pelvis
ql
f
c
o
tr
lt
ql
!
o
3
t
o
I
o
3
o
o
c
o
3
o
Renalfascia
Right kidney
Pararenalfat
Inferior vena cav
!t
t
F
I
Right crus of diaphragm

Psoasmajor muscl
Left renal artery
Left renal vein (entering

inferior vena cava)
L1-2 intervertebraldist
C o n u sm e d u l l a r i sa n d c a u d a e q u i n
Cfd4/*
Ureters
Uretersin male:
anterior view
Leftkidney
Rightkidney
Leftureter
Duodenum
lnferior
mesenteric
artery
Superior
mesenteric
Leftcolic artery
Rightcolicartery
Sigmoidarteries
R i g hu
t re
lleocolic artery
Superiorrectal
artery(cut)
Testicular
vessel
nerve
Cenitofemoral
C o m m o n i l i a ca r t e r
lnternal iliac arter
Externaliliac arter
Inferiorvesicalarterv
Middle rectal a
Diagonalcourse
of ureter
throughbladder
wall
Bladdermucosa
Ductusdeferens
narybladder
4{tr
Ureter
Urinarybladder
Medialumbilical
ligament(occluded
partof umbilicalartery)
Roundligament
of uterus
Broadligament
Uterineartery
Umbilicalartery
Obturatorartery
and nerve
Ureter
Uterosacral
(sacrogenital)
fold
Vaginalarteryand
inferiorvesicalbranch
External
iliacartery
Ureter
(re
Intersigmoid
Sigmoid mesocolon
Uretersin female:
superiorview
ian vessels
Internaliliacartery
iliacartery
Root of mesenterv
Plate 34O
Arteries of Ureters and Urinary Bladder

a
A b d o n r i n aal o r t a
S u p e r i o nr r e s e n t e r i c
arterv
R e n aa
l r t e r ya n d v e i n
Uretericbrar-rch
from renalartery
Ovarianartery
Ureter
Inferior
mesentencartery(cut)
Uretericbranchfronr aorta
Uretericbranchesfron'r
ovarianand conrmon
r l i a ca r t e r i e s
C o m n r o ni l i a ca r t e r y
M e d i a ns a c r aal r t e r y
I n t e r n aill i a ca r t e r y
l l i o l u n r b aar r t e r y
S u p e r i o gr l u t e aal r t e r y
Lateralsacral:rrtery
Inferiorglute.rland
i n t e r n apl u d e n d aal r t e r i e s
U m b i l i c aal r t e r y
(patentpart)
U t e r i n ea r t e r y
Inferiorvcsicalartery
a n d u r e t e r i cb r a n c - h
S u p e r i ovr e s i c aal r t e r i e s
I n f e r i o cr p i g a s t r iac r t e r y
Uretericbranc-hfronr
s u p e r i o vr e s i c aal r t e r y
M e d i a lu n r b i l i c al il g a n r e n t
Plate 341
Renal Fascia
Duodenum
Right
Rightcolic (hepatic)flexure
Liver
flexure
Duodenojejunal
Superiormesenteric
vein and artery Abdominal
Left renal vein and artery

Left kidney
lnferior
vena cava
Transversalis
fascia
fat
Pararenal
(retroperitoneal)
Quadratuslumborum muscre
Cruraof diaphragm
Transverse
sectionthrough 2nd
lumbarvertebrademonstrates
horizontaldispositionof fascia
Psoasmaior muscleand fascia
Perirenal
fat
Fibrouscapsuleof kidney
layersof renal (Cerota's) fascia
Diaphragm
Diaphragmaticfascia
( c o n t i n u a t i o no f
transversalis
fascia)
Lung
Liver
Costodiaphragmatic
recess
Bare area of liver
S u p r a r e n agl l a n d
F i b r o u sc a p s u l eo f k i d n e y
Perirenalfat
Peritoneum
1 2 t hr i b

layersof renal (Cerota's)fascia
Pararenalfat
(retroperitoneal)
Transversalis
fa
Right colic (hepatic)flexure
Q u a d r a t ulsu m b o r u mm u s c l
l l i a cc r e s t
*{r
Sagittalsectionthrough right kidney

and lumbarregiondemonstrates
verticaldispositionof renalfascia
Plate 342
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Kidneys and Urinary Bladder

SeealsoPlates406,408
Subcapsular
l y m p h a t ipc l e x u s
Cortical lymph vesselsalong cortical

r a d i a t e( i n t e r l o b u l a rat r t e r i e s
Lymph vesselsalong arcuatearteries
Lymph vesselsalong interlobararteries
Medullary
lymphvessels
*{r
Note:Arrows
indicatedirection
of flow.
L u m b alry m p ht r u n k st o
cisternachyliandthoracicduct
Lateralaortic (lumbar),precaval,
and postcavalnodes
C o m m o n i l i a cn o d e s
P r o m o n t o r i a(l m i d d l es a c r a l )n o d e
I n t e r n a li l i a cn o d e s
E x t e r n aill i a cn o d e s
Lymph vesselsfrom dorsal

part and trigone of bladder
Lymphvessels
fromsuperior
andanteriorpartsof bladder
Lateralvesicaland
prevesicalnodes
Plate 343
Kidneys and Supralenal Glands
Nerves of Kidneysr Ureters, and Urinary Bladder
Anteriorvagaltrunk
Posteriorvagaltrunk
nerve
Createrthoracicsplanchnic
Lesser
nerve
thoracicsplanchnic
ganglion
Superiormesenteric
Leastthoracic splanchnicnerve
Aorticorenal ganglion
Renalplexusand ganglion
2nd lumbarsplanchnic
Renaland upperuretericbranches
fromintermesenteric
(aortic)plexus
Intermesenteric
ganglion
Inferiormesenteric
trunkand ganglion
Sympathetic
Middleuretericbranch
Superiorhypogastric
nerves
Sacralsplanchnic
(branches
from uppersacral
sympatheticgangliato
hypogastricplexus)-
Cravramuscommunicans
Hypogastricnerves
Sacralplexus
Pelvicsplanchnic
(pelvic)plexus
Inferiorhypogastric
loopsand
with periureteric
branches
to lowerureter
Rectalplexus
Vesicalplexus
Prostaticplexu
4{tr
Plate 344
Innervation of Kidneys and Upper Ureters: Schema
ucleusof solitarvtract
(dorsal)nucleus
Posterior
of vagusnerve
Medullaoblongata
Crayramuscommunicans
Vagusnerve(X)
ng fibers
Ventralramusof T10
(intercostal
nerve)
Ascending
fibers
nalcord segments
T10-11
Cangliaof sympathetic
trunk
Lesser
thoracic
splanchnic
nerve
1 s tl u m b a sr p l a n c h n n
i ce r v e
splanchnic
nerve
thoracic
Celiacgangliaand plexus
Superiormesenteric
ganglion
ganglion
Aorticorenal
plexus
Intermesenteric
4{tr
Sympatheticfibers
Preganglionic
P o s t g a n g l i o n i-c- - - - - - - .
Parasympathetic
f ibers
Preganglionic
Postganglioni
Superiorhypogastric
plexus
Hypogastric
nerve
Sacralplex
Pelvic
splanchnic
nerves
Afferentfibers
Plate 345
Nerves of Suprarenal Glands: Dissection and Schema
Left phrenic nerve
Right phrenic nerve
vagaltrunk
Posterior
Left inferior phrenic
artery and plexus
R i g h st u p r a r e n g
al a n d
splanchnichrv:-
C e l i a cp l e x u s
a n dg a n g l i a
Leftlesserthoracic
splanchnn
i ce r v e
Aorticorenal
ganglia
R i g h tr e n a l
g a n g l i o na n d p l e
Left least
thoracic
splanchnic
nerve
Left
renal
ganglion
and
prexus
trunk
Leftsympathetic
R i g h ts y m p a t h e t i c
L e f t 1 s t l u m b a rs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e
Righ1
t s tl u m b a sr p l a n c h n n
i ce r v e
In t e r m e d i o l a t e r acle l l c o l u m n
(lateralhorn of gray matter)
T5
T6
T7
Medulla
Thoracic
splanchnic
nerves
(preganglionic
flbers)
Postganglionic
f i b e r ss u p p l y
bloodvessels
Celiac
ganglion
T8
t
I
I
I
4{tr
Preganglionic
fibers ramify
a r o u n dc e l l s
of medulla
Suprarenalgland
Plate 346
Artefes and Veins of Suprarenal Glands in Situ
Liver(retractedsuperiorly)
Superiorsuprarenal
arteries
(frominferiorphrenicartery)
lnferior vena cava (retracted mediallvl
Suprarenal
vein
Branches
of middlesuprarenal
arteries(fromabdominalaorta)
(cutedge)
Peritoneum
Pancreasand spleen
(re tr acted sup eri o r Iy)
Leftinferiorphrenicartery
ior suprarenal
arteries
gland
Suprarenal
Renal(Cerota's)
fascia
Left
kidney
Renal
(Cerota's)
fascia
Right kidney
(pulleddown)
gland
Suprarenal
Inferiorsuprarenal
artery
(from renalartery)
Abdominal exposure of right suprarenal gland
Crosssection
through
suprarenal
gland
psule
Cortex
Medulla
Duodenojejunalflexure
Leftcolic(splenic)
flexure(pulled
Middlesuprarenal
artery
*{r
Suprarenalvein
Inferiorsuprarenal
arterir
Leftrenalartery
andvein
Peritoneum
(cut edges)
Abdominalexposureof left suprarenalgland
Plate 347
Kidneys and Supranenal Glands
AbdominalWall and Viscera: Paramedian(Sagittall Section
D i a p h r a g m( c e n t r a tl e n d o n )
C o r o n a r yl i g a m e n t
e n c l o s i n gb a r e a r e a
of liver
-,":ij
Esophagus
P a r i e t apl e r i t o n e u m
Superiorrecessof omental
bursa (lessersac)
Liver
L e s s e ro m e n t u m
H e p a t i cp o r t avl e i na n d
properhepaticartery
i n r i g h tm a r g i no f
O m e n t a l( e p i p l o i c )
l e s s e ro m e n t u m
O m e n t a lb u r s a
(lessersac)
e l i a ct r u n k
Stomach
S p l e n i cv e s s e l s
Middle colic artery
Renalvessels
Transversemesocolon
Pancreas
Parietalperitoneum (of
a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a lw a l l )
Inferior (horizontal,or 3rd) part
of duodenum
Transversecolon
Creater omentum
S m a l li n t e s t i n e
Abdominal aorta
Rectusabdominis
muscle
Parietaloeritoneum (of
posterior abdominal wall)
Mesenteryof small intestine
Transversalis
fascia
Medianumbilical
l i g a m e n t( u r a c h u s )
Fatty layer of
subcutaneou
t is s u e
Rectovesicaloouch
(Camper'sfascia)
Rectum
M e m b r a n o u sl a y e r
o f s u b c u t a n e o u tsi s s u e
(Scarpa'sfascia)
Rectoprostatic
( D e n o n v i l l i e r sf' a
) scia
Levatorani muscle
Prostate
P u b i cb o n e
Deep
Superficial
Subcutaneous
R e t r o p u b i c( p r e v e s i c a l )
space (cave of Retzius)
Deep and superficial

p e r i n e a lm u s c l e s
D e e p ( B u c k ' s f) a s c i a
of penis
B u l b o s p ogni o s u sm u s c l e
P e r i n e am
l e m b r a n ea n d b u l b o u r e t h r a(lC o w p e r ' s )g l a n d
Tunica vaginalistestis
Abdominal Sections
P u b o r e c t a l im
s u s c l e( t h i c k e n e dm e d i a l
edge of left levator ani muscle)
Plate 348
Schematic Gross Section of Abdomen at L3, 4
Round ligament(ligamentumteres)of liver

Transverse
colon
Branchesof inferiorepigaslricvessels
Rectussheath
Transversus
abdominis
aooneurosis
Externaloblique aponeurosis
Internaloblique aponeurosis
L i n e aa l b a
Omental appendices
Createromentum
Parietalperitoneum
Transversalis
fascia
Transversus
abdominismuscre
Mesenteryof smallintestine
I n t e r n aol b l i q u e
muscte
Superiormesentericvessels
S m a liln t e s t i n(ei l e u m )
External
oblique
muscle
L y m p hn o d e
Ascending
coton
R i g h t1
paracolic
gutter
Smallintestine
(jejunum)
X,
Descending
coron
Left
paracolic
gutter
Left
ureter
Tendon
of origin of
transversus
abdominis
muscle
Quadratus
lumborum
muscle
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
l l i o i n g u i n anl e r v e
Testicular(ovarian)vessels
( Combined
Laversof
thoracolumba'
I| ftiddl.
""'' ;
Tascra
( posterior
Psoasminor muscle
Parietalperitoneum
Psoasmajormuscle
Right genitofemoral nerve
Inferiorvena cava
Leftsympathetictrunk
Anterior longitudinalligament
Ligamentumflavum
Erectorspinaemuscle
Abdominal aorta
Spinousprocessof L3 vertebra
Intermesenteric(aortic)plexus
Plate 349
Abdominal Sections
Abdominal Scans: Axial GT lmages
Seriesof abdominalaxial CT imagesfrom superior(A) to inferior (D)
A
AC
B
DC
It
lV
tA
tl
tK
tt
Aorta
Ascending
colon
Bodyofvertebra
Descending
colon
lleum
Inferiorvenacava
Lineaalba
Leftcommoniliacartery
Leftkidney
Leftlobeof liver
Abdominal Sections
M
P
R
RA
RI
Rt
s
ST
TC
Deepbackmuscles
Psoasmuscle
Rib
Rightcommoniliacartery
Rightlobeof liver
Spleen
Stomach
Transverse
colon
Plate 35O
5 Pelvis and Perineum

Section
Topographic AnatomY
Plate 351
andPerineum
ssr Pelvis
Bones and Ligaments

Plates 352-355
of Pelvis
andLigaments
ssz Bones
(continued)
of Pelvis
andLigaments
3s3 Bones
Measurements
of Pelvis:
sse SexDifferences
Pelvis
oftheMaleandFemale
sss Radiographs
Pelvic Floor and Gontents

Plates 35F364
gse Pelvic
Female
Diaphragm:
(continued)
Female
Diaphragm:
ssz Pelvic
Male
Diaphragm:
ssa Pelvic
Male(continued)
Diaphragm:
oss Pelvic
geo Pelvic
Female
Viscera
andPerineum:
Male
Viscera
andPerineum:
ser Pelvic
Female
Contents:
aez Pelvic
Male
Contents:
ses Pelvic
Spaces
Fascia
andPotential
oel Endopelvic
Urinary Bladder
Plates 36$68
andSupports
Bladder:
0rientation
oes Urinary
Female
andMale
Bladder:
eee Urinary
oez Sphincters
Cystourethrograms
368 MaleandFemale
Pelvis and Perineum
ina, andSupporti
ns
t.r".i3ft,vas
Plates 36975
oes Pelvic
Viscera:
Female
Rectum
Plates 391-396
ssr Rectum
inSitu:Female
andMale
ozo Uterus,
Vagina,
andSupporting
Structures
Fossae
ogz lschioanal
gss Rectum
andAnalCanal
szr Uterus
andAdnexa
Musculature
sgl Anorectal
szz Pelvic
Ligaments
AnalSphincter
Muscle:
Perineal
Views
sss External
3zs Uterus:
AgeChanges
andMuscle
Pattern
andPotential
Perineopelvic
396 Actual
Spaces
szl Uterus:
Position
andProlapse
ozs Ectopic
Pregnancy
Regional Scans
Plate 397
Regional Tlansverse Section
ssz Pelvic
Scans:
Sagittal
MRlmages
Plate 376
Bladder-Prostate
sze MalePelvis:
Junction
Vasculature
Plates 398409
Perineum and External

Genitalia: Female
Plates 377-379
(Pudendum
ezz Female
Perineum
andExternal
Genitalia
orVulva)
(Superficial
Perineum
szs Female
Dissection)
gzs Female
Perineum
andDeep
Perineum
(Male)
ofRectum
andAnalCanal
ese Arteries
(Female)
ess Veins
of Rectum
andAnalCanal
loo Arteries
Female
andVeins
ofPelvic
0rgans:
cor Arteries
andVeins
ofTestis
coz Arteries
andVeins
of Pelvis:
Female
Male
eos Arteries
andVeins
of Pelvis:
Perineum and External

Genitalia: Male
eoe Arteries
andVeins
andUterus
of Perineum
Plates 38G87
me Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
ofPelvis
andGenitalia:
Female
(Superficial
oso Perineum
andExternal
Genitalia
Dissection)
Female
mz Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
ofPerineum:
(Deeper
set Perineum
andExternal
Genitalia
Dissection)
gaz Penis
ges Perineal
Spaces
Vessels
Male
eoe Lymph
andNodes
ofPelvis
andGenitalia:
sal Prostate
andSeminalVesicles
eos Arteries
Male
andVeins
of Perineum:
lnnervation
Plates
4O9-4l7
ses Urethra
409
Nerves
of External
Male
Genitalia:
sse Descent
ofTestis
4lo
Nerves
ofPelvic
Viscera:
Male
sgz Scrotum
andContents
4ll
Nerves
Male
ofPerineum:
412
Nerves
Viscera:
Female
ofPelvic
413
Female
Nerves
ofPerineum
andExternal
Genitalia:
414
Neuropathways
in Parturition
see Homologues
of External
Genitalia
415
Innervation
Reproductive
Organs:
Schema
of Female
ees Homologues
ofInternal
Genitalia
4t6
Innervation
ofMaleReproductive
0rgans:
Schema
417
Innervation
Bladder
of Urinary
andLowerUreter:
Schema
Homologues of Genitalia
Plates 38&389
Testis, Epididymis, and Ductus

Deferens
Plate 39O
Epididymis,
ogo Testis,
andDuctus
Deferens
Pelvis and Perineum
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
muscle
Trapezius
Deltoidmuscle
Pectoralis
majormuscle
Serratus
anterior
muscle
Semilunar
line
Tendinous
intersection
External
oblique
muscle
Rectus
abdominis
muscle
Lineaalba
Anteriorsuperior
i l i a cs p i n e
Umbilicus
lliaccrest
Superficial
circumflexiliacvein
Superficial
epigastricveins
Inguinal
ligament
Pubicsymphysis
Pubictubercle
dorsal
Superficial
veinof penis
C l a n so f p e n i s
Body(shaft)of
penis
External
urethral
orifice(meatus)
Scrotum
+*
f"{,
Topographic Anatomy
6(d4/*
PIate 351
Bones and Ligaments of Pelvis
Bodyof L5 vertebra
lliac J Intermediate
zone
c r e s t I n n e rl i p I
Falsepelvis
(15-S1) intervertebral
Lumbosacral
disc
llia.cfossa(wing
OI lllum)--
Sacralpromontory
Anteriorsuperior
iliac
'Truepelvis
Arcuateline
ial spine
Anteriorinferior
iliac spine
Sacrospinous
ligament
lliopubiceminence
Lessersciaticforamen
Obturatorcanal
Sacrotuberous
ligament
Superiorpubicramus
Coccyx
Pectenpubis
(pectineal
line)
lschialtuberosity
Pubictu
Symphyseal
surface
Obturatormembrane
lateral view
Bodyof L4 vertebra
Supraspinous
ligament
Posterior,anterior,and
inferiorgluteallines
Posterior
superioriliacspine
Mediansacralcrest
Posterior
inferioriliacspine
rmediateron" )
Outerlip
) lliaccrest
lliactubercle )
Wing (ala)of ilium
(glutealsurface)
Bodyof ilium
Anteriorsuperior
iliacspine
Anteriorinferior
iliacspine
Posteriorsacroiliacligament
labrum
Greatersciaticforamen
Sacrospinous
ligament
Posterior
and lateral
sacrococcygeal
ligaments
Sacrotuberous
ligament
lschialspine
*{r
Plate 352
Acetabularmargin
(articular)
surface
notch
Transverse
acetabular
ligament
Superiorpubicramus
Pubictubercle
Obturatorcrest
lschialtuberosity
Obturatormembrane
canal
Inferiorpubicramus
Bones and Ligaments
Bones and Ligaments of Pelvis (continuedl
lliolumbarligament
ligament
Supraspinous
Posterior
superioriliacspine
Posteriorsacroiliacligaments
Posteriorsacralforamina
reatersciaticforamen
ligament
acrospinous
ligament
Sacrotuberous
margin
Acetabular
tuberosity
Tendonof longheadof
bicepsfemorismuscle
lliolumbar
ligament
Anterior sacroiliacligament
Sacralpromontory
Anteriorsuperioriliacspi
ligament
Sacrotuberous
ligament
Sacrospinous
Anterior inferior iliac spine
lschialspine
/ z-----Arcuateline..sciaticforamen
Lesser
/ ,t
--{
lliopectineal
lliopubic
eminence
Nr
Bones and Ligaments
Anterior
sacrococcygeal
(pectineal
line)
Obturatorforamen
Inferiorpubicr
Anteriorview
Pubictubercle
Plate 353
Sex Differences of Pelvis: Measurements

SFSo'Blrb,2l8
Femalepelvis/femalepelvic
inlet: anteriorview
S a c r o i l i a jco i n t
al promontory
Diagonal conjugate (-12 cm)
Diameters
of
the pelvis
(-13cm)
Transverse
O b l i q u e( - 1 2 . 5c m )
l l i o p u b i ce m i n e n c e
Nr
Pubicsymphysis
lschialtuberosity
Male pelvis/malepelvic
inlet: anteriorview
Allmeasurements
slightly
shorter
in
relationto body sizethanin female
Pelvicinletorientedmoreanteroposteriorly
thanin female,where
it tendsto be transversely
oval
Pubicsymphysis
deeper(taller)
Pubicarch(subpubicangle)narrower
lschialtuberosities
lessfar apart
lliacwingslessflared
Transverse
diameter of pelvic
o u t l e t( - 1 1c m )
Pubic
symphysis
Sacral
oromontorv-
onjugate
schial
diameter
of pelvic inlet
("11cm)
tuberosity
Anteroposterior
diameter of
pelvic outlet
( v a r i e s9 . 5 - l 1 . 5c m
becauseof mobility
of coccyx)
l s c h i a sl p i n e
Tip of coccyx
pelvis/femalepelvicoutlet:
Fema.le
tntenor vtew
Plate 354
Pubic
symphysis
Anteroposterior
diameter of
pelvic outlet
( 9 . 5 - 1 1 . 5c m )
Female:sagittalsection
Bones and Ligaments
Female and Male Pelvis Radiographs
FemalePelvis
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
I
K
L
M
Sacrum
llium
Pubis
lschium
P u b i ss y m p h y s i s
Obturatorforamen
Headof femur
Creatertrochanter
trochanter
Lesser
Femur
P e l v i cf o r a m i n a
Airincolon
S a c r o i l i aj oci n t
Acetabulum
Pelvicinlet
Male Pelvis
AL5
B
C
D
E
F
C
H
I
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Bones and Ligaments
Sacrum
Ala of sacrum
llium
Pubis
lschium
P u b i cs y m p h y s i s
Obturatorforamen
lschialtuberosity
l s c h i asl p i n e
Headof femur
Creatertrochanter
trochanter
Lesser
Femur
Airincolon
S a c r o i l i aj oci n t
Acetabulum
S u b p u b iac n g l e
Plate 355
Pelvic Diaphragm: Female

SeealsoPlates 263,366,370,392
) ubic ligament
l n f e r i o r( a r c u a t e p
Superiorview
Deeo dorsal vein of clitoris
perinealligament
Transverse
Inguinaligament
(Poupart's)
Fasciaof deep perinealmuscles

Urethra
Vagina
Obturator canal
Obturatorfascia
( o v e ro b t u r a t o r
i n t e r n um
s uscle)
Pubococcygeus
muscle
(partof levatorani
muscle)
Tendinous
archof
levatorani muscle
Rectum
lliococcygeusmuscle
( p a r to f l e v a t o ra n i m u s c l e )
Levatorplate (median raphe)
of levatorani muscle
Coccygeus(ischiococcygeus)
muscte
mismuscle
Coccyx
A n t e r i o rs a c r o coccygealligament
Sacralpromontory
Piriformis
muscte
Medialview
l s c hi a l
sprne
A r c u a t el i n e o f i l i u m
o b t u r a t o r i n t e r n u sm u s c l e
and obturator fascia(cut)
T e n d i n o u sa r c h o f l e v a t o ra n i m u s c l e
O b t u r a t o rc a n a l ,
l l i o c o c c y g e u sm u s c l e
Rectum
Urethra
Pubococcygeusmuscle
Vagina
S p h i n c t e ru r e t h r a em u s c l e
4{ffi*
Plate 356
Left puborectalismuscle and

p e r i n e a lm e m b r a n e
C o m p r e s s o ru r e t h r a ea n d u r e t h r o v a g i n a l
s p h i n c t e r( p o r t i o n so f s p h i n c t e ru r e t h r a em u s c l e
Coccygeus
( i s c hi o c o c c y g e u s )
muscre
Left levatorani
muscle (cut)
Externalanal
Superficialand deep
transverseperinealmuscles
Pelvis Floor and Contents
Pelvic Diaphragm: Female (continuedl
lnferior view
to urethra
Musculofascial
extensions
Pubicsymphysi
to vagina
Musculofascial
extensions
Inferior(arcuate)
pubicligament
fibersof perineum
Interdigitating
muscle
(partof levatorani muscle)
Deepdorsal
vein of c
muscle
Pubococcygeus
Inferiorpubicra
Tendinous
archof levatorani muscle
Urethra
Obturatori nternusmuscle
Vagina
lliococcygeus
muscle
Rectum
lschialtuberositv
Obturatorinternus
tendon
ligament
Sacrospinous
ligament
Sacrotuberous
muscle
Piriformis
Median raphe
of levator ani muscle
lschialspine
Coccygeus
(ischiococcygeus)
Anococcygeal body (ligament)

(attachmentof externalanal sphinctermuscle)
muscle
Piriformis
muscle(
Tip of coccyx
Sacrospinous
ligament
Sacrotuberous
ligament
Piriformis
muscle
sciaticforamen
Lateralview
Mediansacralcrest
lliococcygeusmuscle
(part of levator ani muscle)
Tendinous
archof levatorani muscle
muscle
Pubococcygeus
Sacrotuberous
ligament(cut)
muscle
Puborectalis
4th posterior(dorsal)sacralfor
Coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) muscle
liBament(cut)
Sacrospinous
Coccyx
4{tr
Pelvic Floor and Contents
Pubicbone
(cut surface)
Deepdorsalvein
of clitoris
Urethra
Plate 357
Pelvic Diaphragm: Male

SeealsoPlates 263, 266, 392
) ubicligament
I n f e r i o r( a r c u a t e p
Superiorview
(viscera removedl
H i a t u sf o r d e e p d o r s a lv e i n o f p e n i s
Pubic crest
P e c t e np u b i s( p u b i cp a r t
o f i l i o p e c t i n elai nl e )
Transverseperinealligament
( a n t e r i o rt h i c k e n i n go f
r i n e a lm e m b r a n e )
Hiatus for urethra
S u p e r i orra m u so f p u b i s
Muscle fibers from levator anr ro

l u s c l eo f a n a lc a n a l
c o n l o i n e dl o n g i t u d i n am
O b t u r a t ocr a n a l
Obturator fascia
Levatorani
muscle
Tendinousarch of
l e v a t o ra n i m u s c l e
A c e t a b u l a rm a r g i n
A n t e r i o ri n f e r i o r
i l i a cs p i n e
Obturator
i n t e r n um
s uscle
Wing (ala)
of ilium
( i l i a cp a r t o f
i l i o p e c t i n e al li n e )
muscle
P i r i f o r mm
i su s c l e
S a c r o i l i a jco i n t
A n t e r i o rs a c r a l( p e l v i c )f o r a m r n a
Sacrum
Anterior sacrococcygealligament
Sacralcanal
Plate 358
A n o r e c t a lh i a t u s
4{tr
Pelvic Diaphragm: Male (continuedl

seePlate 383
Forurogenital
diaphragm
Inferiorview
D e e p d o r s a lv e i n so f p e n i s
Fat in retropubic (prevesical)space
S p h i n c t e ru r e t h r a em u s c l ea s c e n d i n g
a n t e r i o ra s p e c to f p r o s t a t e
I n f e r i o rp u b i c ( a r c u a t e l)i g a m e n t
P e r i n e abl o d y
F i b r o m u s c u l aerx t e n s i o n so f l e v a t o r
ani muscle to orostate
R e c t o u r e t h r a l si su p e r i o rm u s c l e
Urethra
) scia
R e c t o p r o s t a t i(cD e n o n v i l l i e r sf' a
Prerectal
musclefibers(of Luschka)
f r o ml e v a t oar n im u s c l e
M e d i a l b o r d e r( p i l l a r )
o f l e v a t o ra n i m u s c l e
Musclefibersfrom levator
longitudinal
a n it o c o n j o i n e d
m u s c l eo f a n a lc a n a l
P e r i n e am
l e m b r a n e( c u t a w a y
lschiopubic
ramus\
-"t*
i'PF"
ti
Obturator
i n t e r nu s
tendon
muscle
l s c h i a tl u b e r o s i t y
S a c r o t u b e r o ulsig a m e n t( c u t )
Obturator internusmuscle
S a c r o s p i n o ulsi g a m e n t( c u t )
O b t u r a t o ri n t e r n u sm u s c l e
( i s c h i o c o c c y g e u sm)u s c l e
S a c r o s p i n o ulsi g a m e n t( c u t )
Sacrotuberousligament (cut)
Tip of coccyi
Plate 359
Pelvic Viscera and Perineum: Female
Paramedian(sagittal)dissection
Ureter
Uterine
(fallopian)
tube
Ovary
Ligament
of ovary Round
ligament
of uterus
Broad
pouch
Rectouterine
(of Douglas)
Peritoneum(cutedge)
pouch
Vesicouterine
Rectum
reter
Urinarybladder
ligament(cut)
S u p e r i opr u b i c
ramus(cut)
Inferiorpubic
ramus(cut)
Vagina
Ischiocavernosus
muscle
External
anal
sphinctermuscle
Pelvicdiaphragm
(levatorani muscle)
Deeptransverse
perinealmuscle(cut)
Bodvof clitoris
Labia
minora
Labium
marus
Sacralpromontory
Ureter
Suspensory
ligamentof ovary
Uterine(fallopian)
tube
Ovary
External
iliacvessels
Ligament
of ovary
Bodyof uterus
R o u n dl i g a m e not f u t e r u s
(ligamentumteres
F u n d u os f u t e r u s
Urinarybladder
Pubicsymphysis
Urethra
Sphincterurethrae
Deep transverse
perinealmuscle
terosacral
ligament
pouch
Vesicouterine
pouch
Rectouterine
(of DouBlas)
Cervixof uterus
part
Posterior
of vaginalfornix
Anteriorpart
of vaginalfornix
-Rectum
Vagina
.Peiineal
memDrane
Levatorani
muscle
Analcanal
Deepdorsalveinof clitoris
Crusof clitoris
External
urethralorifice
perinealmuscle
Superficial
transverse
L a b i u mm i n u s
Labiummajus
Vaginalorifice
Plate 360
Pelvic Viscera and Perineum: Male
Ductus(vas)deferens
(sagittal)dissection
Paramedian
Urinarvbladderandfascia
Ureter(cut)
iliacvessels
External
Peritoneum
Seminalvesicle
Rectusabdominis
muscte
Rectovesicalpouch
Anterior layer
of rectus sheath
Rectoprostatic
(Denonvilliers')
fascia
Transversalis
fascia
Umbilical
te (covered by fascia)
prevesicalfascia
Sub( fatty{Camper'
c u t a n e o u{sm e m b r a n o u s
tissue
( ts.urpu'rtSuperiorpubicramus(cut
ramus(cut)
lschiopubic
Pelvicdiaphragm
(levatorani muscle)
Deeptransverse
perinealmuscle
Fundiform
l i g a m e not f p e n i s
Suspensory
ligamentof penis
Areolartissueandvesical
venousplexusin retropubic(prevesical)
space
Deepdorsalveinof pen
Corpuscavernosum
Deep(Buck's)
Perineal
body
anal
Deep
) External
Superficial ) sPhincter
Subcutaneous
) muscle
Deep perineal(investingor
Callaudet's)fascia
Superficialperineal(Colles')fascia
(inferiorfasciaof superficial
perinealspace)
fasciaof peni
Corpusspongiosum
(dartos)
fascia
Superficial
of penisand scrotum
Septumof scrotum
Superficial(dartos)fasciaof scrotum
Externalspermatic fascia
Vesical fascia
Rectovesicalpouch
Rectum
Seminal
vesicle
Prostate
Rectoprostatic
(Denonvilliers')
fascia
Fundiformligamentof
Sphincter
urethrae
muscte
Suspensoryligamentof peni
lnferior (arcuate)pubic ligamen
Bulbourethral
(Cowper's)
gland
Transverseperinealligament (anterior
t h i c k e n i n go f p e r i n e a lm e m b r a n s ) Perinealmembrane
Perinealbody
muscle
Bulbospongiosus
perinealspace
Superficial
Deep perineal(investingor
Callaudet's)fascia
Corpuscavernosum
Corpusspongiosum
Superficial(dartos)fasciaof penis and scrotum
Deep (Buck's)fasciaof penis
Prepuce
Clanspenisandexternalurethralmeatus
Buck'sfascia
Septumof scrotum
fossa
Navicular
Plate 361
Pelvic Gontents: Female
Uterus(fundus)
Superiorview
Ligamentof ovary
Ova
U t e r i n e( f a l l o p i a nt)u b e
R o u n dl i g a m e not f u l
Broad(lateraluterine)ligament
Urinarybladderand transverse
vesicalfold
Medialumbilicalfold and ligament
(occludedpartof umbilicalartery)
Lineaalba
Median
umbilical
fold and
ligament
(urachus)
pouch(of Douglas)
Rectouterine
Inferiorepigastric
vessels
and
lateralumbilicalfold
Uterosacralfold
Uretericfold
Femoralring
Deepinguinalring
lliopubictract
(coveredby peritoneum)
External
iliacvessels
Suspensoryligament
of ovary (contains
ovarian vessels)
lliac fossa
(false pelvis)
Cecum
Cecalfolds
Left
paracolic
Right
paracolic
Butter
gut
4{F
Sigmoidcolori
Quadratus
lumborum
muscle
Descendingcolon
Psoasmajor
a n dm i n o r
muscles
Sympathetic
trunk
Anterior
Abdominal
longitudinalligament
muscles
Bodyof L3 vertebrd
Plate 362
aflan
vessels
Pararectal
fossa
Inferiorvena cava
Sacralpromontory
Abdominalaorta
plexus
Superiorhypogastric
Transversalis
fascia
peritoneum
Parietal
Ascending
colon
ileum
Terminal
Ureter
Root of mesenterv
Pelvic Gontents! Male

Superiorview
Rectum
S e m i n a vl e s i c l e( s u b p e r i t o n e a l )
fold)
Ductusdeferens(in peritoneal
Lineaterminalisof pelvis
vesicalfold
Urinarybladderandtransverse
L i n e aa l b a
Median
umbilical
fold and
ligament
(urachus)
M e d i a l u m b i l i c a fl o l d a n d l i g a m e n t
(occluded part of umbilical artery)
s uscle
R e c t ua
s b d o m i n im
Femoralring
Pubicbranchof in{eriorepigastric
Rectovesicalpouch
Inferior epigastricvesselsand
lateralumbilicalfold
Vesicosacral
(sacrogenital)fold
arterv (obturator anastomotic)

fossa
Pararectal
Uretericfold
iliacvessels
External
vessels
Testicular
( i n p e r i t o n e af ol l d )
l l i o p u b i ct r a c t,
(extraperitoneal)
Cecum
l l i a cf o s s a( f a l s ep e l v i s )
fascia
Transversalis
Cecal
folds
Parietal
perl
Left
paracolic
guttef
Quadratui
S i g m o i dc o l o n
lumborum
muscle
Transversus
Abdominal
abdominis
I n t e r n aol b l i q u e m u s c l e s
Psoasminor
and major
muscles
Svmpathetictrunk
Anterior
l o n g i t u d i n alli g a m e n t
Body of L3 vertebra
Testicular
vessels
Inferior
vena cava
Sacralpromontory
Abdominal aorta
plexus
Superiorhypogastric
Right paracolic
gutter
A s c e n d i ncgo l o n
ileum
Terminal
Ureter
ormesentery
fi{tr
Plate 363
Endopelvic Fascia and Potential Spaces

Female:superiorview (peritoneumand looseareolartissueremoved)
Umbilicalprevesical
fascia
Medialumbilicalligament(occludedpartof umbilicalartery)
Urinary bladder and vesicalfascia
Superiorvesicalarteryin lateralligamentof bladder
Lineaterminalisof pelvis
Femoral ring
Inferiorepigastric
artery
and
Pubic branch
Pubicsymphysis
Inferior(arcuate)
pubicligament
dorsalveinof clitoris
pubic(prevesical)
space
perinealligament(anterior
Transverse
t h i c k e n i nogf p e r i n e aml e m b r a n e )
Medial pubovesicalligament
Lateralpubovesical
ligament
Vesicocervicalfascialfibers
Superiorfasciaof pelvic
4iaphragm(superior
levatoranifascia)
Obturatorcanaland
obturatorarterv
D e e pi n g u i n arli n g
lliopubic trac
Transversalis
fascia
External
iliac
vessels
Femoral
nerve
(under
fascia)
Deep
circumflex
iliac
vessels
Tendinous
arch
of pelvicfascia
(reflected
laterally)
lliac
fascia
Ovarian
vesselsin
suspensory
ligament
of ovary
lliacusmuscle
urator
internus
fascia
Psoasmaiormuscle
Internaliliacvessels
Inferiorvesical
and vaginalarterie
(neurovascular)
Hypogastric
sheath
Middlerectalarterv
Cervixof uterusand uterinefascia
Superiorrectalartery(leftbranc6)
Rectum and rectal fascia
Rectovaginal(potential)spa
(potential)space(spreadoperi)
Presacral
4{tr
Plate 364
Median sacralarteri
Tendinous
archof
Jevator
ani muscle
Tendinous
archof
pelvicfascia
Uterosacralligament
Cardinal(transverse
cervicalor
Mackenrodt's)
ligamentwith uterineartery
Vaginorectal
fascialfibers
Presacraltascia(pulled away)
Anterior sacrococcygealligament
Vesicocervicaland vesicovaginal(potential)spaces
Urinary Bladder: Orientation and Supports

Female:midsagittalsection
Peritoneum
fascia
Transversalis
M e d i a n u m b i l i c a l i g a m e n t( u r a c h u s )
Umbilical prevesicalfascia
U t e r u s( f u n d u s )
Vesicouterinepouch
Fundus
Uretericorifice
Trigone
Retropubic(prevesical)space and
venous plexus
Inferior (arcuate)pubic ligament
Deep dorsal vein of clitoris
Transverseperinealligament
Sphincterurethraeand
S p h i n c t e ru r e t h r o v a B i n a l t s
musctes
Perinealmembrane
Urethra
Vagina
Perinealbody
'Ampulla
External
anal
of rectum
s o h i n c t emr u s c l e
) ubicligament
I n f e r i o r( a r c u a t e p
Deep dorsal vein of cli
Labium ma.jus
Superiorview with
peritoneum
and vesical
fascia
removed
M e d i a l p u b o v e s i c alli g a m e n t
( m e d i a lp u b o p r o s t a t i cl i g a m e n ti n m a l e )
t h i c k e n i n go f p e r i n e a lm e m b r a n e ) - Tendinousarch of levatorani muscle
Obturator canal
Lateralpubovesicalligament
(lateralpuboprostaticligament in male)
Tendinousarch of pelvic fascia
S u p e r i o rf a s c i ao f p e l v i cd i a p h r a g m
( c o v e r i n gl e v a t o ra n i m u s c l e )
Obturator fasciaover
obturator internusmusc
Urinary bladder pulled up and back
(vesica/fasciaremoved)
4{tr
e/Fd4/*
M e d i a n u m b i l i c a l i g a m e n t( u r a c h u s () c u t )
I n f e r i o rv e s i c a a
l n d v a g i n a la r t e r i e s
Urinary Bladder
Ureter
Plate 365
Urinary Bladder: Female and Male

StraboPfatsg{q ffi1, St,oGq {S, M,4oo.417
Female:frontal section
Peritoneum
Body of bladder
F u n d u so f b l a d d e r
Interuretericcrest
Left uretericorifice
Trigoneof bladder
Neck of bladder
Paravesicalendopelvicfascia
and vesicalvenous plexus
Vesicalfascia
Tendinousarch of levatorani muscle
O b t u r a t oirn t e r n u m
s uscle
Levatorani muscle
Tendinousarch of pelvic fascia
Urethra
Sphincter
urethraemuscle
Perinealmembrane
I n f e r i opr u b i cr a m u s
Round
ligament
of uterus
C r u so f c l i t o r i sa n d i s c h i o c a v e r n o s umsu s c l e
B u l bo f v e s t i b u laen db u l b o s p o n g i o sm
u su s c l e
Deep perineal(investingor Gallaudet's)fascia
Peritoneum
Body of bladder
F u n d u so f b l a d d e r
Interuretericcrest
Right uretericorifice
Trigone of bladder
Neckof bladder
Paravesicalendopelvic fascia
a n d v e s i c a vl e n o u so l e x u s
T e n d i n o u sa r c h o f l e v a t o ra n i m u s c l e
Uvula of bladder
Capsuleof prostate
Prostateand prostaticurethra
Internal
urethral
sphincter
Tendinous
arch of
pelvic
fascia
Anterior
recessof
ischioanal
fossa
Inferior
pubic
ramus
Seminal
B u l b o u r e t h r(aCl o w p e r ' sg)l a n d

P e r i n e am
l e m b r a n ea n d s p h i n c t e ru r e t h r a em u s c l
tg
Nffi
C r u so f
p e n i sa n d
ischiocavern o s u sm u s c t e
Bulbousportionof spongyurethraC o r p u ss p o n g i o s u a
mn db u l b o s p o n g i o sm
u su s c l e Deepperineal(investing
or callaudet's)
fascia
"Cryr4gl*
Plate 366
Urinary Bladder
Sphincters
Vagina
Urethra
Levatorani muscle
Urogenitah
l iatus
Sphincter
u r e t h r a em u s c l e
Perineal
body
External
sphincter
(voluntary)
U rethrovaginal
muscle
Compressor
urethraemuscle
Urinary Bladder
Plate 367
Male and Female Gystourethrograms
Femaleurethra,
8-year-oldchild
Voiding
cystourethrogram,
2-year-oldmale
Plate 368
Urinary Bladder
Pelvic Viscera: Female
Superiorview with peritoneumintact

Medianumbilicalfold (urachus)
Vesicouterine
pouch
bladder
of uterus
Deepinguinalring
Paravesical
fossa
Roundligamentof uterus
Bodyof uterus
Broad ligament
Ligamentof ovary
lpinx(of broadligament)
Cervixof uterus
pouch(of Douglas)
Rectouterine
fold
Rectouterine
Uterine(fallopian)tube
iliacvessels
External
fossa
ligamentof ovary
Suspensory
(containsovarianvessels)
Uretericfold
bladder
fascia (cut edge)
Obturator fascia
Sigmoidcolon
Sacral
Median sacral
Abdominalaorta
Obturatorcanal
Obturatorartery
Superiorfasciaof pelvicdiaphragm
fascia
Cervixof uterusand uterovaginal
Uterinevessels
Cardinal(transversecervical
or Mackenrodt's)
Rectocervicaland rectovaginal(potential)
Rectal fascia (cut edge)
4{tr
(sacrouterine)
Rectouterine
ligament
Ureter
Sacralpromon
Superiorview with peritoneum and uterusremoved
Uterus, Vagina, and Supporting Structures
Plate 369

Mesovarium
Broad ligament
Cut edge of peritoneum
forming floor of
paravesicalpouch
Ovary
Planeof section
Uterine
( f a l l o p i a nt)u b e
+\
A n g l eo f v i e w
R o u n dl i g a m e n t
il
Uterus
(pulled
Ligament
of ovary.
I n t e r n a li l i a c
artery and vein
\q
Lineaterminalis
(pelvic brim)
d !
'
Suspensory
ligamentof ovary
of uterus
',t,
Uterinevessels
Obturator
membrane
Cardinal(transverse
cervicalor
Mackenrodt's)
ligament
Obturator
fascia
Tendinousarch
of levator ani
muscle
Obturator
i n t e r n um
s uscle
Vaginalartery
Levatorani muscle
(iliococcygeusand
puDococcygeus
muscles)
Ureter
Uterovaginalfascia
Anteriorrecess
of ischioanal
fossa
l s c h i o p u b i cr a m u s
Compressor
urethralis
musc
of clitoris
lschi ocavernosus
muscle
Perineal
memorane
Fascialata of thigh
Artery of bulb of ves
Superficialperineal
space
S p h i n c t eurr e t h r o v a g i n aml ius s c l
Perinealartery
Terminalpart of round
perineal
Superficial
(Colles')
fascia
ligamentof uterus
L a b i u mm a
B u l b o s p o n g i o s um
s u s c l ea n d d e e p
perineal(investingor Callaudet's)fascia
L a b i u mm i n u d
Bulbof vestibule
Vestibule
Vaginalwall
H y m e n a lc a r u n c l e
Plate 37O
Uterus and Adnexa
Suspensoryligamentof ovary
Posteriorview
Mesosalpinx(of broad ligament)
tube
Uterine(fallopian)
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Ligamentof ovary
Vesicular
appendix
(hydatidof
Mor8agni)
Fundus
of
uterus
Abdominal
ostium
Corpusluteum
Ovary
ligament
Suspensory
of ovary
Ovary
Body
of uterus
Mesovarium(of
broad ligament)
Mesometrium(of
broad ligament)
Ligamentof ovary
Ureter
Uterine(fallopian)tube
Uterosacralligament
Rectouterineoouch
(of Douglas)
Fundus
of uterus
Body
of uterus
lnfundibulum
Foldsof
utenne
tube
lsthmus
of
uterus
Ligament
of ovary
Internal
Endometrium
os
Fimbriae
Vesicularappendix
(hydatid of Morgagni)
Myometrium
Mesometrium(of
broad ligament)
Cervix
of
uterus
ligament
Suspensory
of ovary(contains
ovarianvessels)
Epoophoron
Uterine vessels
Cardinal(transverse
cervicalor
Mackenrodt's)
ligament
Cervicalcanal
with palmatefolds
Vaginalfornix
Vagina
Frontalsection
*{r
Plate 371
Pelvic Ligaments
Anterior
Posterior
Suspensory
ligament
of theovary
(containing
theovarianvessels)
Subdivisions
and
contentsof the
broad ligament
External
iliacvessels
A m p u l l ao f u t e r i n et u b e
Rightovary
Rightureter
Laminaeof the mesosalpinx
ObliteratedumbilicalarteryOvarian branches
of uterine vessels
Laminaeof the mesovarium

Posterior
laminaof broadligament
Anteriorlaminaof broadligament
Transversevesicalfold
Vesicouterine
(uterovesical)pouch
Uterinearteryandvenousplexus
Vaginalartery
Horizontal portion of
ligament
Uterosacral
Cardinalligament
Pelvicfascia
and ligaments
Horizontal
portionof vagina
Vertical
portion of
vagrna
,ol'INAC{-ro
e4a4/*
Plate 372
Urethra
Arcustendineous
fasciaepelvis
portionof
Distal(vertical)
pubocervical
fasciasupports
urethraand U-Vjunctionand
providesbackstopagainst
which urethrais compressed
duringstraining
Uterus: Age Ghanges and Muscle Pattern
Adult
(nulliparous)
Adult
(postmenopausal)
Adult
(parous)
C Contrastmediumin abdominalcavity
uterus
H Hysterosalpingogram
R Rightfallopiantube infection
Ligament
of ovary
Round
ligament
of uterus
Uterine
musculature
(schema)
Uterosacral
ligament
Cardinal
(transverse
cervicalor
Mackenrodt's)
ligament
fiberspass
Spiral
deeplyintowall
and interlace
(schema)
Vaginalwall
Nr
Plate 373
Uterus: Position and Prolapse

Degrees of retroversion
3rd degree 2nd degree l st degree
Variations
in position
Retroflexion
Anteflexion
(normal and severe)
Slightdescent(1st degree)
Cervixat introitus (2nd degree)
Plate 374
*{r
Ectopic Pregnaney
Sitesof ectopic implantation

Interstitial
Tubal
(isthmic)
Abdominal
Iuoal
(ampullar)
lnfundibular
(ostial)
*{r
Unruptured
tubalpregnancy
Villi invading
tubularwall
Chorion
Amnion
Sectionthrough
tubal pregnancy
Plate 375
ql
fransverse Section: Pubic Crest, Femoral Heads, Coccyx
!l
I
GI
{
Superiorportionof pubicsymphysis
Spermaticcord
Plate 376
Interior of urinary bladder
A d d u c t o lro n s u sm u s c l e
s.
of pubis
B e g i n n i n go f u r e t h r a
2
tr
s muscte
Prostategland with
prostatic urethra
Femoralvein
P s o a sm u s c l ea n d
qt
Femoralartery
Femoralnerve
Headof femur
S a r t o r i um
s uscle
Neckof femur
l l i o p s o a sm u s c l e
Cluteus
medius
muscle
Rectusfemoris
muscle
Tensor
fasciaelatae
muscle
Cluteus
mtntmus
tendon
Cluteus
medius
muscre
Creater
trochanter
o
9.
o
lnferior
gemellus
muscl
Obturator
artery,vein,
and nerve
ql
f
o
rt
o
o
o
o
o
t
o
II
c
c
o
rt
Acetabular
fossa
Cluteus
L u n a t e( a r t i c u l a r )
surfaceof
acetabulum
Sacrotuberousligament
Left sciaticnerve
Ejaculatory
ducts
Internalpudendal artery and vein
Perinealflexure (terminationof
rectum, beginningof anal canal)
Tip of coccyi
Pudendalnerve
Fat bodv of ischioanalfossa
Levatorani muscle (puborectalis)
Cfd4/*
!rl
o
o
t
It
t
o
c
C
5
!L
o
5
FemalePerineumand ExternalGenitalia(Pudendumor Vulva|
M o n sp u b i s
of
Anteriorcommissure
labiamajora
Prepuceof clitoris
Pudendal
cleft(grooveor
spacebetweenthe
labiamajora)
Clansof clitoris
Frenulumof clitoris
urethralorifice
Labiummajus
Openingsof paraurethral
(Skene's)
ducts
of vagina
(cleftor spacesurrounded
by labiaminora)
Openingof greater
(Bartholin's)
gland
vestibular
Hymenalcaruncle
Vestibularfossa
Frenulum
of labiaminora
ol
commrssure
labiamajora
raphe
Perineal
(overperinealbody)
Anus
A n n u l ahr v m e n
Septatehymen
Perineum and External Genitalia: Female
*{r
Parousintroitus
Plate 377
Female Perineum (Superficial Dissection)
S u p e r f i r . i af al t t y ( C a n r p e r ' sl)a y c r
Su b c u t an e o u s
trssue
R e i t u s s h e a t h( a n t e r i o rl a y e r )
A p o n e u r o s i so f e x t e r n a o
i b l i q u en r u s c l e
S u p e r f i ir. r li n g u i n . rrl i n g
A t t l e r i o r s t t l t e r i o ri l i , t t : p i n e
I l o u n c l i g a m e n to f u t e r u sa n d c o v e r i n g s( c u t )
l n g , u i n aI li g a n r e n(t P o u p a r t ' s )
P u b i cs y n r p h y s i s
S a p h e n o uosp e n i n g
S u s p e n s o r lyi g a n r e not f c l i t o r i s
F a s c . il.ar t ao f t h i g h
l s c ' h i o p u b ri ca n r u s
S L r p e r i i c ipael r i n e a(l C o l l e s 'f)a s c i a
( c r / ta \ v . r v t)o o p e n s u p e r i i c i a l
p e r i n e asl p a c e
Is r - hio c a v e r no su s n rr - r s c l e
B u l b o s p o n g , i o s runsu s c l e( c o v e r s
br,rllrot vestiltr-rle
)
l ) e r i n e . rnl r e n r b r a n e
D e e l rp e r i n e a{l i n v e s t i nogr C a l l a u c l e t ' s )
iascia(lrartia//),cut a\1,.ry)
S r r rl t ' r t i ri . r ll r . t t r ' re r r e l l e r i t r e a n
l ru\cle
I s c h i a tl r - r b e r o s i t y
S u p e rl i c i a lp e ' r i n e a(lC o l l e s ' i)a s c i a
(c'utc'c/gc,
trrlrcc/c/orvn)
F a tb o c l yo f i s c h i o a n aflo s s a
-:-Rt't
Sulrcutanr:ous
\ f ..xy-------l
ltts
i ii:lt.;;,,,,./
Superficial
perir.rea
(C
l olles')
iascia
rvl.l
tr,t r l
t{ ,U\_
-.,-
R e t l u . r l t e . t t l tt . r r t l e r i o lr , r t t t t /
|f';ilX,l'.-:ili"'
c()vennBS
Tt'atrsve,rs,tIis i.rsc.i.t
P u b i cs y n t p h y s i-s. -
(arcuafe)
tnferior
tiganrcr,r---__
uubir'
T r a n s v e r s e1 l t ' r i t ' t t ' al il g . t r l r t ' l l t
___=-.=N
S u s l ; e n s o r yl i g a n t e n to l t l i l o r i s
Sphi nc:teru rethrae ar-rcl

slth i nc'teru rethrovaginalis ntust lt,s---l-\
l l . r i n t , arl r t ' n r l t r . r r r t ,
Sr-r1re rf ir:ia | 1rc ri nt' a| (( rrIIt's' ) l,\ s( id -------/
S u l t t ' r i o r[ . r s ri a < >p[ r ' l v i r r l i a l t h r a g n r
I r ' v . r l o r. r r r n
i ruscle
Plate 378
Anococcygeal
body
E x t e r n aal n a l
s p h i n c t enr r u s c l e
Female Perineum and DeeP Perineum
B u l b o s p o n g i o smu us s c l e
with deepperineal(investing
S u s p e n s o r yl i g a m e n to f c l i t o r i s
Clitoris
o r C a l l a u d e t ' sf;a s c i a
partiallyremoved
lschiocavernosusmuscle
B u l bo f v e s t i b u l e
S u p e r f i c i apl e r i n e a sl p a c e
( p o u c ho r c o m p a r
membrane
Perineal
l s c h i o p u b irca m u s
w i t h c u t e d g eo f
superficial
p e r i n e a(lC o l l e s ' )
fascia-
Creatervestibular
( B a r t h o l i n 'Bs l)a n d
Bulbospongiosus
muscte
lcut away)
Perineal
membrane
lschial
tuberosity
Superficial
transverse
perineal
muscle
Sacrotuberous
ligament,
Perineal
body
Cluteus
maxrmus
muscte
lschioanalfossa
Coccyx
Obturator
fascia
Urethra
Tendinousarch of
levator ani muscle
Crusof
clitoris-
S p h i n c t e ru r e t h r a e
muscle
lschiopubic
ram
P e r i n e aml e m b r a n e
(cutand reflected)
urethrae
Compressor
muscte
lnferior fasciaof
pelvic diaphragm (cut)
Levatorani muscle
Externalanal sphinctermuscle
Anococcygeal(ligament)body
S p h i n c t e ru r e t h r o v a g i n a l i s
muscle
Vagina
Creater vestibular
( B a r t h o l i n ' sg)l a n d
Deeptransverse
p e r i n e aml u s c l e
4{tr
P e r i n e am
l embrane
Plate 379
Perineum and External Genitalia (Superficial Dissectionf
SLrpcrlia
cl
l.rtt\'{(-.rnl)er's)
in(| (|('('l)('l
n r t ' n rIr T , n
t c lL rs
{ S <a r p a ' sltr v t ' r

( ) l s u l ) cu t . l t e o L t s
trstu('
Anterior
ol
sul)e11
i l i a cs p i n t '
S L r l ; t ' ri lr . i l l ( c l a r t o s )
l a s ci a o 1 p c n i s a n c l
s( rotu|ll
Ingr,rin.rl
lrSainrent
(Poupart's)
S .p
r h c r ro L r s
ol)('nilr{l .lnd
1r'nror.rl
.trt('rv
a r r r lv t , i n
l l r o l < t ' nl i n e
in(li(.lt('s
lint'o1
n t f . r h( n r ( ' n t
ol (.olles'
a n r lS ca r p a ' s
l . r s r . i . rwt ,i t l r
cleep l-.rsc'iir
l s ch i o pulrit
rJnrLrs
I : , r l r o c l yi n i s c h i o a n . r{ lo s s a
U r o g e n i t at lr i a n g l e
l s c hi o p r . r l r irca-n r u s
R e g i o n s( t r i a n g l e s )
ot penneum:
s u r l a c et o p o g r a p h y
\ n ( l lt r i a n g l e
Nr
Plate 38O
Tip of cocc.vr
%tc#
Perineum and External Genitalia: Male
Perineum and External Genitalia (Deeper Dissectionf
Skinof penis
(dartos)
Superficial
fasciaof penis
of
Aponeurosis
externaloblique
muscre
(Scarpa's)
Deepmembranous
layerof subcutaneous
tissue(cutaway)
I n g u i n al il g a m e n t
(Poupart's)
Deep(Buck's)
fasciaof penis
Superficial
Externalspermaticfascia
investingspermaticcord
*J,
Fascialata (deep fascia)of thigh
B u l b o s p o n g i o smuus s c l e
muscle
lschiocavernosus
coverscrusof penis
perineal(Colles')fascia(cut
Superficial
perinealspacel
awayto open superficial
Perinealmembrane
or Callaudet's)
Deepperineal(investing
fascia(partiallycut away)covers
perinealspace
musclesof superficial
perinealmuscle
transverse
Superficial
lschialtuberosity
fascia(cutedge)
perineal(Colles')
Superficial
fossa
Levatoranimuscleroofingischioanal
xternalanalsphinctermuscle
s uscle
C l u t e u sm a x i m um
Superficialdorsalvein
Dorsalarteryand nerve
Deep dorsal vein
vein
Lateralsuperficial
Superficial(dartos)fasciaof pe
Corpus cavernosumand its

tunica albuginea
Deep (Buck's)fasciaof penis
Deep artery
Intercavernousseptum of deep fascia
Urethra
and its
Corpusspongiosum
t u n i c aa l b u g i n e a
4{tr
Sectionthrough body of penis
Plate 381
Penis
E x t e r n aul r e t h r a o
l r i f i c e( m e a t u s )
C l a n sp e n i s
oronaof glans
Frenulum
Neckof glans
O p e n i n g o f p r e p u t i a l( T y s o n ' sg) l a n d
Skin
Superficial(dartos)fasciaof penis
D e e p( B u c k ' sf )a s c i ao f p e n i s
Externalspermaticfasciainvestingspermaticcord (cut)
Superficialperineal(Colles')fascia(cut away to open
supe rfi cial per i neal space\
Deep perineal(investingor Gallaudet's)fascia
(cut away) over musclesof superficialperinealspace
lschiocavernosusmuscle (cut away)
Superficialtransverseperinealmuscle
C l a n sp e n i s
oroora cavernosa
of penis
lntercavernous
septumof deep
(Buck's)fascia
C o r p u ss p o n g i o s u m
Pubictubercle
Superior
p u b i cr a m u s
lschial
Perineal
membrane
tuberosity
C l u t e u sm a x i m u m
s uscle
and inferior fascia
of pelvic dia.phragm I
rooilng rscnroanatlossa
Perineal
body
B u l bo f p e n i s
Tip of coccyx
C r u so f p e n i s
Externalanal
Perineal
memorane
4{F
lschial
tuberosity
External
anal
s p h i n c t emr u s c l e
Plate 38.2
Perineal Spaces
Pubic
P u b i cb o n e
Superior
pubic
perinealligament(anterior
Transverse
t h i c k e n i nogf p e r i n e aml e m b r a n e )
ramus\\
\
Dorsalarteryand nerveof penis
Inferior
(arcuate)
pubic
ligament
Deeparteryof penis
D e e pd o r s a l
veinof penis
(Cowper's)
gland
Ductof bulbourethral
Urethralartery
Arteryof bulbof penis

fasciaover
or Callaudet's)
Deepperineal(investing
and
bulbospongiosus,
ischiocavernosus,
perinealmuscles(cutaway)
transverse
superficial
Urethra
Perineal
m e m b r. at l lnt re-
ficial perineal(Colles')fascia(cutaway)
perinealmuscle
transverse
Superficial
kut and reflected)
Perineal
body
Inferior views
tuberosity
External
a n a ls p h i n c t e r
muscte
Dorsal artery and nerve of

Deep artery of penis
Urethral
(Cowper's)
gland
Bulbourethral
membrane(cutedge)
Perineal
Sphincter
urethrae
muscle
Internalpudendalartery
and dorsalnerveof penis
I n t e r n apl u d e n d aal r t e r ya n dp e r i n e abl r a n c h
Urethra
Deeptransverse
perinealmuscle
Levatorani muscle
P e r i n e am
l embrane
Deep transverseperinealmuscle
Deep perineal(investing
fascia
or Callaudet's)
Corpus cavernosum(crus of penis)
and deep (Buck's)fasciaof peni
lschiocavernosusmuscle
S u p e r f i c i apl e r i n e a l( C o l l e s ' f) a s c i a
( c l o s e ss u p e r f i c i apl e r i n e a sl p a c e )
Prostate
uratorinternusmuscle
l s c h i o p u b ri ca m u s
urethraemuscle
Sohincter
(Cowper's)
gland
Bulbourethral
muscle
lschiocavernosus
a )n d
B u l bo f p e n i s( c o r p u s p o n g i o s u m
d e e p( B u c k ' sf )a s c i ao f p e n i s
B u l b o s p o n g i o smuus s c l e
1frffi
"'"erfu#
A
Frontalsection,anteriorview of perineum:schema
aa
Plate 383
Prostate and Seminal Vesicles

SeealsoPlates361,363,366,403,
410
Ureteric
orifice
Trigone
of urinary
bladder
In t e r n a l
urethral
sphincter
Uvula
of bladder
Prostate
S e m i n aclo l l i c u l u s
Urethral
crest
Prostatic
utricle
Openings
of prostatic
d u c t si n
prostatrc
O p e n i n go f
ejaculatoryduct
S I NU S
Sphincter
urethrae
muscle
Bulbourethral
(Cowper's)
gland
i+...j
O p e n i n go f b u l b o u r e t h rdaul c t
Perinealbody
Rectovesicalor rectoprostatic
(Denonvilliers')fascia
Frontalsection,anteriorview
of bulbousportion of sponsy
urethraschematicallv
extendtid
Rectum
and
rectal
fascia
Seminal
vesicle
Sagittalsection
Ductusdeferens
Anteriormuscularbandof skeletalmuscle
(continuationof sphincterurethrae)
Ampulla
of ductus
Prostatic
urethra
deferens
I s t h m u sa n d f i b r o m u s c u l a r
ma (smooth muscle)
atic utricle
Seminal
ian lobe
col
Beginning
of ejaculatory
duct
Inferolateral
lobe
Inferolateral
lobe
Prostate
l s c h i o p u b i cr a m
Deep t
perineam
l uscle
and fascia
Capsuleof
prostate
(Cowper's)
Bulbourethral
glands
Posteriorview
Plate
lnferooosteriorlobe
Crosssectionthrough prostate
Urethra
Trigoneof
urinary bladder
of bladder
Prostate
Urethralcrest
Prostatic
sinuses
Prostatic
u rethra
O p e n i n g os f
prostaticducts
Prostaticutricle
lntermediate
part of
(membranous)
urethra
urethrae
Bulbof oeni
C r u so f p e n i s
Bulbous
portion
Bulbourethral
(Cowper's)
gland
:el
,:,_$s/
Corpus cavern
T u n i c aa l b u g i n e a
Corpusspongiosum
T u n i c aa l b u g i n e a
Deeparteryof peni
lntercavernousseptum
of deep (Buck's)fascia
oo
PendutouS
(penile)
Urethrallacunae(Morgagni)
and urethralglands(Littr6)
portion
LacunamaBna(inconstant)
fossa
Navicular
C l a n sp e n i s
External
urethralorifice(meatus)
Roof of
urethra
Floor of
urethra
Plate 385
Descent of Testis
gland
Suprarenal
gland
Suprarenal
Kidney
Suspensory
(diaphragmatic)
ligament
Suspensory
(diaphragmatic)
ligament
(atrophic)
Mesonephric
(wolffian)duct
Testes
Epididymis
Cubernacul
Cubernaculum
Urinarybla
Deepinguinalring
Urinarybladder
I weeks
(22.5-mmcrown-rump)
(43-mm crown-rump)
Cubernaculum
4 lunar months
(107-mmcrown-rump)
S u p e r f i c iianlg u i n arli n g
Ductusdeferens
Scrotum(cutopen)
*{r
Processus
vaginalis
Cubernaculum
8 lunarmonths
(26-cm crown-rump)
Plate 386
Cavityof
tunica
vaginalis
(cutopen)
Scrotum and Gontents
Skinof penis
Superficialfascia
of penis(Colles'fascia)
Deep(Buck's)
fasciaof penis
Superficial
Testicular
artery
External
fascia
spermatic
Ductusdeferens
to ductusdeferens
muscle
Cremaster
italbranchof
genitofemoralnerve
and fascia
(venous)
plexus
Pampiniform
Septumof scrotum
(formedby
dartosfascia)
Appendixof epididymis
Superficial
(dartos)fascia
of scrotum
Appendixof testis
Testis(coveredby visceral
layerof tunicavaginalis)
Skinof scrotum
Parietal
layerof tunicavaginalis
(dartos)
Superficial
fasciaof scrotum
fascia
External
spermatic
Cremastermuscleand fascia
Internalspermatic
fascia
Parietal
layerof tunicavagi
Epididymis
Testis(coveredby viscerallayerof tunicavaginalis)
*{r
Skinof
Plate 387
Homologues of External Genitalia
Undifferentiated
Epithelialtag
fold
Urogenital
Cenitaltubercle
Urogenitalgroove
Lateralpart
of tubercle
Analtubercle
Anal pit
Male
45-50 mm
(-10 weeks)
Female
Epithelial
tag
Coronalsulcus
Siteof futureoriginof prepuce
Urethralfold
45-50 mm
(-10 weeks)
Urogenital groove
Lateraltubercle
(shaftor corpus)
Labioscrotal
swelling
Urethralfoldspartly fused(urethralraphe)
Analtubercle
Anus
External
urethralorifice
Body of
clitoris
Prepuce
Fully developed
Clansof
clitoris
Raphe
of penis
External
urethral
orifice
Labium
mrnus
Labium
maJus
Posterior
commrssure
Perinealraphe
Perianal
tissues
(includingexternal
analsphincter
muscle)
Plate 388
Homologues of lnternal Genitalia
--
Diaphragmaticligament
(suspensory
ligamentof ovarY)
(mi.illerian)
duct
Paramesonephric
Mesonephric
tubules
(wolffian)duct
Mesonephric
Cenitalcord
fold1
Inguinal
sinus
Urogenital
i
(d)
(Cowper's)
of bulbourethral
Primordium
(9 ) glands
(Bartholin's)
or of greatervestibular
(d )
Primordium
of prostate
(Skene's)
or of paraurethral
(9) glands
M^r" 2,/
Undifferentiated
1*
4{tr
Femare
Seminalvesicle
deferens
Prostatic
utricle
Prostate
Openingof
ejaculatory
Bulbourethral
(Cowpe/s)
of epididymis
Epididymis
Efferent
ductules
Appendixof testis
Testis
Paradidvmis
Scrotalligamen
(gubernaculum)
Plate 389
Testis, Epididymis, and Ductus Deferens
Efferentductules
Aberrantductule(vestigial
mesonephric
tubule)
Ductusdeferens
Areaof rete testis(in mediastinumtestis)
Epididymis
Frontal section
Ductusdeferens
Efferentductules
Epididymalduct
Retetestis(in mediastinum
testis)
Aberrantductule
Seminiferous
tubules
Schema
Skinof scrotum
(dartos)fascia
Superficial
Lobulesof testis
External
spermatic
fascia
muscleandfascia
Scrotalseptum(dartos)
Internalspermatic
fascia
Septa
Parietallayerof tunicavaginalis
Retetestis(in
mediastinum
testis)
Viscerallayerof tunicavaginalis
Tunicaalbuginea
of testis
Ductusdeferens
Sinusof epididymis
Epididymis
Crosssectionthroughscrotumand testis
Plate 39O
Nr
Testis, Epididymis, and Ductus Defenens
Rectum in Situ: Female and Male
Sigmoidcolon
Free taenia
(taenialibera)
Sigmoidmesocolon
Rectosigmoid
Ductus(vas)
deferens(cut)
Peritoneal
reflection
Ureter(cut)
pouch
Rectovesical
Urinary
bladder
Rectumand
rectalfascia
Seminal
vesicle
Levatorani muscle
(pelvicdiaphr
(Denonvilliers')
fascia
Coccyx
Prostate
part of
Puborectalis
levatorani muscle
lschiocavernosus
muscleanddeep
perineal(investing
or Callaudet's)
fascia(partially
cut away)
Deep
External
anal
sphinctermuscle* Superficial
Subcutaneous
Deep transverse
perinealmuscle
Female
Perineal
body
transverse
perinealmuscle
and deep perineal
(investing)
fascia
Sigmoid
mesocolon
Rectosigmoid
lunction
perineal(Colles')
fascia
Peritoneal
reflection
Sigmoidcolon
Freetaenia(taenialibera)
Rectalfascia
and rectum
pouch
Rectouterine
pouch
(of Douglas)
4{y
Ureter(cut)
Vaginaand vaginalfascia
Coccyx
Urinarybladderandvesicalfascia
Levatorani
muscle
(pelvic
diaphragm)
muscleand
lschiocavernosus
or
deepperineal(investing
fascia
Callaudet's)
Deeptransverseperinealmuscle
and perinealmembrane
Puborectalis
part of levator
ani muscle
fascia
perineal(Colles')
Superficial
perinealmuscleand deep
Superficialtransverse
fascia
perineal(investing
or Callaudet's)
bodv
Perineal
*Partsvariableand often indistinct
Rectum
Plate 391
lschioanal Fossae
SaeahoPt$asO' ?, 41o-{t8
lliacus
muscle
andfascia
External
iliac
vessels
Obturator
internus
m u s c l ea n d
fascia
canal
(Alcock's)
contains
internalpudendal
pudendal
vessels,
nerve,and
perinealnerve
lschial
tuberosity
Ureter
Tendinousarch of levator ani muscle
Extraoeritoneal
(supralevator)
space
(fibrofatty
tissue)
Fatbody of ( DeePerPart 1
ischioanal J Superficial I
tossa
( (perianal)
part
Transverse
fibrousseptum
of ischioanal
fossa
S u b m u c o ussp a c e( i n t e r n avle n o u sp l e x u i )
Perianal
space(external
venousplexui)
Intersphinctericgroove (anocutaneouslinb)
Pfate 392
Sacrogenitalfold (uterosacral
in female)
Levatorani muscle and superiorand
inferior fasciaof pelvic diaphragm
(cutedge)formingfloorof pararectal
fossa
Peritoneum
Rectalfascia
External
analsphinctermuscle
l uscle
C o n j o i n e dl o n g i t u d i n am
4{tr
Internalanal sphinctermuscle
Rectum
Rectum and Anal Ganal
Sigmoidcolon
15-17
junction
Rectosigmoid
11-13
folds
Transverse
of rectum(valves
of Houston)
reflection
Peritoneal
8-9
fascia
musclelayer
Longitudinal
musclelayer
mucosae
Muscularis
evator ani muscle
5-6
4-5
2.5-3
0.s-1
Anal verge
Pecten
Anoderrh
*Partsvariableand oftenindistinct
Rectum
Anorectalline
A n a lc o l u m n s( M o r g a g n i ' s )
Analsinus
(dentate)line
InternalrectalvenousPlexus
in submucous
space
Deep part* of external
sphinctermuscle
muscle
Conjoinedlongitudinal
Internalsphinctermuscle
Analvalve
Analcrypt
Superficialpart* of external
sphinctermuscle
Analglands
fibrousseptum
Transverse
mucosaeof analcanal
Muscularis
space
utaneouspart*of externalsphinctermuscle
Corrugator
cutisani muscle
rectalvenousplexusin perianalspace
External
line)
groove(anocutaneous
Intersphincteric
4{F
Plate 393
Anorectal Musculature
Rectosigmoid
junction
Anteriorview
S i g m o i dc o l o n
Freetaenia (taenialibera)
of taeniaspreadout to form longitudinal

musclelayerof rectum
ibersfrom longitudinalmusclejoin circular muscle layer
Window cut in longitudinalmuscle layerto expose underlying
rculam
r u s c l el a y e r
Levatorani muscle
Frontalsection
Deep
Parts"of
externalanal
Superficial
S u b c u t a n e o u s s p h i n c t emr u s c l e
Fibrousseptum
Corrugator
cutis
a n im u s c l e
4{tr
Perianal
skin
Superiorfasciaof pelvic diaphr

Inferiorfasciaof pelvic diaphr
Levatorani muscle
Rectalfascia
L o n g i t u d i nm
a lu s c l eo f r e c t u m
Circularmuscleof rectum
Muscularis
mucosaeof rectum
Deep part* of externalanal sphincterm
Internalrectalvenousplexus
Conjoinedlongitudinal
muscle
part*of externalanalsphincter
Superficial
I n t e r n aa
l n a l s o h i n c t e rm
Muscularismucosaeof anal canal
Transversefibrous septum of ischioanalfossa
part*of externalanalsphincter
Subcutaneous
Corrugatorcutis ani muscle
Externalrectalvenous plexus
Intersphincteric
groove
(anocutaneous
line)
*Partsvariableand
often indistinct
Plate 394
Rectum
External Anal Sphincter Muscle: Perineal Views
scrotal(dartos)fascia
Superficial
tum of scrotum
(Buck's)fasciaof penis
B u l b o s p o n g i o sm
u su s c l ew i t h d e e pp e r i n e a l
(investingor Callaudet's)fasciaremoved
musclewith deep perineal
schiocavernosus
(investingor Gallaudet's)
fasciaremoved
Perinealmembrane
I s c h i o p u b irca m u s
Perinealbody
perinealmusclewith deep
transverse
Superficial
peiineal(investingor Callaudet's)fasciaremoved
subculaneous
) ,uur- of externalanal
5uPerllclal
I sohinctermuscle
ueep
,
Superficialperineal(Colles')fascia(cut edges)
fibrousseptumof ischioanalfossa(cut)
Transverse
lschialtuberosity
t u b e r o u sl i g a m e n t
Pubococcygeus)
Puborectalis I Levatorani muscle
lliococcygeus )
Anococcygealbody (ligament)(posteriorextensions
of superficialexternalanalsphinctermuscle)
C l u t e u sm a x i m u sm u s c l e
Tip of coccyx
Female
Clitoris
Externalurethral
orifice
Superficialperineal(Colles')fascia(cut edge)
lschiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Fibersfrom superficialexternalanal
sphinctermuscleto ischiopubicramus
P e r i n e aml e m b r a n e
transverseperinealmusclewith
Superficial
deep perineal(investingor Callaudet's)
fasciaremoved
Superficialperineal(Colles')fascia(cut edge)
Perinealbody
Crossedfibersfrom superficialand deep external
sphinctersto superficialtransverseperinealmuscle
iopubic
ramuS
Anus
P a r r so* f e x t e r n a l a n- a Il P e e P r
/
s'o h i n c t e r ' m u s ; i ; - J S u p e r f i c i a l
( Subcutaneous
. ( Puoococcygers
L e v a t o r a nm
i u s c l e{ P u b o r e c t a l i s /
( lliococcygeusC l u t e u sm a x i m u sm u s c l e
Anococcygealbody (ligament)(posteriorextensions
of superficialexternalanalsphinctermuscle)
"Partsvariableand often indistinct
Rectum
Plate 395
Actual and Potential Perineopelvic Spaces

Sagittalsection
Peritoneum
fascia
Rectal
fascia
Rectal
fascia
Presacral
fascia
Retropubic
(prevesical)
space(of Retzius)
Recto-( Retrovesicall
vesicalI P1g1ss16lspace ( Retroprostatic
Sphincter
urethrae
Presacral
space
Rectovesical
or rectoprostatic
(Denonvilliers')
fascia(septum)
DeePand superficialperinealmuscles
transverse
Levatorani muscle
and fasciaof
pelvicdiaphragm
Deep postanalspace
Anococcygeal
body (ligament)
Deep(Buck's)
fasciaof penis
Superficial
perineal(Colles')
fascia
postanalspace(part
Superficial
of perianalspace)
Submucous
space
*Partsvariableand
oftenindistinct
Perianalspace
Bulbospongiosus
muscleanddeepperineal(Gallaudet's)
fascia
perinealcompartment
(spaceor pouch)
Superficial
Perineal
membrane,
perinealmuscleand
Deeptransverse
perinealmuscle
Superficial
transverse
(cutaway)to expose
Anteriorrecessof ischioanal
fossa
-Preanalcommunication
(inconstant)
between
rightand leftischioanal
fossae
Pusin ischioanal
fossa
Posterior
communication
betweenrightand left
ischioanalfossaevia deeppostanalspace
deepto anococcygeal
body(ligament)
Gluteusmaximusmuscleand
ligament
Sacrotuberous
(cut)
Posteriorrecessof ischioanalfossa
Perinealview
Spreadof perinealabscessin perinealspaces
Plate 396
4{ft*
Rectum
Pelvic Scans: Sagittal MR lmages

Median (A) and paramedian(B) sagittalMR imagesof femalepelvis
AB
c
D
P
R
Analcanal
External
os of cervix
sac
Dural(thecal)
Pubicsymphysis
Rectum
muscle
RA Rectusabdominis
s Sacrum
U Uterus
U B Urinarybladder
v Vagina
Median (C) and paramedian(D) sagittalMR imagesof male pelvis
c
cc
Corpusspongiosum
Corpuscavernosum
G Glanspenis
P Pubicsymphysis
PS Prostate
Regional Scans
s
T
U
Rectum
Sacrum
Testis
Urinarybladder
Plate 397
Arteries of Rectum and Anal Ganal (Male|
Posteriorview
Left colic artery

Ascendingbranch
Inferiormesenteric
artery
Abdominal aorta
D e s c e n d i n gb r a n c h
Inferiorvena cava
Sigmoid arteries
Median sacralartery
Common iliac artery
Marginal artery
Externaliliac artery
Rectosigmoidarteries
Internaliliac artery
Superior
rectal
arrery
(bifurcation)
Lateral sacral artery
Superiorgluteal
artery
Middle
rectal
artery
Inferior
gluteal
artery
Obturatorartery
Obturator
I n t e r n apl u d e n d a l
artery
i n t e r n um
s uscle
lnternal
pudendalartery
ical artery
nferior vesicalartery
Pudendalcanal (Alcock's)
lschialtuberosity
Coccygeus(ischiococcygeus)muscle
Inferior rectal artery
Levatorani muscle
Plate 398
to ductus deferens
Anus
External
anal
s p h i n c t emr u s c l e
P u b o r e c t a lm
i su s c l e
(severed)
Middle rectal artery

Inferior rectal artery
Nr
Vasculature
Veins of Rectum and Anal Ganal (Femalel
Anterior view
Inferiormesentericvein (to portalvein
via splenicvein)
lnferior vena cava
S i g m o i dv e i n s
Common iliac veins
Median sacralvein
Superiorrectalvein(bifurcation)
iliacvein
External
Internaliliacvein
Obturatorvein
Superiorvesicaland
uterineveins(from
uterinevenousplexus)
Middle rectalvein
nternalpudendalvein
betweeninternal
Communication
rectalplexuses
and perimuscular
aginalvein (fromvaginal
venousplexus)
vein
lnferiorvesicular
Internalpudendalveinin
pudendalcanal(Alcock's)
lnferiorrectalvein
betweeninternal
and externalvenousplexuses
Internalrectalplexus
Perimuscular
rectalvenousplexus
External
rectalolexus
Vasculature
4{tr
Plate 399
Arteries and Veins of Pelvic Organs: Female
Anteriorview
Renalarteryandvein
Renal
artery
andvein
Ovarianarteryand vein
Abdominalaorta
Kidney
Ureter
Ovarian
artery
andvein
Inferiormesenteric
artery
Psoasmajormuscle
Ureter
Commoniliacartery
Inferior
venacava
Mediansacralvessels
Superiorrectalartery(cut)
Psoasmajor
muscle
ligamentof uterus(cut)
Peritoneum
(cut edge)
artery
nternal iliac artery
Suspensory
ligament
of ovary
contains
Anteriordivision
Externaliliacarterv
ovanan
vessels
Obturatorarteryand nerve
Rectum
Umbilicalartery
(patentpart)
Ovary
Middle rectalartery
Uterine
(fallopian)
Uterinearterv
'aginal
artery
Uterus
Inferiorvesicalartery
Round
ligament
of uterus
Roundligament
of uterus(cut)
Vagina
Superiorvesicalarteries
Urinary
bladder
ior epigastric
arteryandvein
Medial
umbilicalfold
Umbilicalartery
(occludedpart)
*{r
Medialumbilicalligament
Vasculature
Arteries and Veins of Testis
Anteriorview
*
Renalvessels
lnferior vena cava
Abdominal aorta
Testicularvessels
(part of spermaticcord)
Ureter
Inferior
mesenteflcarterY
o m m o n i l i a cv e s s e l s
l n t e r n a li l i a cv e s s e l s
Inferiorvesical
artery
Inferior epigastric
vessels
Artery to ductus
deferens
Cremasteric
vessers
Testicularvessels
in spermaticcord
Femoral
vessels
Superficial
external
pudendal
vessels(cut-Pass
superficialto
s p e r m a t i cc o r d )
Deep external
pudendal
vessels
Pampiniform
v e n o u sp l e x u s
Deep dorsal vein
and dorsal
arteriesof
p e n i su n d e r
deep (Buck's)
fasciaof penis
4{r
Vasculature
Plate 4Ol
Arteries and Veins of Pelvis: Female
M e d i a ns a c r a l
arrery
n i g h t I C o m m o ni l i a c
Left I arteries
lliolumbar
artery
Lateral
sacral
arteries
I n t e r n a il l i a ca r t e r y
P o s t e r i odr i v i s i o n
Anterior division
Externaliliac artery
Umbilicalartery (patent part)
Superior
gluteal
arter
Obturator artery
Piriformis
muscle
M i d d l e r e c t a la r t e r y
Vaginalartery
Inferior
gluteal
artery
M e d i a lu m b i l i c a l i g a m e n t
(occluded part of umbilicalartery)
Internal
pudendal
artery
Coccygeus
(ischiococcygeus
muscle
Right paramedian section:

lateral view
Sacrotuberous
ligament---Obturator fascia
( o f o b t u r a t o ri n t e r n u sm u s c l e
Internap
l u d e n d a la r t e r y
i n p u d e n d a lc a n a l( A l c o c ks t
Inferiorvena cava
R i g h tc o m m o n i l i a ca r t e r y
L e v a t o ra n i m u s c l e{ c u t e d g e
Left common iliac artery
Ureters
Externaliliac artery (cut)
S u p e r i o rg l u t e a la r t e r
U m b i l i c a la r t e r y( p a t e n tp a r t )
I n t e r n a il l i a ca r t e r y
P o s t e r i odr i v i s i o n
A n t e r i o rd i v i s i o n
Obturatorartery
Piriformm
isuscle
Internap
l u d e n d a la r
Inferior glutealartery
C o c c y g e u s( i s c h i o c o c c y g e u sm) u s c l e
Middle rectal artery-----j
Vaginalartery
I n f e r i o rv e s i c a a
l rt
Internap
l u d e n d a la r t e r
4{tr
Inferior rectal arte

S u p e r i o rv e s i c a a
l rteries
M e d i a lu m b i l i c a l i s a m e n r
( o c c l u d e dd i s t a lp a r t o f u m b i l i c a a
l rtery)
Plate 4O2
turator
canal
Obturator
tnlernus
muscle
Levatorani
muscle
Vasculature
Arteries and Veins of Pelvis: Male

left paramediansection:
lateralview
Abdominalaorta
lnferior vena cava
Rightobturator
Commoniliacvessels
Righu
t m b i l i c aalr t e r
(patentpart)
Mediansacralvessels
(cut)
External
iliacvessels
Internaliliacvessels
Umbilicalartery
(occludedpart)
lliolumbararterv
Deep
circumflex
iliac
teralsacralartery
Superiorglutealartery
Obturatorartery
Inferior
epigastric
Umbilicalartery
vessels
Ureter(cut)
Ductus
deferens
and its artery
Inferiorglutealartery
ligament
Middle rectalartery
M e d i a nu m b i l i c a l
ligament(urachus)
Internalpudendal
artery
Ductusdeferensand
its arterv
Superior
vesicalartery
of
Prostatic
branches
inferiorvesicalartery
Superficial
dorsalvein
of
Inferiorrectalarterv
venousplexus
Deepdorsalvein
a n dd o r s a l
arteryof
Deep(Buck's)
fascia of pen
Testicular
a
urethraemuscle
Sphincter
Perineal
artery
Posterior
scrotal
arteries
lnternalpudendalartery
on superioraspectof perinealmembrane
Pampiniform
(venous)
Arteryto ductusdeferens
Vesical(retropubic)
venousplexu6
Inferior
vesical
Branchto prostate
Urethralbranches
Capsular
branches
Hyperplastic
middlelobe
Hyperplasticlaterallobe
urethraemucle
Sohincter
Arterialsupplyof prostate
(Frontal
section,
anterior
viewof
specimenwith benign hyperplasia)
Vasculature
Plate 4O3
Arteries and Veins of Perineum and Uterus
Posterior
labialartery
Dorsalarteryof clitoris
Deeparteryof clitoris
Ischiocavernosu
s
B u l bo f v e s t i b u l e
muscte
Compressor
urethraemuscle
Bulbospongiosus
muscle
Arteryto bulbof vestibule

(Bartholin's)
gland
Creatervestibular
Superficial
perinealspace
perinealmuscle
Deeptransverse
Perineal
Internalpudendal(clitoral)artery
membrane
Perinealmembrane(cut away)
Perineal
artery
Perinealartery(cut)
perineal(Colles')
Superficial
fascia(cutand reflected)
perinealspace
to opensuperficial
Superficial
transverse
perineal
muscle
Perineal
art
Inferiorrectalartery
Internal
pudendal
arteryin
pudendal
canal
(Alcock's)
Roundligament
Tubal
Inferior
rectalartery
Branches
of
uterine
artery
External
analsphinctermuscle
Note:Deepperineal(investing
or
Callaudet's)
fasciaremovedfrom
perinealspace.
musclesof superficial
Ovarianvessels
Tubal branchesof ovarianvessels
Vaginalbranches
of uterine
Vaginalarter
Levatorani
Perineal
membrane
Perineala
perinealspace
Superficial
perineal(Colles')
f,
Superficial
Plate 4O4
Vasculature
Arteries and Veins of Perineum: Male
(dartos)fasciaof scrotum
Superficial
External
spermatic
fasciaover
testis
ano
spermatic
cord
Septumof scrotum
Posteriorscrotalarteries
fasciaof penis
Deep(Buck's)
Bulbospongiosus
muscle
perineal(Colles')fascia(cutedge)
Ischiocavernosu
s
muscle
perinealspace(opened)
Superficial
Perinealartery and vein
Perineal
membrane
superior
Internalpudendalarterypasses
to perinealmembrane
Perineal
body
perineal
rficialtransverse
perineal
muscleand transverse
arterv(cut and reflected)
Superficial
transverse
perineal
muscle
and
Internalpudendalvessels
pudendalnerve(cut)in pudendal
(openedup)
canal(Alcock's)
Transverse
perineal
arter
lnferiorrectalarterv
Inferiorfasciaof pelvicdiaphragm
(roof of ischioanalfossa)
Superficial
perineal
(Colles')fascia
(cut edge
Pudendal
canal(Alcock'
Note:Deepperineal
(investing
or
Gallaudet's)fascia
removedfrom muscles
of superficialperinealspace
Deep arteryof penis

Deepdorsalveinof peni
Dorsalartervand nerveof
4{tr
thickeningof perinealmembrane;-
Deep arteryof penis

Dorsalarteryof penis
Urethralartery
Perineal
membrane(cutedge)
Perineal
artery(cut)
Internalpudendalvessels
perineal(Colles')
Superficial
fascia(cutedge)
Vasculature
Plate 4O5
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Pelvis and Genitalia: Female
L a t e r . ral o r t i c( l u n r b a r )
nodes
P r e a o r t i cl y n r p hn o d e s
P r o n r o n t o r i a(lm i c l d l es a c r a l )n o d e s
iliac r-rodes
Conrnror-r
( L a t e r a ls)a c r anl o d e
l n t e r n aill i a cn o d e
L a t e r a(l s u p e r i o r )
e x t e r n aill i a cn o d e
O b t u r a t o rr r o d e
Su p e r i i c i aI
inguinal
nodes
Hig,hest
deep
i n pl,ui r-ral
no(le
(of Cloquet)
f)een
inguinaI
nodes
t,/
Nr
Plate 406
Vasculature
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Perineum: Female
Highestdeep
inguinal
node
(of Cloquet)
'ascialata(cutaway\
lnferior nodes
(verticalgroup)
vessels
and nerve
Superolateralnodes
(horizontal
group
Deepinguinalnodes
Suoeromedialnodes
(horizontal
group)
4{tr
Vasculature
Plate 4OZ
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Pelvis and Genitalia: Male
Preaorticnodes
Pathwaysfrom testesalong
testicularvessels
C o m m o n i l i a cn o d e s
Promontorial
sacral)nodes
Lateral)sacralnode
I n t e r n a il l i a cn o d e s
H i g h e s td e e p i n g u i n a l
node (of Cloquet)
D e e p i n g u i n a ln o d e s
S u p e r f i c i ai ln g u i n a ln o d e s
y
: t.
Preaorticnode
is
Promontorialnode
Presymphysealnode
Common iliac
Pathwayalong inferior vesicalvessels

t o i n t e r n a li l i a cn o d e s( p r i n c i p apl a t h w a y )
P a l h w a yo v e r b l a d d e rt o e x t e r n a il l i a cn o d e s
Internal
i l i a cn o d e s
(Middle
and lateral)
sacralnodes
Pathway
alongside
rectum to
( m i d d l ea n d
lateral)sacral
nodes
Prevesicalplexusand pathway (broken line\

to externaliliac nodes
Pathway(broken /ine)from lower

p r o s t a t ea n d m e m b r a n o u su r e t h r a
a l o n g i n t e r n a lp u d e n d a lv e s s e l s( b e n e a t h
p e l v i cd i a p h r a g m )t o i n t e r n a li l i a cn o d e s
Plate 4O8
Vasculature
Nerves of External Genitalia: Male

SeealsoPlates165,166,318
Splanchnic
nerves
Creater
Lesser
Least
S u b c o s t anl e r v e ( T 1 2 )
ganglia
L u m b a rs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e s
llioinguinalnerve
nferior
mesenteflc
ganglion
5 y m p a t h e t ti cr u n k
and ganglia
Cenitofemoral
nerve
artery
Testicular
a n dp l e x u s
Lateralfemoral
cutaneousnerve
Superior
hypogastric
plexus
Femoralbranch
ano
C e n i t a lb r a n c h
of genitofemoral
nerve
Femoralnerve
lnferior
hypogastric
(pelvic)
prexus
Lateralfemoral
c u t a n e o us
nerve
Ductus
deferens
a n dp l e x u s
Femoral
b r a n c h e so f
genitofemoral
nerve
Anterior
cutaneous
b r a n c h e so f
femoral nerve
A n t e r i o rc u t a n e o u s
branch of iliohypogastric
Cenital branch of senitofemoralnerve
Testicular
artery
and plexus
D o r s a ln e r v e so f p e n i s
4{ry
Anterior scrotalnerve (from ilioinguinalnerve)
lnnervation
Plate 4O9
Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Male
Anteriorvagaltrunk
T10spinalnerve(ventralramus)
Posterior
vagaltrunk
te and grayramicommunicantes
and
Celiac branch
lnferiorphrenicarteriesand
Leftgastricarteryand gastric
Diaphragm
plexus,andtrunk
Celiacganglia,
Leftrenalartery
and plexus
L 1s p i n anl e r v e
(ventralramus)
Superiormesentericganglion
Superiormesenteric
arteryand
(aortic)plexus
Intermesenteric
Inferiormesenteric
ganglion,
arteryand plexus
Ureterand uretericplexus
Superiorhypogastric
plexus
Superiorrectalarteryand plex
Hypogastricner
1 s t2
, n d ,3 r dl u m b a sr p l a n c h n n
i ce r v e s
Cravramicommunicantes
Sympathetic
trunkand ganglia
5th lumbarsplanchnic
nerve
L5 spinalnerve(ventralramus)
Lumbosacral
trunk
Nerve from inferior

hypogastricplexus
to sigmoid and descending
Crayramicommunicantes
colon(parasympathetic)
S 1 s p i n a ln e r v e
(ventralramus)
Sacralsplanchnic
nerves
(sympathetic)
1_
ic splanchnic
nerves
(parasympathetic)
Inferiorhypogastric
(pelvic)plexus-
al plexus
Obturatornerve
and artery
Piriformis
muscle
Ductusdeferens
and plexus
muscleandsacrotuberousligament
Vesicalplexus
Rectalplexus
(ischiococcygeus)
Coccygeus
muscleand sacrospinous
Prostatic
plexus
ligament
Cavernous
nerves
of penis
Pudendalnerve
atorani muscle
nferior anal (rectal)nerve
Perinealnerve
Dorsal nerve of penis
Posterior
scrotalnerves
Plate 41O
Innervation
Nerves of Perineum: Male
Posteriorscrotal nerves
Perineal
nerves
t
t
Superficial
Deep
Dorsal nerve of penis
P e r i n e aml e m b r a n (ec u t t os h o w
on superior
structures
neurovascular
aspectof perinealmembrane)
Dorsalnerveof oenis
( c o n t i n u a t i oonf
p u d e n d anl e r v es u p p l y i n g
muscleson superioraspect
of oerinealmembrane)
Superficialperineal
(Colles')fascia(cut
to open superficial
perineal space)
Superficialand deep
branchesof
perinealnerve
ffi
nerve of penis
(passes
superiorto
p e r i n e aml e m b r a n e )
Perinealnerve
Obturatorfascia
(of obturator
internusmuscle)
Posteriorfemoral
cutaneousnerve
Pudendalcanal
(Alcock's)
(openedup)
Pudendalnerve
Inferior
c l u n i a ln e r v e s
Piriformm
isuscle
Inferior anal (rectal)

Perforating
curaneousnerve
Anococcygealnerve
muscle -------_--.\
Pudendalnerve
Levatorani muscle
Obturatorinternusmuscle
4{r
Sacrotuberousligament (cut)
lnnervation
s u s c l e( c u t )
l n f e r i o ra n a l( r e c t a l )n e r v e
Perinealnerve
Plate 411
Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Female

SeealsoPlates165,166,318
and L2 ganglio
Peritoneum
Inferiorvena cava
Extraperitoneal
W h i t ea n d
grayraml
communicantes
( s ub s e r o u s )
fascia
Common
\.
a n dp l e x u s
Lumbar
splanchnic
Ureter
nerves
Intermesenteric
( a o r t i c )p l e x u s
Crayrami
communicantes
Ovarian artery
and plexus
Superior
hypogastric
prexus
Sacral
promontory
Superior
hypogastric
prexus
Right
hypogastric
nerve(cut)
Common
i l i a ca r t e r y
and plexus
R i g h ta n d
left sacral
sympathetic
t r u n k sa n d
ganglia
Ureter
Internal
iliac artery
ano prexus
External
iliac artery
and plexus
Piriformis
muscle
Right and left

hypogastricnerves
Uterus
Sacral
s p l a n cnhi c
nerves
(sympathetic)
R ig h t s y m p a t h e t i ct r u n k
eft hypogastricnerve
Inferior hypogastric(pelvic)plexus
U t e r i n e( f a l l o p i a nt u) b e
Ovary
Pelvic
splanchnic
nerves
(parasympathetic)
Symphyseal
surfaceof pubis
Vesicalplexus
muscle
R e c t apl l e x u s
plexus
Uterovaginal
(retracted)
Nr
Rectum (retracted)
Plate 412
Innervation
Nerves of Perineum and External Genitalia: Female
Anteriorlabialnerve
(fromilioinguinal
nerve)
Dorsalnerveof clitoris
labialnerves
Posterior
'suoer[;.;u;
) B'unth"'
,/---) otperineal
nerve
,/ ,zDeep
)
branchof
posteriorfemoral
cutaneousnerve
Dorsalnerveof
clitorispassing
superiorto
perinealmembrane
nerve
nervern
pudendalcanal
(Alcock's)(dissected)
nferiorclunial
nerves
maxtmus
muscle(cut away)
ligament
Sacrotuberous
g cutaneous
nerve
Perforatin
Inferioranal(rectal)nerves
Anococcygeal nerves
lschialtuberosity
sprne
*fr
Innervation
Plate 413
Neuropathways in Parturition
Greater
Splanchnic
Lesser
nerves
Least
Celiac ganglion
T7 spinal
nerve(anterior
ramus)
Sympathetic
trunk
and ganglia
Superiormesenteric
ganglion
T 11 s p i n a l
nerve(anterior
ramus)
R a m ic o m m u n i c a n t e s
Intermesenteric
(aortic)plexus
Lumbar
splanchnic
nerves
I n e r v e( T 1 2 )
nferior
mesentericganglion
Intermesenteric
(aortic) plexus
Superiorhypogastric
plexus
Sl spinalnerve
(anteriorramus)
lliohypogastric
nerve (Ll )
Hypogastricnerves
l l i o i n g u i n anl e r v e( 1 1)
Pelvicsplanchnic
nerves
Vesicalplexus
Dorsalnerveof clitoris
Posterior
labial
Inferiorhypogastric
(pelvic)plexus
plexus
Uterovaginal
Pudendalnerve(S2,3, 4)
Inferioranal(rectal)nerve
Sensorv
fibersfrom uterine
Sensoryfibersfrom cervixand upper
Sensoryfibersfrom lower vagina
bodyandfundusaccompanysympathetic
vaginaaccompanypelvicsplanchnic
nerves
and perineumaccompanysomaticfibers
fibersvia hypogastric
plexuses
to T11, 12 (11?) (parasympathetic)
via pudendalnerveto 52,3,4
to 52,3, 4
Motor fibersto uterinebody
Motor fibersto loweruterinesegment,
Motor fibersto lowervaginaand
dus(sympathetic)
cervix,and uppervagina(parasympathetic) perineumvia pudendalnerve(somatic)
Plate 414
Innervation
lnnervation of Female Reproductive Organs: Schema
rT5
and ganglion

W h i t e r a m u sc o m m u n i c a n s
'+-
ganglia
Aorticorenal
Creater
splanchnn
i ce r v e
Superiormesenteric
ganglion
Lesser
s p l a n c h n i cn e r
T11 '-'
Least
r12
trunk
Sympathetic
L u m b a rs o l a n c h n i c
L 3 s p i n a ln e r v e
Ovarian artery and plexus
Superiorhypogastric
plexus
U t e r i n e( f a l l o p i a nt)u b e
nerves
Hypogastric
Note: Painfrom
intraperitonealpelvic
viscera(e.g.,uterine
contractions)goesvia
uterovaginaland pelvic
plexuses,hypogastric
nerves/supenor
hypogastricplexus,lower
aortic plexus,lower
- - - - - l n f e r i o re x t e n t
of peritoneum
and inferior
Uterovaginal
(pelvic)plexuses
hypogastric
Ovary
nerves
Pelvicsplanchnic
nerves,
lumbarsplanchnic
sympathetic
trunkfrom
L4to L5to soinalnerves
T11, 12. Painfrom
subperitonealpelvic
viscera(e.g.,cervical
dilationand upper
vagina)goesvia pelvic
splanchnicnervesto 52,
3, 4. Afferentfibersfrom
lowervaginaandperineum
go viapudendalnerves
to 52,3,4.
Sympatheticf Preganglioni6postganglionic
fibers
----I
lnnervation
Sacralplexus
*{r
Pudendalnerve
Parasympathetic{ Preganglionic
fibers
lpostganglionic-----
Afferentfi[s15 -
Plate 415
Innervation of Male Reproductive Organs: Schema

SeealsoPlatos 167, 168
Sympathetictrunk and ganglia
Creater splanchnicnerve (T5-9)
T1
G r a y r a m u sc o m m u n i c a n s
T11;1
T12
Lessersplanchnicnerve
Leastsplanchnicnerve
R e n a lg a n g l i o n
L1.7
U p p e rl u m b a sr p l a n c h n i c
Intermesenteric
(aortic)plexus
L2:';
nferior mesentericganglion
L3
Testicular
arteryand plexus
plexus
Superiorhypogastric
Testicular
artervand olexus
Hypogastric
nerves
Ductusdeferensand plexus
Inferiorextentof peritoneum
Ductusdeferens
and plexus
P e l v i cs p l a n c h n i cn e r v e s
ic splanchnic
nerves
Sacralplexus
$2sp3lplgxu5-
Pudendalnerve
Pudendan
l erve
Inferior hypogastric(pelvic)plexus
Dorsalnervesof penis
Vesical
plexus
Epididymis
4{F
plexus
Prostatic
Testis
(Createrand lesser)
cavernous
nervesof penis
Sympathetic{ Preganglionicfibers
f postganglionic__-__
Plate 416
Parasympathetic Preganglionic
fibers
Postganglionic-----
Afferentfibers -
Innervation
lnnervation of Urinalv Bladder and Lower Ureter: Schema
root
sal(posterior)
Ventral(anterior)
root
S p i n asl e n s o r y
(dorsalroot)
ganglion
Celiac ganglia
white I Rami
lCraY I communicantes
arteryand plexus
lntermesenteric
(aortic)plexus
ganglion
Inferiormesenteric
l s t a n d2 n d l u m b a r
nerves
splanchnic
Lumbarpart
of spinalcord
plexus
Superiorhypogastric
L 2s p i n a l
nerve(ventral
ramus)
nerves
Hypogastric
Sacralpart
of spinalcord
Sympathetic
trunk
Descending
fibers
Ascending
fibers
Crayrami
communicantes
Inferiorhypogastric
(pelvic)plexus
nervesfrom
sacral
sympathetic
trunkto
inferior
hypogastric
(pelvic)
plexus
Urinarybladder
f,"--
nerve
Pudendal
Sacralplexus
Pelvicsplanchnicnerves
plexus
Vesical
Prostatic
urethraemuscle
Sphincter
superior to perinealmembrane
Bulbospongiosus
Sympathetic f Preganglionic
fibers
I P o s t g a n g l i o n- i-c- - -
lnnervation
Parasympathetic( Preganglionic
fibers
ipostganglionic-----
Somaticefferentfibers Afferent fibers -
Plate 417
6 Upper Limb
$ection
Topographic AnatomY
Plate 418
Limb
ere Upper
Shoulder and Axilla

Plates 419430
Joint
andSternoclavicular
ers Clavicle
Views
andScapula:Anterior
lzo Humerus
View
Posterior
andScapula:
lzt Humerus
Radiograph
Anteroposterior
ezz Shoulder:
(Glenohumeral
Joint)
cze Shoulder
ofShoulder
lzl Muscles
Cuff
ofRotator
ezs Muscles
Dissection
eze Scapulohumeral
Scapula
around
andAnastomoses
Artery
ezz Axillary
Fasciae
andAxillary
Clavipectoral,
eze Pectoral,
View
(Dissection):
Anterior
lzs Axilla
Schema
Plexus:
mo Brachial
Arm
Plates 43t4il5
Views
ofArm:Anterior
csr Muscles
Views
ofArm:Posterior
esz Muscles
inSitu
ess BrachialArterY
Elbow
around
andAnastomoses
Artery
ege Brachial
Sections
Cross
lss Arm:Serial
Atlas of Human AnatomY
Upper Limb
Elbow and Forearm
Lumbrical
Muscles
andBursae,
Spaces,
andSheaths:
Schema
Plates 436-451
r3e Bones
of Elbow
464
Flexor
andExtensor
Tendons
inFingers
eez Elbow:
Radiographs
465
Intrinsic
Muscles
ofHand
ese Ligaments
of Elbow
lgg Bones
of Forearm
466
Arteries
andNerves
of Hand:
Palmar
Views
Wrist
andHand:
Superficial
Radial
Dissection
clo Individual
Muscles
ofForearm:
Rotators
ofRadius
eer Individual
Muscles
of Forearm:
Extensors
ofWristandDigits
llz Individual
Muscles
of Forearm:
Flexors
ofWrist
468
elg Individual
Muscles
ofForearm:
Flexors
of Digits
lec Muscles
(Superficial
of Forearm
Layer):
Posterior
View
471
ss
Muscles
(Deep
of Forearm
Layer):
Posterior
View
ele Muscles
(Superficial
of Forearm
Layer):Anterior
View
lez Muscles
(lntermediate
ofForearm
Layer):Anterior
View
lle Muscles
(Deep
ofForearm
Layer):Anterior
View
lcg Forearm:
Serial
Cross
Sections
eso Attachments
of Muscles
of Forearm:
Anterior
View
467
469
47|,
Wrist
andHand:
Superficial
Dorsal
Dissection
Wrist
andHand:
Deep
Dorsal
Dissection
Extensor
Tendons
atWrist
Fingers
Neurovasculatune
Plates 472483
ezz Cutaneous
Innervation
ofWristandHand
lzs Arteries
andNerves
ofUpper
Limb
lzl Musculocutaneous
Nerve
czs Median
Nerve
lsr Attachments
of Muscles
of Forearm:
Posterior
View
eze Ulnar
Nerve
Wrist and Hand
lzz Radial
NerveinArmandNerves
of Posterior
Shoulder
rzs RadialNerve
inForearm
Pfates 45471
rsz Carpal
Bones
lss Movements
ofWrist
csl Ligaments
ofWrist
ess Ligaments
ofWrist(continued)
es6 Bones
ofWristandHand
lsz Wrist
andHand:Anteroposterior
Radiograph
ese Metacarpophalangeal
andInterphalangeal
Ligaments
css WristandHand:
Superficial
Palmar
Dissections
eeo WristandHand:
Deeper
Palmar
Dissections
eer Flexor
Tendons,
Arteries,
andNerves
atWrist
lez Bursae,
Spaces,
andTendon
Sheaths
of Hand
lzg Cutaneous
Nerves
andSuperficial
Veins
ofShoulder
andArm
eso Cutaneous
Nerves
andSuperficial
Veins
ofForearm
lat Cutaneous
lnnervation
ofUpper
Limb
lsz Dermatomes
ofUpper
Limb
ces Lymph
Vessels
andNodes
of Upper
Limb
Regional Scans
Plate 484
eal CTAngiograms
ofArteries
of theUpper
Limb
Anterior view
Trapeziusmuscle
Clavicle
Acromion
Deltoidmuscle
Cephalicvein
Bicepsbrachiimuscle
Pectoralismajor
muscle
Cubitalfossa
Posteriorview
Deltoid
muscle
Cephalicvein
muscle
Mediancubitalvein
Tricepsbrachii
muscle(longhead)
silicvein
Brachioradialis
muscle
Flexorcarpi
radialis
tendon
Thenar
(median)
Intermediate
vein
antebrachial
Triceps
longus
Palmaris
brachiimuscle
tendon
Longhead
Flexordigitorum
Lateralhead
superficialis
tendons
Tendon
Flexorcarpiulnaristendon
\ Hypothenar eminence
Proximal palmar crease
Proximaldigitalcrease
Brachioradialis
and extensor
carpiradialis
longusmuscles
Middle digital crease
Radial
longitudinal
crease
Commonname
of digits
1 Thumb
2 Index
3 Middle
4 Ring
5 Little
Distaldigitalcrease
pollicis
Extensor
longustendon
Extensor
carpi
radialisbrevis
muscte
Olecranonof ulna
Flexorcarpiulnarismuscle
Extensorcarpiulnarismuscle
Extensor
indicis
tendon
Cephalicvein
digitorumtendons
Extensor
Siteof proximal
(PlP)joint
interphalangeal
Siteof distal
(DlP)joint
interphalangeal
Topographic Anatomy
e/fZN*
Plate 4t I
Glavicle and Sternoclavicular Joint
Right clavicle
Superiorsurface
A c r o m i a le n d
Posbrior
S t e r n a el n d
4a
Inferior surface
Anterior -
T r a p e z o i dl i n e
Postertor
Conoid tubercle
S u b c l a v i a ng r o o v e
( f o r s u b c l a v i u sm u s c l e )
I
I
I
T r a p e z i u sm u s c l e
Superiorsurface
Muscleorigins
Muscleinsertions
Iigament attachments
'Dosterior
S t e r n o c l e i d o m a s tm
ou
i ds c l e
Deltoid
P e c t o r a l im
s ajormuscle
t o r a l i sm a j o r m u s c l e
C o s t o c l a v i c u l al irg a m e n t
C o r a c o c l a v i c u rl a
ligament
Trapezoid
ligament
Conoidligamen
A n t e r i o rs t e r n o c l a v i c u l al irq a m e n
Postertor
S u b c l a v i u sm u s c l e
S t e r n o h y o i dm u s c l e
Sternoclavicular
foint
A r t l c u l a rd i s c o f
s t e r n o c l a v i c u l aj or i n t
Clavicle
S u b c l a v i umsu s c l
C o s t o c l a v i c u l al irg a m e n t
C o s t o c l a v l c u l al irg a m e n t
''"it'.
\fEr.
S y n c h o n d r o s iosf 1 s t r i b
Costal cartilages
*{ry
Plate 419
Manubrium
Sternocostal
( s y n o v i a lj)o i n t
R a d i a t es t e r n o c o s t al li s a m e n
t e r n a ls y n c h o n d r o s i s
Shoulder and Axilla
Humerus and Scapula: Antelior Views
Acromial angle
Acromion
Coracoid process
Clavicle(cut)
Superiorangle
Supraglenoid
tubercle.-
Superiorborder
Anatomical neck
scapularnotch
Creater tubercle
Neck
Lesser
tubercle
Medialborder
neck
Surgical
fossa
Subscapular
lntertubercular
sulcus
Clenoid
cavity of
scapura
Crestof
Head of
numerus
SreaIer
lnfraglenoid
tubercle
Lateralborder
Inferiorangle
Trapezius
muscle
Crest of
lessertubercle
minormuscle
Pectoralis
Humerus
muscle
Deltoidtuberosity
Medial
ridge.
supracondylar
B i c e p sb r a c h i im u s c l e
( l o n gh e a d )
Lateral
Supraspinatus
muscle
muscle
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialismuscle
and
Bicepsbrachii musc
(short head)
Radial
fossa
Pectoralis
majormuscle
Lateral
epicondyle
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
Capitulum
Teresmajor muscle
Coronoid fossa
Deltoidm
muscle
Coracobrachialis
Trochlei
M e d i a le o i c o n d v l e
B r a c h i a lm
i su s c l e
Brachioradialis
muscle
Triceps
brachii
muscle
( l o n gh e a d )
atus
anterior
muscle
Subscapularid
muscle
Muscleattachments
Origins
I
Insertions
I
longusmuscle
Extensor
carpiradialis
Pronatorteresmuscle(humeralhead)
Common flexor tendon
Common extensortendon
(extensorcarpi radialisbrevis,extensor
digitorum with extensordigiti minimi,
and extensorcarpi ulnarismuscles)
B r a c h i a l im
s uscle
4{tr
Shoulder and Arilla
Supinatormuscle
Bicepsbrachii muscle
(flexorcarpiradialis,
palmarislongus,
flexorcarpiulnarisandflexordigitorum
head]muscles)
superficialis
[humeroulnar
muscle
Flexordigitorumsuperficialis
( h u m e r o u l nh
ae
r ad)
Pronatorteresmuscle(ulnarhead)
Flexorpollicislongusmuscle(ulnarhead)
Plate 42O
Humerus and Scapula: Posterior View
Suprascapular
notch
Superiorborder
S u p e r i o ra n g l e
angle
Supraspinous
fossa
Notchconnecting
supraspinous
and
Inlrasprnous
tossae
Spine
Neck
Greatertubercle
Infraspinousfossa
Headof humerus
Anatomical neck
Medial border
Surgicalneck
Lateralborder
Croovefor
circumflex
scapular
vessels
Inferiorangle
Supraspinatus
muscle
Trapezius
muscle
Scapula
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Deltoidtuberosity
Radialgroove
Humerus
Medial
supracondylarridge
Deltoid muscle
aspinatusmuscle
Rhomboid
mtnor
muscle
Lateral
supracondylarridge
Infraspinatus
muscle
Teresminormuscle
Olecranon fossa
Rhomboid
maJor
Triceosbrachii muscle
Triceps
brachii
muscte
( l o n gh e a d )
muscle
Lateraleoicondvle
(lateralhead)
Trochlea
Infraspinatus
muscle
Croove for ulnarnerve
Teresminor
muscle
Latissimusdorsi
m u s c l e( s m a l l
slip of origi
Teresmajor
muscle
Brachialismuscle
Medial epicondyle
iceps brachii muscle

( m e d i a lh e a d )
Muscleattachments
I
I
Origins
Insertions
Tricepsbrachii
Commonflexortendo
Commonextensortendon
Anconeus muscle
Plale
421
*{r
Shoulder and Axilla
Shoulder: Anteroposterior Radiograph

SeealsoPlate 420
Shoulder and Axilla
r\rronr()n
AN
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( l , r ri <l r ,
CP
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( o r a co i t l l ) r () ( ( ' \ \
( , l t ' r t o i r l( , r \ l \ ( ) l \ ( J l ) l . ,t t
GT
( , t t ' , t 1 t 'l tL t l r t ' tl ir '
I lrllc'rrrs
HH
[ ] t , . r rol L l r r r r r r l l t t
LT
Lt ' : r t , rl u l r c t r l
S c. t l t t t l , rl , r l c r , tl lr o t c l t ' r
SN
S L r r g , i r .nrcl t l . o l i r t r l r t t ' t u s
SS
S p i n t .o l s r , r 1 r r t [ , r
Plate 422
Shoulder (Glenohumeral Joint|

Anteriorview
A c r o m i o c l a v i c u l aj or i n t c a p s u l e
( i n c o r p o r a t i nagc r o m i o c l a v i c ulliagra m e n t )
Clavicle
Acromion
Coracoacromialligament
Supraspinatustendon (cut)
Coracohumeralligament
Superiortransverse
scapularligamentand
suprascapular
notch
Creater tubercle and
Lesser
tubercle
of humerus
process
Transverse
humeralligament
Communication oI
subrtendinous
Intertubercular
tendonsheath
bursaof subscapularis
(communicateswith synovialcavity)
Brokenlineindicates
positionof subtendinous
bursaof subscapularis
Subscapularis
tendon(cut)
Bicepsbrachii tendon (long head)
Capsular
ligaments
Anterior
view
4{r
aspinatus
muscle
Subdeltoid
bursafusedwith
subacromial
bursa
Deltoid
muscle
(reflected)
Subscapularis
muscle
Subdeltoid
bursa
Supraspinatus
tendon
Capsularligament
Capsular
ligament
Svnovialmembrane
Deltoid
muscte
acoacromialligament
Acromion
Coracoid process
Supraspinatus
(fusedto capsule)
o r a c o h u m e r alli g a m e n t
Subdeltoid
bursa
Bicepsbrachiitendon
( l o n gh e a d )
Infraspinatustendon
(fusedto capsule)
S u p e r i ogr l e n o h u m e r a l
ligament
Clenoid cavity (cartilage)
S u b s c a o u l atrei sn d o n
(fusedto capsule)
Teresminor tendon
(fusedto capsule)
Synovialmembrane (cut edge)
O p e n i n go f s u b t e n d i n o u s
b u r s ao f s u b s c a o u l a r i s
M i d d l eg l e n o h u m e r a l
ligament
I n f e r i o rg l e n o h u m e r a l
ligament
loint opened:lateralview
Plate 423
Clenoid
labrum
Clenoid
cavity of
scapula
Axillaryrecess
Coronalsectionthroughjoint
Shoulder and Axilla
Muscles of Shoulder
Posteriorview
capitismuscleI Not .onn".t"d

Semispinalis
to upperlimb
spleniuscapitismuscle
I
muscle
Levatorscapulae
Trapezius
muscle
Rhomboim
d i n o rm u s c l e
id majormuscle
Deltoid
muscle
muscle
Supraspinatus
muscle
lnfraspinatus
Teresminormuscle
Teresmajormuscle
issimus
dorsimuscle
Longhead
of tricePs
> Dracnll
Lateralhead ! muscle
Spinousprocessof
T12vertebra
Triangle
of auscultation
muscle
Trapezius
Anteriorview
Acromion
Omohyoidmuscleand
investing
layerof
deep cervicalfascia
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Deltopectoraltriangle
Deltoid muscle
Deltoidbranchof
thoracoacromial
artery
Pectoralis
maJor
muscte
Cephalicvein
Biceps Longhead,
f
Dracnil1
muscle ( Shorthead
Tricepsbrachiimuscle
(lateralhead)
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
Serratus
anteriormuscle
-Sternum
6th costalcartilage
'Anterior laver of
rectus sheath
External
obliquemuscle
Shoulder and Axilla
Plate 424
Muscles of Rotator Guff
Superiorview
"t
C o r a c o c l a v i c u l a r l i g a m e n{t
Trapezoidligament
Conoidligamenl
Coracoid orocess
ubscapularis
tendon
oracoacromialligament
u l a rj o i n t
Supraspinatus
tendon
Infraspinatus
tendon
Teresminor
tendon
4{r
nfraspinatus
muscle
Superiorborderof sca
Subscapularis
muscle
Spineof scapula
Supraspinatus
muscle
Coracoacromialligament
Coracoid process
Superiortransverse
s c a p u l al irg a m e nat n d
suprascapular
notch
Acromion
Supraspinatus
tendon
Biceps
brachii
tendon
Infraspinatus
muscle
(long
head)
Teres
mtnor
muscle
Subscapulari6
Anteriorview
Plate 425
e&4/*
Axillarynerve
Posteriorview
Shoulder and Axilla
Scapulohumeral Dissection
Lateral view
L e v a t o rs c a p u l a em u s c l e
A c c e s s o r yn e r v e ( X l )
( Anterior'
S c a l e n em u s c l e s { t r , t i d a t e( Posterior
B r a c h i a lp l e x u s
S u b c l a v i a na r t e r y a n d v e i n
S u p e r i o rt h o r a c i c a r t e r y
l embrane
E x t e r n a il n t e r c o s t a m
l usc
a n t e r i o rt o i n t e r n a li n t e r c o s t a m
Scapula (rettacted\
Subscapularis
muscle
P e r f o r a t i n gb r a n c h o f i n t e r n a
t h o r a c i ca r t e r y a n d a n t e r i o r
c u t a n e o u sb r a n c h o f i n t e r c o s t a ln e r v e
major muscle
l n t e r c o s t o b r a c h i anl e r v e
L o n g t h o r a c i cn e r v e
E x t e r n a il n t e r c o s t a l
L a t e r a lt h o r a c i c a r t e r y
L a t e r a lc u t a n e o u sb r a n c h e s
l e r v e sa n d
of intercostan
p o s t e r i o ri n t e r c o s t a l
S e r r a t u sa n t e r i o r
Anterior view
Acromion
S u p r a s p i n a t utse n d o n
C r e a t e r t u b e r c l eo f h u m e r
S u b s c a p u l a r itse n d o n
l n t e r t u b e r c u l a tre n d o n s h e a t h
A n t e r i o r c i r c u m f l e xh u m e r a la r t e r y
B i c e p sb r a c h i it e n d o n
( l o n g h e a d )( c u
A x i l l a r yn e r v e a n d
p o s t e r i o rc i r c u m f l e x
h u m e r a la r t e r y
Q u a d r a n g u l a rs p a c e
Radial nerve -/-)
C o r a c o a c r o m i al i g a m e n t
coid process
S u p r a s c a p u l aar r t e r Ya n d n e r v e
S u p e r i o rt r a n s v e r s es c a P u l a r
l i g a m e n ta n d s u P r a s c a P u l a r
notch
P e c t o r a l i sm i n o r t e n d o n ( c u t )
B i c e p sb r a c h i i t e n d o n
(short head) (cut) and
c o r a c o b r a c h i a l i tse n d o n
b s c a p u l a r i sm u s c l e
artery
Subscapular
nerve
Lowersubscapular
(to teresmaiormuscle)
Circumflexscapularartery
Thoracodorsal artery and
n e r v e ( t o l a t i s s i m u sd o r s i
muscle)
S u b s c a p u l a r im
s uscle
C o r a c o b r a c h i a l i sm u s c l e
Teres maior muscle
Triangular
L a t i s s i m u sd o r s i m u s c l e
S u p r a s c a p u l aar r t e r ya n d n e r v e
Acromion
Posteriorview
S u p e r i o rt r a n s v e r s es c a p u l a r
l i g a m e n ta n d s u p r a s c a p u l a r
notch
nfraspinatustendon (reflected)
c a p s u l eo f s h o u l d e r
Deltoid muscle (reflected)
T e r e sm i n o r m u s c l e
S u p r a s p i n a t um
s u s c l et c u t )
I n f r a s p i n a t u sm u s c l e( c u t )
T r i a n g u l a rs p a c ew i t h
c i r c u m f l e xs c a p u l a ra r t e r y
deep to space
4{tr
T e r e sm a j o r m u s c l e
Shoulder and Axilla
Q u a d r a n g u l a rs p a c e
t r a n s m i t t i n ga x i l l a r Y
nerve and posterior
c i r c u m f l e xh u m e r a la r t e r Y
S u p e r i o rl a t e r a lb r a c h i a l
cutaneouSnerve
P r o f u n d ab r a c h i i ( d e e P
b r a c h i a l )a r t e r ya n d
R a d i a ln e r v e
shown between
eral head and
Lone head of
trice-psbrachii muscle
Pfate 426
Axillary Artery and Anastomoses around scapula

scendingcervicalartery
Anteriorview
Transversecervicalartery
Thvrocervical
trunk
Suprascapular
artery
Subclavian
artery
A c r o m i o na n d
acromial anastomosis
Clavicle(cut)
Dorsalscapular
Superiorthoracic
artery
Coracoidprocess
Thoracoacromialartery
Anteriorcircumflex
humeralartery
cularbranch
Posterior
circumflex
humeralartery
Acromialbranch
Deltoidbranch
Subscapular
art
Pectoral
branch
Circumflex
scapulararl
1,2, 3 indicate1st,
2nd, and 3rd partsof
axillaryartery
Brachial
artery
Nr
Thoracodorsala
Lateralthoracic
Omohyoid muscle (inferiorbelly)
Suprascapular
artery
Levatorscapulaemu
Acromial branch of
thoracoacromialartery
A c r o m i o na n d
acromial plexus
Dorsal scapularart
Infraspinous
branchof
suprascapurar
artery
Supraspinatus
muscle(cut)
Posterior
circumflex
humeral
a r t e r y( i n
quadrangular
space)and
ascending
and
descending
branches
Superiortransverse
s c a p u l al irg a m e n t
and suprascapular
notch
Infraspinatus
muscle(cut)
Circumflex
scapular
artery
Teresminor muscle (cut)
Teresmajormuscle
Lateralhead
L o n gh e a d
c4d4/*
Posteriorview
Plate 427
Shoulder and Axilla
Pectoral, Glavipectoral, and Axillary Fasciae
Thoracoacromial
arter
Trapeziusmuscle
muscleinvestedby
fasciaof infrahyoidmuscles
Coracoidprocess
Clavicle
Fascia
investing
subclavius
muscle*
Cephalicvein
Costocoracoidligament*
Deltoid
muscle
ligament
Costoclavicular
membrane*
Costocoracoid
Pectoralis
maJor
muscle(cut)
Fasciainvesting pectoralis
minormuscle*
ligamentof axilla*
Suspensory
Pectoralismajormuscleand
pectoralfascia(superficial
anddeeplayers)
Biceps
brachii
muscle
Shorthead
Latissimus
dorsifascia
Long head
Serratus
anteriorfascia
Axillaryfascia(anteriorpart)
Brachial fascia
(cut edge) over
coracobrachialis
and biceps brachii
muscles
Nr
Omohyoidmuscle
Oblique parasagittalsectionof axilla

Trapezius
muscle
( Lateralcordplexus
Brachial
cord
J Posterior
( Medialcordmuscle
Supraspinatus
scapura;U;
{
Infraspinatus
muscle
Subscapularis
muscle
Teresminormuscle
Teresmaiormuscle
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
lavicle
muscleandfascia*
Subclavius
ligament*
ostocoracoid
Thoracoacromial artery and cephalic vein
membrane*
ostocoracoid
Lateralpectoralnerve
Axillaryarteryandvein
majormuscleand fascia
Pectoralis
Pectoralisminor muscle and fascia*
Medial pectoral nerve
ligamentof axilla
Suspensory
Axillaryfascia(fenestrated)
*Components
fascia
of clavipectoral
Shoulder and Axilla
Plate 428.
Axilla (Dissection|: Anterior View
Thoracoacromial
artery
Pectoralisminor tendon (cut)
Trapezius
muscte
A c r o m i a lb r a n c h
Deltoidbranch
Coracoid process
Acromion
Suprascapularartery and nerve
Dorsalscapular
arteryandnerve
Transversecervical artery
Clavicularbranch
Pectoralbranch
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Axillaryartery
Anteriorcircumflexhumeralartery
Clavicleand
subclavius
muscle
(cut)
Axillarynerve and posterior

circumflexhumeralartey
Pectoralismajor muscle (cut)
Anterior scalene
muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
muscte
Coracobrachialis
muscle
Phrenic
nerve
Deltoidmuscle
Omohyoid
muscte
Musculocutaneousnerve
Brachi
muscle
U l n a rn e r v e
M e d i a lb r a c h i a l
cutaneousnerve
Profunda
brachii
(deep
brachial)
artery
Intercostobrachial
nerve
Circumflex
scapularartery
Radialnerve
Lower sub-
scapular
Triceps
brachii
muscle
B r a c h i avle i n i
Ulnarnervi:
Teresmajor muscle
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
Median nerve
Brachial
arterf
Plate 429
1st rib
Thoracodorsalartery and nerve
M e d i a la n t e b r a c h i a l
c u t a n e o u sn e r v e
B a s i l i cv e i n
*{r
Subclavian
artery and vein
Subscapular
artery
Uppersubscapular
nerve
S e r r a t uasn t e r i om
r uscle
Lateralthoracic artery and long thoracic nerve
Ansapectoralis
Suoeriorthoracic arterv
Lateralpectoral nerve
Medial pectoral nerve
Pectoralisminor (cut)
Shoulder and Axilla
Brachial Plexus: Schema
shown.
Note:Usualcomposition
PrefixedplexushaslargeC4
contributionbut lacksT1.
PostfixedplexuslacksC5 but
hasT2 contribution.
Contribution
from C4
Dorsal
ramus
Dorsalscapular
nerve(C5)
jt(\$\Ss
Suprascapular
n e r v e( C 5 , 6 )
Tophrenic
nerve
Tosubclavius
n e r v e( C 5 , 6 )
..ts"
aLateralpectoral
n e r v e( C 5 , 6 ,7 )
^"$'"
Musculocutaneou
s
n e r v e( C 5 , 6 ,7
Contribution
from T2
fo longuscolli
and scalene
muscles
(c5,6,7,9)
Axillary
nerve(C5,6)
Radialnerve
( c 5 , 6 , 7 ,8 , T 1 )
Mediannerve
( c 5 , 6 , 7 ,8 , T 1
Ulnarnerve
(c7,8,T"1
1st intercostalnerve
Longthoracic
nerve(C5,6, 7)
Medialpectoralnerve(C8,T1)
Medialbrachialcutaneousnerve(T1)
nerve (C8,Tl)
cutaneous
antebrachial
Inconstant
contribution
nerve(C5,6)
Uppersubscapular
(middlesubscapular)
nerve(C6,Z 8)
acodorsal
nerve(C5,6)
subscapular
Shoulder and Axilla
4{r
Plate 43O
Muscles of Arm: Anterior Views

SeealsoPlate 474
Acromion
C o r a c o a c r o m i al li g a m e n t
Coracoidprocess
S u b d e l t o ibdu r s a
Pectoralis
minortendon(cut)
Creatertubercle,
Lesser
tubercle
of humerus
Subscapularis
muscle
Intertubercular
tendonsheath
C o r a c o b r a c h i aml ius s c l e
Musculocutaneous
nerve(cut)
Circumflex
scapularartery(cut)
Teresmajormuscle
(reflected)
Latissimus
dorsimuscle
Pectoralismajor
muscle (reflected)
Anterior circumflex
h u m e r a la r t e r y
B i c e p s L o n gh e i
f
oracnil \
m u s c l e( S h o r n
te
Brachial
artery(cut)
B i c e p sb r a c h i i
tendons (cut)
S h o r th e a d
Long head
Median nerve (cut)

B r a c h i a l im
s uscle
C o r a c o b r a c h i a l im
suscle
Lateralantebrachial
cutaneousnerve
M u s c u l o c u t a n e o uns e r
Branchto biceps brachii (cut)
B i c i p i t aal p o n e u r o s i s
D e l t o i d m u s c l e( c u t )
Bicepsbrachiitendon
B r a c h i o r a d i a lm
i su s c l e
Pronatorteres muscle
Flexorcarpi
r a d i a l i sm u s c l e
B r a c h i a l im
s uscle
Superficiallayer
Lateralintermuscularseptum
Medial
intermuscular
septum
Lateralepicondyleof humerus
Lateralantebrachialcutaneousnerve
Head of radius
Nry
Medial
epicondyle
of humerus
B i c e o sb r a c h i it e n d o n
R a d i a tl u b e r o s i t y
Tuberosity
of ulna
Deep layer
Plate 431
Arm
Muscles of Arm: Posterior Views
Superficiallayer
Acromion
S u p r a s p i n a tm
u su s c l e
atertubercleof humerus
muscle
Infraspinatus
Teresminor muscle
Axillary nerve and posterior
circumflexhumeral artery
Deltoid muscle (cut and reflected)
Superiorlateralbrachialcutaneousnerve
.ateralhead I of Tricepsbrachii muscle
-endon
)
i su s c l e
r int
C a p s u lo
e f s h o u l d ej o
tendon
Supraspinatus
Teresmaiormuscle
and
Infraspinatus
Teresminortendons(cut)
Posteriorbrachial
(from radial nerve
Axillarynerve
Medial interm u s c u l a rs e p t u m
Teres
malor
muscle
Ulnar nerve
M e d i a le p i c o n d y l e
Posterior
circumflex
humeralartery
nerve
cutaneous
of humerus
Profundabrachii(deep
artery
brachial)
Radialnerve
O l e c r a n o no f u l n a
Flexorcarpi
u l n a r i sm u s c l e
artery
Middlecollateral
A n c o n e um
s uscle
Extensor
carpi
Radialcollateral
artery
r a d i a l i sl o n g u sm u s c l e
Inferiorlateralbrachial
nerve
cutaneous
Extensorcaroi ulnarismuscle
Posteriorantebrachial
cutaneousnerve (f
radial nerve)
Long head of
tricepsbrachii muscle
E x t e n s odri g i t o r u m
muscle
Extensorcarpi radialisbrevis muscle
Lateralhead of triceps
b r a c h im
i u s c l e( c u t )
Medialheadof
tricepsbrachiimuscle
Medialepicondyle
of humerus
*{r
Nerve to anconeusand
medial head of
tricepsbrachii muscle
cutaneousnerve
U l n a rn e r v e
Olecranon of ulna
Deep layer
Arm
Lateralintermuscular
septum
Lateralepicondyle
of humerus
A n c o n e u sm u s c l e
Plate 432
Brachial Artery in Situ
C o r a c o i dp r o c
Axillaryartery
Pectoralisminor muscle (cut)
Anterior circumflex
humeral artery
Lateralcord,
Medialcord
of brachialplexus
Humerus
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Pectoralismajor
m u s c l ea n d t e n d o n (
r i su s c l e
B i c e p s ( L o n gh e a d
b r a c h i i{
m u s c l e ( S h o r th e
Anterior and oosterior

circumflexhumeral arteries
Teresmajor muscle
atissimusdorsi muscle
Brachial
Profundabrachii (deeo
brachial)arterv
M u s c u l a rb r a n c h
Medial brachialcutaneousnerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Medial antebrachialcutaneousnerve
M u s c u l a rb r a n c h
Superiorulnar collateralartery
B r a c h i a l im
s uscle
i n t e r m u s c u lsaer p t u m
Radialrecurrentartery
Inferior ulnar collateralartery

M e d i a le p i c o n d y l eo f h u m e r u s
Radialartery
Pronator
muscre
nar artery
F l e x o rc a r o i r a d i a l i sm u s c l e
r a c h i o r a d i a l im
s uscle
Plate 433
4{tr
Arm
Brachial Artery and Anastomoses around Elbow
branch
Clavicular
Pectoralbranch
Acromialbranch
Deltoidbranch
Thoracoacromial
arterv
thoracicarterv
Axillary artery
al thoracicartery
Anteriorcircumflexhumeralarter
Posterior
circumflexhumeral
artery
Subscapular
ircumflexscapular
artery
Brachialartery
artery
Thoracodorsal
Profundabrachii(deepbrachial)
artery
of lowermargin
of teresmajormuscle
is landmarkfor name
changefrom axillary
to brachialartery
Radialcollateral
Middlecollateral
artery
Superiorulnarcollateralartery
artery
Inferiorulnarcollateral
Radialrecurrent artery
Recurrent
interosseous
arterv
Anteriorulnarrecurrentartery
ulnarrecurrentarterv
Posterior
Radialartery
artery
common interosseous
artery
Anteriorinterosseous
4{tr
Ulnarartery
Arm
Plate 434
Arm: Serial Gross Sections
neousnerve
Pectoralis
majormuscleandtendon
Mediannerve
Cephalicvein
Medialantebrachial
nerve
cutaneous
(
shorthea
Biceps
brachii
muscleI
(
Long hea,
Brachial
artervandveins
Coracobrachialis
muscle
vern
Profundabrachii(deep
brachial)
artery
Ulnarnerve
Deltoidmuscle
Radialnerve
Medialbrachial
nerve
cutaneous
Bicepsbrachiimuscle
Latissimus
dorsitendon
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Teresmajor muscle
Brachialis
muscle
Brachial
fascia
Cephalicvein
Mediannerve
Radial
Posterior
an
cutaneous
nerve
(fromradialnerve)
Brachial
artervandveins
Medial antebrachial
cutaneousnerve
silicvein
Radialcollateral
artery
Medialbrachialcutaneous
nerve
Middlecollateral
arterv
Neurovascular
compartment
septum
Ulnarnerve
of Triceps( u"ai"tr'""a
brachii {
muscle
(
Superiorulnarcollateral
artery
Lateralhead
Longhead-
Medialintermuscular
septum
Brachialfascia
Bicepsbrachii
ateralantebrachial
cutaneous
nerve
(frommusculocutaneous
nerve)
Cephalicvein
Brachialis
muscle
Brachioradialis
muscle
Radialnerve
Extensor
carpi
radialislongus
muscte
Medialantebrachial
nerve
cutaneous
Basilicvein
Median nerve
Ulnarnerve
Brachial
artervandveins
Medialintermuscular
septum
Posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve(from
radialnerve)
Plate 435
Humerus
Tricepsbrachiimuscleand tendon
septum
*{r
Bones of Elbow
Rightelbow
Humerus
Humerus
*{r
edial
supracondylarridge
Coronoid
fossa
Radialfossa
Olecranon
fossa
Lateralepicondyle
Lateralepicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Capitulum
Olecranon
Trochlea
Head
Head
Coronoid
process
Neck
Tuberosity
Radialnotchof ulna
Tuberosity
Tuberosity
Ulna
In extension: anterior view
In extension:posteriorview
ln extension:medialview
Humerus
Medialepicondyle
Capitulum
Lateralepicondyle
Capitulum
Head
Tuberosity
Radialnotch
Coronoid process
Trochlearnotch
Olecranon
Tuberosity
Coronoid process
of ulna
In 90" flexion: lateral view
Elbow and Forearm
Trochlearnotch
Olecranon
Olecr
In 90'flexion: medialview
Plate 436
Elbow: Radiographs
Lateralradiograph
c
CP
H
HR
t
o
R
T
U
Capitulum
Coronoidprocessof ulna
Humerus
Headof radius
Lateralepicondyle
Olecranon
Radius
Trochlear
notch
Ulna
Anteroposteriorradiograph
c
CP
H
HR
t
M
NR
o
OF
R
T
RT
U
Plate 437
Capitulum
Coronoidprocessof ulna
Humerus
Headof radius
Lateralepicondyle
Medialof epicondyle
Neckof radius
Olecranon
Olecranonfossa
Radius
Trochleaof humerus
Radialtuberosity
Ulna
Elbow and Folearm
Ligaments of Elbow
Rightelbow
Anteriorview
Humerus
Jointcapsule
Medial epicondyle
Lateralepicondyle
Radialcollateralligament
ligament
Ulnarcollateral
A n n u l alri g a m e not f r
Insertionof brachialismuscle
Bicepsbrachiitendon
Obliquecord
Humerus
4{r
Joint
ioint capsule
ligament
Ulnarcollateral
Radialcollateralligament
A n n u l a lri g a m e not f r a d i u s
A n n u l alri g a m e not f r a d i u s
Biceosbrachiitendon
Humerus
Triceps
brachii
tendon
Bicepsbrachiitendon
Obliquecord
Subcutaneous
olecranon
-$=::---:.Ff
DUTSA
ln 90o flexion:medialview
In 90o flexion:lateralview
Jointcapsule(cutedge)
Subcutaneous
olecranon
bursa
Humerus
Fatpads
Openrd joint:
antenor vrew
Synovialmembrane
Openedjoint:
postenorvrew
Articularcartilage
Elbow and Forearm
Plate 438
Bones of Forearm
Olecranon
Rightradiusand ulna
in supination:anteriorview
Trochlearnotch
Rightradiusand
ulna in pronation:
anteriorview
Coronoid process
R a d i a ln o t c h o f u l n a
U l n a rt u b e r o s i t y
Ulnartuberosity
O b l i q u ec o r d
R a d i atlu b e r o s i t y
Anterior surface
Anteriorsurface
Obliquecord
Lateralsurface
Posterior
border
Anterior border
Anteriorborder
Posterior
surface
lnterosseous
membrane
Interosseous
border
Interosseous
border
Interosseous
membrane
Dorsaltubercle
Croove for extensor
p o l l i c i sl o n g u sm u
Croove for extensor
digitorum and extensor
i n d i c i sm u s c l e s
Styloidprocess
of ulna
Croove for extensor

carpi radialislongus
and brevis muscles
Areafor extensor
pollicib
s r e v i sa n d
abductorpollicis
longusmuscles
Styloidprocess
Styloidprocess
U l n a rn o t c h
of radius
Styloid
process
Styloidprocess
Areafor s phoid bone
Area for lunate bone
Carpalarticularsuface
Plate 439
4{F
Coronal sectionof
radiusdemonstrates
how thicknessof
cortical bone of
shaftdiminishes
to thin layerover
cancellousbone
at distalend
Elbow and Forearm
lndividual Muscles of Forearm: Rotators of Radius
Rightforearm:anteriorview
Pronatedposition
Supinatedposition
Medial eoicondvle
Lateralepicondyle
Pronatorteres
*{r
Elbow and Forearm
Plate 44O
Individual Muscles of Forearm:Extensorsof Wrist and Digits
N o t e : A n c o n e u sm u s c l en o t s h o w n
becauseit is extensorof elbow
al epicondyle
Olecranon
Lateralepicondyle
Extensorsof wrist
Olecranon
Extensor
carpi
radialislongus
Lateral
epicondyle
Extensor
carpi
radialisbrevis
Extensor
carpiulnaris
Common
extensor
tendon
Extensors
of digits
(exceptthumb)
Common
extensor
tendon
Extensor
digitorum
and extensor
d i g i t im i n i m i
(cutaway\
Interosseous
memDrane
Extensor
digitorum
Extensor
digiti minimi
Extensorindicis
Extensors
of thumb
Abductorpollicis
pollicisbrevis
Extensor
Extensorpollicislongus
E x t e n s odr i g i t o r u m
and extensordigiti
m i n i m i t e n d o n s( c u t
t!
I
Plale
441
Rightforearm:
posterior
(dorsal)views
4{tr
Elbow and Forearm
Individual Muscles of Forearm: Flexors of Wrist
Note:Brachioradialis
musclenot shown
becauseit is flexorof elbow
Medial epicondyle
Lateralepicondyle
flexortendon
Flexorcarpiradialis
Palmarislongus
Flexorcarpiulnaris
(cut)
almaraponeurosis
Rightforearm:
anterior(palmar)view
Elbow and Forearm
Plate 442
lndividual Muscles of Forearm: Flexors of Digits
Medial epicondyle
Lateralepicondyle
Lateralepicondyle
Common flexor tendon
Coronoid process
Interosseousmembrane
Flexorpollicislongus
tendons (cut away)
4{tr
Plate 443
Rightforearm:
anterior(palmar)views
Elbow and Forearm
Muscles of Forearm (Superficial Layerf: Posterior View
S u p e r i our l n a rc o l l a t e r aalr
( a n a s t o m o sdeiss t a l lw
y itn
posteriorulnarrecurrentartery)
B r a c h i o r a d i aml ius s c l e
U l n a rn e r v e
Extensor carpi radialislongus muscle
M e d i ael p i c o n d y loef h u m e r u s
Common extensortendon
Extensorcarpi radialisbrevis muscle

Anconeus muscle
Flexorcarpi ulnarismuscle
Extensorcaroi ulnaris
Extensordigitorum muscle
Extensordigiti minimi muscle
Abductorpollicislongusmuscle
Extensor
oollicisbrevismuscle
xtensorpollicislongustendon
Extensorcarpi radialisbrevistendon
Extensor
retinaculum
(compartments
numbered)
Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
Extensorcarpi radialislongustendon
Suoerficialbranch of radial nerve
A b d u c t op
r o l l i c i lso n g u st e n d o n
E x t e n s ocr a r p i u l n a r i st e n d o n
E x t e n s o dr i g i t im i n i m i t e n d o n
Extensor
oollicisbrevistendon
E x t e n s opro l l i c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
Extensordigitorum
E x t e n s o irn d i c i st e n d o n
Anatomical snuffbox
Nr
5th metacarpalbone
Elbow and Forearm
Plate 444
Muscles of Forearm (Deep Layerf: Posterior View

SeeafsoPlates 47O,479
Middlecollateral
branchof
deepbrachialartery
Superiorulnarcollateral
Branches
of
{
tnreflorutnar
brachial'arterv
" ! ' / I ( p o s t e r i o r coilareral
branch)1
(
Medialintermuscular
septum
septum
Brachioradialis
muscle
U l n a rn e r v e
longusmuscle
Extensor
carpiradialis
Posterior
ulnarrecurrenta
M e d i a el p i c o n d y loef h u m e r u s
Lateralepicondyleof humerus
Commonextensortendon(partiallycut)
Tricepsbrachiitendon(cut)
Extensor
carpiradialis
brevismuscle
Anconeus
S u p i n a t omr u s c l e
F l e x ocr a r p iu l n a r i m
s
nerve
interosseous
Posterior
Recurrent
interosseous
artery
onatorteresmuscle(slipof insertion)
Posterior
interosseous
artery
Radius
Ulna
nerve
rnterosseous
pollicislongusm
Extensor
t o r p o l l i c i lso n g u sm u s c l e
Extensor
indicismuscle
pollicisbrevismuscle
Anterior interosseousartery (termination)
xtensorcarpiradialis
brevistendon
xtensorcarpiradialis
longustendon
Extensor
carpiulnaristendon(cut)
adialartery
Extensordigiti minimi tendon (cut)
Extensor
digitorumtendons(cut)
2'"
ir,
'&,
1st metacarpalbone
Nr
Plate 445
Extensor
retinaculum
(compartments
numbered)
5th metacarpal
bone
bone
2nd metacarpal
I st dorsal
muscle
interosseous
Elbow and Folearm
Muscles of Forearm (superficial Layerl: Anterior View

SeeahoPtaH 475,476
Medialantebrachial
cutaneous
nerve
Bicepsbrachii muscle
Ulnarnerve
Brachialartery and median nerve
(terminam
l u s c u l o c u t a n e o unse r v e )
septum
Medialintermuscular
B r a c h i a lm
i su s c l e
Ulnarartery
M e d i ael p i c o n d y loef h u m e r u s
ommon flexor tendon
Radialartery
Flexorcarpi
radialismuscle
Brachioradialm
isuscle
longus
Palmaris
muscle
Extensor
carpi
r a d i a l ilso n g u sm u s c l e
f
)
f
Superficial
flexor
muscles
Extensorcaroi
radialisbrevis muscle
F l e x opr o l l i c i lso n g u s
muscle and tendon
P a l m a r li o
s n g u st e n d o n
Radialartery
Median nerve
branch of ulnar nerve
artery and nerve
Palmarcarpal ligament
( c o n t i n u o u sw i t h
e x t e n s orre t i n a c u l u m )
T h e n am
r u
P a l m a ra p o n e u r o s i s
Elbow and Forearm
Pisiform
Palmarbranch of median nerve
Hypothenar muscles
4{tr
Pfate 446
Muscles of Forearm (lntermediate Layer|: Anterior View

Sceal$oPbba{ft4 {ru
Bicepsbrachiimuscle
Brachialis
muscle
U l n a rn e r v e
Median nerve
Brachial
artery
Lateralantebrachialcutaneousnerve (cut)
(frommusculocutaneous
nerve)
intermuscular
septum
Pronatorteresmuscle (humeralhead)
(cut and reflected)
Radialnerve
Deepbranch
Superficial
branch
Medial epicondyle
Flexorcarpi radialisand palmaris
longus tendons (cut)
Biceosbrachiitendon
Anteriorulnarrecurrentartery
Radialrecurrentarterv
ae
r ad)
m u s c l e( h u m e r o u l n h
Radialartery
U l n a ra r t e r y
S u p i n a t omr u s c l e
Common interosseousarterv
Pronatorteresmuscle(ulnarhead)(cut)
Anteriorinterosseous
artery
Pronatorteresmuscle(cut
lexorcarpiulnarismuscle
or digitorumsuperficialis
muscle
muscle(radialhead)
F l e x o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u sm u s c l e
Ulnarnerveanddorsalbranch
Median nerve
Palmar
of medianand ulnarnerves(cut)
branches
siform
Flexorcarpi radialis
tendon (cut)
Deeppalmarbranchof ulnarartery
anddeepbranchof ulnarnerve
Superficial
branchof ulnarnerve
palmarbranch
Superficial
of radialartery
Plate 447
Flexorretinaculum
(transverse
carpalligament)
Nr
Elbow and Forearm
Muscles of Forearm (Deep Layerf: Anterior View
B r a c h i a lm
i su s c l e
U l n a rn e r v e
M u s c u l o c u t a n e o unSe r v e
(becomes)
M e d i a nn e r v e
Brachialartery
septum
Medialintermuscular
septum
Radialnerve
Pronatorteresmuscle
(humeralheadcut and reflected)
Lateralepi
ulnarrecurrentartery
Bicepsbrachiitendon (cut)
'Medial
Radialrecurrentartery
Radialartery
epicondyle of humerus
Flexorcarpi radialis,
palmarislongus,
flexor digitorum superficialis
( h u m e r o u l n ahr e a d ) ,a n d
flexor carpi ulnaris
muscles(cut)
S u p i n a t o rm u s c l
Posteriorand anterior
i nterosseousarteries-
Posterior
ulnarrecurrentartery
muscle (radialhead) (cut)
Ulnarartery
(cut and reflected)
ommon Interosseousarterv
Radialartery
muscleandtendon(cu
r e a d )( c u t )
t o r t e r e sm u s c l e( u l n a h
Median nerve (cut)
Flexordigitorumprofundusmuscle
Pronatorquadratusmuscle
B r a c h i o r a d i a l ti e
s n d o n( c u t )
Radialartery and
Anterior interosseousartery and nerve

U l n a r n e r v e a n d d o r s a lb r a n c h
Palmarcarpal branchesof radialand ulnar arteries
palmarbranch
superficial
Flexorcarpi ulnaristendon (cut)
F l e x o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
Pisiform
Flexorcarpi radialistendon (cut)
A b d u c t o pr o l l i c i lso n g u s
Extensorpollicis brevistendon
l s t m e t a c a r o abl o n e
Elbow and Forearm
palmar branch of ulnar artery

and deeo branch of ulnar nerve
of hamate
5th metacarpalbone
Nr
Plate 44A
Forearm: Serial Gross Sections
l e x o rd i g i t o r u m
superficialis
M e d i a n a n t e b r a c h i avl e i n
m u s c l e( r a d i a lh e a d )
Anterior branch of media

antebrachialcutaneousnerve
Radialarterv and superficialbranch of radial nerve
Radius
i su
Flexorcarpi radialismuscle
Cephalicvein and lateralantebrachial

cutaneousnerve (from musculocutaneous
nerve)
S u p i n a t o rm u s c l e
Ulnararteryand mediannerve
P a l m a r il so n g u sm u s c l e
ae
r ad)
m u s c l e( h u m e r o u l n h
Deep branch of radial nerve
Commoninterosseous
artery
E x t e n s o cr a r p i r a d i a l i sl o n g u sm u s c l e
U l n a rn e r v e
Extensorcaroi radialisbrevismuscle
F l e x ocr a r o iu l n a r i m
s uscle
Extensordigitorum muscle
E x t e n s odr i e i t i m i n i m i m u s c l e
p r o f u n d um
s uscle
F l e x odr i g i t o r u m
E x t e n s ocra r p iu l n a r i m
s uscle
and antebrachialfascia
A n c o n e u sm u s c l e
F l e x ocr a r p ir a d i a l im
s uscle
Posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous
i su s c l e
nerve (from radial nerve)
Radialartery and superficial

branch of radial nerve
P a l m a r i sl o n g u sm u s c l e
muscle
Median nerve
Extensorcaroi radialis
l o n g u sm u s c l ea n d t e n d o n
Ulnar artery and nerve

'lexorcarpi ulnarismuscle
Radiu
Anterior interosseousartery and nerve

(from median nerve)
E x t e n s ocr a r o i r a d i a l i s
b r e v i sm u s c l ea n d t e n d o n
F l e x o rd i g i t o r u mp r o f u n d u sm u s c l e
U l n a a n d a n t e b r a c h i af la s c i a
A b d u c t o pr o l l i c i lso n g u sm u s c l
In t e r o s s e o u m
s e m b r a n ea n d
e x t e n s o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u sm u s c l e
E x t e n s odri e i t o r u m
muscle
E x t e n s o dr i g i t im i n i m i m u s c l e
Posteriorinterosseousartery and nerve

(continuationof deep branch of radialnerve)
E x t e n s o cr a r p i u l n a r i sm u s c l e
P a l m a r i sl o n g u st e n d o n
F l e x o rc a r p i r a d i a l i st
Median nerve
Radialartery
digitorum superficialismuscle and tendons

Flexorcaroi ulnarismuscle and tendon
B r a c h i o r a d i a lti e
sndon
A b d u c t o pr o l l i c i sl o n g u s
S u p e r f i c i abl r a n c ho f r a d i a l
E x t e n s opro l l i c i sb r e v i st e n d o n
E x t e n s ocra r p ir a d i a l i s
l o n g u st e n d o n
Dorsalbranchof ulnarnerve
lexor digitorum profundus muscle and tendons
Antebrachialfascia
Ulna
t e n s o rc a r p i u l n a r i st e n d o n
Extensorcaroi radialisbrevis tendon
F l e x opr o l l i c i lso n g u sm u s c l e
E x t e n s o pr o l l i c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
*{ry
Plate 449
s embrane
P r o n a t o ro u a d r a t u sm u s c l ea n d i n t e r o s s e o um
E x t e n s o irn d i c i sm u s c l ea n d t e n d o n
E x t e n s o dr i g i t im i n i m i t e n d o n
E x t e n s odr i g i t o r u mt e n d o n s( c o m m o n t e n d o n
t o d i g i t s4 a n d 5 a t t h i s l e v e l )
Elbow and Forearm
Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View
a c h i a l i sm u s c l e
B r a c h i o r a d i am
l iu
sscle
Extensor
longusmuscle
carpiradialis
Pronatorteresmuscle(humeralhead)
Supinator
Extensor
carpiradialisbrevis,
extensordigitorum,extensor
d i g i t im i n i m ie, x t e n s ocra r p i
ulnarim
s uscles
Brachialis
muscle
muscle
( h u m e r o u l nh
ae
r ad)
B i c e p sb r a c h i im u s c
r ead)
t e r e sm u s c l e( u l n a h
m u s c l e( r a d i ahl e a d ) -
Pronatorteresmuscl
F l e x o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u sm
Note:Attachments
of intrinsic
musclesof handnot shown
A b d u c t o pr o l l i c i sl o n g u sm u s c l e
F l e x o rc a r o i u l n a r i sm u s c l e
Extensor
caroiulnarismuscle
Flexorpollicis
l o n g u sm u s c l e
muscle
Flexordigitorum profundus muscle
Elbow and Forearm
origins
Insertions
Plate 45O
Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Posterior View
Tricepsbrachii muscle (medial head)
Note: Attachmentsof intrinsic

musclesof hand not shown
Tricepsbrachii tendon
Supinator
F l e x ocr a r p iu l n a r i m
s u s c l e( h u m e r a l
origin via common flexor tendon
A n c o n e um
s uscle
s brachiimuscle
Flexorcarpi ulnarismuscle
p r o f u n d um
s uscle
r rigin)
E x t e n s ocra r p iu l n a r i m
s u s c l e( u l n a o
Extensor
pollicislongusmuscle
pollicisbrevismuscle
Extensor
Extensorindicis
Extensorcarpi radialislongus muscle

i su s c l e
Extensorcarpi radialisbrevismuscl
A b d u c t o pr o l l i c i sl o n g u sm u s c l e
Extensor
caroiulnarismuscle
Extensordigitorum muscle (centralbands)
E x t e n s o dr i g i t im i n i m i m u s c l e
Extensoroollicis brevis muscle
Extensor
Extensor
indicismuscle
Extensordigitorum muscle (lateralbands)
Plate 451
origins
Insertions
4{ry
Elbow and Forearm
Garpal Bones
Anterior(palmar)view
Ulna
Radialstyloidproc
Ulnarstyloidprocess
Lunate
Tubercleof scaphoid
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Tubercleof trapeziu
Hamate
of hamate
pitate
Metacarpalbones
Posterior(dorsal)view
Dorsaltubercleof radius(Lister's)
Ulnarstyloid
Radialstyloidprocess
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Metacarpalbones
Wrist and Hand
4{tr
Plate 452
Movements of Wrist
-Ulna
-Ulna
Radius
: ,zLunare
Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Capitate
Scaphoid.
Trapezoid
Pisiform
Lunate
Capitate
Trapezium
Triquetrum
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Pisiform
Hamate
Metacarpal
Metacarpal
bones
00nes
Sesamoid
DOnes
P o s i t i o no f c a r p a l b o n e s w i t h h a n d i n a b d u c t i o n :
anterior (palmar)view
P o s i t i o no f c a r p a l b o n e s w i t h h a n d i n a d d u c t i o n :
anterior (palmar)view
) int
W r i s t ( r a d i o c a r p a jl o
Radius
M i d c a r p a lj o i n t
C a r p o m e t a c a r p aj ol i n l
Wrisl
(radiocarpal)
lornr
A r t i c u l a rd i s c
o f w r i s tj o i n t
L un a t e
Midcarpal
joint
aprtate
Carpometacarpal
JOrnt
) int
W r i s t ( r a d i o c a r p a jl o
3 r d m e t a c a r p abl o n e
M i d c a r p a jl o i n t
C a r p o m e t a c a r p aj ol i n t
Dorsum-)
f-Palm
Hand in
anatomical
position
Sagittal
sectionsthroughwrist and
middlefinger
Plate 453
Hand in
extension
4{v
Wrist and Hand
Ligaments of Wrist
Carpaltunnel:palmarview
Ulna
Radius
l n t e r o s s e o um
s embrane
P a l m a rc a r p a ll i g a m e n t
(thickeningof deep antebrachial
fascia)(cut and reflected)

Flexorcarpi ulnaristendon
Radialartery and
s u p e r f i c i apl a l m a rb r a n c h
F l e x o rd i g i t o r u m
profundustendons
Flexorcarpi radialistendon
Flexordigitorum
superficialistendons
F l e x o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
Pisiform
M e d i a nn e r v e
Deep palmar branch of ulnar artery

a n d d e e p b r a n c ho f u l n a rn e r v e
P a l m a ra p o n e u r o s i s
Tubercleof scaphoid
Hook of hamate
Tubercleof trapezium
Flexorretinaculum
(transversecarpal ligament)
Flexorretinaculumremoved:
palmarview
S h o r tr a d i o l u n a t el i g a m e n t
P a l m a rr a d i o l u n a t el i g a m e n t
L o n g r a d i o l u n a t el ig a m e n t
U l n o l u n a t el i g a m e n t
R a d i o s c a p h o c a p i t altieg a m e n t
U l n o c a p i t a t el i g a m e n t
Scaphotrapeziotrapezoidligament
Ulnotriquetralligament
Scaphocapitateligment
Lunotriquetralligament
Trapeziotrapezoidligament
Triquetrohamateligament
Triquetrocapitateligament
Capitohamateligament
Trapeziocapitate
ligament
Metacarpalbones
Wrist and Hand
Plate 454
Ligaments of Wrist (continuedl
Dorsal radial metaphysealarcuateligament
Dorsal radiocarpalligament
D o r s a lr a d i o u l n a lri g a m e n t
U l n o t r i q u e t r alli g a m e n t( d o r s a vl i e w )
S c a p h o l u n a t lei g a m e n t
Triquetrohamateligament
Trapeziotrapezoidligament
D o r s a li n t e r c a r p alli g a m e n t
Trapeziocapitateligament
C a p i t o h a m a t el i g a m e n t
Metacarpalbones
Coronal section: dorsal view

Ulna
Radius
D i s t arl a d i o u l n aj or i n t
Lunate
joint
Wrist(radiocarpal)
A r t i c u l adr i s co f w r i s tl o i n t
Scaphoid
Meniscus
M i d c a r p a lj o i n t
Trapezoid
I n t e r o s s e o uisn t e r c a r p alli g a m e n
Trapezium
Triquetrum
Carpometacarpaljoint
Hamate
ntermetacarpaljoints
Capitate
4{tr
6(a4*/*
Metacarpalbones
Plate 455
Wrist and Hand
Bones of Wrist and Hand
saseI
Shafts)
Head J
Metacarpalbones
Righthand:
anterior(palmar)view
gase I
Proximal
Phalanges
nXf f
oaseI
n'jf
Middlephalanges
Lunate
Carpal
bones
\
-.-scaphoid \
Capitate
Carpalbones {
Metacarpalbones (
phalanges{
Proximal
Riehthand:
(dorsal)view
po-sterior
Middle phalanges{
Wrist and Hand
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Triquetrum
Hamate
l.
1' a"r"
Shafts
I Head
Base
Shafts
I Head
f ert"
Shafts
I Head
Plate 456
Wrist and Hand: Anteroposterior Radiograph

Seealso
BM
BP
C
DP
Baseof 5th metacaroal

Baseof 4th proximal phalanx
Capitate
Distal phalanxof thumo
DPR Distal phalanx of ring finger

H
Hamate
HH
Hook of hamate
HM
Head of 5th metacaroal
HP
Plate 457
H e a d o f p r o x i m a lp h a l a n x
Lunate
M
MP
Metacarpalof index finger

Middle phalanxof middle finger
P
PP
PPI
R
S
SH
SP
SPR
T
TP
TZ
U
Pisiform
Proximalphalanxof thumb
Proximalphalanxof indexfinger
Radius
Scaphoid
Shaftof 5th metacarpal
Styloidprocessof ulna
Styloidprocessof radius
Triquetrum
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Ulna
Wrist and Hand
Metacarpophalangeal and lnterphalangeal Ligaments
form
Anterior (palmar)view
of hamate
Trapezium
mar carpometacarpalligaments
Palmarmetacarpalligaments
J o i n tc a p s u l e
Deeptransverse
ligaments
metacarpal
CollateralIigam
Palmarligaments
(plates)
Cut marginsof
digitalfibrousshea
Flexordigitorum
suoerficialistendons (cut)
Flexordigitorum profundustendons
M e t a c a r p o p h a l a n g(eMaPl )i o i n t
collateral proximal interphalangeal(plp) joint
Accesso.ry
7
ligament
Truecollateral
ligament
Metacarpalbone
Distal interphalangeal
( D l P )j o i n t
ln extension:
medialview
Palmarsurface
Proximal
Middle
Palmarligament (volarplate
Accessory
collateral
ligament
In flexion:
medialview
Phalanges
True collateralligament
Palmarligament(volarplate)
4{tr
Note: Ligamentsof metacarpophalangeal

and inteiphalangealjoints are similar
Wrist and Hand
Plate 458
Wrist and Hand: Superficial Palmar Dissections
Palmarislongustendon
Palmarbranch of ulnar nerve
Branchof superficial
radial nerve to skin of
lateralthenar area
Pisiform
Deep palmar branch of ulnar artery and deep
P a l m a rc a r p a ll i g a m e n t
( t h i c k e n i n go f d e e p
antebrachialfascia
c o n t i n u o u sw i t h
extensorretinaculum)
Superficial
branchof ulnarnerve
Palmaris
brevismuscle
Palmarbranch of
m e d i a nn e r v e
Hypothenar
muscles
T h e n a rm u s c l e s
Palmar
aponeurosis
Recurrent
(motor)
branch of
median
nerve to
thenar
muscres
Palmarisbrevis
muscle (reflected)
Minute fasciculi
attach palmar
a p o n e u r o s i st o d e r m i s
Anterior (palmar)views
Palmardigital
nervesfrom
superficial
branch of ulnar
nerve to 5th and
medial half of
4th fingers
Palmaraponeurosis
Transversefasciculi
Palmardigital arteriesand nerves
Superficialtransversemetacarpalli
*{ry
Plate 459
Wrist and Hand
Wrist and Hand: Deeper Palmar Dissections

Radialartery and venae comitantes
Ulnar artery with venae comitantesand ulnar nerve
Flexorcarpi radialistendon
Flexorcarpi ulnaristendon
T e n d i n o u ss h e a t ho f
flexor pollicislongus
C o m m o n f l e x o rs h e a t h( u l n a rb u r s a )c o n t a i n i n g
superficialisand profundusflexor tendons
( r a d i abl u r s a )
Pisiform
Median nerve
P a l m a r i sl o n g u st e n d o n a n d
p a l m a rc a r p a ll i g a m e n l
Transversecarpal
Deep palmar branch of ulnar artery and deep

Superficialbranch of ulnar nerve
Palmardigital nervesto 5th finger and
medial half of 4th finger
ligament(flexor
retinaculum)
n nerve
T h e n am
r uscles
Properpalmar
Commonflexorsheath(ulnarbursa)
digital nerves
of thumb-
palmararterialandvenousarches
Superficial
2nd.3rd.and4th lumbricalmuscles(in fascialsheaths)
(Synovial)
tendinous
(Synovial)
of fingers
flexortendonsheaths
sheathof flex
p o l l i c i sl o n g u s
(radialbursa)
P r o b ei n I s t
lumbrical
Superficial
palmarbranch
of radialartery
and recurrent
branchof
mediannerve
to thenar
muscles
fascial
Common palmar
digital
Properpalmar
digitalarteries
Septafrom.palmar
a p o n e u r o srrosr m r n g
Palmaraponeurosis
(reflected)
Anterior(palmar)views
Ulnarartery
ano nerve
Common palmar
digital branches
of median nerve (cut)
muscles
Proper palmar digital nervesof
Fasciaover adductor oollicismuscl
l s t d o r s ailn t e r o s s e o m
u su s c l e
s h e a t h( u l n a r
bursa)
5th finger
(synovial)
t e n d i n o ussh e a t h
Probein dorsalextension
of thenar
space deep to adductor pollicis
Probein
midpalmarspace
Thenarspace (deep to flexor tendons
'l
and st lumbricalmuscle
Septum separatingthenar from midpalmarspace

C o m m o n p a l m a rd i g i t a l
Proper palmar digital arteriesand
Annular and cruciform oartsof fibrous sheath
over (synovial)flexor tendon sheaths
Wrist and Hand
M i d p a l m asrp a c e
(deepto flexor
tendonsand
l u m b r i c aml u s c l e s )
Insertionof
flexor digitorum
superficialistendon
lnsertionof flexor digitorum
profundustendon
Plate 460
Flexor Tendons, Arteries, and Nerves at Wrist

Palmar view
t e n d o n sa n d
flexordigitorumprofundus
tendons
Commonflexorsheath
( u l n ab
r ursa)
Median nerve
Radialartery
tendon
F l e x opr o l l i c i lso n g u s
t e n d o ni n t e n d o n
sheath(radialbursa)
Ulnarartery
U l n a rn e r v e
F l e x ocr a r p iu l n a r i s
tendon
Palmarcarpal ligament (reflec

(Synovial)tendon sheath
Pisiform
Flexorretinaculum(transverse
carpalligament)
Trapezium
A b d u c t o rd i g i t im i n i m i m u s c l e
1st metacarpalbone
Flexordigiti minimi brevis muscle
s uscle
Opponenp
s ollicim
Abductorpollicis
b r e v i sm u s c l e
O p p o n e n sd i g i t i m i n i m i m u s c l e
(reflec
Superficialpalmar (arterial)arch
u m b r i c am
l uscles
Flexorpollicis
4{tr
A d d u c t o r o o l l i c i sm u s c r e
(reflected)
Transverse
crosssectionof wrist demonstratingcarpaltunnel
Palmarislongus
tendon
carpalligament)
Median nerve*
Ulnar artery
and nerve
Flexorcarpi
u l n a r i tse n d o n
Flexor
digitorum
superficialis
tendons'
Flexorcarpi
radialistendon
Flexor
digitorum
profundus
tendons*
Flexorpollicis
longustendon
in tendonsheath*
Radialartery
Trapezium
S i m p l em e t h o d o f d e m o n s t r a t i n g
arrangementof flexor
di gitorum superficialis
tendonswithin carpaltunnel
Plate 461
Capitate
Trapezoid
*Contentsof carpal tunnel
Wrist and Hand
Bursae, Spaces, and Tendon Sheaths of Hand
muscle
Pronatorquadratus
Flexorcarpiradialis
tendon
Common
flexorsheath
(ulnarbursa)
Tendinous
sheathof flexorpollicislongus(radialbursa
carpalligament)(reflectedl
Flexordigitorumprofundus
Tendinous
sheathof flexorpollicis
longus(radialbursa)
Fascia
of adductorpollicismuscle
Flexordigitorum
tendons
superficialis
Thenarspace
(deepto flexortendon
and1stlumbrical
muscle
Commonflexorsheath
(ulnarbursa)(opened)
Lumbricalmusclesin
fascialsheaths
(Synovial)
tendon
sheathof finger
Midpalmar space
(deepto flexortendons
and lumbricalmuscles)
Lumbricalmusclesin fascialsheaths
(cutand
Fibrousand synovial(tendon)
sheathsof finger(opened)
Annularand cruciformparts
(pulleys)
of fibroussheathover
synovialsheath)of finger
4{ffi*
tendon
Flexordigitorumprofundus
tendon
Midpalmarspace
Palmaraponeurosis
Septaformingcanals
flexortendonsto 3rd diSit
and superficialis
Profundus
and thenarspaces
Septumbetweenmidpalmar
Thenarspace
Commonpalmardigital
arteryand nerve\
tendonin tendon
sheath(radialbursa)
Lumbricalmuscle
in its fascialsheath
pollicis
Extensor
longustendon
Flexortendonsto 5th
digitin commonflexor
sheath(ulnarbur
Hypothenarmuscles
Dorsalinterosseous
fascia
Dorsalsubaponeurotic
space
Dorsalfasciaof hand
Dorsalsubcutaneous
space
Wrist and Hand
Adductorpollicismuscle
fascia
Palmarinterosseous
muscles
Palmarinterosseous
muscles
Dorsalinterosseous
Extensortendons
Plate 462
Lumbrical Muscles and Bursae,Spaces,and Sheaths:Schema

Usualarrangement
Commonvariation
Tendinoussheathof flexor
p o l l i c i sl o n g u s( r a d i a lb u r s a )
Intermediatebursa
(communication
between common
flexor sheath Iulnar
b u r s a la n d t e n d i n o u s
sheathof flexor pollicis
l o n g u sI r a d i a lb u r s a ] )
Common flexor sheath
( u l n ab
r ursa)
Thenar
L u m b r i c aml u s c l e s
(in fascialsheaths)
J
( S y n o v i a lt)e n d o n
s h e a t h so f f i n g e r s
[umbricalmuscles:
schema
Flexordigitorum
profundustendons
1 s t a n d 2 n d l u m b r i c a lm u s c r e s
(unipennate)
3rd and 4th lumbricalmuscles

(bipennate)
C a m p e rc h i a s m
N o t e : F l e x o rd i g i t o r u ms u p e r f i c i a l iasn d
p r o f u n d u st e n d o n se n c a s e di n s y n o v i a l
s h e a t h sa r e b o u n d t o p h a l a n g e sb y f i b r o u s
digital sheathsmade up of alternating
s t r o n ga n n u l a r( A ) a n d w e a k e rc r u c i f o r m( C )
p a r t s( p u l l e y s ) .
41
Flexordigitorum
s u p e r f i c i a l itse n d o n s( c u t )
Cl
C2
A3
C3
C4
n)
Tendonsof
flexor digitorum
superficiali
a n dp r o f u n d u s /i
muscres
,i
tendon sheath
Plate 463
a l m a rl i g a m e n t s( p l a t e s
4{tr
Wrist and Hand
Flexor and Extensor Tendons in Fingers
Long extensor
Extensor
expansron tendon
(hood)
lnsertionof central band of extensor

tendon to base of middle phalanx
S l i p so f l o n g
extensortendon
to lateral
T r i a n g u l aarp o n e u r o s i s
lnterosseous
muscles
Posterior
(dorsal)
vtew
Metacarpal
bone
Insertionon extensortendon
lnterosseous
t e n d o ns l i p
to lateralband
to baseof distalphalanx
Lateralbands
Lumbricalmuscle
(hood)
Extensor
expansion
Lateralband
Insertionof extensortendon
to baseof middlephalan
tendon
Partof interosseous
passes
to baseof proximal
phalanxandjoint capsule
Long extensortendon
Centralband
-1S
Insertionof extensor
tendon to base
o f d i s t apl h a l a n x
Metacarpalbone
Fingerin
extension:
lateralview
Collateral
ligament
Vinculum
oreve
Flexordigitorum
orofundustendon
Vincula
longa
Flexordigitorum
superficialistendon
Insertionof smalldeepslipof extensor

x n dj o i n tc a p s u l e
t e n d o nt o p r o x i m apl h a l a n a
muscles
lnterosseous
Lumbricalmuscle
.-,
Attachment of interosseousmuscle to
base of proximal phalanxand joint capsule
)>
,4
aa
Insertionof lumbrical
muscleto extensor
/,
Palmarligament(plate)
Flexordigitorum
superficialis
tendon(cut)
muscles
lnterosseous
Lumbrical
muscle
ligaments
Collateral
Flexordigitorum
profundustendon(cut)
c44e/^
Wrist and Hand
Note: Blackarrows indicate

pull of long extensortendon;
red arrows indicatepull
of interosseousand
lumbrical muscles;dots
indicate axis of
rotation of ioints
Pfate 464
lntrinsic Muscles of Hand
Radialartery and palmar carpal br
Pronatorouadratusmuscle
U l n a rn e r v e
Radius
ar artery and palmar carpal branch
Superficialpalmar branch of radial
c a r o iu l n a r i st e n d o n
carpal ligament)(reflected)
Palmarcaroalarterialarch
Opponenp
s o l l i c i sm u s c l e
l'rsrlorm
Median nerve
Branchesof median nerve

t o t h e n a rm u s c l e sa n d t o 1 s t
a n d 2 n d l u m b r i c a lm u s c l e s
A b d u c t o r d i g i t im i n i m i m u s c l e( c u t )
D e e pp a l m a br r a n c ho f u l n a ra r t e r y
and deeobranchof ulnarnerve
A b d u c t o rp o l l i c i s
brevismuscle(cut
F l e x o rd i g i t im i n i m i b r e v i sm u s c l e( c u t )
F l e x opr o l l i c i s
O p p o n e n sd i g i t i m i n i m i m u s c l e
brevis muscle
Deep palmar (arterial)arch
A d d u c t o rp o l l i c i s
muscle
Palmarmetacarpalarteries
Common palmar digital arteries
lst dorsal
interosseous
muscle
Deep transversemetacarpalligaments
Branches
from deep
to 3rd and 4th lumbrical
musclesand to all
interosseousmuscles
Lumbrical
muscles(reflec
Palmarinterosseous
m u s c l e(su n i o e n n a t e
Deep transverse
metacarpalligaments
Radialartery
A b d u c t o rd i g i t i
m i n i m im u s c l e
A b d u c t o pr o l l i c i s
brevismuscle
Dorsalinterosseous
m u s c l e(sb i p e n n a t e )
T e n d i n o ussl i p s
to extensor
expansrons
(hoods)
Cryd4*/*
Posterior
(dorsal)view
Note: Arrows indicateaction of muscles.
Plate 465
Wrist and Hand
Arteries and Nerves of Hand: Palmar Views
Radialartery

P a l m a rc a r p a ll i g a m e n t( c o n t i n u o u s
w i t h e x t e n s o rr e t i n a c u l u m )
M e d i a n n e r v ea n d o a l m a rb r a
S u p e r f i c i apl a l m a rb r a n c ho f r a d i a la r t e r
c a r p a ll i g a m e n t )
A b d u c t o r p o l l i c i sb r e v i sm u s c l e( c u t )
D e e p p a l m a rb r a n c ho f u l n a ra r t e r y
and deep branch of ulnar nerve
O p p o n e n sp o l l i c i sm u s c l e
Suoerficialbranch of ulnar nerve

F l e x o ro o l l i c i sb r e v i sm u s c r e
Common flexor sheath
( u l n a rb u r s a )
Recurrent(motor) branch of
median nerve to thenar mu
palmar (arterial)arch
Proper digital nerves

a n d a r t e r i e st o t h u m b
o m m o n p a l m a rd i g i t a ln e r v e s
and arteries
A d d u c t o r p o l l i c i sm u s c l e
Communicatingbranch of
median nerve with ulnar nerve
Proper palmar digital nerves
and arteries
Branchesof median nerve to

l s t a n d 2 n d l u m b r i c a lm u s c l e s
Flexortendons,
ovial
and fibrous
Branchesof proper palmar

digital nervesand
arteriesto dorsum of
middle and distal
phalanges

Radial
Palmarcarpal branchesof
radialand ulnar arteries
M e d i a nn e r
Pisiform
Superficialpalmar branch of radialarter

D e e p p a l m a r( a r t e r i a la) r c h a n d
d e e o b r a n c ho f u l n a rn e r v e
P r i n c e p sp o l l i c i sa r t e r y
Deep palmar branch of

u l n a ra r t e r ya n d d e e p
Branchesto hypothenar
muSctes
Superficialbranch of
u l n a rn e r v e
Hook of hamate
D i s t a ll i m i t o f
s u p e r f i c i apl a l m a ra r c h
R a d i a l i si n d i c i s
Palmarmetacaroalarteries
Common palnrardigital arteri
Proper palmar digital arter
Proper palmar digital nervesfrom median nerve
Wrist and Hand
Deep palmar branch of

u l n a rn e r v et o 3 r d a n d
4 t h l u m b r i c a l a, l l
interosseous,adductor
p o l l i c i s a, n d d e e p h e a d
of flexor pollicis brevis
muscles
ing branch
of median nerve with
u l n a rn e r v e
Proper palmar digital
nervesfrom ulnar nerve
Plate 466
Wrist and Hand: Superficial Radial Dissection
lateral (radial)view
branch of radial nerve
Extensor
retinaculum
M e d i ab
l ranch
Lateralbranch
Dorsal digital branchesof radial nerve
Dorsal carpal branch
of radialartery
Scaphoid
Radialartery in anatomicalsnuffbox
Extensorcarpi
r a d i a l i sb r e v i s
tendon
Trapezium
Extensor
carpi
r a d i a l ilso n g u s
lnsertionof abductor
p o l l i c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
tendon
l s t m e t a c a r p abl o n e
Radialartery
1 s td o r s ailn t e r o s s e o u
msu s c l
Insertionof extensor
pollicisbrevis tendon
nsertionof extensor
p o l l i c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
Deep fascia(cut
Fractureof middle
third (waist)of
scaphoid(most
common)
4{F
Plate 467
Wrist and Hand
Wrist and Hand: Superficial Dorsal Dissection
cutaneous
Posterior
antebrachial
nerve(from radialnerve)
branchof radialnerve
Superficial
(thickening
retinaculum
Extensor
fascia)
of posteriorantebrachial
of
branches
Communicating
radialand ulnarnerves
Dorsalbranchof ulnar
Dorsalvenous
network of
Dorsalmetacarpalveins
Probein dorsal
space
subaponeurotic
(betweenopened
dorsalfasciaof handand
dorsalinterosseous
fascia)
Intercapitular
veins
Dorsaldigitalnervesand
Dorsalbranches
of
properpalmardigitaln
4{tr
pathwaysshownin black;
Note:Lymphatic
arrowsindicatedirectionof drainage
Wrist and Hand
Plate 468
Wrist and Hand: Deep Dorsal Dissection
M e d i a la n t e b r a c h i a l
cutaneousnerve
Lateralantebrachlalcutaneousnerve
(terminalpart of musculocutaneousnerve)
culaneous nerve
(branch of radial nerve
Suoerficialbranch of radial nerve
Extensordigitorum, extensordigiti minimi,

and extensorindicistendons (cut)
Extensor
retinaculum
Radialartery in anatomicalsnuffbox
Dorsalbranchof ulnar
Abductorpollicislongustendon
pollicisbrevistendon
Extensor
Dorsal carpal branch

of ulnar artery
e n s o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
Extensorcarpi radialislongus
tendon
Extensorcarpi radialisbrevis
tendon
Extensorcarpi ulnaris
Dorsal carpal (arterial)
Dorsaldigitalarteries
Dorsal metacarpalarteries
Dorsal digital branches

of dorsal branch
o f u l n a rn e r v e
Dorsal digital branchesof superficial

'lst,2nd,
branch of radial nerve to
3rd, and radial half of 4th fingers
Dorsal branchesof proper
p a l m a rd i g i t a lb r a n c h e s
of ulnar nerve and of
p r o p e r p a l m a rd i g i t a l
arteriesto dorsum
o f m i d d l ea n d
distal phalangesof
5 t h a n d u l n a rh a l f
of 4th fingers
4ttr
Plate 469
Dorsalbranches
of properpalmardigital
branches
of mediannerveand of
properpalmardigitalarteriesto
d o r s u mo f m i d d l ea n dd i s t apl h a l a n g e s
o f 2 n d , 3 r d a, n dr a d i ahl a l fo f 5 t h
fingers
Wrist and Hand
Extensor Tendons at Wrist
Extensor
carpiulnaris- Compartment6
Extensor
digitiminimi- Compartment5
Extensor
9'qlt:"t I co.partment+
indicis I
Extensor
xtensorpollicislongus- Compartment3
---: --;:-:.-,- Compartment2
longus |)
r carprraoralrs
Abductorpollicislongus)
comPartment1
pollicisbrevis i
Extensor
Planeof crosssection
shownbelow
Extensor
retinaculum
snuffbox
Radialarteryin anatomical
A b d u c t odr i g i t i
m i n i m im u s c l e
l n t e r t e n d i n o u cs o n n e c t i o n s
Transverse
fibersof
(hoods)
extensorexpansions
Crosssectionof most distalportion of forearm

Extensor
retinaculum
ComRartment
+
{ extensorindicis
c o m 'p a r t m e n t s I E l t g l s o . r .
(
pollicislongus- Compartment3
Extensor
and
olSltl mlnlml
carpi
Extensor
radialisbrevis
carpi
Extensor
r a d i a l ilso n g u s
Compartment2
{ Extensor
Compartment5 J carpi
( ulnaris
Wrist and l{and
Plate 47O
Fingers
Svnovialmembrane
Articularcartilage
Sagittalsection
Eponychium
(cuticle)
Lunule
Flexor
digitorum
superficialis
tendon
Bodyof nail
Distalphalanx
Nerves
Arteries
\--------
Septa
--___--t
v
Distalanteriorclosedspace(pulp)
tendon
sheathof finger
Synovial(flexortendon)
sheathof finger
Flexordigitorumprofundustendon
Articularcavity
Bodyof nail
Crosssection
throush distal
phalaix
Subungual
space
Nailbed
Minutearteries
Distalphalanx
Fine nerves
Fibrousseptaand areolar
tissuein anterior
closedspace(pulp)
Dorsaldigitalarteryand nerve
Dorsalbranches
of properpalmar
digitalarteriesand nervesto dorsum
of middleandterminalphalanges
Arteriesand nerves
4{tr
Nutrientbranchto epiphysis
Nutrientbranches
to metaphysis
Plate 471
Properpalmardigitalartery
t o n e i g h b o r i ndgi g i t
Properpalmardigitalarteryand nervti
Wrist and Hand
Gutaneous lnnervation of Wrist and Hand
A n t e r i o r ( p a l m a r )v i e w
nadial S u p e r f i c i a l
nerve J branch
t
Ulnar nerve
Palmar
digital
branches
Median
nerve
Palmar
branch
Palmar
digital
branches
M usculocutaneous
nerye
Medial an
cutaneousnerve
D i v i s i o nb e t w e e n u l n a ra n d r a d i a l
n e r v ei n n e r v a t i o no n d o r s u mo f
handisvariable.
Dorsal
branch
ano
dorsal
digital
Superficial
branch
ano
dorsal
digital
branches
Dranc
Nr
Neurovasculature
Proper
palmar
digital
branches
Proper
palmar
digital
branches
Median
nerve
Plate 472
Arteries and Nerves of Upper Limb
Anteriorview
C o r a c o b r a c h i a l im
s uscle
Intercostobrachial nerve
M e d i a lb r a c h i a l
cutaneousnerve
M u s c u l o c u t a n e o uns
B r a c h i a l im
s uscle
Radialnerve
B i c e p sb r a c h i im u s c l e( c u t )a n d t e n d o n
U l n a rn e r v e
(from musculocutaneousner
Radialnerve
Medial antebrachial
cutaneousnerve
oeeobranch-1
J
branch
I Superficial
Median nerve
Brachialartery
Bicipitalaponeurosis
i su s c l
Radialartery
Pronator teres muscle (partially cut
Median nerve
Flexorcarpi radialismuscle (cut)
F l e x o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u s
tendon (cut)
F l e x o rr e t i n a c u l u m
(transversecarpal
ligament)
S u p e r f i c i abl r a n c h
of radial nerve
R e c u r r e n (t m o t o r )
branch of
median nerve to
Flexordigitorum profundus muscle

F l e x o rc a r p i u l n a r i sm u s c l e
U l n a r a r t e r ya n d n e r v e
D o r s a lb r a n c ho f u l n a rn e r v e
F l e x o rd i g i t o r u ms u p e r f i c i a l itse n d o n s( c u t )
t h e n am
r uscles
D e e p p a l m a rb r a n c ho f u l n a ra r t e r ya n d d e e p b r a n c ho f u l n a rn e r v e
S u p e r f i c i abl r a n c ho f u l n a rn e r v e
S u p e r f i c i apl a l m a ra r c h ( c u t )
Common palmar
digital branches
of median nerve
P r o p e rp a l m a r
digitialbranches
of median nerve
Plate 473
C o m m o n p a l m a rd i g i t a lb r a n c ho f u l n a rn e r v e
C o m m u n i c a t i n gb r a n c ho f m e d i a nn e r v ew i t h u l n a rn e r v e
P r o p e rp a l m a rd i g i t a lb r a n c h e so f u l n a rn e r v e
4{tr
Neurovasculature
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Anteriorview
Note: Only musclesinnervated
by musculocutaneous
nerve snown
Musculocutaneous
nerve(C5,6,7)
1 i e d i a l ) Cordsof
. Posterior) brachial
Lateral ) p r e x u s
Medialbrachial
nerve
cutaneous
Bicepsbrachiimuscle
(retracted\
Medial antebrachial
cutaneousnerve
Ulnarnerve
Nr
Median nerve
Radialnerve
Brachialis
muscle
Axillarynerve
Articularbr
Anterior branch
Posterior
bra
Cutaneous
innervation
(via lateral
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve)
Neurovasculatune
Plate 474
Median Nerve
Anterior view
Note:Onlv musclesinnervated
by mediannerveshown
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Mediannerve(C5,6,7, 8,T1
Medial
Posterior
lnconstantcontribution
Lateral
Cordsof
brachial
prexus
Pronatorteresmuscle(humeral
Medialbrachial
cutaneous
nerve
Articularbranch
Medialantebrachial
nerve
cutaneous
Flexorcaroi radialismuscre
Axillarynerve
Palmaris
longusmuscle
Radial nerve
Pronatorteresmuscle(ulnarhead)
Nr
Ulnarnerve
muscle
(turnedupl
(lateralpartsuppliedby median
nerve;
[anteriorinterosseous]
medialpartsuppliedby ulnarnerve)
Anterior interosseousnerve
Flexorpollicislongusmuscle
Pronatorquadratus
muscle
Palmarbranchof mediannerve
Thenar
muscles
Abductoroollicisbrevis
Opponenp
s ollicis
Superficial
headof
flexorpollicisbrevis
(deephead
suppliedby
u l n a rn e r v e )
1st and 2nd

lumbricalmuscles
Palmar view
C o m m u n i c a t i nbgr a n c h
of mediannervewith
ulnarnerve
Commonoalmar
digitalnerves
Dorsalbranches
to
dorsumof middleand
distalphalanges
Properpalmar
digitalnerves
Plate 475
Neurovasculature
Ulnar Nerve
Anterior view
Note:Only musclesinnervated
bv ulnarnerveshown
Ulnar nerve(C7,8,T11
(no branchesaboveelbow)
tnconstantcontribution
Medialepicondyle
branch
(behindcondyle)
digitorumprofundus
muscle(medialpart only;
lateralpart suppliedby
anteriorinterosseous
branchof mediannerve)
Palmarview
Flexorcarpiulnarismuscle
(drawn aside)
I branchof ulnarnerve
Palmarbranch
Flexorpollicisbrevismusclel
(deepheadonly;superficial\
headand otherthenarmuscles
suppliedby mediannerve)
Adductorpollicis
Abductordigitiminimi
Flexordigitiminimibrevis
Opponensdigitiminimi
Hypothenar
muscles
Commonpalmardigitalnerve
branchof mediannervewith
Communicating
ulnarnerve
muscles
Palmarand dorsalinterosseous
3rd and 4th lumbricalmuscles(turneddownl
4{r
Neurovasculatule
Properpalmardigitalnerves
(doisaldigitalnervesarefrom dorsalbranch)
to dorsumof middleanddistalphalanges
branches
Plate 476l
Radial Nerve in Arm and Nerves of Posterior Shoulder
scapularnerve(C5)
S u p r a s p i n a tm
u su s c l e
pular nerve(C5,6)
Levatorscapulae
muscle(supplied
alsobv branches
from C3 and C4
Deltoidmuscle
Teresminormuscle
Axillary nerve(C5, 6)
nerve
cutaneous
Rhomboid
Radialnerve
( c 5 ,6 , 7 , 8 , T 1 )
lnconstantcontribution
Rhomboid
majormuscle
lnferiorlateralbrachial
nerve
cutaneous
nerve
cutaneous
Infraspinatus
muscld
Teresmajormuscld
Lowersubscapularnerve(C5, 6)
Posteriorbrachialcutaneousnerve
(branchof radial nerve in axilla)
Long head
septum
Brachialis
muscle(lateral
part;remainder
of muscle
suppliedby musculonerve)
cutaneous
Lateral
Medial
Brachioradialis
muscle
Tricepsbrachii
Medial epicondyle
Extensor
carpiradialis
longusmuscle
Olecr
Anconeus
Extensor
digitorum
Extensor
carpiulnaris
Pfate 477
Neurovasculature
Radial Nerve in Foreatm
Radialnerve(C5,6, Z8,T1l
I nconstantcontribution
(terminal)
Superficial
branch
Deep (terminal)branch
Posteriorview
Lateralepicondyle
A n c o n e um
s uscle
Extensorcarpi radialislongus muscle
xtensorcarpiradialisbrevismuscle
Extensor
caroiulnarismuscle
Extensor-supinator
groupof muscles
Extensor
digitorummuscleand
extensordigitiminimimuscle
Extensor
indicismuscle
Extensor
Extensorpollicis brevis muscle
4{tr
Posterior
i nterosseous
nerve
(continuation
of deepbranchof
radialnervedistalto supinatormuscle)
Suoerficial
branchof radialnerve
Fromaxillarynerve
Superiorlateral
brachialcutaneous
nerve
lnferiorlateral
brachialcutaneous
nerve
Posterior
brachial
cutaneousnel
From radial nerve
Posterior
antebrachial
cutaneousnerve
radialnerve and dorsal
digital branches
Dorsaldigitalnerves
Cutaneousinnervationfrom
radialand axillarynerves
Neurovasculature
Plate 478
GutaneousNervesand SuperficialVeinsof Shoulderand Arm
Posteriorview
Anterior view
Supraclavicular
nerves
(fromcervicalplexus)
Lateralsupraclavicular
nerve
Medial
lntermediate
Lateral
branchof
Acromialbranches
of
thoracoacromial
vein
Superficial
branches
of
posterior
circumflex
humeralvein
Intercosto
brachialnerve
Medialbrachial
cutaneous
nerve
Superiorlateral
brachialcutaneous
nerve(from
Superiorlateral
brachial
cutaneous
nerve
(fromaxillary
nerve)
axillarynerve)
Cephalic
Posterior
brachial
nerve
cutaneous
(from radialnerve)
Inferiorlateral
brachialcutaneous
nerve(from
radialnerve)
Inferiorlateral
brachialcutaneous
nerve(from
radialnerve)
Posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve(from
radialnerve)
Accessory
Posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve
(fromradial
nerve)
Branches
of medial
antebrachial
cutaneousnerve
Basilicvein
Lateralantebrachial
cutaneousnerve
(terminaloart of
m u s c u l o c u t a n e o unse r v e )
Branches
of medial
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve
Median cubital vein

Intermediate(median)
antebrachialvein
tcvetn
Perforatingveins
Cephalicvein
Branches
of
lateralantebrachial
nerve
cutaneous
(terminalpartof
nerve
musculocutaneous
4{tr
Plate 479
Neurovasculatule
Gutaneous Nerves and Superficial Veins of Forearm
cutaneousnerve
(from radial nerve)
(frommusculoc u t a n e o unse r v e )
terior branch
and
Posteriorbranch
of medial
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve
Posterior
Accessory
cephalicvein
Median
b a s i l i cv e i n
Lateralantebrachial
cutaneousnerve
branch
of medial
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve
Median
c e p h a l i cv e i
Bicipital
aponeurosrs
C e p h a l i cv e i
Perforating
vetns
Median
antebrachialvein
Note: ln 7O"/"o( cases,
a median cubital
vein (tributaryto
basilicvein) replaces
m e d i a nc e p h a l i c
a n d m e d i a nb a s i l i c
veins (see PlaLe479\.
Superficialbranch
of radial nerve
Palmarbranch
of median
lntercaoitularveins
Posterior
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve (from
radial nerve)
Accessory
cephalic
vetn
Posterior
branchof
lateral
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve(from
musculocutaneousnerve)
Cephalicvein
Extensor
retinaculum
r branch
o f u l n a rn e r v e
Dorsal branch
of ulnar nerve
Palmarcarpal
ligament
(continuous
with extensor
retinaculum)
Palmar
aponeuroSrs
Dorsalbranch
of ulnarnerve
Dorsal
metacarpal
v e tn s
Suoerficialbranch
of radial nerve
Dorsal
venous
network
lntercapitular
vetns
transverse
metacarpal
ligament
Proper palmar digital nerves

a n d p a l m a rd i g i t a lv e i n s
Neurovasculature
Dorsal digital nervesand veins
Plate 48O
Gutaneous Innervation of Upper Limb
aclavicularnerves
(from cervical
plexus-C3,4)
Supraclavicular
nerves
(from cervical
plexus-C3,4)
Axillarynerve
Superiorlateral
brachialcutaneous
nerve (C5,6)
Axillarynerve
lateralbrachial
cutaneousnerve
(c5,6)
Radialnerve
Inferiorlateral
brachialcutaneous
n e r v e( C 5 , 6 )
Intercosto'
brachial
nerve (T2)
and medial
brachial
cutaneous
nerye
(c8,T1,2)
Lateralantebrachial
cutaneousnerve
(cs,5171)
(terminalpart of
musculocutaneous
nerve)
Radialnerve
Superficialbranch
(c6-8)
\
Plate 481
(clsl,6-8)
Medial
antebrachial
cutaneous
nerve
( c 8 ,T 1 )
Lateralantebrachialcutaneous
nerve
(c5,6 [7])
(terminalpart of
musculocutaneous
nerve)
Ulnarnerve(C8,T1)
digital
branches
Mediannerve
Palmarbranch
and
Palmar
digitalbranches
(c6-8)
Radialnerve
Posteriorbrachialcutaneous
nerve(C5-8)
Inferiorlateralcutaneous
nerye
cutaneousnerve
Nr
Dorsalbranch
and dorsal
digital
Properpalmar
digital
branches
Radialnerve
Superficialbranch
and dorsaldigital
branches(C6-8)
Mediannerve
Properpalmar
digitalbranches
Note: Divisionvariablebetweenulnarand radial

innervationon dorsumof handand often alignswith
middleof 3rd digit insteadof 4th digit as shown
teurovasGulatur
Dermatomes of Upper Limb
Note: Schematicdemarcationof dermatomes

(accordingto Keeganand Carrett) shown as
distinct segments.There is actuallyconsiderable
overlap between adjacent dermatomes.An
alternativedermatome map is provided by
Foerster(seereferences).
Anteriorview
*:.
ki
$'r
s
$
ii
Neurovasculature
*{r
Plate 482
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Upper Limb

D e l t o p e c t o r anl o d e
Lateralaxillarynodes
( a l o n ga x i l l a r yv e i n )
C u b i t anl o d e s
M e d i a n c u b i t a lv e i n
Vessels
passing
to
d o r s u mo f h a n d
Vesselspassingto
d o r s u mo f h a n d
V e s s e l sp a s s i n ga r o u n d
web to dorsum of hand
Vesselspassingto
dorsum of fingers
Note: Arrows indicate

d i r e c t i o no f d r a i n a g e
Plate 483
Neurovasculature
GT Angiograms of Arteries of the Upper Limb
Regional Scans
PIate 484
7 Lower Limb
Section
Topographic Anatomy
Plate 485
las Lower
Limb
Hip and Thigh

Plates
486-505
486
Bone
Hip(Coxal)
487
488
HipJoint
Anteroposterior
Radiograph
HipJoint:
489
Femur
View
of Muscles
of HipandThigh:Anterior
BonyAttachments
Posterior
of HipandThigh:
of Muscles
49t Bony
Attachments
View
View
Views
Anterior
492 Muscles
ofThigh:
(continued)
Views
493 Muscles
ofThigh:Anterior
490
Lateral
View
Muscles
ofHipandThigh:
Views
Posterior
495 Muscles
ofHipandThigh:
Muscles
496 Psoas
andlliacus
494
497
Plexuses
andCoccygeal
Lumbosacral
498
Lumbar
Plexus
Plexuses
andCoccygeal
Sacral
Views
ofThigh:Anterior
500 Arteries
andNerves
(continued)
Views
ofThigh:Anterior
501 Arteries
andNerves
499
502
View
Posterior
ofThigh:
Arteries
andNerves
Nerves
of HipandButtock
Head
andNeck
of Femoral
504 Arteries
Cross
Sections
505 Thigh:
Serial
503
Atlas of ]luman Anatomy
Lower Limb
Knee
szz Ligaments
andTendons
ofAnkle
Platec 506-512
sza Ligaments
andTendons
Plantar
ofFoot:
View
soe Knee:
Lateral
andMedialViews
Sheaths
szg Tendon
ofAnkle
soz Knee:
AnteriorViews
sso Muscles
of Dorsum
ofFoot:Superficial
Dissection
sos Knee:
lnterior
ssr Dorsum
ofFoot:
Deep
Dissection
Ligaments
sog Knee:
andCollateral
Cruciate
ssz SoleofFoot:
Superficial
Dissection
Radiograph
sro Knee:
Anteroposterior
ses Muscles
ofSoleofFoot:
FirstLayer
st r Knee:
Posterior
Views
andSagittal
sse Muscles
ofSoleof FootSecond
Layer
andKnee:
Schema
sr z Arteries
ofThigh
sss Muscles
ofSoleofFoot:Third
Layer
sse Interosseous
Muscles
Arteries
andDeep
of Foot
Leg
ssz Interosseous
Muscles
of Foot
Pfates 513-622
srs Tibia
andFibula
(continued)
srr TibiaandFibula
Neurovasculature
Plates 538-546
srs Attachments
ofLeg
ofMuscles
View
Dissection):
Posterior
sre Muscles
of Leg(Superficial
sse Femoral
Nerve
andLateral
Femoral
Cutaneous
Nerve
View
Dissection):
Posterior
sr z Muscles
ofLeg(lntermediate
Dissection):
Posterior
View
sre Muscles
ofLeg(Deep
Nerve
slo Sciatic
andPosterior
Femoral
Cutaneous
Nerve
View
Dissection):Anterior
srg Muscles
ofLeg(Superficial
Dissection):Anterior
szo Muscles
View
ofLeg(Deep
(Peroneal)
Fibular
sez Common
Nerve
szr Muscles
ofLeg:LateralView
Nerves
ss Superficial
andVeins
ofLower
Limb:Anterior
View
szz Leg:Cross
andFascial
Compartments
Sections
ses Superficial
Nerves
andVeins
of Lower
Limb:
Posterior
View
Nerve
sos 0bturator
Nerve
ser Tibial
ses Dermatomes
ofLower
Limb
*e
Vessels
Lymph
andNodes
of Lower
Limb
Ankle and Foot

Plates 523-537
Regional Scans
szs Bones
of Foot
szl Bones
of Foot(continued)
Plate 547
szs Calcaneus
szs Ankle:
Radiographs
scz CTAngiograms
ofArteries
of theLowerLimb
Lower Limb
Posteriorview
Anterior view
l l i a cc r e s t
Cluteus
medius
l l i a cc r e s t
Anterior
s u p e r i o ri l i a
MUSCIE
spn
re
Inguinal
ligament
T e n s o rf a s c i a e
l a t a em u s c l e
S a r t o r i u sm u s c l e
muscle
Creater
trochanter
of femur
Cluteal
fold
Vastus
l a t e r a l i sm u s c l e
R e c t u sf e m o r i s
Cluteus
maxrmus
muscle
Creat
s a p h e n o us
vetn
Semitendinosus
muscle
Adductor
maSnus
muscre
Vastus
medialis
MUSCIE
C racilis
tenoon
l l i o t i b i a tl r a c t
F i b ul ar i s
(peroneus)
R e c t u sf e m o r i s
t e n d o n( b e c o m i n g
p a r to f q u a d r i c e p s
Creat
f e m o r i st e n d o n )
saphenous
vern
Patella
B i c e p sf e m o r i s
muscle
L o n gh e a d
Short head
Popliteal
fossa
P a t e l l a lri g a m e n t
T i b i a lt u b e r o s i t y
Creatsaphenous
vetn
Castrocnemius
muscte
M e d i a lh e a d
Lateralhead
Tibialis
a n t e r i om
r uscle
A n t e r i o rb o r d e r
of tibia
Small
sapnenous
vetn
Calcaneal
tendon
L a t e r aml a l l e o l u s
Fibularis
( p e r o n e u s l)o n g u s
a n d b r e v i st e n d o n s
Medial
malleolus
M e d i a lm a l l e o l u s
E x t e n s o dr i g i t o r u m
l o n g u st e n d o n s
P l a n t a rs u r f a c e
of foot
L a t e r am
l alleolus
Calcaneal
tuberosity
6ryd4/*
Topographic Anatomy
Plate 485
Hip lGoxalf Bone

Lateralview
Intermediate
ron" )
-Tuberculum
) lliaccrest
--Outerlip
)
Posterior
(ala)of ilium
(glutealsurface)
Posterior
superior
iliacspine
superioriliacspine
Anteriorinferioriliacspine
Posterior
inferior
iliac
lum
Lunatesurface
Margin(limbus)of acetabulum
Acetabularnotch
Creatersciaticnotch
pubicramus
Bodyof ilium
lschialspine
*{r
tubercle
Lesser
sciatic
Bodyof ischium
Obturatorcrest
ior pubicramus
lschialtuberosity
Ramusof ischium
Wing (ala)of ilium
(iliacfossa)
Anteriorinferioriliacspine
surface
(for sacrum)
Arcuateline
Superiorpubicramus
Pectenpubis
(pectinealline)
Pubictubercle
inferior
iliacspine
Creatersciaticnotch
sprne
of ilium
Lessersciaticnotch
Symphyseal
surface
llium
lschium
eutis
Plate 486
of ischium
Obturatorgroove
Inferiorpubicr
lschialtuberosity
Ramusof ischium
Hip and Thigh
Hip Joint
Anteriorview
l l i o f e m o r a l i g a m e n t( Y l i g a m e n to f B i S e l o w )
lliopectinealbursa (over gap in ligaments)
Anterior
\\
supenor
i l i a cs p i n s -
P u b o f e m o r alli g a m e n t
Obturatorcrest
A n t e r i o ri n f e r i o r
i l i a cs p i n e
S u p e r i opr u b i cr a m u s
Creater
trochanter
Posteriorview
l l i o f e m o r al i a g m e n t
l s c h i o f e m o r al li g a m e n t
Zonaorbicularis
Creater
trochanter
Lessertrochanter
lschial
tuberosity
Protrusion
of synovial
memDrane
l n t e r t r o c h a n t e r ilci n e
\
n te rtrochan teric
crest
HlJ"iliJ;o'
b
Lessertrochanter
L u n a t e( a r t i c u l a r )
surfaceof
acetabulum
A n t e r i o ri n f e r i o ri l i a cs p i n e
A c e t a b u l a rl a b r u m( f i b r o c a r t i l a g i n o u s )
A r t i c u l a rc a r t i l a g e
Fatin acetabularfossa (covered by

s y n o v i am
l embrane)
Creater
trochanter
Obturatorartery
A n t e r i o rb r a n c h
Posteriorbranch
Acetabularbranch
Headof
Neckof femur
O b t u r a t o rm e m b r a n e
lntertrochanteric
line
L i g a m e n to f
h e a do f f e m u r
(cut)
Hip and Thigh
Transverseacetabularligament
4{ry
Lessertrochanter
Plate 487
Hip Joint: Anteroposterior Radiograph
A
F
G
H
I
lC
It
lT
L
N
O
P
Plate 488
Acetabulum
Femur
Greatertrochanter
Headof femur
lschium
Intertrochanteric
crest
llium
lschialtuberosity
Lessertrochanter
Neck
Obturatorforamen
P u b i s( s u p e r i orra m u s )
Hip and Thigh
Femur
Anteriorview
Creater
trochanter
Neck
Intertrochanteric
crest
trochanter
Lesser
Pectinealline
Cluteal tuberosity
Shaft(body)
Lineof attachment
of borderof
synovialmembrane
Lineof reflection
of synovialmembrane
Lineof attachment
of fibrouscapsule
Lineof reflectionof fibrous
capsule(unattached)
Poplitealsurface
4{F
Adductortubercle
Lateralepicondyle
Lateralcondyle
Hip and Thigh
Lateralepicondyle
Patellar
surface
fossa
Intercondvlar
Plate 489
Bony Attachments of Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Anterior View
lliacum
s uscle
Origin of psoasmajor muscle

from sidesof vertebralbodies,
intervertebraldiscs,and
transverseprocesses (J'l 2-L4)
#: ",,
Sartorius
Piriformm
isuscle
Rectusfemorismuscl
Pectineus
muscle
Obturatori
and superiorand inferior
g e m e l l u sm u s c l e s
Adductorlongusmuscle
Piriformis
muscle
Adductorbrevismuscle
C l u t e u sm i n i m u s
racilismuscle
Vastuslateralis
mu
Obturatorexternusmuscle
Vastusmedialismu
A d d u c t om
r a g n u sm u s c l e
femorismuscle
Quadratus
Vastusintermedius
muscle
I
I
Origins
Insertions
Articularis
genusmuscle
u c t o r m a g n u sm u s c l e
lliotibialtract
Bicepsfemorismuscle
Quadricepsfemoris muscle
(rectus femoris,
vastuslateralis,
vastusintermedius/
and vastusmedialis
via patellarligament)
Plate 49O
Pesanserinus
4{tr
Hip and Thigh
Bony Attachments of Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Posterior View
C l u t e u sm e d i u sm u s c l e
C l u t e u sm i n i m u sm u s c l e
Tensor fasciaelatae muscte
R e c t u sf e m o r i sm u s c l e
s uscle
S u p e r i ogr e m e l l um
s uscle
I n f e r i ogr e m e l l um
' Q u a d r a t ufse m o r i sm u s c l e
Q u a d r a t ufse m o r i sm u s c l e
l l i o p s o am
s uscle
A d d u c t o r m a g n u sm u s c l e
B i c e p sf e m o r i s( l o n g h e a d )
a n d s e m i t e n d i n o s um
s uscles
s uscle
a s t u sl a t e r a l i sm u s c l e
S e m i m e m b r a n o s um
s uscle
uctor brevis muscle
Pectineusmuscle
I
I
V a s t u sm e d i a l i sm u s c l e
V a s t u si n t e r m e d i u sm u s c l e
B i c e o sf e m o r i sm u s c l e( s h o r th e a d )
Origins
lnserlions
A d d u c t o r l o n g u sm u s c l e
d u c t o r m a g n u sm u s c l e
V a s t u sl a t e r a l i sm u s c l e
Plantarim
s uscle
C a s t r o c n e m i u sm u s c l e( l a t e r a hl e a d )
C a s t r o c n e m i u sm u s c l e( m e d i a lh e a d )
muscte
s uscle
P o p l i t e u sm u s c l e
Note: Width of zone of attachmentsto posterioraspect

o f f e m u r ( l i n e aa s p e r a )i s g r e a t l ye x a g g e r a t e d .
Hip and Thigh
4{tr
Plate 491
Muscles of Thigh: Anterior Views
A n t e r i osr u p e r i oirl i a cs p i n e
l i a c u sm u s c l e
S a r t o r i um
s u s c l e( o r i g i n )
majormuscle
Anteriorinferior
i l i a cs p i n e
ments
of hip joint
Pubictubercle
Pectineus
muscte
Tensorfasciaelatae muscle
Pectineusmuscle
Tensorfasciaelatae muscle (origin
R e c t u sf e m o r i sm u s c l e( o r i g i n )
Creater trochanter
l l i o p s o a sm u s c l e( c u t )
A d d u c t o lro n g u sm u s c l e
racilim
s uscle
Sartorius
muscle
Rectusfemorismuscle*
Vastuslateralis
muscle*
Vastusintermedius
muscle*
'astus
medialismuscle"
lliotibialtract
Rectusfemoris tendon (becoming part
of quadricepsfemoris tendon)
Lateralpatellarretinaculum
Patella
M e d i a l p a t e l l a rr e t i n a c u l u m
Anteromedial
intermuscular
septum
Patellarligament
Sartoriustendon
C r a c i l i st e n d o n
S e m i t e n d i n o s utse n d o n
Tibial tuberosity
P e sa n s e r i n u s
l l i o t i b i a tl r a c t ( c
Rectusfemoris tendon
Quadricepsfemoris I
Medial patellarretinaculum
4{tr
Head of fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Sartorius
tendon
* M u s c l e so f q u a d r i c e p sf e m o r i s
Plate 492
Hip and Thigh
Muscles of Thigh: Anterior Views (continuedl
Deepdissection
Pectineusmuscle (cut and reflected\
A n t e r i o rs u p e r i o ri l i a c
S u p e r i orra m u so f p u b i s
A n t e r i o ri n f e r i o ri l i a cs o i
tor longusmuscle(cutand reflected)

L i g a m e n t so f h i p j o i n t
Creater trochanterof femur
l l i o p s o am
P e c t i n e ums u s c l e
ctor brevismuscle(cut)
C r a c i l im
(cut and reflected)
(cut and reflected)
Q u a d r a t ufse m o r i sm u s c l e
A d d u c t o lro n g u sm u s c l e
(cut and reflected)
A d d u c t om
r i n i m u sp a r to t
A d d u c t om
Femoralarteryandvein
p a s s i ntgh r o u g hh i a t u s
of adductormagnusmuscle
ingsfor perforating
branchesof profunda femoris
(deep femoral) artery
V a s t u sm e d i a l i sm u s c l e( c u t )
Rectusfemoris tendon (cut as it
becomes part of quadriceps tendon)
Vastuslateralis
muscle(
Tendon of adductor magnus muscle

insertineon adductor tubercle
on medial eoicondvle of femur
Cracilismuscle(cut)
Lateraleoicondvle of femur
Tibialcollateralligament
Lateralpatellar
F i b u l a rc o l l a t e r alli g a m e n t
Head of fibula
P e sa n s e r i n u s
Patellarligament
Tibial tuberosity
Hip and Thigh
4{r
Plate 493
Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Lateral View
l l i a cc r e s t
Clutealaponeurosis
s e d i u sm u s c l e
o v e rg l u t e u m
External
oblique
muscle
Anteriorsuperior
i l i a cs p i n e
Sartorius
muscle
G l u t e u sm a x i m u m
s uscle
Rectusfemoris muscle
Vastuslateralis
muscle
l l i o t i b i at rl a c t
Lateralcondvle of tibia
and Cerdv's tubercle
s uscle
Fibularcollateralligament
Plantaris
muscle
tensordigitorumlongusmuscle
Gastrocnemius
muscle(lateralhead)
Head of fibula
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s l)o n g u sm u s c l e
Plate 494
Patellar
ligament
T i b i a l ias n t e r i om
r uscle
*{r
Hip and Thigh
Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Posterior Views

Forpiriformis
andobturator
internus
seealsoPlates356,357;For
seePlate
Superficialdissection
C l u t e a la p o n e u r o s i so v e r
s uscle
Piriformis
muscle
Sciaticnerve
S a c r o s p i n o ulsi g a m e n t
S u p e r i o rg e m e l l u sm u s c l e
l n f e r i o rg e m e l l u sm u s c l e
Sacrotuberousligament
femorismuscle
Quadratus
lschialtuberosity
Semitendinosusmuscle
Creater trochanter
B i c e p sf e m o r i sm u s c l e{ l o n g h e a d )
Adductor minimus part of
Adductor magnus muscle
S e m i m e m b r a n o smuuss c l e
C r a c i l i sm u s c l e
B i c e p fse m o r i sm u s c l e
S h o r th e a d
Long head
s uscle
S e m i t e n d i n o s um
s uscle
Poplitealvesselsand tibial nerve
) erve
C o m m o n f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l n
tarismuscle
C a s t r o c n e m i u sm u s c l e
M e d i a lh e a d
Lateralhead
Sartoriusmuscle
Popliteusmuscle
T e n d i n o u sa r c h o
Soleum
s uscle
Plantaris
tendon(cut
Hip and Thigh
Plate 495
Psoas and lliacus Muscles

SeealsoPlate 263
Q u a d r a t ulsu m b o r u m
muscle
1 2 t hr i b
'l
Origin of psoas major

musclefrom vertebral
bodies,transverse
procesSes/
ano
intervertebraldiscs
$12-L4) and origin
of psoas minor muscle
from vertebralbodies
( T 1 2 ,L 1 )
P s o a sm i n o r
muscte
L u m b a rp l e x u s
T 1 2\
Transversus
abdominis
muscle (cut)
[1
Psoasmajor
muscte
umbosacral
trunk
Cenitofemoral nerve
lliac crest
Lateralfemoral
cutaneousnerve
Anteriorsuperior
i l i a cs p i n e
Femoralnerve
lliopectinealbursa
S u p e r i opr u b i cr a m u s
Creatertrochanter
lliofemoral
l i g a m e n to f
hipjoint
(Y ligament
of Bigelow)
of femur
lliopsoasmuscle
passesbackward
to insertionon
lessertrochanter
Shaft(bodv)of femur
Abductors
( g l u t e um
s edius
and
m r n t m ums u s c l e s )
Note: Arrows indicate

direction of action
of ilioosoasmuscle.
Adductors
Plate 496
4{r
Hip and Thigh
Lumbosaeral and Goccygeal Plexuses
.l
Intercostalnerve (T1 )
-1:::
Anteriordivision
Posteriordivision
Subcostal
nerve(T12
( T 1 2 ,L 1 )
Sympathetictrunk
l l i o i n g u i n anl e r v e ( L l )
To psoasmajorand
osoasminormuscles
,)
C e n i t o f e m o r a nl e r v e( 1 1 2
Lateralfemoral cutaneous
n e r v e( 1 2 ,3 )
G e n i t a lb r a n c ha n d
Femorab
l ranch
of genitofemoralnerve
Lumbarplexus
To
ro psoasmalor
major and
i l i a c u sm u s c l e s
Anterior branches.
and\l
Lateralbranches
and
of subcostal
iliohypogastricnerves
L u m b o s a c rtar u
l nk
*{r
Nerve to quadratus
femoris (and inferior
g e m e l l u s () 1 4 ,5 , S 1 )
Nerve to obturator
Sacralplexus
i n t e r n u(sa n ds u p e r i o r
g e m e l l u s( 1
) 5 ,S 1 ,2
S u p e r i ogr l u t e a l
n e r v e( 1 4 ,5 , S 1)
N e r v e t o p i r i f o r m i s( S 1 ,2
O b t u r a t o r n e r v e( L 2 , 3 , 4 l
Accessoryobturator nerve
( 1 3 ,4 ) ( i n c o n s t a
I n f e r i ogr l u t e anl e r v e( L 5 ,5 1, 2
ao""r*"at plexus
Femoralnerve (12, 3, 4
P e l v i cs p l a n c h n i c
nerves
Sciaticnerve
Perforatingcutaneous
nerve (S2,3)
Posteriorfemoral
c u t a n e o u sn e r v e( S 1 , 2 ,
Pudendalnerve (S2,3, 4)
Nerve to levator ani

and coccygeus(53, 4)
Perinealbranch of
4th sacralnerve
Anococcygealnerves
Obturator nerve
lnferior anal
(rectal)nerve
Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
branches
scrotal/labial
Perineal
nerveand Posterior
Hip and Thigh
Plate 497
Lumbar Plexus
Schema
Subcostal
nerve
T12
White and gray rami communicantes
lliohypogastric
nerve
Ventral
ramiof
spinal
nerves
Genitofemoralnerve
Lateralfemoral
cutaneous
nerve
Cray rami
M u s c u l abr r a n c h e s
to psoasand iliacusmusctes
t5
Femoralnerve
Accessoryobturator nerve (often a
Obluratornerve
Lumbosacral
trunk
I
ffi
Anteriordivision
Posteriordivision
(cut)
Diaphragm
White and gray

ramicommunicantes
Subcostal
nerve(T12)
Subcostalnerve (T12)
Sympathetic
trunk
l l i o h y p o g a s t rniec r v e
llioinguina
n le r v e
Genitofemoralnerve (cut)
Lateralfemoral
cutaneous
Transversus
abdominis
muscre
Quadratuslumborummuscle
Psoasmajormuscle
Cenitofemoral nerve
Femoralnerve
obturator nerve
Psoasmajormuscle(
Lumbosacraltrunks
I n g u i n a l i g a m e n t( P o u p a r t ' s )
Lateralfemoral
cutaneousnerve
Femoralnerve
Cenital branch and
Femoralbranch of
genitofemoralnerve
Obturatornerve
Nr
Plate 498
Hip and Thigh
Sacral and Goccygeal Plexuses
Schema
I
Anterior division
Posteriordivision
trunk
Lumbosacral
Gray rami communicantes
sl
Superiorglutealner
lnferiorgluteal
S2
nerves
Pelvicsplanchnic
(parasympathetic
to
inferiorhypogastric
lpelviclplexus)
Nerveto oiriformis
Tibial nerve
Coccygeal nerve
Commonfibular
Anococcygealnerve
branchof 4th sacralnerve
Perineal
(peroneal)
to levator ani and
(ischiococcygeus)
muscles
coccygeus
nerve
Pudendal
g cutaneousnerve
Perforatin
Nerveto obturatorinternus(andsuperiorgemellu's)
nerve
femoralcutaneous
Posterior
4{F
trunk
Sympathetic
trunk
Lumbosacral
Gravramicommunicantes
Psoasmaiormuscle
Superiorglutealarteryand nerve
Obturatornerve
lliacusmuscle
splanchnic
nerves(cut)
(parasympathetic
to inferior
hypogastric
lpelviclplexus)
Inferiorglutealartery
Nerveto ouadratus
Nerveto obturatorinternus
Pudendalnerve
Obturatorinternusmuscle,
Superiorpubicramus
Piriformis
muscle
(ischiococcygeus)
muscle
Coccygeus
Nerve to levatorani muscle
Levatorani
Topography:medialand slightlyanteriorview
of hemisectedpelvis
Hip and Thigh
I
splanchnic
nerves(cut)
(sympathetic
to inferior
hypogastric
lpelviclplexus)
Plate 499
Arteries and Nerves of Thigh: Anterior Views

SeealsoPlate 538
Lateralfemoral cutaneousnerve
Superficial
dissections
Lateralfemoral cutaneousnerve (cut)
Tensorfasciaelatae
muscle (retracted)
Cluteus
mtntmus
Superficialcircumflex
Sartorius
muscle(cut)
lliopsoasmuscle
and medius
Superficial
epigastric
vessels
muscres
Superficialand
Deep external
p u d e n d a lv e s s e l s
Pectineus
muscre
Lateral
circumflex
femoral
artery
Rectus
femoris
Vastus
lateralis
muscle
Vastus
medialis
muscle
Femoral
sheath
Pectineus
muscle
ofunda femoris
(deep femoral)
artery
Adductor
longus
muscle
Sartorius
muscle
Vastusmedialis
muscle
Saphenous
n e r v ea n o
sapnenous
branch of
descending
genicula
artery
Articularbra
of descending
genicularartery
(emergesfrom
v a s t u sm e d i a l i s
muscle)
Fascialata (cut)
Vastuslateralismuscle
Plate 5OO
*{r
u n d af e m o r i s
(deep femoral)
artery
Adductor
Adductor canal
( o p e n e db y
removal of
sartorius
muscle)
Saphenous
nerve
Femoralnerve,
artery,and vein
Cracilis
muscle
Femoralnerve,
artery,and
vetn
Patellar
anastomos
Infrapatellar
branch of
S a p h e n o u sn e r v e
Nerve to
vastusmedialis
muscte
Adductor
magnus muscle
Anteromedial
intermuscular
septum
covers
entranceof
femoralvessels
to poplitealfossa
(adductorhiatus)
Sartorius
muscle (cut)
S u p e r i o rm e d i a l
genicular
artery (from
popliteal artery)
I n f e r i o rm e d i a l
genicular
artery (from
popliteal artery)
Hip and Thigh
Arteries and Nerves of Thigh: Anterior Views (continuedf
Deepdissection
Externaliliac artery and vein
Deep circumflex iliac artery
Inguinalligament (Poupart's)
Lateralfemoral
Femoralartery and vein (cut)
Sartorius
muscle(cut)
Pectineus
muscle(cut)
l l i o p s o a sm u s c
Obturatorcanal
Tensorfasciaelatae
muscle (retracted)
C l u t e u sm e d i u sa n d
Adductorlongusmuscle(cut)
m i n i m u sm u s c l
Anterior branch and

ior branch of
Femoral
obturatornerve
femorismuscle
Quadratus
Ascending,transverseand
d e s c e n d i n gb r a n c h e so f
Lateralcircumflex
femoralar
of posteriorbranch
Branches
of obturatornerve
Medial circumflexfemoral artery

Pectineusmuscle (cut
r magnusmuscle
Profundafemoris(deepfemoral)artery
C r a c i l im
s uscle
Perforatingbranches
utaneousbranch of obturator nerve
A d d u c t o lro n g u sm u s c l e( c u t )
Femoralartery and vein (cut)
V a s t u sl a t e r a l im
s uscle
Descendinggenicularartery
Articularbranch
S a p h e n o ubsr a n c h
Vastusintermediusmuscle
Rectusfemorismuscle(cut)
A d d u c t o hr i a t u s
S a p h e n o u sn e r v
muscle(cut)
Sartorius
Anteromedialintermuscular
septum (opened)
magnustendon
Adductor tubercle on
medial eoicondvle of femur
Vastusmedialismuscle
Quadricepsfemoris tendon
Superiormedial genicularartery
(from poplitealartery)
Patellaand patellar
anastomosis
Nr
Infrapatellarbranch of
Saphenousnerve
Medialpatellarretinaculu
l------
Hip and Thigh
Inferior medial genicularartery

(from popliteal artery)
Plate 5Ol
Arteries and Nerves of Thigh: Posterior Views

Seealm Pfatc 310
l l i a cc r e s t
S u p e r i o rc l u n i a ln e r v e s
Gluteus maximus muscle (cut)
M e d i a l c l u n i a ln e r v e s
Inferior glutealartery and nerve
C l u t e a la o o n e u r o s i sa n d
gluteusmedius muscle (cut)
Superiorglutealartery and nerve
t e u sm i n i m u sm u s c l e
Tensorfasciaelatae muscre
Pudendan
l erve
Piriformm
isuscle
Nerve to obturator internus
( a n ds u p e r i ogr e m e l l u s )
C l u t e u sm e d i u sm u s c l e( c u t )
s uscle
Posteriorfemoral
culaneous nerve
Greatertrochanter
of femur
Sacrotuberouslieament
lschialtuberosity
Inferiorclunialnerves(cut)
A d d u c t o r m a q n u sm u s c l e
C r a c i l i sm u s c
Sciaticnerve
Muscular branchesof sciaticnerve
Semitendinosusmuscle (retracted)
s
Sciaticnerve
A r t i c u l abr r a n c h
Obturatorinternusmuscle
lnferiorgemellusmuscle
uteus maximus muscle (cut)
Quadratusfemoris muscle
Medial circumflexfemorar
artery
Vastuslateralismuscle
and iliotibialtract
A d d u c t o r m i n i m u sp a r t o f
adductor magnus muscle
.l
st perforating artery (from
profunda femoris artery)
2nd and 3rd perforatingarteries
(from profunda femoris artery)
Adductorhiatus
P o p l i t e avl e i n a n d a r
S u p e r i o rm e d i a lg e n i c u l a ra r t e r y
Medial epicondyle of femur
T i b i a ln e r v e
Castrocnemiusmuscle (medial head)
Medial suralcutaneousnerve
*{ry
Plate 5O2
S m a l ls a o h e n o u sv e i n
4th perforatingartery (from

profunda femoris artery)
Long head (retractecl)| ,,."0, femoris
muscle
Short head
J
S u p e r i o rl a t e r a lg e n i c u l a ra r t e r y
Common fibular (peroneal)nerve
Plantarim
s uscle
Castrocnemiusmuscle (lateralhead)
Lateralsuralcutaneousnerve
Hip and Thigh
Nerves of Hip and Buttock
lliac crest
Cluteusmaximusmuscle(cut)
C l u t e u sm e d i u sm u s c l e( c u t )
Superiorglutealnerve
Sciaticnerve
formismuscle
Inferior gluteal nerve
s uscle
Posteriorfemoral
culaneous nerve
Tensorfasciaelatae
muscle
Nerve to obturator internus

( a n d s u p e r i o rg e m e l l u s )
C l u t e u sm e d i u s
muscle(cut)
Pudendalnerve
Sacrospinous
e to quadratus
ligament
femoris (and
inferior
gemellus)
supplying
articularbranch to
hipjoint
Perforating
cutaneousnerve
Sacrotuberous
ligamentGreater trochanter
of femur
I n f e r i o ra n a l
(rectal)nerve
Intertrochanteric
crest
Dorsal nerve
of penis
Inferiorgemellus
muscle
Perineal
nerve
femoris
Quadratus
muscle
Posterior
scrotal
muscle(cut)
P e r i n e abl r a n c h e s
of posteriorfemoral
cutaneous
Sciaticnerve
S e m i t e n d i n o sm
uu
s scle
B i c e p fse m o r i sm u s c l e( l o n gh e a d )
(coverssemimembranosus
muscle)
Hip and Thigh
Posteriorfemoral cutaneousnerve
I n f e r i ocr l u n i anl e r v e s
4{tr
Plate 5O3
Arteries of Femoral Head and Neck

SeealsoPlate 512
Posteriorview
Anteriorview
AcetabuJar
branchof
obturator artery
(often minute)
Retinacular Superior
I
artefles
I Anterior
(subsynoviall
( lnferior
Superior
Posterior
lnferior
Anastomosis
betweenmedial
and lateral
circumflex
femoral
arteries
Retinacular
arteries
(subsynovial)
nastomosrs
lschiofemoral
ligamentand
joint capsule
lliofemoral(Y)
ligamentand
joint capsule
Medial
circumflex
femoral artery
tendon
Medial circumflex
femoral artery
Ascending,
Transverse,
Descending
branchesof
Lateralcircumflex
Profunda
femoris
(deepfemoral)
artery
Lateral
circumflex
femoral artery'
Nutrientartery
of femur
femoralartery
Nutrientartery
of femur
Coronal section
Medial circumflex
femoral artery
Acetabular
labrum
Ligamentsand
joint capsule1
Retinacular
muscre
Anastomosis
Femoral
artery
Lateralcircumflex
femoral artery
Ascending,
Transverse,
Descending
branches
Pectineus
muscte
Acetabular
branch
Obturator
artery
Medial
circumflex
femoral
artery
Profundafemoris
(deepfemoral)
artery
Medial circumflexfemoralartery
lliopsoastendon
Lateralcircumflexfemoral artery
4{N
Femur of child: anterior view
Plate 5O4
Hip and Thigh
Thigh: Serial Gross Sections
S a r t o r i um
suscle
Profundafemoris (deep femoral) artery and vein
Pectineus
lliopsoas
Fascialata
Branchesof femoral nerve
Femoralartery and vein
Creat saphenousvein
Rectusfemorismuscle
Obturatornerve(anteriorbranch)
V a s t u sm e d i a l i s
Obturatornerve
(posteriorbranch)
V a s t u si n t e r m e d i u s
C r a c i l im
s uscle
Vastuslateralis
A d d u c t om
Tensorfasciaelatae muscre
Sciaticnerve
femoral
Posterior
nerve
cutaneous
S e m i m e m b r a n o smuuss c l e
S e m i t e n d i n o sm
u su s c l e
Bicepsfemoris muscle (long head)
Vastusmedialism
i n t e r m u s c u lsaer p t u mo f t h i g h
muscle
Sartorius
Vastuslateralis
muscle
in adductor
canal
lliotibialtract
septumof thigh
Biceps
{ S h o r th e a d
temons I
muscle ( Long head
Creat saphenousvein
Cracilismuscle
s uscle
s uscle
femoris (deep femoral) artery
A d d u c t om
r a q n u sm u s c l e
l l i o t i b i a tl r a c
septumof thigh
intermuscular
Posterior
Sciaticnerve
V a s t u sm e d i a l i sm u s c l e
Vastuslateralis
muscle
Sartorius
A r t i c u l a rg
i se n u sm u s c l e
genicular
artery
aphenousnerveand descending
septumof thigh
Fem
Bicepsfemoris muscle
Common fibular
(peronealn
) erve
Tibial nerve
Hip and Thigh
Creat saphenousvein
C r a c i l im
s uscle
AdductormaBnustendon
Poplitealvein and artery
Nr
s uscre
Plate 5O5
Knee: Lateral and Medial Views
Lateral view
Vastuslateralis
muscle
lliotibialtract
femoristendon
Quadriceps
Bicepsfemoris { Lone head
muscle
I Snoitneao
Bursadeep to iliotibialtr
Patella
and bursa deep to it---
Plantaris
muscle
Bicepsfemoris tendon and its
inferiorsubtendinous
bursa
Jointcapsuleof knee
C o m m o nf i b u l a r
(peroneal)
nerve
Head of fibula
Castrocnemius
muscle
Tibialtuberosity
Soleum
s uscle
F i b u l a r (i sp e r o n e u s )
Tibialisanterior muscle
Medialview
Sartorius
muscle
Vastus
medialis
muscle
Quadricepsfemoris tendon
Cracilim
s uscle
Tendon of semitendinosusmuscle
anosusmuscle and tendon
Medialepicondyle
of femur
A d d u c t om
r a g n u tse n d o n
Parallel
- . . - fibers
--) Tibial
) collateral
Obliquefibers ligament
)
Medialpatellarretinaculum
Nr
Patellarli
Semimembranosus
DUrSa
Anserinebursa
deep to
Semitendinosus, l
Pes
C r a c i l i s a, n d
) anseflnus
Sartoriustendons )
Castrocnemim
u su s c l e
T i b i atlu b e r o s i
Soleusmuscle
Plate 506
Knee
Knee: Anterior Views

Rightknee in extension
Femur
muscle
Vastusintermedius
genusmuscle
Articularis
Vastuslateralis
muscle
lliotibialtract
Lateralpatellarretinacul
Rectusfemoristendon(becoming
femoristendon)
quadriceps
Lateralepicondyleof femur
Patella
Fibularcollateralligament and
Medialepicondyleof femur
Bicepsfemoris tendon and its
Medialpatellarretinaculum
inferiorsubtendinous
ligament
Tibialcollateral
Broken line indicates

bursa deep to iliotibialtract
Pes
ansennus
Insertionof iliotibialtract to Cerdy's

t u b e r c l ea n d o b l i o u el i n e o f t i b i a
) erveC o m m o n f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l n
A n s e r i n be u r s a
Head of finut.-=}
Medialcondyleof tibia
(peroneus)
longusmuscle
Fibularis
ligament
Patellar
digitorumlongus
Extensor
Tibialtuberosity
r uscle
muscle
Castrocnemius
foint opened,
kneeslightlyin flexion
(synovial)
bursa
Suprapatellar
genusmuscle
Articularis
Synovialmembrane (cut edge
Cruciate ligaments(covered by synovialmembrane)
Medial condyle of femur
Lateralcondyle of
Infrapatellarsynovialfold
Origin of popliteustendon
(covered by synovialmembrane
M e d i a lm e n i s c u s
recess
Subpopliteal
Alar folds (cut)
Lateralmeniscus
Fibularcollateralligament
Head of fibula
Infrapatellarfat pads (lined by synovialmembrane)
Suprapatellar(synovial)bu rsa (roof re flected)
(articular
surface
Patella
on posterioraspect)
Vastuslateralis
muscle
(reflected i nferiorly\
Knee
Vastus medialis muscle (reflected inferiorly)
4{r
Plate 5O7
Knee: Interior
lnferior view
l l i o t i b i a tl r a c t b l e n d e di n t o l a t e r a l
p a t e l l a rr e t i n a c u l u ma n d c a p s u l e
patellarrelinaculum
Yedial
b l e n d e di n t o j o i n t c a p s u l e
, --------
Bursa
S u p r a p a t e l l asry n o v i a b
l ursa
Subpopliteal
S y n o v i am
l e m b r a n e( c u t e d g e )
P o p l i t e u st e n d o
I n f r a p a t e l l asry n o v i a fl o l d
'---
ri
Posterior cruciaIe ligamenl
p-Iibi
al col la.tera| |igament
(superlicia
d ln d d e e p p a r l s )
l'
L . r t e r acl o n d y l eo f f e m u r
M e d i a l c o n d y l eo f f e m u r
A n t e r i o rc r u c i a t el i g a m e n t
Obliquepopliteal igament
A r c u a t ep o p l i t e a l i g a m e n t
S e m i m e m b r a n o s ut se n d o n
Posterior aspect
Superior view
--- .-
P o s t e r i om
r e n i s c o f e m o r al lig a m e n t
semimembranosustendon
A r c u a t ep o p l i t e a l i g a m e n t
Posteriorcruciate ligament
T i b i a lc o l l a t e r alli g a m e n t
( d e e pp a r t b o u n d t o
m e d i a lm e n i s c u s )
P o p l i t e u st e n d o n
M e d i a lm e n i s c u s
S u b p o p l i t e arle c e s s
S y n o v i am
l embrane
L a t e r am
l eniscus
S u p e r i o ra r t i c u l a rs u r f a c e
S u p e r i o ra r t i c u l a sr u r f a c e
o f t i b i a ( l a t e r afl a c e t )
\.:l'l:;Jffdia'|fa'ce,
b l e n d e di n t o c a p s u l e
A n t e r i o rc r u c i a l el i g a m e n t
I n f r a p a t e l l af ra t p a d
ani".io, aspectI
S u p e r i o r v i e w : l i g a m e n t sa n d c a r t i l a g er e m o v e d
A t t a c h m e n to f p o s t e r i o rc r u c i a t el i g a m e n t
A l t a rh m e n t o f s y n o v i a m
l embrane---r-_
S u p e r i o ra r t i c u l a rs u r f a c e
o f t i b i a( l a t e r afl a c e t )
A t t a c h m e n t so f h o r n s
o f l a t e r a lm e n i s c u s
In t e r c o n d y l aer m i n e n c e
A t l a c h m e nol I s y n o v i am
l embrane
S u p e r i o ra r t i c u l a sr u r f a c e
o f t i b i a ( m e d i a lf a c e t )
A t t a c h m e n to f a n t e r i o r
c r u c i a t el i g a m e n t
A t t a c h m e n t so f h o r n so f m e d i a lm e n i s
T i b i atl u b e r o s i t y
Plate 5O8
Nr
Knee
Knee: Gruciate and Gollateral Ligaments
Right knee in flexion: anterior view

Posterior
cruciateligament
Anteriorcruciate
Lateralcondvleof
femur(articular
surface)
Medialcondyleof femur(articular
surf
Medialmeniscus
Popliteus
tendon
Fibularcollateral
ligament
ligament
collateral
Medialcondyleof tibia
Lateralmeni
Transverse
ligamentof
'Tibialtuberosity
Headof fibu
Right knee.inextension:
posteflor vlew
Cerdv'stubercle
Posteriorcruciateligament
Anteriorcruciateligament
Posteriormeniscofemoral
ligament
Adductortubercleon
medialepicondyleof
Lateralcondyleof
femur (articular
surface)
Medialcondyleof femur(articular
surface)
Popliteustendon
Medialmeniscus
Fibularcollateral
ligament
ligament
Tibialcollateral
Lateralmeniscus
Medialcondyleof ti
of fibula
4{tr
Knee
Plate 5O9
Knee: Anteroposterior Radiograph
F
FE
HF
ICE
L
l-CF
Fibula
Femur
Head of fibula
Intercondylareminence
L a t e r ael p i c o n d y l e
Lateralcondyle of femur
tCT Lateralcondyle of tibia
M
M e d i a le p i c o n d y l e
M C F M e d i a lc o n d y l eo f f e m u r
M C T M e d i a l c o n d y l eo f t i b i a
P
Patella
T
Plate 5l O
Tibia
Knee
Knee: Posterior and Sagittal Views
Rightknee:
Femur(poplitealsurface)
A d d u c t o r m a g n u st e n d o n
Attachment of joint capsule
Medial head of gastrocnemrus

m u s c l ea n d s u b t e n d i n o u sb u r s a
Plantarismuscle
Lateralhead of gastrocnemiusmuscle
a n d s u b t e n d i n o u sb u r s a
S e m i m e m b r a n o s ut se n d o n
and its inferior
S u b t e n d i n o u sb u r s a
( t e n d i n o u se x p a n s i o no f
s e m i m e m b r a n o s um
s uscle)
Biceosfemoris tendon
and bursa beneath it
S e m i m e m b r a n o s ubsu r s a
deep to tendon (broken line
Arcuate popliteal ligament

(edge of capsulethat arches
o v e r p o p l i t e u sm u s c l e )
Popliteusmuscle
Headof fibula
Posteriorligament of
f i b u l a rh e a d
Attachment of joint capsule
Femur
Articularis
S e n u sm u s c l e
Tibia
Quadriceps
femoristendon
Lateral
subtendinous
bursaof
S u p r a p a t e l l(asry n o v i abl )u r s a
Patella
gastrocnemius
muscte
S u b c u t a n e o up
s r e p a t e l l abr u r s a
Articularcavity
S y n o v i am
l embrane
Synovial
memDrane
Infrapatellarfat pad
infrapatellar
bursa
Subcutaneous
D e e p( s u b t e n d i n o ui ns f) r a p a t e l lbaur r s a
Lateralmeniscus
A r t i c u l acra r t i l a g e s
Tibia
Knee
Tibialtuberosity
*{r
Sagittalsection
(lateralto midlineof knee)
Plate 511
Arteries of Thigh and Knee: Schema
Superficial
circumflex iliac artery
Superficialepigastricartery
Superficialexternalpudendal artery
Femoralartery
Obturator artery
Deep externalpudendal artery
Medial circumflexfemoral artery
A s c e n d i n gb r a n c h ,
Transversebranch,
Descendingbranch of
Lateralcircumflex
femoral artery
Profundafemoris
(deep femoral)
Femoralartery
Muscularbranches
artery
Perforatingbranches
Femoralartery passing
through adductor hiatus
Descendinggenicularartery
.zArticular branch
S a p h e n o ubsr a n c h
S u p e r i om
r e d i agl e n i c u l aarr t e r y
Popliteal
artery(phantom)
Patellaranastomosis
Inferior lateralseniculararter
(partiallyin phintom)
Posteriortibial recurrentartery
(phantom\
C i r c u m f l efxi b u l a b
rr
Anterior tibial a
Nr
Plate 512
I n t e r o s s e om
u se m b r a n e
Middlegeniculararrery(phantom)
lnferiormedialgenicularartery
(partiallyin phantom)
Anteriortibialrecurrentartery
Posterior
tibialartery(phantom)
Fibular(peroneal)
artery(phantom)
Knee
Tibia and Fibula
B o n e so f
right leg
Anterior
i n t e r c o n d y l aar r e a
view
Posterior
Anterior view
-lntercondylar eminencel
Lateral
Medial
intercondylar intercondylar
/-lntercondylar eminencel
Lateral
Medial
intercondylar intercondylar
tubercle
tubercle
tubercle
Posterior
intercondylar
\
area
L a t e r a cl o n d y ' " \ ,
tubercle
/___-
Medial
condyle
Lateralcondyle
C e r d y ' st u b e r c l e
( i n s e r t i oonf
iliotibialtract)
Neck
of
fibula
Apex,
Head,
Neck
of
fibula
Croove for
insertionof
semimembranosus
tendon
Tibial
Solealine
Lateral
Superior
articularsurfaces
( m e d i a la n d
lateralfacets)
Lateralsurface
Nutrient
foramen
A n t e r i o rb o r d e r
Anterior
border..............._
Interosseous
border
Interosseous
border
Posterior
surface
It
Medial surface
Posterior
surface
Medial crest
Medial surface
M e d i a lb o r d e r
M e d i a lb o r d e r - .
Lateralsurface
Tibia
Posterior
border
4ftr
Croove for
t i b i a l i sp o s t e r i o r
a n d f l e x o rd i g i t o r u m
F i b u l a rn o t c h
Lateral
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
malleolus-
{
Y
Articularfacet
of lateral
malleolus
Leg
lnferior
articular
surface
r t i c u l a rf a c e to f
m e d i a lm a l l e o l u s
Articularfacet
of medial
malleolus
lnferior
articular
surface
M a l l e o l a rf o s s a
of lateral
malleolus
Plate 513
Tibia and Fibula (continuedl
Anteriorview with ligamentattachments

lliotibialtract
Superiorview
osterior I Cruciate
Anterior J ligaments
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Posteriorligament
of fibular head
intercondylararea
(origin of posterior
cruciate ligament)
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Biceps
femoris
Fibula
te
Intercondylar
emtnence
Posterior
Tibia
Anterior ligament
of fibular head
Head of
Medial condvle
fibula
Lateral
condyle
Anterior
ligament
of fibular
Superior
articularsurface
(medialfacet)
Superior
articularsurface
(lateralfacet)
head
Tibial
tuberosity
Cerdy's
tubercle
\tuuai"t
I
Anterior
Lateralt
Anterior
intercondylar
area
(originof anterior
Intercondylar
tubercles
cruciate ligament
Anterior
border
Anterior
border
Crosssection
Interosseous
border
Interosseous
border
Interosseousborder
Lateralsurface
nterosseous
membrane
Lateral
surface
Lateral
surface
Tibia
4{ry
Posteriorsurface
Inferior view
Anterior
Anterior
tibiofibular
ligament
Articularfacet
Anterior
of lateral
Fibula
Lateral
malleolus
Calcaneofibular
ligament
Pfate 514
Medial
malleolus
Anterior
talofibular
ligament
Medial
(deltoid)
ligament
of ankle
Malleolar
fossaof
lateralmalleol
Posterior
tibiofibularligament
Articular
facet of
medial
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
Tibia
Posterior
Inferiorarticular
surfaceof tibia
Leg
Attachments of Muscles of Leg
Anteriorview
Posteriorview
Plantaris
muscle
muscle
Castrocnemius
( m e d i a lh e a d )
(lateralhead)
muscle
Popliteus
Bicepsfemoris muscle
Fibularis
(peroneus)
Extensor
digitorum
Quadricepsfemoris
m u s c l ev i a
p a t e l l a rl i g a m e n t
Soleus
Tibialisposterior
muscle
musc
T i b i a l i sa n t e r i o r
muscle
Flexor
digitorum
Extensor
hallucis
Fibularis
(peroneus)
brevismuscle
Fibularis
(peroneus)
t e r t i u sm u s c l e
Origins
Insertions
Note:Attachments
of intrinsicmuscles
of foot not shown
Tibialis
posteriormuscle
Flexorhallucis
F i b u l a r i(sp e r o n e u s )
brevismuscle
Plantaris
muscle
S o l e ua
snd
gastrocnemius
via
muscles
(Achilles)
calcaneal
tendon
Fibularis
(peroneus)
Fibularis
(peroneus)
tertiusmuscle
Extensor
digitorum
4fF
Leg
Flexorhallucis
Extensor
longusmuscle
hallucis
Fibularis
(peroneus)
rongus
muscre
Flexor
digitorum
longus
muscle
Plate 515
Muscles of Leg (superficial Dissection|: Posterior view

Seealm Plate 540
l l i o t i b i at rl a c t
s uscre
B i c e p fse m o r i sm u s c l e
s uscre
Tibialnerve
Cracilim
s uscle
) erve
P o p l i t e aal r t e r ya n d v e i
t a r i sm u s c l e
Castrocnemim
u su s c l e( l a t e r ahl e a d )
C a s t r o c n e m i u sm u s c l e( m e d i a lh e a d
Lateralsuralcutaneous
nerve(cut)
N e r v et o s o l e u sm u s c l e
Medialsuralcutaneous
nerve(cut)
S m a l ls a p h e n o u sv e i n
S o l e u sm u s c l e
P l a n t a r ti e
s ndon
Flexordigitorum longus tendon --__*

Tibialis posterior t"naon __________
Posteriortibial artery and vei
-"---j
Medialmalleolus
Flexorhallucislongus tendon
F l e x o rr e t i n a c u l u
*{r
Plate 516
Calcanealbranch of
posterior tibial artery
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s l)o n g u st e n d o n
i
Fibularis(peroneus)brevis tendon
a l c a n e a (l A c h i l l e st)e n d o n
L a t e r am
l alleolus
S u p e r i o rf i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l r) e t i n a c u l u m
i b u l a r( p e r o n e aal )r t e r y
Calcanealbranchesof fibular (peroneal)artery
alcanealtuberosity
Leg
Muscles of Leg (lntermediate Dissection): Posterior View

SeealsoPlate 541
Tibial nerve
Adductor magnustendon
Common fibular (peroneal)nerve (cut)

P o p l i t e aal r t e r ya n d v e i n
Superiorlateralgenicularartery
( m e d i a lh e a d )( c u t )
T i b i a fc o l l a t ear l | g a m e n t /
Lateraland medial suralcutaneousnerves(cut)

C a s t r o c n e m i u sm u s c l e( l a t e r ahl e a d )( c u t )
Bicepsfemoris tendon (cut)
S e m i m e m b r a n o s ut se n d o n (
taris muscle
I n f e r i o rm e d i a lg e n i c u l a ra r t e r y
lnferior lateralgenicularartery
Popliteus
muscle
T e n d i n o uasr c ho f
Soleum
s uscle
Head of fibula
) e r v e( c u t )
m m o n f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l n
N e r v e t o s o l e u sm u s c l e
P l a n t a r i tse n d o n
F i b u l a r i (sp e r o n e u s l)o n g u sm u s c l e
C a s t r o c n e m i u sm u s c l e( c u t )
muscle
S o l e u sm u s c l ei n s e r t i n gi n t o
c a l c a n e a(l A c h i l l e st)e n d o n
F l e x o rd i g i t o r u ml o n g u st e n d o n
T i b i a l i sp o s t e r i o rt e n d o n
Posteriortibial artery and vein
Tibial
Medial
F l e x o rh a l l u c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
Flexorretinaculum
Calcaneal(Achilles)tenoon
Calcanealbranch of
posteriort i b i a la r
Leg
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s b) r e v i st e n d o n
L a t e r am
l alleolus
S u p e r i o rf i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l r) e t i n a c u l u m
Fibular(peroneal)artery
Calcanealbranches
of fibular (peroneal)artery
Calcanealtuberosity
4{tr
Plate 517
Muscles of Leg (Deep Dissectionf: Posterior View
Superiormedialgenicular
artery
Castrocnemius
muscle(medialhead)(cut)
S u r a(l m u s c u l abr )r a n c h e s
Popliteal
arteryand tibialnerve
Tibial collateralligament
Semimembranosus
tendon(cut
Superiorlateralgenicular
artery
Plantaris
muscle(cut)
Castrocnemius
muscle(lateralhead)(cut)
Fibularcollateral
ligament
Bicepsfemoristendon(cut)
Inferiorlateralgenicular
artery
of fibula
Inferiormedialgenicular
artery
Commonfibular(peroneal)
nerve
Popliteus
muscle
Posterior
tibialrecurrentartery
Tendinous
archof soleusmuscre
Posterior
tibialartery
Flexordigitorumlongusmuscle
muscle(cutand reflected)
Anteriortibialartery
Fibular(peroneal)
artery
Tibial nerve
Flexorhallucislongusmuscle(retracted)
Tibialisposterior muscle
Fibular(peroneal)
artery
(Achilles)
Calcaneal
tendon
Interosseous
membrane
Flexordigitorumlonguste
Tibialisposteriortendon
Medial malleolusand posterior medial
malleolarbranch of posteriortibial art<
Flexorretinaculum
(peroneus)
Fibularis
longustendon
(peroneus)
Fibularis
brevistendon
Lateralmalleolus
and posteriorlateral
malleolar
branchof fibular(peroneal)
artery
Superiorfibular(peroneal)
retinaculum
Medial calcanealbranchesof
posteriortibial artery and tibial
Lateralcalcaneal
branch
of fibular(peroneal)
artery
Lateralcalcaneal
branchof suralnerve
Medialplantararteryand nerve
Inferiorfibular(peroneal)
retinaculum
Lateralplantararteryand nerve
*{r
Plate 518
Flexorhallucislongustendon
l st metatarsalbone
(peroneus)
Fibularis
brevistendon
(peroneus)
Fibularis
longustendon
Flexordigitorumlongustendon
5th metatarsal
bone
Leg
Muscles of Leg (superficial Dissection|: Anterior View
muscle
Vastuslateralis
Patella
q u a d r i c e p sf e m o r i st e n d o n )
Superiormedialgenicularartery
lliotibialt
artery
ligament
Tibialcollateral
M e d i a pl a t e l l arre t i n a c u l u m
Bicepsfemoristendon
Inferiorlateralgenicular
) erve
Headof fibula
artery
nferiormedialgenicular
lnfrapatellar
branch(cut)of
nerve(cut)
Saphenous
J o i n tc a p s u l e
ligament
Patellar
muscle
Insertion
of sartorius
(peroneus)
Fibularis
longusmuscle
Tibialtuberosity
Tibia
r uscle
muscle
Gastrocnemius
Superficial
fibular
(peroneal)nerve
Soleum
s uscle
Extensor
digitorumlongusmuscle
Extensor
hallucislongusmuscle
Fibula
Superiorextensorretinaculum
Medialmalleolus
Lateralmalleolus
Inferiorextensorretinaculum
lis anterior tendon
Extensor
digitorumlongustendons
Medial branch of deep fibular (peroneal)nerve
F i b u l a r (i sp e r o n e u st e) r t i u st e n d o n
E x t e n s o hr a l l u c i sl o n g u st e n d o n
Extensor
digitorumbrevistendons
Extensorhallucisbrevistenoon
Dorsaldigital branches
of deep fibular (peroneal)nerve
Dorsaldigitalnerves
Leg
4{tr
Plate 519
Muscles of Leg (Deep Dissection): Anterior view

SeeafsoPlate &2
Q u a d r i c e p sf e m o r i st e n d o n
Fibular collateralliBament---_____-_
L a t e r a pl a t e l l a r e t i n a c u l u m
l l i o t i b i a tl r a c t ( c u r
Bicepsfemoris tendon (cut)
I n f e r i o rl a t e r a lg e n i c u l a ra r t e r y
C o m m o n f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a rnJ e r v e
Headof fibula
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s l)o n g u sm u s c l e( c u t
M e d i a l p a t e l l a rr e t i n a c u l u m
nfrapatellarbranch of saphenousnerve (cuf)
I n f e r i o rm e d i a lg e n i c u l a ra r t e r y
Saphenousnerve (cut)
Insertionof sartoriustenoon
A n t e r i o rt i b i a la r t e r y
l o n g u sm u s c l e( c u t
) erve
S u p e r f i c i af li b u l a r( p e r o n e a t n
D e e p f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a rnl e r v e
A n t e r i o rt i b i a lr e c u r r e n ta r t e r ya n d
r e c u r r e n tb r a n c ho f d e e p p e r o n e a ln e r v e
I n t e r o s s e o um
s embrane
T i b i a l i sa n t e r i o rm u s c l e( c u t )
E x t e n s o dr i g i t o r u ml o n g u sm u s c l e
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s )
b r e v i sm u s c l ea n d t e n d o n
Soleum
s uscle
Tibia
) e r v e( c u t )
S u p e r f i c i af li b u l a r( p e r o n e a l n
Perforatingbranch of
) rtery
f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l a
Anterior lateralmalleolarar
L a t e r am
l a l l e o l u sa n d a r t e r i a n
l etwork
Lateraltarsalartery and lateral
b r a n c ho f d e e p f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a rn. ,e r v
E x t e n s o dr i g i t o r u mb r e v i sa n d
e x t e n s o rh a l l u c i sb r e v i sm u s c l e s( c u t
E x t e n s oh
r a l l u c i sl o n g u sm u s c l ea n d t e n d o n ( c u t )
s embrane
A n t e r i o rm e d i a lm a l l e o l a ra r t e r y
ial malleolusand arterialnetwork
D o r s a l i sp e d i sa r t e r y
T i b i a l i sa n t e r i o rt e n d o n
M e d i a lt a r s a la r t e r y
M e d i a l b r a n c ho f d e e p f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l n
) erve
) r e v i st e n d o n
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s b
Arcuate artery
Posteriop
r e r f o r a t i n gb r a n c h e s
from deep plantar aich
Deep plantar artery
E x t e n s odr i g i t o r u ml o n g u st e n d o n s( c u t )
Dorsal metatarsalarteries
Extensordigitorum brevis tendons (cut
Extensorhallucislongus tendon (cut)
D o r s a ld i g i t a la r t e r i e s
4{tr
Pfate 52O
Branc.hes
of proper plantar
d i g i t a la r t e r i e sa n d
E x t e n s o hr a l l u c i sb r e v i st e n d o n ( c u t )
digital branchesof
d e e p f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l )n e r v e
Leg
Muscles of Leg: Lateral View
muscle
Vastuslateralis
Biceps
femoris
muscle
Long
lliotibialtract
Short head
femoristendon
Quadriceps
Tendon
artery
Patella
F i b u l a rc o l l a t e r a l i g a m e n t
( p e r o n e anl )e r v e
Lateralcondyle of tibia
Patellarligament
lnferior lateral
genicularartery
Tibialtuberosity
Headof fibula
Tibialisanteriormuscle
digitorumlongusmuscle
Extensor
F i b u l a r (i sp e r o n e u sl o) n g u s
fibular
Superficial
(peroneal)
nerve(cut)
muscle and tendon
Extensordigitorum longus tendon

Extensorhallucislongus muscle and tendon
F i b u l a r (i sp e r o n e u sb)r e v i s
S u p e r i oer x t e n s orre t i n a c u l u m
m u s c l ea n d t e n d o n
Fibula
nsor digitorum brevis muscle
Lateralmalleolus
xtensor hallucislongus tendon
(Achilles)
tendon
Calcaneal
\\
(Subtendinous)
bursa
of tendocalcaneus\
Superiorfibular
( p e r o n e arl e
) tinaculum
l n f e r i ofri b u l a r
( p e r o n e arl e
) tinaculum
(peroneus)
longus
Fibularis
to soleof foot
tendonpassing
Leg
\
-l'
(peroneus)
brevistendon
(peroneus)
tertiustendon
Fibularis
5th metatarsal
oone
*{r
Plate 521
Leg: Gross Sections and Fascial Gompartments
Deepfasciaof
(cruralfascia)
Interosseous
membrane
Anteriorcompartmenl
Extensor
muscles
T i b i a l ias n t e r i o r
longus
E x t e n s ohra l l u c ilso n g u s
F i b u l a r i(sp e r o n e u st e) r t i u s
A n l e r i o tri b i a a
l r t e r ya n dv e i n s
D e e pf i b u l a (r p e r o n e anl )e r v e
ilDra
Deepposteriorcompartment
Deepflexormuscles
longus
T i b i a l ios o s t e r i o r
F l e x ohr a l l u c ilso n g u s
Popliteus
Posteriortibial artery and veins
) r t e r ya n d v e i n s
F i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l a
Anteriorintermuscular
septum
Lateral compartment
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s b) r e v i sm u s c l e
Superficialfibular (peroneal)nerve
Transverseintermuscular septum
Superficialposteriorcompartmenl
flexormuscles
Superficial
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
P l a n t a r (i st e n d o n )
Posteriorintermuscular
septum
FIDUIA
Deep fascia of leg (crural fascia)
Crosssectionjust abovemiddle of leg

T i b i a l i sa n t e r i o rm u s c l e
E x t e n s ohr a l l u c i sl o n q u sm u s c r e
E x t e n s odr i g i t o r u ml o n g u sm u s c l e
A n t e r i o rt i b i a la r t e r ya n d v e i n sa n d
d e e p f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l )n e r v e
ilDta
s embrane
S u p e r f i c i af li b u l a r( p e r o n e a l )
Creat saphenousvein
a n d s a p h e n o u sn e r v e
A n t e r i o ri n t e r m u s c u l asr e p l
r uscle
T i b i a l ipso s t e r i om
Deep fasciaof leg

(cruralfascia)
Flexordigitorum longus
muscre
) rtery
F i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l a
and veins
P o s t e r i o irn t e r m u s c u l asre D r u m
Posteriortibial artery
a n d v e i n sa n d t i b i a ln e r v e
Flexorhallucislongus
muscte
Lateralsuralcutaneousnerve
Deep fasciaof leg (cruralfascia)
TransverseintermuscularseDtum
P l a n t a r i tse n d o n
Soleum
s uscle
C a s t r o c n e m i u sm u s c l e( l a t e r ahl e a d )
4{tr
Pfate 522
S u r a lc o m m u n i c a t i n gb r a n c h
o f l a t e r a sl u r a lc u t a n e o u sn e r v e
C a s t r o c n e m i u sm u s c l e( m e d i a lh e a d )
M e d i a l s u r a lc u t a n e o u sn e r v e
S m a l ls a p h e n o u sv e t n
Leg
Bones of Foot
Dorsalview
Lateral tubercle
tubercle
Calcaneus
BodyFibular
Posterior
process
Croove for
tendon of
flexor hallucis
longus
Trochlea
Neck
ao
(peroneal)
trochlea
Navicular
Tuberosity
Tuberosity
of 5th
metatarsal
DOne
.q
r"rroretatarsaljoint
Base
Plantarview
Calcaneus
Tuberosity
Medial process
Shaft(body)
Lateral
tubercle
ateralprocess
tali
Sustentaculum
Medial
tubercle
Croove for
tendono{ flexor
h a l l u c ilso n g u s
Fibular(peroneal)
trochlea
Posterior
process
Head
Transverse
tarsaliointl,
Cuboid
Tuberosity
roove for
Tuberosity
Navicular
Tuberosity
fibularis
(peroneus,
longustendon
Tuberosity
of 5th
metatarsal
bone
al iointj
Tarsometatars
Base
Shaft(body)
Metatarsalbones
r ''-dirl
Sesamoid
Uones{ i"lYj
Lareral
t
Head
Base
Shaft(body)
Head
Base
Head
Tuberosity
*{r
Ankle and Foot
Phalanges
Plate 523
Bones of Foot (continued|
lateral view
ransversetarsaljoint
Navicular
l"T;1J;: cun"iro,.
tron",
I
joint
Tarsometatarsal
Metatarsalbones
Body
t.
Fibular
(peroneal)
trochlea
Tuberosity
Croovefor
f i b ul a r i s
(peroneus)
Cuboid
Tuberosity
Tuberosity
of
5th metatarsal
bone
l o n g u st e n d o n
Croove for fibularis
( p e r o n e u sl o) n g u st e n d o n
M e d i a l vew
i
Transversetarsaljo i n t
Navicular
Tuberosity
cuneiform"uon",
" -" {
I
Intermediate
\
Mediat-f
Tarsometatarsal
ioint--a
Metatarsalbones
Tuberosityof
l st metatarsal
bone
Sesamoidbone
Tuberosity
Croove for tendon of
flexor hallucisloneus
Calcaneus
Sustentaculum
tali
Plate 524
Ankle and Foot
Galcaneus
Rightfoot
Posteriortalar
articularsurface
Articularsurface
for cuboidbone
Anteriortalar
a r t i c u l asru r f
Middletalar
articularsurface
Anteriortalar
articularsurface
Middletalar
articularsurface
Posterior
talar
articular
surface
Articularsurface
f o r c u b o i db o n e
Fibular
(peroneal)
trochlea
Tuberosity
Lateralprocess
Sustentaculumtali
Croovefor fibularis
of tuberosity
Body
( p e r o n e u s l)o n g u st e n d o n
Lateralview
Anterior talar
articularsurface
ibular
(peroneal)
trochlea
C a l c a n e asl u l c u s
Middle talar articularsurface
Tuberosity
Posterior
talar
articularsurface
Superiorview
Middletalararticularsurtace
Articular
surface
for cuboid
rior talar
articularsurface
Tuberosity
bone
tali
Sustentaculum
Sustentaculumtali
Groovefor tendon
o f f l e x o rh a l l u c ilso n g u s
Medial
processof
tuberosity
Medialview
I n t e r o s s e om
u se m b r a n e
Medial
(deltoid)
ligament
of ankle
Posterior
talocalcaneal
ligament
*{r
Ankle and Foot
Fibular
(peroneal)
trochlea
h a l l u c ilso n g u s
Medial
Fibula
Talus
Croove for
tendon of flexor
Posterior
tibiofibular
ligament
processof
tuberosity
teral
processof
tuberosity
Tuberosity
Posteriorview
Posterior
talofibular
ligament
Calcaneofibular
ligament
F i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l )
t e n d o n si n i n f e r i o r
f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l )
retinaculum
Posteriorview
with ligaments
Functionalrelationsof calcaneus
Plate 525
Ankle: Radiographs
Lateralview
C
CB
F
HT
tC
N
PT
ST
T
TC
TM
TT
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Fibula
Headof talus
Lateralcuneiform
Navicular
processof talus
Posterior
Sustentaculum
taliof calcaneus
Tibia
Tuberosity
of calcaneus
Tuberosity
of 5th metatarsal
Trochleaof talus
Anterior view
F
t-M
MM
T
TA
Plate 526
Fibula
Lateralmalleolus
M e d i am
l alleolus
Tibia
Talus
Ankle and Foot
Ligaments and Tendons of Ankle
Rightfoot: lateralview
Tibia
of lateral
Components
(collateral)
ligament
of ankle
Fibula--------
lnterosseoustalocalcanealligament
Dorsal talonavicularligament
A n t e r i o ra n d
Posterior
tibiofibular
ligaments
C a l c a n e o n a v i c u l a r l i g a m e| n t^ . .
a,:-----.-a
BlturcatellEament
/ c.l.rn"o.uboid lig--amentI
cu boideonavicularligament
Superiorfibular(peroneal)
retinaculum-
ligaments
Dorsalcuneonavicular
ligaments
Dorsalintercuneiform
ligaments
Dorsaltarsometatarsal
Calcaneal(Achilles)
tendon (cut
lnferior
fibular
(peroneal)
retinaculum
Dorsal metatarsalligaments
Lateraltalocalcanealligament
Dorsalcuneocuboidligament
Long plantar ligament
Cuboidbone
F i b u l a r (i sp e r o n e u sl o) n g u st e n d o n
Dorsal calcaneocuboidliqament
(peroneus)
Fibularis
brevistendon
Rightfoot: medialview
ligament
Medialtalocalcaneal
Medial(deltoid)
l i g a m e n to f a n k l e
processof talus
Posterior
Dorsal talonavicularligament
Posterior
talocalcaneal
Navicularbone
ligament
Dorsal cuneonavicularli
Medial cuneiform bone
Calcaneal
(Achilles)
tendon
(cut)
Dorsal intercuneiformligament
Dorsaltarsometatarsal
ligaments
I st metatarsal
Tuberosity
Nr
T i b i a l i sa n t e r i o r
Ankle and Foot
Tibialisoosteriortendon
Shortplantar
ligament
Plantarcalcaneon a v i c u l a r( s p r i n g )l i g a m e n t
ong plantarligament
Plale 527
Ligaments and Tendons of Foot: Plantar View
F l e x o rd i g i t o r u ml o n g u st e n d o n t o 2 n d t o e ( c u t
Distalphalanxof greattoe
Flexordigitorum brevis tendon to 2nd toe (cut
I n t e r p h a l a n g e( laPl )j o i n t
4 t h d i s t apl h a l a n x
F l e x ohr a l l u c ilso n g u st e n d o n( c u t )
4 t h m i d d l ep h a l a n x
Proximalphalanxof great toe
Deep transversemetatarsalIigaments
Metatarsophalangeal(MP) joint
5 t h p r o x i m a lp h a l a n
S e s a m o i db o n e s
4 t h l u m b r i c a lt e n d o n ( c u t )
A b d u c t oh
r a l l u c iasn dm e d i ahl e a d
of flexorhallucisbrevistendons(cut)
A b d u c t o rd i g i t i m i n i m i
a n d f l e x o rd i g i t im i n i m i
brevistendons (cut)
Adductor hallucisand lateralhead

of flexor hallucisbrevis tendons (cut)
Plantarligaments(plates)
Interosseous
muscles(cut)
l st metatarsal
bone
5th metatarsalbone
Plantartarsometatarsalligaments
Plantarmetatarsalligaments
M e d i a lc u n e i f o r mb o n e
Tuberosity
of 5th metatarsal
bone
Tibialisanterior tendon (cut)
brevistendon
P l a n t a rc u n e o n a v i c u l alri g a m e n t
Cuboidbone
P l a n t a rc u b o i d e o n a v i c u l al ri g a m e n t
longus tendon
T u b e r o s i toyf n a v i c u l abro n e
P l a n t a rc a l c a n e o n a v i c u l a( sr p r i n g )l i g a m e n t
T u b e r o s i t yo f c u b o i d b o n e
L o n g p l a n t a rl i g a m e n t
Tibialisoosteriortendon
Plantarcalcaneocuboid
(short plantar)ligament,
Flexordigitorum longustendon (cut)
S u s t e n t a c u l ut aml i
Calcaneus
F l e x o rh a l l u c i sl o n g u st e n d o n ( c u t )
Medial process
and
Lateralprocess
of
Posteriororocessof talus
( m e d i a la n d l a t e r a tl u b e r c l e s )
Tuberosity
of calcaneus
*{r
P h a l a ng e s
J o i n ct a p s u l e
Proximal
Metatarsalbone
Capsulesand ligaments of
metatarsophalangealand
i n t e r p h a l a n g e a jl o i n t s :
lateral view
Collateralligaments
Plate 528
P l a n t a rl i g a m e n t
Ankle and Foot
Tendon Sheaths of Ankle
Lateralview
Extensordigitorum longus muscle
Suoeriorextensorretinaculum
snterior
T e n d i n o ussh e a t ho f t i b i a l i a
b su r s a
L a t e r aml a l l e o l uasn ds u b c u t a n e o u
C a l c a n e a(l A c h i l l e st)e n d o n
C o m m o n t e n d i n o u ss h e a t h
sheathof extensordigitorum
Tendinous
tertius
longusandfibularis(peroneal)
o f f i b u l a r i(sp e r o n e u s )
l o n g u sa n d b r e v i
Tendinous
sheathof
extensorhallucislongus
Subcutaneouscalcanealoursa
( S u b t e n d i n o ubsu)r s a
of calcanealtendon
S u p e r i o ra n d
l n f e r i o r-
f i b u l a (r p e r o n e a l )
r e t i n a clua
Calcaneus
Extensordigitorum brevis
Fibularis
(peroneus)
ronSus
tendon
Abductordigiti
Medialview
T i b i a l i sa n t e r i o rt e n d o n a n d s h e a t h
4{tr
Tibia
S h e a t ho f t i b i a l i so o s t e r i o rt endo
Superiorextensor
Medialmalleolus
and subcutaneous
bursa
lnferior extensorretinaculum
Tibialisoosteriortendon and sheat
Fibularis
(peroneus)
brevis
tendon
(peroneus)
tertiustendon
Fibularis
bone
Tuberositv
of 5th metatarsal
Calcaneal(Achilles)
tendon
flexor digitorum longus
tibialartery
Posterior
and tibialnerve
sheathof
Tendinous
f l e x o rh a l l u c ilso n g u s
Subcutaneous
bursa
calcaneal
Tibialisanterior tendon and sheath

T e n d i n o u ss h e a t h
o f e x t e n s o rh a l l u c i sl o n e u
( S u b t e n d i n o ubsu)r s a
tendon
of calcaneal
F l e x or e t i n a c u l u m
Calcaneus
Lateralplantarnerve
M e d i a lp l a n t a r
1st metatarsal
Tendinoussheathof flexor hallucislongui
Ankle and Foot
Tendinoussheathof
flexor digitorum
Abductorhallucismuscle(cut)
Plantaraponeurosis(cut)
Flexordigitorumbrevismuscle(cut)
Pfate 529
Muscles of Dorsum of Foot: Superficial Dissection
Superficialfibular (peroneal)nerve (cut)

F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s b) r e v i sm u s c l e
Tibialisanterior tendon
A n t e r l o rt i b i a la r t e r ya n d
) erve
d e e p f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l n
Fibularis(peroneus)longus tendon---]
Tibia
Extensordigitorum
l o n g u sm u s c l ea n d t e n d o n
S u p e r i o re x t e n s o r e t i n a c u r u m
F i b ul a
fibular (peroneal)artery
L a t e r am
l a l l e o l u sa n d a n t e n o r
lateralmalleolarartery
I n f e r i o re x t e n s o rr e t i n a c u r u m
Lateraltarsalartery and lateral
b r a n c ho f d e e p p e r o n e a ln e r v e
(to musclesof dorsum of foot)
extensordigitorum longus
t i b i a l i sa n t e r i o r
e x t e n s o rh a l l u c i sl o n g u s
ior medial malleolarartery
Dorsalispedis arterv and medial branch
o f d e e p f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l )n e r v e
Medial tarsalartery
) r e v i st e n d o n
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s b
Arcuate artery
Tuberosity
of 5th metatarsal
bone
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s t)e r t i u st e n d o n
E x t e n s odr i g i t o r u mb r e v i sa n d
e x t e n s o rh a l l u c i sb r e v i sm u s c l e s
Deepplantar
.l arterypassingbetween
headsof st dorsalinterosseous
m u s c l et o j o i n d e e pp l a n t aar r c h
E x t e n s oh
r a l l u c i sl o n e u st e n d o n
Extensorexpansions
E x t e n s odri s i t o r u m
rongus
Lateraldorsal cutaneous
n e r v e( c o n t i n u a t i o no f
sural nerve) (cut)
Dorsaldigitalarteries
D o r s abl r a n c h eosf
properplantardigital
arteriesand nerves
Plate 53O
Dorsaldieitalbranches
of
deepfibular(peroneal)
nerve

o f s u p e r f i c i af li b u l a r
( p e r o n e a l )n e r v e
4ffffi
4.t'/
Ankle and Foot
Dorsum of Foot: Deep Dissection
Soleum
s uscle
Superficialfibular (peroneal)nerve (cut)
r u s c l ea n dt e n d o n
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s l)o n g u st e n d e n F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s b) r e v i s
m u s c l ea n d t e n d o n
Tibia
Anterior tibial artery and
d e e pf i b u l a (r p e r o n e anl )e r v e
E x t e n s o dr i g i t o r u ml o n g u s
m u s c l ea n d t e n d o n-
E x t e n s ohra l l u c ilso n g u s
m u s c l ea n dt e n d o n
hrbula
fibular (peroneal)artery
A n t e r i o rm e d i a lm a l l e o l a a
r rtery
Anterior lateralmalleolarartery
Dorsalispedis artery
Lateral
M e d i a l b r a n c ho f d e e p f i b u l a r
(peronealn
) erve
Lateralbranch of deep peroneal

n e r v e( t o m u s c l e so f d o r s u m
of foot) and lateraltarsalartery
Medial tarsalarteries
Fibularis(peroneus)longustendon (cut)---_.Extensordigitorum brevis and extensor

hallucis breiris muscles (cut)-----------<
l'
F i b u l a r i(sp e r o n e u sb)r e v i st e n d o n( c u 0 - 1
tertiustendon (cut)
Tuberosityof navicularbone
Arcuate artery
Posteriorperforatingbranches
from deep plantar arch
f ,.
Deep plantar artery
to deep plantar arch
A b d u c t o dr i g i t i m i n i m i m u s c l e
A b d u c t o hr a l l u c im
s uscle
Dorsalmetatarsalarteries
E x t e n s o hr a l l u c i sl o n q u st e n d o n
Metatarsalbones
D o r s a li n t e r o s s e o um
s uscles
Lateraldorsal cutaneous
n e r v e( c o n t i n u a t i o no f
sural nerve) (cut)
Anterior perforating branches
from plantar metatarsalarteries
E x t e n s o hr a l l u c i sb r e v i st e n d o n
(cut)
Extensordigitorum brevis
t e n d o n s( c u t )
l o n g u st e n d o n s( c u t )
E x t e n s oer x p a n s i o n s
Dorsal digital arteries

D o r s a lb r a n c h e so f
p r o p e r p l a n t a rd i g i t a l
arteriesand nerves
Dorsal digital branchesof

) erve
d e e p f i b u l a r( p e r o n e a l n
of superficialfibular
( p e r o n e a l )n e r v e
Nr
Ankle and Foot
Plate 531
Sole of Foot: Superficial Dissection
Superficial
transverse
metatarsal
ligaments
Properplantardigital
arteriesand nerves
Superficial
branchof
medialplantarartery
Transversefasciculi
Digitalslipsof
plantaraponeurosis
Lateralolantarfascia
Medial olantarfascia
Cutaneous
branches
of lateralplantar
artery and nerve
Cutaneous
branchesof medial
plantararteryand nerve
Lateralbandof plantaraponeurosis
(calcaneometatarsal
ligament)
Plantaraponeurosis
Medial calcanealbranchesof tibial

nerve and posteriortibial artery
Tuberosity
of calcaneus
with overlyingfat
pad (partially cut awa
4{F
Plate 532
Ankle and Foot
Muscles of Sole of Foot: First Layer
Proper plantar digital branches

o f m e d i a lo l a n t a rn e r v e
Properplantardigitalbranches
of lateralolantarnerve
plantar digital arteries
plantar digital arteries

from plantar metatarsalarteries
L u m b r i c am
l uscles
F i b r o ussh e a t h s
of flexortendons
Flexordigitorum brevis
overlying
F l e x o rd i g i t o r u ml o n g u st e n d o n s
Superficialbranch o{
medial plantarartery
Lateralhead
and
Medial head
of flexor hallucis
brevis muscle
Plantarmetatarsal
branchof
lateralplantarartery
Abductorhallucismuscle
andtendon
F l e x o rd i e i t im i n i m i b r e v i sm u s c l e
Flexordigitorumbrevismuscle
Abductordigiti minimi muscle

(deepto lateralplantarfascia)
Plantaraponeurosis(cut)
Medial process
ano
Lateralprocess
of
Medial calcanealbranchesof tibial

nerve and posteriortibial artery
Tuberosity
of calcaneus
4{tr
Ankle and Foot
Plate 533
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Second Layer
Proper plantar digital branches

of medial plantar ner
Flexordigitorumlongustendons
of lateralplantarnerve
Flexordigitorum brevis tendons
Fibroussheaths(opened)
C o m m o n p l a n t a rd i g i t a l
nervesand arteries
Lumbrical muscles
Lateralhead
ano
Medial head of
F l e x o rd i g i t i m i n i m i
brevis muscle
flexorhallucisbrevismuscre
Flexorhallucislongustendon
Superficialbranch
and
Deepbranch
of lateral
plantarnerve
Lateralplantar nerve and a
Abductorhallucistendon
and muscle(cut)
Flexordigitorumlongustendon
and deep branches
of medial plantar artery
Medial plantarartery and nerve
Quadratusplantaemuscle
T i b i a l i so o s t e r i o rt e n d o n
A b d u c t o dr i g i t im i n i m m
i u s c l e( c u r )
N e r v e t o a b d u c t o rd i g i t i m i n i m i m u s c l e
(from lateralplantar nerve)
F l e x ohr a l l u c ilso n g u st e n d o n
Posterior
tibialarteryand
tibialnerve(dividing)
Flexorretinaculum
Flexordigitorum brevis muscle

and plantar aponeurosis(cut)
Lateralcalcanealnerve and arterv (from

sural nerve and fibular [peroneal]artery
Medial calcanealartery and nerve
Tuberosityof calcaneus
Plate 534
Nr
Ankle and Foot
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Third Layer
of medialplantarnerve
P r o p e rp l a n t a rd i g i t a lb r a n c h e s
of lateralplantar nerve
Proper plantar digital branch
of superficialbranch
of medial plantar artery
Anterior perforating arteries
to dorsal metatarsalarteries
Tendonsof lumbricalmuscles(cut)
Flexordigitorum
Flexordigitorum
brevistendons (cut
Flexordigiti minimi
brevismuscle
Plantarmetatarsal
arteries
Plantarinterosseous
muscles
Transversehead
and
Obliqueheadof
adductorhallucismuscle
head
and
Lateral head of
flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Superficialbranchesof medial
plantar artery and nerve
Flexorhallucislongustendon (cut)
lateralplantar nerv
Deep plantar arterialarch and
deep branchesof lateralplantar nerve
Tuberosityof 5th metatarsalbone
Peroneusbrevistendon
Peroneus
longustendon
andfibroussheath
Abductor hallucismuscle (cut)

Deep branchesof media
plantarartery and nerve
Flexordigitorum longus tendon (cut)
Medial plantar artery and nerve
Q u a d r a t u sp l a n t a em u s c l e
(cut and slightly retracted)
L a t e r a pl l a n t a ra r t e r ya n d n e r v e
A b d u c t o r d i g i t i m i n i m i m u s c l e( c u t
Lateralcalcanealartery and
Flexorretinaculum
Flexordigitorum brevis muscle
a n d p l a n t a ra p o n e u r o s i s( c u t )
edial calcanealartery and nerve
Tuberosity
of calcaneus
Ankle and Foot
Plate 535
lnterosseous Muscles and Deep Arteries of Foot
Dorsalview
(peroneusl-./
Fibularis
l o n g u st e n d o n\ c u t ) / , /
['3ii:1:lt:'f
i::,i/)
N a v i c u l a rb o n e
Dorsalispedisartery
Medial tarsalartery
Lateral
l
bones
I n t e r m e d i a tIe C u n e i f o r m
Medial
)
Cuboidbone
Dorsaltarsometatarsalligaments
Lateraltarsalartery
Tuberosityof 5th metatarsalbone
tertiustendon (cut)
Posteriorperforating branches
(from deep plantar arterialarch
longus tendons (cut)
E x t e n s o er x p a n s i o n s
Dorsal metatarsalligaments
Arcuateartery
D e e p p l a n t a ra r l e r yp a s s e st o
contribute to deep plantar arch
muscles
interosseous
Metatarsalbones
A n t e r i o rp e r f o r a t i n gb r a n c h e s
(from plantar metatarsalarteries)
D o r s a ld i g i t a la r t e r i e s
Plantarview
Proper plantar digital arteries
C o m m o n p l a n t a rd i g i t a la r t e r i e s
L u m b r i c aml u s c l e(sc u t )
Deep transversemetatarsalligament
a n d p l a n t a rl i g a m e n t s( p l a t e s )
Interosseous
musclesI Plantar
I Dorsal.
A b d u c t o r d i g i t i m i n i m i m u s c l e s( c u t )
Plantarmetatarsalarteries
F l e x o rd i g i t i m i n l m i b r e v i sm u s c l e
Deep plantar arch
Lateralplantarartery (cut)
T u b e r o s i t yo f 5 t h m e t a l a r s abl o n e
F i b u l a r i s( p e r o n e u s b) r e v i st e n d o n ( c u t )
T u b e r o s i t yo f c u b o i d b o n e
L o n g p l a n t a rl i g a m e n
C a l c a n e o c u b o i d( s h o r tp l a n t a r )l i g a m e n l
Plate 536
F l e x o rh a l l u c i sl o n g u st e n d o n ( c u t )
A n t e r i o rp e r f o r a t i n gb r a n c h e s
(to dorsal metatarsalarteries)
l n s e r t i o no f a d d u c t o rh a l l u c i s
and laterah
l e a d o f f l e x o rh a l l u c i s
brevis muscles(cut)
l n s e r t i o no f a b d u c t o rh a l l u c i s
a n d m e d i a lh e a d o f f l e x o rh a l l u c i s
b r e v i sm u s c l e s( c u t )
M e d i a l o r i g i no f f l e x o rh a l l u c i s
brevis muscle (cut)
Deep plantarartery (from dorsalis
pedis artery)
Posteriorperforatingbranches
(to dorsal metatarsalarteries)
Plantarmetatarsalligaments(between
basesof metatarsalbones)
M e d i a lc u n e i f o r mb o n e
Tibialisanteriortendon (cut)
L a t e r a ol r i g i no f f l e x o rh a l l u c i s
brevis tendon (cut)
Tuberosityof navicularbone
T i b i a l i sp o s t e r i o rt e n d o n ( c u t )
P l a n t a rc a l c a n e o n a v i c u l a r
( s p r i n g )l i g a m e n t
Ankle and Foot
Interosseous Muscles of Foot
Dorsalview
Navicular
Tuberosity
of 5th metatarsal
bone
ateral
Dorsalinterosseousmuscles
(bipennate)
5th metatarsalbone
Little
(srh)
toe
1stmetatarsal
bone
Proximalphalanx
Middlephalanx
Distalphalanx
Proximalphalanxof greattoe
Plantarview
Proximalphalanxof greattoe
Little
(sth)
Distal phalanx
Sesamoid
bones
Middlephalanx
toe
Proximalphalanx
1stmetatarsal
bone
Plantarinterosseous
muscles
(unipennate)
5th metatarsal
Tuberosity
of 5th metatarsal
bone
Navicular
Ankle and Foot
4{tr
Pfate 537
Femoral Nerve and Lateral Femoral Gutaneous Nerve
T12
lateral femoral cutaneousnerve (12, 3)
Femoralnerve (12, 3, 4)
Obturatornerve
'Lumbosacral
trunk
Psoasmajormuscle(lowerpart
Articularbranch
Sartorius
muscle
(cutand reflected)
Pectineus
muscle
Rectusfemoris
muscle (cut
and reflected)
Quadriceps Vastus
intermedius
femoris
muscle
Vastus
Lateralfemoral
nerve
cutaneouS
Anteriorcutaneous
of
branches
femoralnerve
muscle
Sartorius
kut and reflected)
medialismuscle
Vastus
lateralismuscle
nerve
Saphenous
genusmuscle
Articularis
branch
nfrapatellar
nerve
of saphenous
Medialcruralcutaneous
of
nerves(branches
Note:Only muscles
innervated
by femoral
nervesnown
saphenousnerve)
Cutaneous
innervation
4{tr
Plate 538
Neurovaseulature
Obturator Nerve
l l i o h y p o g a s t r inc e r v e
l l i o i n g u i n anl" r r . - F
C e n i t o f e m o r a nl e r v e
z Lumbosacra
L a t e r afl e m o r a l
"
Femoran
l erve
r*
r|F
s uscre
O b t u r a t oer x t e r n um
Obturatornerve
( L 2 , 3 ,4 )
$,i1";r
P o s t e r i ob
r ranch
A r t i c u l a rb r a n c
A d d u c t o rb r e v i sm u s c l e
A d d u c t o r l o n g u sm u s c l e( c u t )
A n t e r i o rb r a n c h
( i s c h i o c o n d y l aor ,r
" h a m s t r i n g s ,p" a r t s u p p l i e d
b y s c i a t i cI t i b i a l ]n e r v e )
P o s t e r i ob
rr
C u t a n e o u sb r a n c h
=
,.
:::i
C r a <i l i sm u s c l e
A r t i c u l a rb r a n c h
t o k n e ej o i n t
A d d u c t o rh i a t u s
N o t e :O n l y m u s c l e s
i n n e r v a t e db y o b t u r a t o r
nerve snown
r, ij
Cutaneous
innervation
4{tr
Neurovasculature
Plate 539
Sciatic Nerve and Posterior Femoral Gutaneous Nerve
Posteriorfemoral
cutaneousnerve
(s1,2, 3)
Inferiorclunialnerves
S c i a t i cn e r v e( 1 4 ,5 , 5 1 , 2 , 3 )
Perineal
branches
ilDtatotvtston
of sciaticnerve
Long head (cut) of

biceps femoris muscle
Adductor magnus muscle

(also partiallysupplied
by obturator nerve)
*tY
' C o m m o nf i b u l a (r p e r o n e a l )
divisionof sciaticnerve
Shortheadof
biceosfemorismuscle
Cutaneousi n n e r v a t i o n
Long head (cut)

of biceps femoris
muscle
s uscle
Tibial nerve
Commonfibular
(peroneal)nerve
Articular
branch
Articular branch
Plantarismuscle
M e d i a ls u r a l
cutaneous nerve
Sural
communicating
branch
Castrocnemiusmuscle
(peroneal)
nerve
via lateralsural
cutaneous
nerve
S u r anl e r v e
Medialsural
cutaneous
nerve
Soleum
s uscle
From sciatic
nerve
Tibialnerve
Medial
plantarnerves
Plate 54O
(peroneal)nerve
Suralnerve
Lateralcalcaneal
branches
calcanealbranches
Medial and lateral
Superficial
fibular
Tibial nerve
via medial
calcaneal
branches
Lateraldorsal
cutaneousnerve
Neurovasculature
Tibial Nerve
) erve
Tibialnerve
(L4,5,51,2,31
Articular branch
nerve(cut)
Lateralsuralcutaneous
M e d i a sl u r a l
cutaneousnerve
4{F
Medial calcaneal
branches
(s1,2)
Articularbranch
Medial
From
tibial nerve
plantar nerve
(14, 5)
Plantaris
muscle
Lateral
plantar nerve
(s1,2)
Gastrocnemius
muscle(cut)
Saphenousnerve
(L3,4)
Suralnerve
Nerveto popliteusmuscle
(S1,2)via
lateralcalcaneal
and lateraldorsal
cutaneous
branches
P o p l i t e um
s uscle
Cutaneousinnervationof sole
Interosseousnerve ot
Flexor
retinaculum
Soleusmuscle(cut
partly retracted)
Flexordigi
longusmuscle
Tibialisposterior
Flexorhallucis
Suralnerve (
Lateralplantar
nerve
Tibial
nerve
Medial
Nerveto abductor
digitiminimimuscle
calcaneal
Dranc
Medialplantar
nerve
Flexordigitorum
brevis muscle
and nerve
A b d u c t o hr a l l u c i s
m u s c l ea n dn e r v e
Flexorhallucis
brevismuscle
ano nerve
Lateralcalcanealbranch
1 s tl u m b r i c a l
m u s c l ea n d
l]IV-
Medial
calcaneal
branch
Flexorretinaculum(cut)
Common
plantar
digital
ner
Proper
plantar
digital
nerves
Lateralcalcaneal
branch of sural nerve
,l
Quadratusplantae
muscleand nerve
Abductor digiti
minimimuscle
Deepbranch
to interosseous
muscles,
2 n d , 3 r da, n d4 t h
lumbricalmuscles
and
Adductorhallucis
muscle
branch to
4th interosseous
muscle
ano
F l e x odr i g i t im i n i m i
brevismuscle
Common and
plantar
Note: Articular branchesnot shown
Neurovasculature
Plate 541
Gommon Fibular (Peroneall Nerve
Commonfibular
(peroneal)
nerve
Lateralsuralcutaneousnerve (phantom)
(phantom)
Articularbranches
*{r
Bicepsfemoris tendon
Recurrent
articularnerve
Commonfibular(peroneal)
nerve(L4,5,51,2')
Extensor
digitorumlongusmuscle(cut)
Headof fibula
Deep fibular (peroneal)nerve
(peroneus)
Fibularis
longusmuscle(cut)
Tibialisanteriormuscle
Cutaneousinnervation
Superficialfibular
(peroneal)nerve
Branches
of lateral
suralcutaneous
(peroneus)
Fibularis
Extensor
digitorum
longusmuscle
xtensorhallucis
brevismuscle
Medial dorsal cutaneousnerve
Superficial
fibular
(peroneal)nerve
Inferiorextensor
(partiallycut\
retinaculum
Lateraldorsal cutaneous nerve

(branch of sural nerve)
Lateralbranchof
deepfibular
(peroneal)
nerveto
Extensor
hallucisbrevis
and
tensordisitorumbrevis
muscles
Medialbranchof
deepfibular
(peroneal)
nerve
Deep
fibular
(peroneal)
Dl'V r
Suralnerve
Dorsal digital nerves
Plate 542
via lateraldorsal
cutaneousbranch
Neurovasculature
Dermatomes of Lower Limb
Schematic
demarcationof
dermatomes
(accordingto
Keeganand
Carrett)shownas
distinctsegments.
Thereis actually
considerable
overlap between
any two adjacent
dermatomes.An
alternative
dermatomemap
is that provided
by Foerster(see
References).
Autonomous
sensoryzones
Posteriorview
Anterior view
Segmentalinnervation
of lower limb movements
*,,
r
Dorsiflexion
$r
5 1' 2
Plantarflexion
J{eurovasculaturc
PHo 543
Superficial Nerves and Veins of Lower Limb: Anterior View
Lateralcutaneous
b r a n c ho f s u b c o s t anl e r v e
Superficialepigastricvein
I n g u i n a l i g a m e n t( P o u p a r t ' s
l r a n c h )( u s u a l l y
l l i o i n g u i n anl e r v e ( s c r o t a b
p a s s e st h r o u g hs u p e r f i c i ai ln g u i n a lr i n g )
S u p e r f i c i acl i r c u m f l e xi l i a cv e i n
Femoralbranches
of genitofemoral
Cenital branch of genitofemoralnerve

Femoralvein
Lateralfemoral cutaneous
uperficialexternalpudendal vein
S a p h e n o u so p e n i n g( f o s s ao v a l i s )
Accessorvsaphenousvein
Fascialata
C r e a t s a o h e n o u sv e i n
A n t e r i o rc u t a n e o u s
branchesof femoral nerve
C u t a n e o u sb r a n c h e so f o b t u r a t o rn e r v e
Patellarnerve plexus
Infrapatellarbranch of saphenousnerve
l ranch
S a o h e n o u sn e r v e ( t e r m i n a b
of femoral nerve)
B r a n c h e so f l a t e r a sl u r a lc u t a n e o u sn e r v e
( f r o m c o m m o n f i b u l a r[ p e r o n e a l ]n e r v e )
C r e a t s a p h e n o u sv e i n
Deep fasciaof leg
(cruralfascia)
S u p e r f i c i af li b u l a r( p e r o n e a l )n e r v e
M e d i a ld o r s a l
c u t a n e o u sb r a n c h
I n t e r m e d i a t ed o r s a l
c u t a n e o u sb r a n c h
S m a l ls a p h e n o u sv e i n a n d l a t e r a l
d o r s a lc u t a n e o u sn e r v e ( f r o m s u r a ln e r v e )
Lateraldorsal digital nerve
and veinof 5th t
D o r s a ld i g i t a ln e r v e s
Nry
Dorsal venous arch
D o r s a ld i g i t a ln e r v ea n d v e i n o f m e d i a ls i d eo f g r e a tt o e
Dorsal metatarsalveins
Dorsal digital branch of deep fibular (peroneal)nerve
Dorsal dieital nervesand verns
Plate 544
Neurovasculature
Superficial Nerves and Veins of Lower Limb: Posterior View
Lateralcutaneousbranch
nerve
of iliohypogastric
lliaccrest
Medial clunial nerves(from
d o r s arl a m io f 5 1 , 2 , 3 )
Superiorclunialnerves(from
d o r s arl a m io f L l , 2 , 3 )
Inferiorclunialnerves(from
nerve)
posteriorfemoralcutaneous
Perforatingcutaneousnerve
(from dorsal rami of S1,2, 3)
Branchesof posterior
femoral cutaneousnerve
A c c e s s o r ys a p h e n o u sv e i n
Branch of cutaneous
branch of femoral nerve
Great saohenousvein
Terminalbranchesof posterior
femoral cutaneousnerve
Lateralsuralcutaneous nerve (from

c o m m o n f i b u l a rI p e r o n e a l ]n e r v e )
S m a lsl a p h e n o uvse t n
Suralcommunicating nerve
Branchesof saphenousner
Medial suralcutaneousnerve (from tibial nerve)
S u r a ln e r v e
Lateralcalcanealbranchesof suralnerve
Medial calcanealbranchesof tibial nerve
4{F
P l a n t a rc u t a n e o u sb r a n c h e s
of medial olantar nerve
Neurovasculature
Lateraldorsal cutaneousnerve
(continuationof sural nerve)
of
branches
Plantarcutaneous
lateralolantarnerve
Plate 545
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Lower Limb
Cribriform
fascia
within
saphenous
openrnS
Small
s a p h e n o uvs
Deep
fascia
of leg
(crural
fascia)
Externaliliac
lymph nodes
Femoralnerve
Femoralring
Creat
s a p h e n o u sv e i n
lnguinal ligament
(Poupart's)
Lacunar
ligament
(Cimbernat's)
Ductus(vas)deferens
Femoral
sheath
Femoralcan
(opened)
Femoralartery
and vein
Creat saphenousvein
Plate 546
Deep inguinal
lymph nodes
Neurovasculatune
GT Angiograms of Arteries of the Lower Limb
Regional Scans
Plate 547
Section
I Gross-Sectional Anatomy
Plate 548
Sections
forCross
s+e KeyFigure
Gross-Sectional Anatomy
Key Figure for Gross Sections
Plate 548
References
Plate 58
Plates 2911 292
Braus H. Anatomiedes Menschen.Berlin,Verlagvon Julius EliasH. Livermorphology.Biol Rev 1955;30:263.
Springer,1924.
Origin and early developmentof the liver in variousver_.
Plate 89
tebrates.Act Hepat 1955;3:1.
NishidaS. The Structureof the Eye. New York, ElsevierNorthMorphology of the liver. In Liver Injury Trans 11th
_.
Holland,'1982.
Conference.New York, Macy Foundation,1953.
Pfates I16, 1 17, 127
A re-examinationof the structureof the mammalianliver:
LachmanN, Acland RD, Rosse C. Anatomicalevidencefor the _.
the
hepatic
lobuleand its relationto the vascularand biliarysysabsence of morphologicallydistinct cranial root of the accestem.
Am
Anat
J
1949;85:379.
sory nervein man.ClinAnat 2O02:15:4.
A re-examinationof the structureof the mammalianliver:
_.
Plates 164, 482, 525, 543
parenchymalarchitecture.Am J Anat '1949;84:311.
FoersterO. The dermatomesin man. Brain 1933;56:'l.
Garrett FD. The segmentaldistributionof the cutaneousnerves Plates 3O5, 3O8
Michels NA. Blood Supply and Anatomy of the Upper
in the limbsof man.Anat Rec 1948;1O2:4O9.
Abdominal Organs, With a DescriptiveAtlas. Philadelphia,JB
Keegan JJ. Dermatomehypalgesiawith posterolateralhernia- Lippincott,1955.
tion of lower cervical intervertebraldisc. J Neurosurg 1947;
Plate 326
4 : 11 5 .
Thomas MD. In The Ciba Collectionof Medical lllustrations,Vol
Plale 172
3, Part ll. Summit,NJ, CIBA,p 78.
Turnball lM. Bloody supply of the spinal cord. In Vinken pJ,
Bruyn GW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Xll. P l a t e s 3 4 8 , 3 6 1 , 3 8 4 , 3 9 6 , 4 1 4
StormontTJ, Cahill DR, King BF,Myers RP.Fasciasof the male
Amsterdam,North-Holland
, 1912,pp 47849i.
externalgenitaliaand perineum.ClinAnat 1994;7:115.
Plates 2OO,2O1
Jackson CL, Huber JF. Correlated applied anatomy of the Plates 356, 360,365, 37O,378, 379
bronchialtree and lungs with a system of nomenclature.Dis OelrichTM. The striated urogenitalsphinctermuscle in the female.Anat Rec 1983;205:223.
C h e s t1 9 4 3 ; 9 : 3 1 9 .
Plates 359, 361
Plate 2O3
lkeda S, Ono Y MiyazawaS, et al. Flexiblebroncho-fiberscope. Myers RP,GoellnerJR, Cahill DR. Prostateshape, externalstriated urethralsphincter and radical prostatectomy:the apical
Otolaryngofogy(-fokyo)197O; 42:855.
dissection.J Urol 1987:138:543.
Plale 225
James TN. The internodalpathwaysof the human heart. prog Plates 359, 361, 383, 384
Oelrich TM. The urethralsphincter muscle in the male. Am J
CardiovasDis 2001;43:495.
Anat 1980;158:229.
Plates 253, 366, 37O, 383
MyersRP,King BF,CahillDR. Deepperineal"space,'asdefined Plate 4O3
by mag,neticresonance imaging. Presented at 14th Annual Flocks RH, Kerr HD, ElkinsHB, et al. Treatmentof carcinomaof
prostate by interstitialradiationwith radio-activegold (Au
Scientific Session of the American Associationof Clinical the
198):
a preliminary
report.J Urol 1952;68(2):510.
Anatomists,Honolulu,Hl, 1997.[Abstract:ClinAnat 1998;11].
Plate 482
Plate 282
Keegan
JJ, Garrett FD. The segmentaldistributionof the cutaDiDio LJA. Anatomo-Fisiologiado Piloro ileo-ceco-colicano
neous
nerves
in the limbsof man.Anat Rec 1948:102:409.
homen. Actas das Primeiras Jornadas Interuniversitarias
Argentinasde Gastroenterologia,
Rosario,1954.
Plate 543
Dados anatomicos sobre o "piloro" ileo-ceco-colico. KeeganJJ. Neurologicalinterpretationof dermatome hypalge-.
disc. J Bone Joint
(Com observacao direta in vivo de "papila" ileo-ceco-colico.) sia with herniationof the lumbarintervertebral
Surg 1944; 26:238.
paulo,
summary].
Thesis,Fac Med, Univde Sdo
[English
1952.
Last RJ. Innervationof the limbs. J Bone Joint Surg 1949;
Plate 29O
3
1(B):452.
HealeyJE Jr, Schroy PC. Anatomy of the biliaryduct within the
human liver:analysisof the prevailingpattern of branchingsand
the majorvariationsof the biliaryducts. Arch Surg 1953;66:5g9.
HealeyJE Jr, Schroy PC, S6rensenRJ. The intrahepaticdistributionof the hepaticarteryin man.J Int Coll Surg 1953;20:133.
Index
Referencesare to olate numbers.In most

cases,structuresare listed under singular
nouns.
A
Abdomen,268
autonomicnervesand gangliaof, 318
axial CT imagesof, 350
bony frameworko1,248
cross sections of
at L3, 349
at L3, 4, 349
at L1-L2, 339
at T10,293
atr12,297,331,338
innervationof, 318
left lower quadrant of, 268
left upper quadrantof, 268
regionsand planesof, 268
right lower quadrantof, 268
right upper quadrantof, 268
subcutaneoustissue of, 249
surface anatomy ot,247
visceraof, 269
Abdominal aortic plexus. See
lntermesentericolexus
Abdominalis muscle, ttansyetsust
362
Abdominal muscles, transversus,
363
aooneurosisof, 252
Abdominal wall
anterior,249,265
arteries of, 255
deeo dissectionof, 251
intermediatedissectionof, 250
internalview of, 253
nerves of, 257
superficialdissectionof, 249
veins of, 255
arteries of, 263
lymph vesselsand nodes of, 266
nervesof, 267
peritoneumof, 274
veins of, 265
median(sagittal)sectionof, 348
posterior
arteriesof, 264
nervesof, 267
peritoneum of, 274
veins of, 265
posterolateral,
254
Abdominis aponeurosis, transver.
sus, 252, 330, 349
Abdominis muscle
aponeurosisof, 255, 330
rectus,181,188, 189, 192,247, 250,
251, 258, 259, 293, 349, 351, 378
axial CT imageof, 350
capsularbranchof, 335
cross sectionof, 252
oelvic branchof, 335
Abdominis muscle (Continued)

sheathof, 189
transversus,
25, 94, 96, 179,189,255,
257, 258, 263, 267, 329, 498
aponeurosiso'f, 252, 330, 349
tendonof originof, 175,176,179
Abducent nervc (Vll' 83, 84, 86, 114,
1 1 7 .1 1 8 .1 2 1
of, 118
distribution
schemaof, 118
Abducent nucleus, 116, 1 17, 121
Abductor digiti minimi muscle' 465,
470,476,533,534,536,541
nerveto, 534
tendon of, 533
Abductor hallucis muscle, 533, 534,
535, 541
insertionot, 534, 536
Abductor hallucis newe' 541
Abductot pollicis brevis muscle'
4 6 1 ,4 6 5
Abductor pollicis longus muscle,
441,444,449,451
area for, 439
Abductor pollicis longus tendon'
444.469.470
Aberrant ductule' 390
Accessory muscle bundle, 67
Accessory nerve (Xll' 34,114,116,
1 1 7 ,1 2 9 , 1 7 7
cranialroot ot, 126, 127
s c h e m ao l , 1 1 8 , 1 2 7
soinalnucleusof, 116, 117
spinalroots ot, 10, 118,127
Accessory oculomotor nucleust
116,117,121,132
Acetabular fossa' 376, 487
lal in, 487
transversesection of, 376
Acetabular labrum' 352, 487
Acetabular ligamentr transvetset
352,487
Acetabular notch, 352, 486
Acetabulumt 352,486
anteroposteriorradiograph of , 488
articularsurfaceof, 376
lunatesurfaceof, 486
marginof, 352, 353, 486
radiograph of, 355
Achilles tendon. See Calcaneal
(Achilles)tendon
Acinus,204
Acoustic attety' internal. See
Labyrinthineartery
Acoustic meatus
external,8, 13, 92, 93
auricularbranchof vagus nerveto, 24
axialCT imagesof, 150
axial MR imageof, 150
cartilaginousand osseous,93
coronalobliquesectionof, 93
internal,92,97, 123
Acoustic openingr internal' 97
Acromial anastomosis' 427
Acromial angle' 420, 421
Acromiaf glexusr 427
Acromioclavicular ioint' 423, 425

caosuleof, 423
Acromioclavicular ligament' 423
Acromion, 27, 185, 188, 418, 42O,423,
424, 425, 427, 429, 432
anteroposteriorradiographof , 422
arteiy ol, 171
Adamkiewicz'
Adductor brovis muscle' 489, 493,
539
attachmentsof, 489, 491
Adductor Ganal' 500
Adductor hallucis muscle' 541
deep tibial nerve branch to, 541
insertionof, 536
obliquehead of, 535
transversehead of, 535
Adductor hiatus' 539
femoral artery passing through, 512
Adductor longue muscler 376,489,
492,493,500, 505, 539
innervationof, 540
Adductot magnus muscle' 485,489'
495, 500, 502, 505, 540
adductor minimuspart of, 493
hiatusof, 493
innervationof, 540
tendon of, 493
Adductor magnus tendonr 501,506,
510,511
Adductot muscles' thigh' 496
Adductor pollicis muscle' 462, 465'
476, 535
fasciaover, 460,462
Adductot tubercle' 489
Adenohypophysis, 140, 147, 148
cletl ot, 147
Adnexa,371
Afferent fibers, ollaclory bulb' 119
Affetent nerves
of mouth and pharynx,62
of nose and sinuses,210
of stomachand duodenum,321
Agger nasir 37, 38
Aglomerular a?teriol' 337
Air, in colon' radiograPh of' 355
Air cells, mastoidr axial llR image
of' 150
Airway
204
intrapulmonary,
to nasopharynx,37
Airway reflexes, newes initiating'
210
Ala,8
lateralpart of, 157
wing of, 157
Alar fibrolatty tissuer 36,38
Alar fold, 507
Alar ligament, 22
Albini's nodules. See Fibrous(Albini's)
nodule
Alcock's canal. See Pudendalcanal
(Alcock's)
Alveolat artery
anteriorsuperior,40
inferior,40, 53, 60
lingualbranchof, 69
mentalbranch of, 40, 69
middlesuperior,40
posteriorsuperior,40, 69
Alveolar duct, 204
openingof, 204
Afveolar nerve, 53, 55,122,131,134
anteriorsuperior,45
nasalbranchof, 42
inferior,16, 40, 53, 55, 60, 131, 134
branchof, 40
enteringmandibularforamen,46
middlesuperior,45
superior,62, 71
Afveolar sac,2O4
Alveolar vein
inferior.60. 70
Alveolus, 204
capillarybed in, 205
Amacrine cells, 120
Ampulla
ear,95, 96
semicircular,92
of uterinetube, 372
Amygdaloid body, 110,112, 119
thalamusand, 110
Anal canal,393
anatomical,393
arteries of, 398
beginningof, 376
beginningof, transversesectionof, 357,
521
longitudinalmuscleof, 356, 357
muscularismucosaeof, 393, 394
sagittalMR imagesof, 397
surgical,393
veins of, 399
Anal columns,393
Anal glands,393
Anal nerve, inferior, 41O,411, 414,
496, 503
Anal pit, 388
Anal sinus, 393
Anal sphincter muscle
external,356, 358, 360, 365
deep part of, 394, 395, 396
peripheralview of, 395
subcutaneousof, 391, 393, 395, 396
superficialpart of, 391, 393, 394, 395
internal,393, 394
Anal triangle, 380
Anal tubercle, 388
Anal valve, 393
Anal verge, 393
Anastomosis
aroundelbow,434
aroundscapula,427
carotid-vedebral,138
gastro-omental arlerial,272
in incisivecanal,40
obturator-pubicarterial,259
paravertebral,172
patellar,500, 512
portacaval,312
right-|eft,138
l-2
Anastomosis (Continued)
between septal sphenopalatineartery
and greater palatine arlery, 41,
138
subclavian-carotid,
138
subclavian-vertebral,
138
Anastomotic branch, 3Ol
Anastomotic
loop
of ilealarteries,280
of jejunalarteries,280
of posteriorspinalarteries,171
of small intestinalveins,310
of small intestine,306
Anastomotic vein
inferior,102, 145
superior,102
Anatomical snuffbox, 444
radial artery to, 469, 470
Anconeus muscle, 432, 444, 445, 477
nerveto. 432
originof, 421
Angular artery, 23, 36, 68, 85, 138
Angular gyrus, 105
cerebralarteryto, 141
cerebralbranchesto, 141, 142
Angulal vein,23,70,85
Ankle
dorsiflexionand plantarflexionof, 543
lateralligamentof, 514
ligamentsand tendonsof,514
ligamentsof, 527
medialligamentof, 514
radiographof, 526
tendonsof, 527
Annular ligament
of radius,438
of trachea,202
Anococcygeal body, 380, 381, 395,
396
Anococcygeal neiYe, 411, 412,499
Anocutaneous line, 392, 393, 394
Anoderm,393
Anorcctal hiatus, 358
Anorectal junction, circular muscle
layer of, 359
Anorectal line, 393
Anorectal musculature, 394
Ansa cervicalis, 31, 32,128, 129
inferiorroot ot, 32, 34, 71, 74, 128, 129
superiorroot of, 32, 34, 71, 74, 128, 129
ventralrami of, 128
Ansa of Galen, 80
Ansa subcfavia, 130, 2O9,226, 24O
Anserine bursa, 506, 507
Antebrachial vein
intermediate.418.479
median,449
Anterior chamber, 81, 87, 88, 89, 90
endotheliumof, 88
Anterolateral central arteries, 140,
141
Anteromedial central arteries, 140
Antidromic conduction, 167
Antihelix, 1, 93
cruraof, 1, 93
Antitragus, 1, 93
Anulus fibrosus, 19, 155
Anum, fibrcus septum of,394
Anus, 360, 377, 38O,382, 388, 395
fetal, 388
transversefibrousseptum of, 393
Aorta, 207, 263, 324, 330, 342

abdominal,27, 179, 195, 207, 225, 232,
270, 273,274,278, 298, 300,301,
324,327,329,330, 331,332, 339,
341, 342, 363, 369, 398, 400, 401,
403.412
abdominal,412
a r c ho f , 2 3 7 , 2 4 4
ascending,138, 215, 22O,223,224,225,
242,245
axjal CT imagesof, 242,350
descending,237, 242, 245, 246
thoracic,194,242
prenatal,229
thoracic,172,297
cross section of. 297
descending,172, 231, 241
esophagealbranchesof, 237
ureteric branch from, 341
Aortic arch. See Arch of aorta
Aortic hiatus, 195
Aortic lymph node, lateral, 266,343,
406
Aortic lymph nodes,266
Aortic nerve,228
Aorticorenal ganglion, 165, 167, 267,
318, 320, 321,322,324,344,345,
346. 409
celiac.267
left, 318, 320, 323, 41O,415
right,318, 320,323
superiormesenteric,267
Aortic pfexus, 321, 322, 412
Aortic sinus,223,224
Aortic valve
anatomy ot,223
semilunarcusps of, 221, 222, 223, 224,
225
left,224
Apical foramen, 53
Apical ligament, of dens, 63,65
Appendicular artery, 281, 306, 307,
322,323
Appendicular nodes, 317
Appendicular plexus, 322, 323
Appendicular Yein, 311, 312
Appendir, 126
fibrous,287
vermiform,271, 281, 283, 284, 362, 363
aggregatelymphoidnodulesot, 283
barium radiographof, 283
circularmuscleof, 283
fixed retrocecal,283
oritice o1,282
serosa of, 283
submucosaof. 283
variationsin positionof, 283
Arachnoid, 102,109
cerebralveins penetrating,102
Arachnoid-dura
interface, 102
Arachnoid granulation, 100, 102, 109
granular foveola for, 99
skull indentationfor, 99
Arachnoid mater, 169
lumbar,170
thoracic,170
Arantius, body olr223
Arch of aorla,74, 75, 80, 138, 206, 210,

2 1 1 ,2 1 2 ,2 1 3 ,2 14 , 2 1 5 ,2 2 1 ,2 3 2 ,
233
groove for, 'l99
radiographof, 213
Arcuate artery, 335, 337, 530, 531, 536
afferentglomerulararteriolefrom, 337
lymph vesselsalong,343
Arcuate eminence, 9
Arcuate ligament
dorsal radialmetaphyseal,455
lateral,195, 263
medial,195,263
median,195,263
Arcuate line, 248, 251, 255,259,279,
348, 352, 353, 356, 486
sectionabove,252
sectionbelow,252
Arcuate nucleusr 147
Arcuate popliteal ligament, 508, 511
Arcuate vein,337
Arcus tendineous fasciae pelvis,
372
Areola, 182
Areolar gland, 182
Areolar tissue, 179, 251, 361, 471
in anteriorclosed space ol tinger,471
Areolar venous plexus, 256
Arm. See a/so Forearm
arteriesof, 484
cutaneousnervesof, 479,481
inferiorlateral,432,477, 479, 481
medial,257, 429, 432, 435,473, 474,
479
posterior,432, 477, 479, 481
superiorlaleral, 432, 477, 478, 479, 481
deep artery of , 429, 432, 433, 434, 435
middlecollateralbranchof, 445
musclesof, 432
anteriorviews of, 430
deep layer oI,43O,432
posterior,432
posteriorview ot,432
superficiallayerof, 430,432
superiorlateral,432
neurovascularcompartmentof, 435
radial nerve in, 477
serialcross sectionof, 435
superficialveins of, 480
Arrctor muscle, hair follicle, 167
Arteriae rectae, 307
Arteriogram, celiac, 303
Arteriole
291
intralobular,
periportal,291
portal,291
Artery(iesl. See a/so specific arteries
of anteriorabdominalwall, 255
ol atm,484
to brain,136-137,138,1 41, 142
frontalview of, 141
lateraland medialviews of, 142
colic, 308
of duodenumand head of pancreas,
301,304
of esophagus,237
of face, 23
of femalepelvicorgans,400
of femalepelvis,403
of femaleperineumand uterus,405
of femoralhead, 504
Arteryfiesf (Continued)
of femoralhead and neck, 504
of fingers,471
of foot, 536
of foot, deep, 536
of hand, palmarview of, 466
of head,23
of hip and thigh, 500-502
of hypothalamusand hypophysis,148
intrarenal,335
intrinsicdistributionof, in spinalcord,172
of largeintestine,307
of liver,301
of liver,pancreas,duodenum,and
spleen,301,305
of liverand gallbladder,variationsin, 305
of male pelvis,403
of male oerineum,405
of mammarygland, 183
to meninges,136
of nasal cavity, 41
of neck, 504
of oral and pharyngealregions, 69
of oral region,69
of pancreas,301
of posteriorabdominalwall,264
of posteriorcranialfossa,142,143
of rectum and anal canal.398
renal,335
of scalp,23
of spinalcord, 171
of spleen,301
of stomach,liver,and spleen,300
of testis,401
of thigh
anteriorview of, 501
posterior view of, 502
of upper limb, 473
computedtomographyof, 484
at wrist, 461
Articufar cavatyr 4Tl
of finger,471
Articular disc, 16, 243
Articularis genus muscle, 505, 507,
511,538
attachmentof, 489
Articular newe
great, 32
recurrent,542
Articular pnocess
inferior,lumbar,155
superior,lumbar,155
Articular tubercle, 55
Aryepiglottic fold, 66, 67, 78
Aryepiglottic muscle, 78, 80
Aryltenoid muscle
oblique,67, 78, 79, 80, 235
transverse,63, 78, 79, 80, 235
action of, 79
Atlantoaxial ioint, 19
lateral,19
capsuleof, 21
median,superiorview ot,22
radiographof, 17
joint caps,uae, 21, 22
Atlantooccipital
Atfas (Gf f, 13, 17, 19,22, 153,160
anterior,21
anteriorarch of, 5, 17, 19,37,62, 137
anteriortubercleof, 19
dens of, articularfacet for, 17
inferiorview of, 17
Atlas lGl) (Continued)

lateralmass of, 17
occipitalcondyleof, 17
posterior,21
posteriorarch of, 17,18,178
posteriortubercle ot, 17, 175, 176
spinousprocessof, 18
superiorarticularfacet for, 17
superiorview of, 17
transverseforamenof, 17
transverseprocessot, 17, 21,30, 39, 176
Atrioventricular bundle' 225
Atrioventricular node' 22, 218, 225
Atrioventricular valve
left. See Mitralvalve
right.See Tricuspidvalve
A|lium,224
internodalconductionpathwaysof, 225
left, 214, 215, 220, 221, 224, 246
auricleot,212
obliqueveinof, 214, 215, 216
sectionthrough,221
right,212, 2'l'3,214, 215, 22O,223, 224,
241,246
opened,220
radiographof, 213
Auditory ossicles, 93
Auditory {pharyngotymPanic'
Eustachianl tube' 92, 93, 96,
125,126
cartilageof, 47
cartilaginouspart of, 52, 55, 64, 65, 67
groove for, 8
openingof, 37
pharyngealopeningof, 63, 64, 66, 125
Auerbach's plexus. See MYenteric
(Auerbach's)plexus
Auricle, 92, 97
concha of, 93
teft, 212, 213, 215, 216, 224, 225
lobuleof, 93
oosteromedialsurfaceof, 24
right,93, 212, 214, 219,220, 224
Auricular attery
anterior,23
deep, 40
posterior,
23,34,40,100, 136, 138,178
Auricularis antedor muscle' 26
Auriculads posterior muscle' 26
Audcularis supetior muscle' 26
Auricular muscler facial nerve
branches to' 123
Auricular nervet 122
anterior,122
articular branch ol, 122
great,21, 22,24,32, 129,177,178
greater,31
posterior,25, 123
occipitalbranchof, 123
Auricular tubercle (of Darwinl' 93
Auricufar vein, poster-or, 23, 70
Auriculotemporal nerve, 16, 24, 40,
5 5 , 7 1 ,1 2 2 ,1 2 5 ,1 3 4
Auscultation' triangle ol, 152, 246,
424
precordialarea of, 213
Autonomic Aanglion, abdominal'
318
Autonomic netves
of abdomen,318
in head,131
Autonomic nerves (Continued)

of nasal cavily,44
to neck, 24
in thorax,209
Autonomic neryous system
schemaof, 167
topographyof, 167
Autonomic plexus, intrinsic, 326
Autonomic reflex pathways, 325
Axilla
dissectionof, 181
dissectionof, anteriorview,429
musclesof, 424
obliqueparasagittalsectionof, 428
obliqueparasagittalsectionof, 428
suspensoryligamentof, 428
Axillary artery, 183, 189,198,200,2S5,
427, 428, 429, 433, 434
acromialbranch of, 434
clavicular branch of, 434
deltoid branch of, 434
pectoralbranchof, 434
posteriorview of, 434
Axillary fold, 181
anterior,181
posterior.181
Axif fary fossa, 243,244,245
Axillary lymph nodes, 428
along axillaryvein, 484
apical,184
brachial.184
central.184.428
lateral,483
along axillaryvein,483
parasagittalsection of, 428
pectoral,184,428
subscapular,lS4
Arif fary nerve, 177, 425,427, 429, 432,
476, 477. 481
superiorlateralcutaneousnerveof arm
trom,479
Axillary tecess,423
Axillary tail lof Spence), 182, 183
Axillary vein, 189, 198,256,428
intercostaltributariesto, 256
lymph nodes along,483
Axis (G2f, 13, 17, 19,22, 153
b o d y o f ,1 7 , 2 1
dens of, 5, 17, 37, 63
inferiorarticularprocessof, 17
interarticularpaft ol, 17
left lateralview of, 153
pedicleof, 17
posterosuperiorview of , 17
posteriorarticularfacet of, 17
posteriorlateralview of, 153
posterior tubercle of transverse process
of, 30
spinousprocessol, 17, 174, 176
transverse process of, 30
Azygos vein, 17,21, 153, 194,206,207,
209, 230, 241, 245, 246, 293, 331,
349
arch of, 230,232,244
groovefor, 199
l-4
B
Babinski's sign, 101
Back
bones and ligamentsof, 153-157
lumbarregion,cross sectionof, 179
musclesof
deep layerof, 176
axial CT images of, 350
intermediatelayerof, 175
superficiallayersof, 174
nervesof, 177,179
surfaceanatomyof, 152
Bartholin's gland. See Vestibulargland,
greater
Basal nucleus, organization of, 110
Basaf vein, 144, 145, 146
Basifar artery, 140, 1 41, 143, 171
axial MR image of, 150
Basilar membtane, 96
Basilar venous plexus, 103
Basific vein, 418, 429,449,468,480,
483,484
intermediate,480
Basivertebral vein, 137, 173
Biceps brachii muscle, 181, 418, 420,
429, 433, 435, 446, 447,451
fasciaover,428
insertionof, 420
long head o1,424, 426, 428,433, 435,
474
originof, 420
tendonof, 243,244,245
short head ol, 424, 428, 430, 433, 434,
435,474
combined,244
originof, 420
tendon of, 425,432,433, 438, 446,447
long head ot, 423, 425, 430
short head of, 430
Biceps femoris muscle, 485, 489,
495, 503, 515
long headof, 485, 494,495,540
attachmentsof, 491
short head of, 488, 494,495,540
attachmentsof, 491
tendon of, 506, 511, 514, 517, 520, 542
bursa of, 511
inferiorsubtendinous,506, 507
long head of, 353
Bicipital aponeurosis, 430, 433, 446,
480
Bifurcate ligament, 527
Bigeloq Y ligament ot, 487,496
Bile canaliculus,292
Bile duct, 126, 29O,291, 292
common, 167, 273, 274, 278, 279, 288,
294, 295, 297, 298, 300, 301, 304
hepaticducts joining,290
junctionwith duodenum,295
extrahepatic,294
union of pancreaticducts and, 295
Bile ductule, 290
intralobular,
290
periportal,29O,291, 292
Biliary tract
innervationof, 327
intrahepatic,292
Bipolar cells, 120
Bladder-prostate junction, 376

Blood circulation
intrapulmonary205
postnatal,229
prenatal,229
Bfood vessels, innervation o1,228
Bonefsf See a/so specific bones
of abdomen,248
of cranialbase,9
of elbow,436
ol toot,523,524
of forearm,439
ot hand,474
of head,2-16
of lowerlimb,513,524
of nasal cavity and paranasalcavity, at
birth,50
pelvic,352-353
of rightleg,513
ofthorax,185
of wrist. 453. 456
Bowel loop, entering hernial sac,
261
Bowman's capsule, 336
Brachial anastomosis, alound
elboq 433
Brachiaf artery, 27, 30, 31, 183, 193,
198, 206, 211, 230, 427, 429, 447
branchesol,433,434
muscularbranch,433, 434
cords of , lateral, 428, 433
deep,429
in situ, 433, 434
medial,428, 433
posterior,428
Brachial cutaneous nerye, superiol
laletal, 177
Brachialis muscle, 420, 429, 430, 433,
435,446,447,448
insertionoI,420,438
originof, 420,421
Brachiaf plexus, 27,30, 31, 32, 129,
1 6 0 ,1 8 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 3 ,1 9 8 , 2 0 6 , 2 1 1 ,
228, 230, 231, 232, 428, 429
anteriorand posteriordivisionsof, 430
communication
to, 129
cords of
lateral,428, 433
medial,428
posterior,428
medial.428. 433
posterior,428
roots of, 430
schemaof, 430
terminalbranchesof, 430
trunks of, 430
Brachial vein, 429, 435
Brachiocephalic trunk, 33, 74, 75, 76,
136,193,206, 211,212, 214,232,
237,243, 420
Brachiocephalic Yein, 74, 208
groovefor, 199
left,70, 75, 137,206, 211,212, 230,
231,243
right,75, 137,206,21O,211,212, 230,
243
Brachioradialis muscle, 418, 433,
444,446,447
originof, 420
Brachioradialis tendon, 448, 449
Brain, 48
arteriesto, 136, 141, 142
frontalviews of, 141
inferiorviews of, 139
lateraland medialviews of, 142
schemaof, 138
coronalsectionof, 108
deep veinsof, 145
sagittalsectionof, in situ, 106
subependymalveins of, 146
ventriclesof, 108
Brainstem
cranialnervenucleiin, 116, 117
medialdissectionof, 117
posteriorphantomview of, 116
schemaof, 117
sectioned,107
Bregma,7
Broad ligament, 389
anteriorlaminaot,372
of femaleureter,340
mesometriumof, 371
mesosalpinxof, 369
posteriorlaminaof,372
subdivisionsand contentsof, 372
uterine.360. 362
Bronchiaf artery, 204, 205, 207
esophagealbranch of, 207
inferiorleft, 207
left,199,231
esophagealbranch of, 237
inferior,237
superior,237
right,199, 2O7,230,237
suoeriorleft,2O7
variationsin, 207
Bronchial vein
left,2O7
right,207
Bronchiole
respiratory,2O4,205
terminal,204,2O5
Bronchomediastinal lymphatic
trunkr 208
left, 266
right,266
Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes,
199,208,230,231
Bronchopulmonary segments, 200,
201
lateralview of, 201
medialview of, 201
nomenclaturefor, 203
Bronchus' 167,2O2,2o4, 234
anteriorbasal,203
anteromedialbasal,203
apicoposterior,203
elasticfibers of, 204
202
extrapulmonary,
inferiorlobar,202
intermediate,202
intrapulmonary,
2O2,2O4
lateralbasal,203
left, 203
left mainbranchesof, 199,206,232,
233,241
lingular,202
Bronchus (Continued)
major,202
medialbasal,203
middle lobar,202,203
nomenclatureof, 203
oosteriorbasal.203
right
intermediate,206
rightmainbranchesof,207,230,245
smooth muscleof, 204
superiorlobar,202, 2O3,2OG
Brunnerts gland. See Duodenalglands
Buccal artery, 40, 69
Buccal nerve, 24, 40, 46, 62, 71, 122
branchesof, 25
Buccinator crest, 68
Buccinator lymph node, 72
Buccinator muscle, 15, 26, 48, 52, 54,
55, 60, 65, 68, 123
Buccopharyngeal fascia, 60, 63, 65
Buck's fascia. See Deep (Buck's)fascia
Bulbar conjunctiva, 81, 87
Bulbospongiosus muscle' 358, 366,
370, 380,381, 383, 404,405,417
bulb of vestibule of, 366
Bulbourethral (Gowper'sl gland'
253, 361,366, 383, 384,389,417
duct of, 383
openingof, 384, 385
oerinealmembraneand. 348
orimordiumof, 389
Bulging septum,37
Bursa
anserine.506. 507
fibularcollateral,507
of hand,462
iliopectineal,496
infrapatellar,
511
patellar,508
radial,460
subdeltoid,423
ulnar,460
Buttock, nerves of, 503
c
Gf spinal nerve, 127
dorsal ramusof, 178
dorsal roots of, 114
exit of, 161
ventralramusof, 71
ventralroots of, 114
G2 spinal nerve,127
dorsalramusof, 177, 178
v e n t r arl a m u so f, 3 2 , 7 1 , 1 7 7
G3 spinal nerve, 19
dorsal ramusof, 177
v e n t r arl a m u so l , 3 2 , 7 1 ,1 7 7
G4 spinal nerrre, 127
G5 spinal nerve, Yenttal ramus of,
32
G8 spinal nerYe, 160
exit of, 161
G6 transverse process, 136
Gl vertebra. See Atlas (C1)
G2 vertebra. See Axis (C2)
G3 vertebra, 13
inferiorarticularfacet for, 19
G3 vertebra (Continued)
tubercles of transverse process of
anterior,26
posterior,26
C4 vertebra
body of, 18
laminaof, 18
posteriortubercleof, 18
posterosuperiorview of, 17
G7 vertebra, 13, 153,160
of, 30
spinousprocessol, 18, 152, 174,175,
176,424
superiorview of, 18
Calcaneal artery
lateral.534. 535
medial,534, 535
Calcaneal nerve
lateral.534. 535
medial.534.535
Galcaneal lAchillesl tendon' 485,
5 1 5 ,5 1 6 ,5 1 7 ,5 1 8 ,5 2 ' 1 , 5 2 7
soleusmuscleinsertionin, 515, 517
Galcaneocuboid ligament' 527, 536
dorsal,527
plantat 528
Gaf caneofibular ligament, 514, 525,
527
Galcaneometatarsal ligamentr 532
Galcaneonavicular ligament' 527
plantar,527, 528, 536
Gafcaneus, 524, 527, 528
anteriortalar articularsurfaceof, 525
body of, 523,524,525
dorsal view of, 523
fibulal524
fibulartrochleaof, 523
functionalrelationsof, 525
groovefor tendon of flexor hallucis
longus,523
lateralprocess,523, 533
lateralview of, 525
medialprocess,523
medialview of, 525
middletalar articularsurfaceof, 525
olantarview of, 523
oosteriortalar articularsurfaceof, 525
radiographof, 54
superiorview of, 525
sustentaculumtali of, 523
trochleaof, 524
tuberosityof, 485,488, 516, 517,523,
533. 534. 535
radiographof, 54
Calcar, 489
C a l c a r a v i s , 1 1 1 ,1 1 2
Gafcarine artery, 142, 143
G a f c a r i n e s u l c u s , 1 0 5 ,1 0 6 ,1 O 7 , 1 1 1 ,
120
Gaf fosomarginal artery' 141, 142
Galot, cystic node of' 315
Galot, triangle of' 301
Galvaria, 102
inferiorview of, 7
superiorview of, 7
Galyx, maior,339
Gamper chiasm, 461
Camper's fascia, 348
I.5
Gamper's (fattyf layer of subcuta.

neous tissue, 249, 361, 348,
378, 380
Ganal of Schlemm. See Scleral venous
sinus (canalof Schlemm)
Ganine teeth, 57
Gapiffary plexus, 148, 2O5
cortical.337
medullary,337
Gapitate, 452, 453, 455, 456, 461
anterior (palmar)view of, 452
coronal section of, 455
posterior (dorsal)view of, 452
radiograph of, 457
Gapitis muscle, rectus
anterior,32, 47,73
anteriorand lateral,nervesto, 129
lateral,nervesto, 129
lateralis,30, 32
posteriormajor,175, 176,178
posteriorminor,175, 176, 178
Gapitohamate ligament, 454, 455
Gapitufum, 420, 436, 437
Gapsular artery, 335
Capsular ligament, 423
of shoulder.423
Gapsular vein, 337
Gapsule, internal, 141
Gardia, nodes around, 314
Cardiac nerve, cervical, 165
Gardiac notch, 236,275
Cardiac otificer 276
Gardiac plexus, 126, 165,2O9,226,
227,240
Gardiac vein
anterior,216
of diaphragmaticsurface,216
great,216
middle,216
small,216
of sternocostalsurface,216
Gardinal ligament, 360, 364, 37O,371,
372,373
Garoticotympanic newe, 123, 125
Garctid arteria! arch, dorsalr 469
Garotid artery
common, 23, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 71, 74,
75, 76, 100, 125, 128, 130, 133,
1 3 4 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 7 ,1 9 8 ,2 1 0 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 7
external,28, 32, 34,40, 59, 75, 76, 85,
86, 121, 123, 128, 130, 131
schemaof, 34
internal,10, 23,28,33,34, 44, 47,69,
71, 75, 76, 85, 86, 100, 123, 125,
1 3 0 ,1 3 1 ,1 3 2 ,1 3 4 ,1 3 8 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 0 ,
1 4 1 ,1 4 2
caroticotympanicbranch of, 138
groove for, 9
left common, 74, 80, 137, 193, 211, 214,
243
left internal,142, 143
rightcommon,30, 80, 137,193
right internal,142
right lateral dissection of, 34
Carotid autonomic plexus, 10
Garotid body, 34, 125, 130, 210
Garctid canal, 10
externalopeningof, 8
for internal carotid artery 11
for internalcarotidnerveolexus,I
Garotid groover 9
1.6
Garctid nerve llXf, 71

external,165,167
internal,130, 131, 133, 165, 167
Garctid plexus,86, 121, 131,209,226
common,130, 131
e x t e r n a l , 1 3 01,3 3 , 1 6 7
internal,86, 123,132, 165, 167
Garotid sheathr 28,32
cranialnervesin, 60
G a r o t i d s i n u s , 1 2 5 ,1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 2 1 0
Garotid vein, common, 70
Garpal atterial arch, dorsal, 469
Garpal articular surtace, 439
Garpal bones,452
in abduction.453
in adduction,453
anterior(palmar)view of, 452
Garpal ligament
palmar,454, 460
transverse.See Flexorretinaculum
Garpal tunnel, 461
palmarview of, 454
transversecross sectionof, 461
Garpometacarpal
ioint, 455
articularcapsuleof, 454
capsuleof first, 455
Garpometacarpal
ligament
dorsal,455
palmat 454
Garpotriquetral
ligament, 454
Gartilage
accessory nasal, 36
alar
lateral and medial crus of, 36
major, 36, 38, 39
minor,36
articular
of elbow.438
of finger,471
of hip joint, 487
of knee,511
arylenoid,77,78
muscularprocessof, 78
vocal process of, 78
auricular,47
bronchial,204
corniculate,77
costal, 186, 248,293, 419
eighth,415
fifth, 194
fifth left,241
of first rib, 243
second,245
seventh,198,331
sixth, 424
cricoid, 20, 28, 29, 74, 77, 78, 196, 233,
234
arch of.77
laminaot.77.78
longitudinalmusclebundleattached
to,234
posterolateralsurface of, 234
prominenceover laminaof, 66
ol larynx,77
septal, 39
septal nasal,36
lateral process of, 38, 39
Gailifage (Continued)
thyroid,28, 29, 31, 74, 196, 2O2,206,
233,234,235
laminao1,77,78
obliqueline of, 29
superiorhorn o1,77
tracheal,28,2O2
Gartifage lamina, lthyrold, 77
posterior border of, 67
Gauda equina, 160,161, 170,179,339
in lumbar puncture,162
Gauda equina arlery, 171
Gaudal mesonephric duct, residua
of, 389
Gaudate nucleus, 141
anteriorvein of, 145, 146
bodyof,108,110
h e a do f , 1 1 0 ,1 1 1 ,1 1 2 ,1 4 5
posteriorvein of, 145
terminal,146
t a i lo f , 1 0 8 ,1 1 0 , 1 1 2
thalamusand, 110
transverseveins of, 145,146
Gavernous nerve, 166,41O,412
Gavernous plexus, 121
Gavernous sinus, 85, 100, 104, 136,
140
coronalsectionthrough,104
efferent hypophysealvein to, 148
emissaryvein communicatingwith, 70
Gecal artery, 323
anterior,281, 306, 307
posterior,281,307
Gecal fold, 281, 362, 363
Gecal plexus, 323
Gecal vein
a n t e r i o r , 311, 3 1 2
posterior,311,312
Gecum, 126, 269, 272, 281, 284, 362,
363
variationsin posteriorperitonealattachment of, 281
vascularfold of, 281
Geliac ganglion, 44, 126, 165, 167,
168, 219, 267, 318, 320, 321, 323,
324, 325, 327, 328, 331, 345, 346,
409
Geliac lymph node, 266,314,315
Geliac plexus, 126,165, 166,240,319,
320,322,323,344,345,346, 410,
415
posteriorvagaltrunk to, 240
vagal branch to, 240
Geliac trunk, 165, 195, 206, 278, 298,
300, 305, 321, 324, 328, 329, 333
arteriogramof, 303
bifurcationof, 297
common originof, 302
cross section of, 338
prenatal,229
variations in, 302
Ceneus, apex of, 107
Gentral artery
anterolateral,141
anteromedial,140
central, anterolateral,143
posteromedial,140
precentral,141
Gentral sulcus, 106
Gentral vein, 290, 291

of liver.290. 291
Gephalic vein, 181, 188,189,256, 418,
424, 428, 429, 449, 468, 479, 480,
483,484
accessory 479,48O
intermediate,480
Gerebellar artery
anterior,140
anteriorinferior,136, 138,139, 14O,141,
143,171
posterior,141, 143
inferior,143
posteriorinferior,141, 171
superior,136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143,
171
Gerebellar hemispheric vein, infe.
riot, 144
Gerebellar notch
anterior,97
posterior,97,113
Cerebellar nucleus, 113
dentate,113
emboliform,113
fastigial,113
globose,113
Gercbellar peduncle
inferior,113, 144
inferior,superior,middle,144
middle,113,114, 144
superior,113, 114, 115, 144
decussation
of,113
superiorplaneof, 113
Gerebellar tonsil, herniation of, 101
Gercbellar tonsillar artery, 143
Gerebellar vein
hemisphericinferior,151
precentral,l44
superior,144
cistern
Gerebellomedullary
posterior,109
veinof, 144
G e r c b e l l u m , 1 0 6 ,1 1 1 , 1 1 5 ,1 4 6
anteriorlobe of, 113
biventerlobe of, 113
dentatenucleusof, 115
flocculonodularlobe of , 113
flocculusof, 114
horizontalfissureof, 113
inferiorfovea of , 115
inferiorsurfaceof, 113
lateralrecessof, 115
lateralviews of, 105
medialeminenceof, 115
mediansagittalsectionof, 115
parts of, 144
posteriorlobeof, 113
oosteriorview of. 115
posterolateral
fissureof, 107
sagittalMR image of, 149
secondaryfissureof, 107
superior fovea of, 115
superiorsurfaceof, 113
tonsio
l f , 1 0 7 ,1 1 5
Cerebral aqueduct, 106, 107, 108,
109,146
Cercbral arterial circle (of Willisf,
139,140
Gerebral artery
anterior,136,138, 1 40, 141, 143
branchesof, 141
left. 142
right,142
communicating,
140
left anterior,142
left middle,142
middle,136, 138, 140, 14'l, 143
branchesof, 141
left. 142
temporalbranchesof, 141
posterior,136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 171
branchesto, 136,138
right,142, 143
right anterior,142
posteriorand anterior,142
Cerebral crus, 107, 113,114,139,145
Cercbral lalx,48
Gerebral fissure
anterior,143
longitudinal,
107, 143,145
Gerebral hemisphere
medialsurfaceof, 106
Gerebral peduncle, 106, 115
Gercbral sulcus, lateral, 141
Gerebral vasculature, 136-1 38,
139-141, 143-144,145-146
Gerebral veine
anterior,144, 145, 146
deep, 99
middle,144,145
great,103, 104, 106, 115, 144, 145, 146
quadrigeminalcisternof, 109
inferior,102, 1O4,145
internal,99, 108, 111,144,145,146
lateraldirect, 146
middle
d e e p , 1 4 41, 4 5 , 1 4 6
superficial,145
penetratingsubduralspace,99
superficial,99, 102
middle,99, 102, 1O4
superiot102
openingof, 101
Gerebrospinal fluid, circulation of,
109
Celbrum, 113
anteriorlobe of , 113
biventerlobuleof , 113
externalcapsuleof, 110
flocculonodular
lobe,113
frontalpole of, 107
gyri of, 107
horizontalfissureof, 113
horizontalsectionsthrouoh.110
inferiorsurfaceof , 113
inferiorview of, 107
internalcapsuleof, 110
medialview of, 106
medialviews of, 106
occipitalpole of, 107
posteriorlobe of , 113
Gerebrum (Continued)
oosterolateralfissure of, 113
sulciof, 107
superior surface of, 113
superiorvermisof, 113
temporalpole of, 107
t o n s iol f , 1 1 3
Gervical artery
ascending,33, 69, 71, 74,75,76, 136,
138.171.427
d e e p , 3 3 1, 3 6 ,1 3 8 , 1 7 1
superficial,74, 75
transverse,32, 69, 74, 75, 76, 138, 177,
427, 429
Gervical canal, 371
Gervical cardiac newe' 166,209
inferior.165. 226
middle.165.226
superior,69, 71, 165, 226
sympatheticand vagal,226
Gervical curvatute, 18, 153
Gervical enlargementr 161
Gervical ganglion
middle,165
superior,165,167
Gervical nerve, 130-133,134-135,161
branchesof, 25
superficial,177
transverse,24, 31, 71, 129
vertebraeand,127,161
Gervical plexus, 160, 177, 178, 481
ansa cervicalisol,32, 128
brancheslrom,24
in situ, 32
schemaot,32,129
supraclavicularnerves from, 479
Gervical spinal nerves, 160
c1.160
exit of, 161
C2, dorsal ramusof, 177
c8. 160
exit of, 160
dorsaframi o1,24, 32, 177
medialbranchesof,24
posteriorcutaneousbranchesof, 178
Gervical sympathetic catdiac
nelYe
inferior,130, 226,227
middle,33, 130, 165,226,227
superior,32, 60, 128,130, 132,133, 134,
165,226,227,240
Gervical sympathetic ganglion'
middle, 32, 60, 130, 131, 132,
133,134,167
Gervical sympathetic trunk, 131,
240
vertebralganglionof, 240
Gervical vagal cardiac netve
interior,227
superior,227
Gervical vein
deep,137
left,137
right,137
right,deep, 137
177
suoefficial,
70,177
transverse,
l-7
Gervical yertebrae. See a/so Atlas

(C1);Axis (C2); specific vertebrae
anteriorview of, 17, 171
arteriesof, 171
articularpillaro1,21
costal facets of, 21
externalcraniocervicalligamentsof, 21
inferioraspect of, 18
lateralradiographof, 21
numberof, 161
right lateralview of, 21
superioraspect of, 18
superiorview of, 18
upper,17
Geryicis muscle, interspinalis, 176
Gervicofacial nerve, 25
Gervicothoracic (stellatef ganglion,
13, 130,165,209, 226,227, 240
esophagealand recurrent nerve
branchesfrom,24O
Gervix, 360, 364, 369, 370, 371, 372
externalos of, 371
C5 spinal nerue, ventral ramus of, 32
G4 spinal nerve,127
Gheek ligament, 83
Ghest
radiographof, 213
Ghest drainage tubes, placement
of, 190
Ghiasmatic cistern, 109
Ghief cell, 276
Ghoana, 8, 13, 14, 37, 38, 39, 52, 55, 66,
67
Gholangiole,292
Ghordae tendineae, 220, 221, 223
Ghorda tympani nerve, 62, 7 1, 93, 94,
122, 123, 124, 131,133, 134, 135,
165
Ghorcid,87,89,90
vasculararrangementswithin,91
Ghoroidal artery
anterior,139, 140, 141, 143
posteriorlateral,139, 143
posteriormedial,139, 143
Ghoroid pfexus, 111,112,145
of fourthventricle,106,108, 109, 114,
115
of lateralventricle,108, 109, 110, 143,
145
of third ventricle,106, 108, 109
Ghoroid Yein, 91
bulb of, 91
Ghoroid vein, superior, 99, 145, 146
Giliary artery
anterior,90, 91
recurrentbranch of, 91
long posterior,90, 91
posterior,85
short, 91
short posterio( 90, 91
Giliary bodn 87,90
blood vesselsof, 90
fibers of. 88
orbicularisciliarisof. 89
Giliary ganglion, 45,86, 121, 122, 131,
132,165,166,168
nasociliary
root of,86, 131, 132
oculomotorroot of, 132
parasympatheticroot of,86, 121
l-8
Gif iary ganglion (Continued)

roots of, 131
schemaof, 132
sensoryroot of, 86, 121,122,131
sympathetic root of, 86, 121, 132
Giliary muscle,87, 118, 121,132
circularfibers of, 88
meridionalfibers of, 88
Giliary nerve
long, 86, 121, 122, 131, 132
short,86, 121,122,131,132
Giliary process, 87, 88, 89
Giliary vein, anterior, 88, 90, 91
Gingular ant.cty, 142
Gingulate gyrus, 106
isthmusof, 106, 107
Gingulate sulcus, 106
Gircle of Willis. See Cerebral arterial
circle (of Willis)
Gircular muscle,326
Gisterna chyli, 266, 314, 318
lumbar lymph trunk to, 343
Glaustrum, 110
Glavicle, 1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 181,182,
184, 186, 188, 189, 196, 197, 198,
213,230,231,243,418, 420, 421,
422, 423, 424, 425, 427, 428, 425
acromialend of, 419
acromialfacet of, 419
anteroposteriorradiograph ot, 422
conoid tubercleof, 419
costoclavicularligamentimpressionon,
419
inferiorsurfaceof, 419
radiograph of, 422
right,419
shaftbody of,419
sternalend of,419
sternalfacet of, 419
subclaviangrooveof, 419
superiorsurfaceof, 419
trapezoidline of, 419
Glavipectoral fascia, 428
pectoralisminor muscleinvestedby, 188
subclaviusmuscleinvestedby, 188
Glavipectoral lossa, 428
Glinoid pnocess
anterior,9
coronalCT imagesof, 151
posterior,I
Glitoris
body of, 388
crus of, 360, 366, 370
deep artery of, 404
deep dorsal vein of, 356, 357, 360, 364,
365
dorsal artery of, 404
dorsal nerve ot,267, 413, 414
frenulumof, 377
glansof, 377,388
prepuceof, 377
suspensoryligamento1,378, 379, 380
Glivus,9
surface of, 22
Gloquet, node of, 266, 408
Glunial nerve
interior,177, 411, 413,503, 540, 545
m e d i a l1, 7 7 , 5 0 2 , 5 4 5
superior,177, 254, 502, 545
Goccygeal co?nu, 157
Goccygeal lagament, 160, 161
Goccygeal nerYe, 160, 161,499

vertebraeand, 161
Goccygeal plexus,499
schemaof, 499
Goccygeus (ischiococcygeusf
muscle, 263, 358, 359, 398,
4 0 2 , 4 1 0 ,4 1 1 , 4 1 2
Goccyx, 153, 157, 160,161, 248,352,
353, 357, 376, 379, 391
anteriorinferiorview of, 157
posteriorsuperiorview of, 157
spinalnervesand, 161
tip of, 354, 357, 359, 376, 380, 382, 395
transverseprocess of, 157
Gochfea, 92,95,97
helicotremaof, 92, 96
osseous,92, 96
sectionthrough,92, 96
Gochlear aqueduct, 96
Gochlear cupula,95
Gochlear ganglaon, 124
Gochlear nerYe, 92, 95, 96, 97
distributionof. 118
posteromedialview of, 95
Gochlear nucleus, anterior and
posterior, 116, 117, 124
Gochlear necess, 95
Gochlear window. See Roundwindow
(cochlear)
Gochleus, modiolus of, 96
Golic artery
arc of Riolan between middle and left,
308
ascendingbranchof, 307, 398
descendingbranchof, 307, 398
lett,264,307, 318, 323,324,340, 398
middle,29O,298,301
, 306,307, 318,
322,323,340,348
absence of, 308
right,306, 307, 308, 322, 323, 34O
absence of, 308
variations of, 308
Golic flexurc
left, 126, 269, 270, 271, 272, 275, 278,
284,288,298,347
right,269, 288,297
Golic impression,287
Golic lymph nodes
left.317
middle,317
right,317
Golic plexus
lett,278,284,318,323
middle,322, 323
right,275, 322,323
Golic vein
left,311, 312, 313
middle,298,303, 311,312
right,311, 312,313
Gollateral artery
middle,432, 434,435
radial,434, 435
Gollateral eminence, 111
Gollateral ligament, 509
fibular,493, 499
radial.438
tibial,493, 514
ulnar.438
Gollateral sulcus, 106
Gollateral trigone, 111
Gollecting lubule, 336, 337

schemaof, 337
Golles' fascia. See Superficialperineal
(Colles')fascia
Golliculus
brachiaof, 114
inferior,106, 111
brachium
of,111
left, 144
s u p e r i o r1,0 6 ,1 0 7 ,1 1 1 ,1 1 4 ,1 1 5 ,1 1 6 ,
132.143.144
brachiumof, 111
left, 144
Goffi muscle, netves lo, 129
Golon
air in, radiographof, 355
area for, 329
ascending,126, 269, 272, 278, 284, 339,
349
site of.274
descending,167, 271, 278, 339, 342
areafor,329
cross sectionof. 338. 349
descendingfrom left colic flexure,297
from left colic flexure, 297
site ol,274
mucosaand musculatureoI,284
nerveto, 410
right colic flexureof, 297
sigmoid,167, 168,269,271, 284,391,
392, 393, 394,412
loopingto right side, 284
nerveto, 410
reflected,271
variationsin positionof, 285
transverse,269, 270, 273, 278, 284, 291,
294,298,299,339
ascendingto left colic flexure,297
tributary from, 309
tributaryfrom, 311
Gommissure
anterior,106, 115, 146, 147
of fornix, 112
habenular.
106. 111
posterior,106, 111, 388
artery
Gommunicating
anterior,136, 138, 139,140, 141,142
posterio( 104, 136, 139, 140, '141, 142,
143
Gommunicating vein, 31, 137
Gompressor uTethra, female, 356
Compressor urethrae muscle, 367,
404
Gompressor urethrali$ muscle, 370
Gomputed tomography lCTl
abdominal,350
of arteries of the arm, 484
of chest, 242
of head, 150
coronalimagesof, 151
of upper limb arteries,484
Goncha
inferior,14
nasal.See Nasalconcha
Gonducting syslem,225
Gondylar canal, 11
Gondylar emlssary vein' 137
Gondyle
lateral,489
medial,489
Goneus, 106
Gl spinal nerve, 133
dorsal ramusof, 178
dorsal roots of, 114
exit of, 161
ventralramus of, 71
ventral roots of, 114
Gl vertebra. See Atlas (C1)
Coniunctiva, 91
bulbar,81, 83, 88, 90
inferiorpalpebral,81
palpebral,83
superiorpalpebral,81
Goniunctival artery, posterior' 91
Gonjunctival fornir
inferiot 81
superior,81
Gonjunctival vein, posterior, 91
Gonjunctival vessels, 90, 91
Gonnective tissue
of liver,291
subserous,326
Connective tissue sheath' 202
Gonoid ligament, 425,423
attachmentof,419
Gonus arteriosus, 212, 218, 220, 222,
224
Gonus elasticus, 78
Gonus medullaris, 160,161, 170,339
Gonvoluted tubule
distal,336
oroximal,336
Gooper's ligament. See Pectinealligament (Cooper's)
Goracoacromial ligament' 423, 425,
426,430
Goracobrachialis muscle' 244, 245,
429, 430, 433, 435, 474
fascia over, 428
insertionof, 420
originof, 420
Goracoclavicular ligamenl, 423
Goracohumeral ligamentr 423
Goracoid pnDcess, 185, 189, 420, 421,
423, 425, 427, 428, 429, 433
Gornea, 81,83,87,88, 90, 91
Corneal limbus,81
Gorneoscleral iunction, 81
Gorniculate tubercle, 77
Goronal sulcus, 246, 385, 388
Goronal suture,2,5
Goronary artery
branchof, 219
diagonalbranchesof, 219
arteriographicviews of, 218,219
arterioventricular
nodal branchof, 218
circumflexbranchof, 219
atrioventricular
branchof, 219
conus branchof, 218
of diaphragmaticsurface,216
interventricular
septal branchesof, 216,
217
Goronary attery/ (Continued)

l e f t ,2 1 6 ,2 1 7 , 2 1 9
branchof, 216,
217,219
circumflexbranch of, 2'16,217, 219
marginalbranchof, 216,217,218
openingof, 224
posterior interventricularbranch ot, 218
oosteriorleft ventricularbranchof, 217
posterolateralbranches of, 218, 219
right,217,218
atrialbranch ol. 216, 217
marginalbranchof, 216,217
openingof, 223
oosterior interventricularbranch of,
216,217
posterolateralbranchesof, 216
sinuatrialnodal branch ol, 216, 218
of sternocostal surface, 217
variationsin, 217
Goronary ligament
enclosing bare area of liver,348
hepatorenalportion of, 287
of liver.287
Goronary sinusr 214, 215, 216,221,
233,241
openingot,220,223
valve ol,22O
Goronary sulcusr 214
Gorcnary vein, variations inr 217
Goronoid fossa, 420
Goronoid pnocess' 15, 436, 443
radiograph of,422
Gorpora cavernosar 382
Gorpora quadrigemia' 107
Gorpus albicansr 371
Gorpus callosum, 106, 107, 108,111,
1 4 1 ,1 4 3
anterior,145
cisternof, 109
dorsalvein of,144,146
g e n uo f , 1 0 6 ,1 0 7 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 2 ,1 4 6
right dorsal branchto, 143
rostrumof, 106, 141
sagittalMR imageof, 149
spleniumof, 106, 107, 110,112, 143,
144,145,'t46
sulcusof, 106
trunkof, 106, 141
Gorpus cavernosum, 361, 382,383,
385
sagittalMR imagesof, 371,397
Gorpus luteumr 3Tl
Gorpus spongiosum' 361, 366, 381,
382, 383
Gorpus striatumr 110, 141
Gorrugator cutis ani muscle' 393
Gorrugator supercilii muscle' 25, 36,
123
Gorti, organ of. See Spiral organ (of
Corti)
Gortical radiate artery' 335, 337
Cortical radiate vein' 337
Gostal facet
inferior,187
superior,187
Gostal groove, 186
Gostal impression' 287
1.9
Costal pleural, 231, 232

Gostocervical trunk, 33, 69, 136, 197,
138
Gostochondral joint, 186
Gostoclavicular ligament, 186, 419
attachmentof,419
Gostocoracoid ligament, 1BB,4Zg
Gostocoracoid membrane, 428
Gostodiaphragmatic
recess, 198,
230, 231, 293, 330, 332, 342. 349
right,206
Gostomediastinal space, 331
lateral,198
superior,198
joint, 243
Costovertebral
right posterolateral
view of, 187
Cough receptor,210
Gowper's gland. See Bulbourethral
(Cowper's)gland
Coral bone. See Hip bone
Granial base
bones of, 9
foraminaof, 10, 11
inferiorview of, 10
inferiorview of, 8
Granial fossa
anterior,9
middle,9
posterior,I
arteriesot, 142, 143
veins of, 144
posterior veins of, 144
Granial mesonephric lGartner'sf
duct, 389
Granial mesonephric tubule, 389
Granial nerye, 116, 130-133,134-135
in carotidsheath,60
communicatingbranchof, 45
motor and sensorydistributionof, 118
nucleiof
medialdissectionof, 117
posteriorphantomview of, 116
schemaof, 116
palsy of, 101
Granial nuclei, in brainstem,
schema ol, 117
Graniocervical ligaments
external
anteriorview of, 21
internal,22
Cremaster fascia, 250
Gremasteric artery, 255
Gremasteric muscle, 25O,251, 2Sg,
261
lateraloriginof, 259
medialoriginof, 259
Gremasteric yessels, 260, 4O1
Gremaster muscle, 390
medialorigin of, 259
Cribriform fascia, 546
Gribriform plate, 6, 9, 37, 39, 119
foraminaof. 11
Gricoaryrtenoid muscle
lateral,78, 80
action of. 78. 79
1.10
Gricoaryrtenoid muscle (Continued)

posterior,78, 80, 235
action of, 79
Gricopharyngeus muscle | 75, 76, 80,
233,234,235
Gricothyrcid altery, 69
Gricothyroid ioanl,77
pivot point of, 79
Gricothyroid ligament
lateral, TT
m e d i a n7, 4 , 7 7 , 2 0 2
Cricothyroid muscle, 126
action of, 79
obliquepart of, 79
straightpart of, 79
Grista galli, 3,6,9,39
Grista terrninalis, 220, 225
Gross section
of abdomen
atLl-2,339,349
at L3. 349
at L3, 4, 349
at T10, 293
atT12,297,331,338
of descendingduodenum,179
forearm,serial,449
of gallbladder,297
of scrotum.390
of testis,390
Cruciate ligament, 22, 507, 5Og
anterior,508, 509, 514
attachment of, 508
origin of, 514
inferiorlongitudinalband of, 22
posterior,514
attachmentof. 514
superiorlongitudinalband ol,22
transverse.22
G3 spinal nerYe, 19,127
dorsal ramusof, 178
ventraframus ot, 32, 71, 178
G2 spinal nerve, 133
dorsalramusot.177. 178
ventralramus ot, 32, 7 1, 177
Gubital fossa, 418
Gubitaf lymph nodes, 483, 484
Gubital node,483
Gubital vein
intermediate,480
median,418, 479, 483, 484
Guboid bone, 523,524,527,536,537
articularsurfacefor, 525
base of, 523
dorsalview of, 523
groovefor fibularislongustendon insertion, 523
plantarview of, 523
radiograph of, 54
shaft of, 523
tuberosityof, 523, 524, 528, 536
Guboideonavicular ligament,
plantaT, 528
Gufmen, 113, 115,144
Cuneate fasciculus, 114
Cuneate tubercle, 114
Guneiform bone
intermediate,523, 536
lateral,523, 536
radiographof, 54
Guneiform bone (Continued)

medial,523, 524,527, 536
plantarview of, 523
Guneiform tuberrle, 66, 67, 78
Guneocuboid ligament, dorsal, 527
Guneonavicular ligament
dorsal,527
plantar,528
Cuneus, 106
apex of, 107
Guspid teeth. See Teeth,canine
Gutaneous nerve(sl
antebrachiallateral,469
dorsal,lower limb
intermediate,540, 541, 542
laleral,542,545
medial,541, 542
femoral
lateral,409
posterior,411
of forearm, medial, 469
of head,24
lateral antebrachial,447
lateral dorsal, 544
lateralfemoral,329, 499,538, 539
medial antebrachial, 429, 432, 469
of neck, 24, 31
perforating,411, 499
posterior antebrachial,469
superiorlateralbrachial,177
Guticle,471
Cl vertebra. See Atlas (C1)
G2 vertebra. See Axis (C2)
C3 Yertebra, 13
inferior articular facet for, 19
tubercles of transverseprocess of
anterior,30
posterior,30
G4 vertebra
body of, 18
laminaof, 18
posteriortubercleof , 18
posterosuperiorview of, 18
superiorarticularprocessof, 19
G7 vertebra, 13, 153,160
of, 30
spinousprocessof, 18, 152, 174,175,
176,424
superiorview of, 18
Gymba,93
Gystic attery, 294, 300, 301, 305
Gystic duct, 331
smooth part of, 294
spiralfold of, 294
variationsin, 296
Gystic node (of Galotf, 315
Gystic vein, typical arrangement
of, 313
Cystohepatic triangle, 301
Gystourethrograms,
male and
female,368
D
Declive, 113
Deep (Buck'sf fascia, 249, 25O,348,
361, 380, 381, 382, 383, 396, 401,
403, 405
intercavernous
septum of, 382, 385
Deep palmar arch, 465

Deftoid muscle, 152, 174, 177, 188,
189,243,244,245, 423, 428, 429
attachments of, 420
insertionot,42O,421
origin of, 419,420
Deltoid tuberosity, 420
lymph node, 483, 484
Deltopectoral
node, 483
Deltopectoral
Deltopectoral triangler 247, 424
Denonvilliers' fascia, See
Rectoprostatic(Denonvilliers')
fascia
Dens,137
apical ligamentof, 63, 65
of axis,19, 37
posteriorauricularfacet of ,22
Dental plexus
inferior,122
superior,122
Dental pulp, 57
D e n t a t e g y r u s , 1 0 6 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 1 ,1 1 2 ,1 1 9
Dentate nucleus, 108, 112,119
Denticulate ligament, 169, 170
Dentinal tubules, 57
Dentine,57
Depressor anguli oris muscle, 54
Depressor labii inferioris muscle,
26,54,123
Depressor septi nasi musclo, 36, 123
Dermatomes
anterior,482
levelsof, 164
of lower limb, 543
posterior,482
schematicdemarcationof, 164
of upper limb
anteriorand posteriorviews of, 482
Descemetts membrane. See Posterior
limitinglamina(Descemet's
membrane)
Diaphragn, 198,206, 211,215,23O,
233, 236, 237, 272, 273, 275, 286,
3 2 7 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 13, 4 2 ,4 9 8
abdominalsurfaceof, 195
area for, 330
caval openingfor, 195, 263,267
central tendon of, 263
right leafletof, 194
costal part of, 195, 258
crura of, 179, 293,338, 342
left,263,27O,297,339
right,263,27O,293,297,331, 339
domesof, 213
.196,
197
left,
right,196,197
lateral view of, 233
lumbar part of, 195
pelvic,361
fascia of, 364
female,356, 357
inferiorand superiorfasciaof, 392
male,358-359
superiorfasciaof, 360, 364, 365, 369,
394
phrenicnervesto, 193
slip of originot, 349
sternalpart of, 195
thoracicsurfaceof, 193
Diaphragmatic constriction, 233
Diaphragmatic ligament, 389

Digastric fossa, 15
Digastric muscle, 29, 123
anteriorbellyof, 27,28,29,31,32,34,
46,53,61,68
intermediatetendon of, 59
fibrous loop for, 59
phantom,34
posteriorbellyof, 27,28,29,32,34, 40,
59, 73
nerveto, 25
Digastric tendon, intermediater 60
fibrousloop 1or,28, 29, 53
Digital artery
common,computedtomographyof, 484
common palmar,465
common plantar,536
dorsal,469, 471, 530, 536
nutrientbranchesof, 471
oalmar
common,460
proper,460
properpalmar,460,471
dorsalbranchesol,471
proper plantar,533, 535, 536
dorsal branches of, 530
Digital creases,418
Digital nerves
common oalma', 476
common plantar,476, 541
dorsal,468,471, 475,542,544
lateraldorsal.544
parmar
to fourth and fifth fingers, 460
proper, 476
proper palmar,460, 471, 476
dorsal branchesof, 468
to thumb. 460
properplantar,535, 541
Digital vein
dorsal,468, 480,544
Dilator pupillae muscle, 88, 121
Diplo6, 7
Diploic vein, 102
anteriortemporal,99
coronaldissectionof, 99
frontal, 99
occipital,99
posteriortemporal,99
Dircct vein, lateral, 145, 146
Distal interphalangeal (DlPl joint'
site of' 418
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)' 140,
141, 142
Dorsalis pedis artery, 520,530,536
Dorsaf ramus, spinal, 17O,258,430
medialclunialnervesfrom, 545
perforatingcutaneousnervesfrom, 545
Dorsal tubercle of radius (Listet'sl'
452
Dorsal venous arch, foot, 544
Dorsomedial nucleus, 147
Dorsum sellae,9
Douglas, cul.de-sac of. See
Rectouterinepouch (of Douglas)
Ductus arteriosus
obliterated, 229
prenatal,229
Ductus choledochus. See Bile duct,
common
Ductus (vasf deferensr 259, 261, 34O,

389, 390, 409, 546
ampullaof, 384
arteryto, 255,264,340, 398, 4O1,4O3
Ductus deferens plexus' 409, 415
Ductus plexusr 409
Ductus reuniensr 96
Ductus Yenosus
obliterated,229
prenatal,229
Duodenal capr279
Duodenal flexure
inferior,279
superior,279
Duodenal fold
inferior,278
superior,270
Duodenal fossa
inferior,2TO
superior,270
Duodenal glandsr 2T9
Duodenal impression' 287
Duodenal papilla
ma:1or,279,294,295
minor,279
Duodenal wall
circularmuscle layerof, 279
longitudinalmusclelayerof, 279
submucosaof, 279
Duodenojejunal flexure, 270, 279, 342
Duodenojejunal iunction' 179
Duodenum, 126, 248, 273, 275, 278,
288,329,340,342
arteries of, 301, 304
ascending,27O,278, 279
bariumradiographol, 279
circularmuscleof, 277,295
descending,272, 279, 294
descendingpart of, 270
inferior pad of, 270
in situ.278
innervationof. 321
lunctionwith common bile duct, 295
longitudinalfold of, 279
longitudinalmuscleof, 277
mesentery root ot, 278
mucosaof. 279
musculatureof, 279
nervesof, 319,320,321
second-third parts of, 338
junctionof, 339
submucosaof, 279
superior,276,274
superiorpart of, 294
superior(1st)part of, 297
suspensoryligamentof, 270
suspensorymuscleof, 270
veins of, 309
Dural sac
in lumbarpuncture,162
terminationof, 160, 161
Dural venous sanusesr 104
sagittalsectionof, 103
l.t I
Dura mater, 39, 91, 93, 96, 99, 100,102,

109,119,137,169
around bony and membranous
labyrinths,96
cerebralveins penetrating,102
lumbar,170
periostealand meningeallayersof, 99
s p i n a l , 1 6 01, 7 9
spinaladeriesto, 172
of thoracicspine, 170
Dura-skull intedace, 102
E
Ear, 93
bony and membranouslabyrinthsof, 95
external
coronalobliquesectionof, 93
superolateralview of, 93
lobuleof, 1
middle coronalobliquesectionof, 93
surface anatomy of, 1
Edinger.Westphal nucleus, 116, 117,
132
Efferent ductule, 389, 390
Effercnt fiber, to olfactory bulb, 119
Ejaculatory duct, 376
beginningof, 384
openingsof, 316, 384,385
Elbow
anastomosesaround,434
bones of, 436
ligamentsof, 438
musclesot,447448
radiographsof
anteroposterior,
437
lateral,437
Emissary vein, 99, 102
communicatingwith cavernoussinus,70
condylar,137
coronaldissectionof,99, 102
mastoid,23,99, 137
occipital,99
parietal,23, 94, 99
parietal foramen for, 7
of skull,99
to superiorsagittalsinus,7
Endolymphatic duct, 11, 95
openingfor, 97
in vestibularaqueduct,96
Endolymphatac sac,96
Endometrium,371
Endopelvic fascia, 364
Ependyma, 108
Epicolic nodes,317
Epicondyles
lateral,438, 440, 441, 442, 443, 489
radiographof, 510
medial,437, 440, 441, 442, 443,447,
476,489
Epicranial aponeurosis, 26, 178
Epicranius muscle
frontalbelly of, 26
occipitalbelly of, 26
Epididymal duct,390
Epididymis,390
appendixof, 389
body of, 390
head of, 390
t-12
Epididymis (Continued)
sinus of, 390
tail of, 390
Epidural anesthesia, for lumbar
puncture,162
Epidural hematoma, 101
Epidural space
fat in, 170
Epigastric artery
superficial,
211, 511
s u p e r i o r , 1 8 81,8 9 , 1 9 2
Epigastric lymph nodes, inferior,
266
Epigastric lcgionr 268
Epigastric vein
inferior,251, 256,265, 4OO
superficial,247, 256, 265, 544
superior,189,256
Epigastric vessels
inferior,251, 259, 261, 349, 362, 363,
401,403
superficial,249, 500
superior,331, 500
Epiglottis, 13, 58, 63, 66, 67, 76, 77, 78,
135.233. 235
Epiphyseal plate, 504
Epiphysis, 471
nutrientarterialbranchto, 471
Epiploic appendices. See Omental
appendices
Epiploic foramen, 331
Epiploic loramen. See Omental
foramen
Episcleral artery, 90
Episcleral space, 83, 87
Episcleral vein, 90,91
segmentof, 91
Epithelia! cell, stomach surface, 276
Epithelial tag, 388
Epitympanic recess, 92, 93
Eponychium,471
Epoiiphoron, 343
Epoiiphorcn canal,389
Erector spinae muscle, 152, 174, 175,
179, 180, 192, 243, 258, 293, 330,
331
Esophageal arleryr2OT
Esophageal hiatus, 195
Esophageal impression, 287
Esophageal iunction, 236
Esophageal muscle,202
circular,75,235,236
longitudinal,75, 235, 236
cricoesophageal
tendon of, 235
Esophageal plexus, 126, 165,166,
206, 209, 230, 231, 232, 241, 321
anterior,240
posterior portion of, 240
sympatheticbranchesto, 2O9,24O
Esophageal prominence,
pericardial,215
Esophageal vein, 312, 313
Esophagogastric junction, 236
Esophagus, 63, 68, 76, 126,194,2O4,
206, 207, 230, 231, 233, 240, 241,
243, 244, 245, 246, 263, 264, 270,
274,323,329,332,348
abdominalpart of,233, 237,275
Esophagus (Continued)
arteries of, 237
common variationsin, 237
bare area on ventral surface. 234
cervicalpartot,237
circularmuscle layerof ,234,277
gradualslight muscularthickeningof,
232
greater curvature ol, 277
groove for, 199
in situ,232
lateralview of, 233
longitudinalmusclelayer ot, 234, 277
lateral mass of, 234
mucosa o1,235,236
lunctionwith gastricmucosa,276
musculatureof, 239
nerves of, 240
opened posterior view of, 66
pyloric part of, 277
recurrentarterialbranchto. 195. 264
submucosaof, 235, 236
thoracic parl ol, 232, 237
topographyand constrictionsof, 233
zone of sparsemusclesol,234,235
Ethmoidal artery
anterior,11, 85
meningealbranchof, 100
septal and meningealbranchesof, 41
posterior,
11, 85, 100
septal and meningealbranchesof, 41
Ethmoidal bulla, 37,38
Ethmoidal cells, 48, 49, 83
anterior,50
openingof, 37, 38
semilunarhiatusof, 37
middle,50
openingof, 37, 38
posterior,37, 38
openingof, 38
Ethmoidal foramen
2, 11, 12
anterior,
Posterior,2, 11
Ethrnoidal nerve
anterior,11, 43, 86, 121, 122
externalnasalbranchesto,24,122
lateralinternalnasal branchesto. 42.
43
medial internal nasal branches to, 42
posterior,
11, 45, 86, 121,122
Ethmoidal vein
anlerior,122
posterior,122
Ethmoid bone, 4,6,9,38
anteriorethmoidalforamenof, 12
cribriformplate of, 37, 38, 39, 119
crista galli of, 39
middle nasalconcha of, 2
nasalconcha of, 38
orbitalplateoI,2,4, 12
perpendicularplate of, 2, 6, 39
uncinateprocessof, 38
Ethmoid sinus
Eustachian tube. See Auditory(pharyngotympanic,Eustachian)tube
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

muscle, 418, 420, 444, 446,477
groovefor, 439
tendon of, 444, 445, 449, 469, 470
attachmentof, 420
Extensor carpi radialis longus
muscle, 432, 435, 441, 444,
445, 446, 449, 451,477
groove for, 439
originof, 439
tendonof, 444,469,47O
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, 418,
420, 432, 441, 444, 449, 451,477
tendonof, 444,469,470
ulnarorigin ot, 451, 470
Extensor digiti minima muscle, 420,
441, 444, 450, 451
tendon of, 420, 441, 444, 449, 470
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle,
520, 521, 530, 531, 542
innervationof, 542
tendonof, 519,520, 531, 536
Extensor digitorum longus nuscle,
494, 519, 520,522, 530,531, 542
attachmentsof, 515
tendonof, 519, 520,521, 530,531, 536,
Ra.7
sheathof, 530
Extensor digitorum minimi tendon,
469
Extensor digitorum muscle, 432,
441, 449, 450, 477
centralbands of, 451
groove for, 439
lateralbands of, 451
tendon of, 418, 441, 444, 445,449, 469,
470,471
Extensor expansions, 536
tendinousslips to, 465
transversefibers of, 470
Extensor hallucis brevis muscle,
520, 530, 542
innervationof, 542
t e n d o no f , 5 1 9 , 5 3 1 , 5 3 6
Extensor hallucis longus muscle,
519, 520, 521, 522, 531
attachmentsof, 515
innervationof, 542
tendon of, 519, 520, 521, 530, 531, 536
sheathof, 530
Extensor indicis muscle, 441, 445,
449
groove for, 439
tendon of, 418, 441, 444, 469, 47O
Extensor pollicis brevis muscle,
441, 443,444,445,451
area for, 439
tendon of. 444.469
Extensor pollicis longus muscle,
418, 441, 444, 449
groovefor, 439
tendon of, 418, 444, 462, 468, 469
Extensor pollicis longus tendon,
444,469,470
Extensor retinaculum, 444, 446, 468,
469,470,530,542
inferior,530, 542
superior,519, 521, 530
Extensor tendons' 420, 441, 444

common,of forearm,42O,441, 444
in fingers,464
of hand, 445
at wrist, 470
Extraocular muscles, sagittal MR
image of, 149
Extraperitoneal fascia, 412
space' fibrofatty
Extraperitoneal
tissue otr392
Eye, 168
anteriorand posteriorchambersof, 88
axialMR imageof, 150
externalmusclesof, 90
extrinsicmusclesof. 84, 90
intrinsicarteriesand veinsof, 90
musculararteryand vein of, 90
vascularsupply of, 91
Eyeball,81
arteriesand veins of, 85
choroidof
vasculararrangementswithin,91
tarsusof, 83
vascularsupply of, 91
Eyelashes,81
Eyelid, 81
tarsusof, 83
F
Face
arterialsupply sourcesof, 19
musclesof, 123
sensorynervesof, 123
superficialarteriesand veins of, 23
Facets,246
Faciaf artely' 31, 32, 34, 36, 40, 60, 75,
85, 131, 133, 136, 138
lateralnasalalar branch of, 41
nasalseotal branch of, 41
superiorlabialbranchof, 41
tonsillarbranch of, 64
transverse,23, 34, 36, 69, 85
Facial cana,' 124
orominenceof, 93
Facial expression muscles, 26,60
lateral view of, 26
Facial lymph node, 72
Facial muscles, 123
F a c i a f n e r v e ( V l l l , 1 1 , 3 4 ,4 0 , 6 2 , 7 1 ,
.1
92, 104,114, 16, 117, 122, 131,
133, 134, 135, 165, 166
branchesof.25. 168
buccal branchesof, 123
cervicalbranchesof, 123
to, 123,125
communications
of, 118
distribution
ganglion)of, 97,
geniculum(geniculate
123.124.125
intermediate,133
internalgenu of, 117
main trunk of, 25
marginalmandibularbranchof, 30
motor nucleusof, 123
motor root of, 124
schemaof, 118, 123,134
in stylomastoidforamen,94
Facial nerve (Vlll (Continued)

temooralbranchesof, 123
zygomaticbranchesof, 123
F a c i a l n u c l e u s ' 1 1 6 ,1 1 7
Facial plexus' 131
Facial vein, 23, 30, 32, 59, 60, 85
common trunk for, 23
deep,23, 85
transverse,23, 70
Falcilorm ligament' 252, 269, 274,
2 7 5 , 3 0 5 , 3 1 23, 3 1 ,3 4 9
branchto, 255
of liver,305
Fallopian tube. See Uterine(fallopian)
tube
Falx cerebeali' 144
Fafr cerebri, 39, 102, 103,141, 144
Fascia
axillary,428
anterior c,att ot, 428
fenestrated, 428
brachial,428
60, 63, 65
buccopharyngeal,
Camper's,348, 361, 378
cervical
investinglayer ot, 26, 28
musclesinvestedby, 188
pretracheallaYerof, 28
clavicopectoral,188
clavipectoral,428
cremaster,390
cremasteric,25O,261
cribriform,in saphenousopening,249
dartos,390
deep (Buck's),249, 25O,253,348, 380,
381, 382, 383, 396, 401, 403, 405
deltoid,26
diaphragmatic,342
inferior.348, 349
endopelvic,364
252, 261, 412
extraperitoneal,
236
infradiaphragmatic,
infrahyoid,28
of infrahyoidmuscle,428
174, 177
infraspinatus,
interosseous
dorsal,462
palman462
intraspinous,424
investingpectoralisminor muscle,428
investingsubclaviusmuscle,428
latissimusdorsi, 428
ol 1e9,522,546
obturator,
356,369, 379,4O2,411
over obturatorinternusmuscle,365
obturatorinternus,364,392, 4O2,411
of orbit and eyeball,83
over adductor Pollicismuscle,460
paravesicalendopelvic,366
parotid,26
pectoral,182,428
superficialand deep layersof, 428
of oectoralisminor muscle,428
pelvic,372
penile,249
oerineal.356
deep,355, 361, 370, 378, 381, 382,
383, 391, 396, 404, 405
deep transverse,384
superficial,348, 366, 370, 378, 380,
381, 395, 396,404, 405, 411
1 . 13
Fascia (Continued)
pharyngobasilat52,73
olantar
lateral,532
medial,532
posteriorantebrachial,thickeningof, 468
presacral,348, 364, 396
pretracheal,63
viscerallayer ot,2O2
prevertebral,60, 63, 65
oubocervical
distal portionof, 372
horizontalportionof, 372
quadratuslumborum,179
rectal,348, 364, 378, 384, 391, 392, 393,
394, 396
rectoprostatic(Denonvilliers'),
348, 359,
361,386,391,396
rectovesical,384, 391, 396
renal,339, 342,347
anteriorlayerof, 179
Gerota's,342
posteriorlayerof, 179,342
sagittal section of, 342
Scarpa's,348, 361, 378
attachmentof, 380
scrotal,249
superficial,395
serratusanterior,428
Sibson's,230
spermatic, 249, 250, 259, 261
external,249, 25O,251, 257, 259, 260,
261, 361, 380, 390, 405
internal,251, 261, 390
originof, 260,261
subclavius,428
subserous,412
superficial,390
supradiaphragmatic,
236
temporal,26, 54
deep layerof, 54
supediciallayerof, 54
thoracolumbar,
174, 175,176,177,33O
anteriorlayerof, 176, 179
layersof, 179
middle layerof, 179
posterior layer of, 176, 179, 330
transversalis,179, 252, 259, 261, 331
umbifical prevesical,251, 252,260, 348,
364, 365
uterine,364
uterovaginal,
369, 370, 378
vaginal,391
vesicle,348, 361, 366, 369, 391, 396
Fascia lata, 250, 500, 544
attachment to Scarpa's layer,249
of leg, 546
Fascial compartments, leg, 522
Fascial sheath of eyeball lTenon's
capsulel, 83,87
Fasciculus
dorsal longitudinal,147
mediallongitudinal,
113
Fat
of elbow,438
epidural,137, 17O
infrapatellar,
507, 508, 511
of mammarygland, 182
in orbit, axial MR image of, .|50
pararenal,
179,339
1.14
Fat (Continued)
perirenal,179, 339, 342
retrobulbar,83
of sole of foot, 532
suprapatellar,
511
Fat body, of ischioanal fossa, 376
Fat pad
infraoatellar.
511
suprapatellar,
511
Fauces, 64
Female ]eploductive
organs, inner.
vation ol,415
Femoral artery, 250, 493, 500, 512, 546
circumflex
ascending,501, 512
descending,
501, 512
lateral,500,512
medial,501, 502,5O4,512
transverse,501, 512
deep,493, 500, 512
muscularbranchesof, 512
Femoral canal,546
lymph nodes in, 546
Femoral nerve, 160, 259, 267, 376,
409, 496, 498, 500, 538, 546
anteriorcutaneousbranchesof, 409
branchesof, 545
cutaneous,545
anterior.538. 544
lateral, 267, 329, 496,498, 500, 544,
565
posterior,160,177,503,540, 545,546
terminalbranch of, 544
Femoral ring, 259,262,363,364,546
Femoral sheath, 250, 251, 262, 5OO,
546
Femoral vein, 250, 256,376,380, 493,
500, 505, 544,546
Femoral vessels, 260, 401,4O7
openingsfor, 263, 500
Femoris muscle, rectus, 376,485,
489,491, 492,494,500,538
originof, 492
Femoris tendon, nectus, 485, 493,
505, 507,519
Femur, 489, 511
adductortubercleof, 489
anteroposteriorradiograph of , 488
calcarof, 489
of child, 504
fibrouscapsuleof, 489
glutealtuberosityof, 489
greatertrochanterof, 152, 489, 493
headof, 376,487,489
anteroposteriorradiographof, 488
arteries of, 504
fovea of ligamentof, 489
radiographof, 355
intercondylarfossa of, 489
intertrochantercrest of, 489
lateralcondyleof, 489, 493, 510
lateralepicondyleof, 489
lessertrochanterof, 263, 489
ligamentof head ot,487, 489
lineaasperaof, 489
medialcondyleof, 489
adductor magnusmuscle insertionon,
493
adductortubercleon, 493
Femur (Continued)
neck of. 376
nutrient artery of, 504
nutrient foramen of, 489
patellar surface of, 489
pectinalline of, 489
poplitealsurfaceof, 489, 511
radiographof, 355, 510
shaft of, 489, 496
Fibroelastie rnembranes, 234
Fibrous lAlbini'sl nodule, 223
Fibrous sheath, of sole of toot, 534
Fibrous trabecula, 147
Fibula, 513, 517,530
at ankle,525,527,531
anteriorborderof, 513
anteriorintercondylar,
514
anteriorview of, 513,514
with ligamentattachments,514
apex of,513,514
headof, 492,493,494,511, 513,514,
515, 518, 520, 521, 542
anteriorligamentof, 514
posteriorligamentof, 514
radiographof, 510
interosseousborderof, 513, 514
lateralcondyleof, 514
lateralsurfaceof. 513. 514
medialcrest of, 514
medialsurfaceof, 513
n e c ko f , 5 1 3
radiographof, 54, 510
superiorarticularsurfaceof, 513
trochleaof, 522
Fibular artery, 512, 516, 517, 518, 522,
534
calcanealbranchesof, 516, 517
circumflex,5l2
perforatingbranchof, 518, 520, 530, 531
posteriorlateralmalleolarbranchof, 518
Fibular collateral bursa, 507
Fibular collateral ligament, 506, 507,
508, 511, 514, 517, 520, 521
inferiorsubtendinousbursa of, 511
Fibularis brcvis muscle, 530, 531,
542
attachmentsof, 515
innervationof, 542
tendonof, 485, 516, 517, 518, 520, 521,
527, 528,530, 536
Fibularis brevis tendon, 530, 535
Fibularis longus muscle, 485,494,
515, 517, 519, 521, 522, 542
attachmentsof,515
innervationof, 542
tendon of, 485, 516, 517, 52O,521, 527
528,530,531,536
groove for, 524
to sole of foot, 521
Fibularis longus tendon, 536
Fibularis tertius muscle, 530
attachmentsof,515
tendonof, 519, 521, 530,531, 536
Fibular nerve
articularbranchof. 540. 541
common,495,499, 505, 506, 507,508,
518, 519, 520, 521, 540, 541, 542,
544,545
musclesinnervatedby, 542
deep,520, 522,542
dorsal digitalbranchesof, 520, 530,
531,544
dorsal digitalbranch of, 544
lateral branch ot, 520, 542
medialbranchof, 519,520, 530,531,
542
superficial,519, 520, 521, 530, 542, 544
dorsal digitalbranchesof, 530
intermediatedorsal cutaneousbranch
ot,544
medialdorsalcutaneousbranchof,
544
Fibular notch,513
Fibular retinaculum
inferior,518, 521, 525, 527
superior,516, 517, 521, 527
Fibular tendon, 525
Fibufar vein,522
Filiform papillae, 58
Filum terminale externum, 160, 161
Filum terminale internum, 160, 161
Fimbriated fold, 51
Fingernail
body of, 471
lunuleof, 471
nailbedof, 471
Fingernail, body ol, 471
Fingers, 418
arteriesand nervesof, 471
arteriesof, 471
bones of, 452
common namesof, 418
cross sectionthrough,471
distal anterior closed space of, 471
dorsum of
lymph vesselspassingto, 483
in extension,464
extensormechanismof, 471
extensormusclesof, 441
extensortendonsof, 464
fibroussepta of, 471
fibroussheath,annularand cruciform
Parts of, 462
fibroussheathof, 471
fifth
palmardigitalnervesto, 460
synovialtendinoussheathof, 460
in flexion,464
flexor and extensortendons in, 471
flexors of, 443
flexortendonsof, 464
fourth, palmardigitalnervesto, 460
index,metacarpalof, radiographof, 457
innervationof, 469
lymph vesselspassingthrough,483
middle,middlephalanxof, 457
middle,sagittalsectionof, 453
muscleattachmentsof, 450
nervesof, 471
posterior(dorsal)view of, 464
ring, distal phalanxof, 457
sagittalsectionthrough,453,471
Fingers (Continued)
sePtaof, 471
synovialflexortendon sheathsof, 460
tendon sheathsof, 462
fibrous,471
Flank
left, 268
right,268
Flexor carpi radaalis muscle' 420,
433,442,446
tendon of, 418,42O,447, 448, 454, 460,
461
Flexor carpi radialis tendon' 447, 454
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle' 418,
420,444,446,447,476
humeralorigin of, 451
tendon of, 418, 420, 448, 449, 454, 461,
465
ulnaroriginof, 451
Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon' 418,
454,460,465
Flexor digiti minimi brcvis musclet
465,476,533,534, 536,541
superficialtibial nervebranchto, 541
tendon of, 528
Flexor digitorum brevis muscle'
533, 534, 535
tendon of, 533, 534, 535
Flexor digitorum brevis nerve, 541
Flexor digitotum longus muscle'
515, 535,541
innervationof, 541
tendonof, 513,516, 517,528,533,534,
535
Flexor digitotum profundus muscle
medial part of, 476
tendon of, 460
Flexor digitorum superfi cialis
muscle, 420, 443, 444, 446,447,
448,449,450,451,474,475,476
humeroulnarhead of. 420
originof, 420
radialhead ot,447, 448,449, 450,474
tendon of, 418, 420, 446, 449, 454, 461,
462,474
Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, 418, 454,471
insertionof, 460
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle'
476
Fleror hallucis brcvis muscle' 541
insertionof, 536
lateral head of. 533. 535
insertion of, 536
medialhead of, 533, 534, 535
insertionof, 536
medialoriginof, 536
tendon of
adductor hallucisand lateralhead of,
528
medialhead of, 528
Flexor hallucis longus muscle' 541
attachmentof,515
innervationof, 541
tendonof, 516,517, 518,528, 533,534,
c3c, cJo
groove for, 523, 524, 525
on talus,523
Flexor muscles
of fingers,444
of forearm,superficial,446
of leg
deep,522
superficial,522
of wrist, 442
Flexor pollicis brevis muscle' 465,
4IO
deep head of, 476

superficialhead of, 476
Flexor pollicis longus muscle' 444,
446,447, 448, 449, 450, 474
superficialhead of, 443,446
synovialtendinoussheathof, 460
tendinoussheathof, 460,462
tendon of, 446, 448, 449, 454
in tendon sheath,461, 462
ulnar head ot, origin ot,42Q
Flexor pollicis longus tendon' 454
Flexor r.etinaculum, 447, 460, 461,
462, 465,474, 516, 517, 534, 535,
541
removed,454
transverse,465
Flexor sheath, commonr 460
Flexor tendons
common,of forearm,443,446
in fingers,464
profundusand superficialis,462
at wrist, 461
Fleror tendon sheath
common,460
common ulnar,462
fibrous. of sole of foot, 533
fibroussheathover,annularand cruciform parts of, 460
ol finger,471
Flocculonodular lobe' 113
Flocculus, 113
Foliate papillae, 58, 135
F o l i u m , 1 1 3 ,1 1 5 ,1 4 4
Follicle,371
Fontalis muscle,36
Fontanelle
anterior,12
mastoid,12
posterior,12
Foot
arteries of, 536
bones of, 523,524,525
deep arteries of, 536
dorsal view of, 536
dorsum of
deep dissectionof, 530, 531
musclesof, 530
fibrouslongustendon passingto, 521
interosseousmusclesof, 530, 536
inversionand eversionof, 543
lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve of, 530
ligamentsand tendonsof, 527
plantarview of, 528
olantarsurfaceof, 485
plantarview of, 536
right
lateralview of, 527
medialview of, 527
sole of
musclesof, 533, 534, 535
tendonsof, plantarview of, 528
l.l 5
Foramen lacerum,8, 10
petrosalnervesof, 10
Foramen magnum, 8,9, 11, 14, 58,
123,127
Foramen of Luschka. See Lateral
aperture (foramenof Luschka)
Foramen of tagendie. See Median
aperture(foramenof Magendie),
109
Foramen of Monro. See Interventricular
foramen(of Monro)
Foramen of Winslow. See Omental
foramen(of Winslow)
Foramen ovale, 4, 8, 11, 14, 45,46
obliterated,229
prenatal,229
valveo1,221
Foramen rotundum, 11, 45
Foramen spinosum, 11, 14, 46
Foramentransversarium,19
Forearm
bones of, 439
cutaneousnervesof, 480
lateral,435, 446, 447, 448, 449, 469,
473,481
branchesof, 479
posterior branch of, 480
deep muscle layerof
anteriorview o1,447
posteriorview of. 445
distal,cross sectionof. 470
intermediatemusclelayerof, anterior
view o1,447
ligamentsof, 438
medial,429, 430, 433, 446,469,473,
479, 481, 474, 475
anteriorbranch of, 449,480
posteriorbranch of, 480
musclesof, 44O,441,442, 444, 446,447
deep layerof, anteriorview of, 448
muscularattachmentsof
posterior, 432, 435, 449, 468, 469, 477,
479, 480, 481
pronated position of, 440
serial cross sections of, 449
superficialmusclesof
posterior view ol. 444
supinatedpositionof, 440
Fornix, 106,112,147
bodyof,106,108,112
c o l u m n s o f1, 0 6 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 1 , 1 1 21, 4 5
conlunctival,81
c r u r ao f , 1 0 6 ,11 0 , 1 1 2 , 1 4 3
schemaof, 112
Fossa ovalisr 22O,544
limbusof, 220
Fovea centralis, 87,90
Frenulum,282
artery to, 59
of lower lip, 51
of tongue,51, 61
of upperlip, 51
Frontal artery, 23
medial,142
polar,141,142
Frontal anlely, polaJ, 1 41, 142
l-16
Frontal bone, 9, 36, 38, 81, 82

glabellaof, 4
nasalspine of, 38, 39
orbital part of, 2, 9
sinus of, 38, 39
squamouspart of, 38, 39
supraorbital
notchof,4, 12
Frcntal cnest, 9
Frontal gyrus
inferior,105
medial,106
middle,105
suoerior.105
Frontalis muscle, 36
Frontal lobe, 105
Ftontal nerve, 83, 86, 121, 122 131
Frontal operculum, 105
Frontal pole, 105
Frontal sinus, 3, 5, 37, 38, 39, 48, 63
with frontal bone, 50
growth of, 50
Frontal sulcus
inferior,105
superior,105
Frcntobasal artery
lateral,141. 142
medial.141.142
Frpntonasal canal
infundibulum
leadingto, 38
openingof, 38
Frontonasal duct, 37
openingof, 49
Fundiform ligament, 249
of penis,361
Fundus, of stomach,293
Fungiform papilla, 58, 135
G
Gafea aponeurotica, 26, 1O2,178
Galen, ansa of, 80
Galen, vein of. See Greatcerebralvein
(of Galen)
Gaf fbfadder, 126, 167, 196, 269, 272,
275,294,301,331
arterialvariationsand collateralsupply
of, 305
body of, 294
fundusof,294
gland orificesof, 294
infundibulumof, 294
innervationof, 168
joining hepaticduct, 294, 296
neck of, 294
Ganglion, basal nuclei of, 110
Ganglion cells, 120
Gartner's duct. See Cranial
mesonephric(Gartner's)duct, 389
Gastric artery, 272, 3OO,305, 318, 319,
320,321
arteriogramof, 303
attachedto lesseromentum,274
esophagealbranchof, 300
sympatheticfibers along,240
left, 206, 237, 264, 300, 301, 306, 318,
319, 320, 321, 323,331, 348,349,
410
Gastric artery (Continued)

right,279, 294, 300, 305, 320, 321, 331
arteriogramot,303
short,300, 301,305, 321
sympatheticf ibers along esophageal
branchof, 240
Gastric c,anaar276
Gastric.esophageal mucosa
junction,276
Gastric iolds,236,276
Gastric glands, 276
Gastric impression, 286
Gastric lymph drainage pathways,
314
Gastric lymph nodes, 314, 315
Gastric plexus,410
left,318,319, 320, 322,323
right,319, 320,322
Gastric vein
|eft,309,310, 311, 312, 313
esophagealtributaryof, 309
right,309,310, 311, 312, 313
short,309, 311, 312, 313
Gastric vesselg, short, 331
Gastrocnemius muscle, 506, 507,
516, 519, 520, 521, 522, 540, 541
innervationof, 541
lateralheadof, 485, 494,495,511,515,
516,517,518
attachmentsof. 491. 515
subcutaneousbursaof, 511
lateralsubtendinousbursaof, 511
medialheadof, 485, 491,495, 502, 511,
517,518,522
Gastrocolic ligament, 272
Gastrcduodenal artery, 279, 294, 301,
304, 305,306, 321, 322,327
arteriogramof, 303
plexuson, 320
Gastroduodenal plexus, 320, 322, 327
Gastroepiploac artery, left, 301
Gastroilenal ligament. See
Gastrosplenicligament
Gastro-omental arterial
anastomosis,272
Gastro-omental artery
left, 300, 301, 305, 306, 321
plexuson, 319, 320
ri1ht,272, 300, 305, 306, 321
originof,3O2
Gastro.omental
lymph nodes
left,314
right,314
Gastro.omental Yein, 312
left, 309, 311, 312,313, 314
right,309, 311, 312,313
Gastro.omental vessels
attachment to greater omentum,274
left, 299
Gastropancreat
c Iold, 272
Gastrcphrenic ligament, 272, 329
Gastrcsplenic ligament, 272, 273,
299, 331
short gastricvesselsin, 299
Gemellus muscle
inferior,376, 495, 503
nerveto, 503
superior,495, 499, 503
Genicular artery
descending,512
articularbranch of, 500, 512
saphenousbranch of, 500, 512
inferiorlateral,512, 517, 518, 519, 520
inferiormedial,500, 512
middle,S12
superiorlateral,502, 512, 516, 517, 519,
520,521
superiormedial,51, 500, 501, 5O2,512,
516,518,519,520
Geniculate body
l a t e r a 1l ,0 7 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 1, 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 0 ,
132,143,144,145
o f l e f t t h a l a m u s1,4 3
m e d i a l1, 0 7 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 1 , 1 1 4 ,1 1 5 ,
139, 143, 144, 145
Geniculate nucleus
left dorsal lateral,120
right dorsal lateral,120
Geniculum (geniculate ganglionf,
116, 131, 135
of facialnerve,97, 116, 125
site of, 124
Genioglossus muscle, 29, 32, 59, 60,
128, 129
superiormentalspine for originof, 52
Geniohyoid muscle, 29, 53, 59, 128,
129
Genital cold, 389
Genitalia, 388
external,167
female,377, 388
homologuesof, 388
innervationof, 168
male,388
internal
female,389
homologuesof, 389
male,389
lymph nodes and vesselsot,406,4O7,
408
undifferentiated,
388
Genitaf tubercle
epithelialtag of, 388
glans area of, 388
lateralpart of, 388
Genitofemoral nerve, 329, 340, 496,
498, 539, 409
femoralbranch of, 267,409, 498,544
genitalbranch of, 259, 261,267,409,
544
testicularvesselsand genitalbranchof,
259,261
Genu, of corpus callosurn, 146
Gerdy's tubercle, 494,513
Gerota's fascia. See Renalfascia,
Gerota's
Gimbernat's ligament. See Lacunar
ligament(Gimbernat's)
Gingiva
epitheliumof, 57
laminapropriaof, 57
Gingivaf groove' 57
Gfenohumeral joint' 423
Gfenohumeral ligament
inlerior,423
superior,423
Glenoid cavity, 185,423
Glenoid labtumr 423
Glisson's capsule. See Perivascularfibrous (Glisson's)capsute

Globus pallidus, 108, 110, 539
Glornerular arteriole
afferent,336
efferent,336
G l o m e r u l u s , 1 1 9 ,1 3 6
Glossoepiglottic fold
lateral,58
median,58
Glossopharyngeal nerve,34,114,
116,117,118,129,125,126,130,
1 3 1 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 5 ,1 6 6
branchof, 168
c a r o t i d b r a n c h o t , 3 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 2163, 0 ,1 3 1
i n f e r i o r g a n g l i o n o1f2, 5 ,1 3 5
pharyngeal,tonsillarand lingual
branches,125
schemaof, 118, 125, 134
tympanicbranchof, 10
Gluteal aponeurosis, 330, 494, 495
over gluteusmediusmuscle,174
Gluteal artery
inferior,341,499
superior,499
Gluteal fold, 152
Gluteal line
anterior,352,486
right inferior,352,486
superior,265, 311
Gluteal nerve
inferior,160, 499, 503
superior,160, 499, 503
Gluteal tuberosity, 489
Gluteal vein
inferior,311
superior,311
Gluteus maximus muscle, 152, 174,
177,254,330,376,381, 382,395,
396, 410, 411, 413, 485, 494, 495,
502, 503, 504
attachmentsof, 491
Gluteus medius muscle, 152,376,
492,496,500, 501, 502, 503
attachmentsof, 491
glutealaponeurosisover,330, 494, 495
Gluteus minimus muscle, 489, 495,
496, 500, 501, 502, 503
tendon of, 376
Gonads, 389
male,descentof, 386
Gracile fasciculus, 114, 115
Gracile tubercle, 114, 115
Gracilis muscle, 489,492,493, 495,
500, 501, 502, 505, 506, 516
innervationof, 540
Gracilis tendon, 485,492,493,506,
5O7
Granular foveola, 99, 102
Granule cells, 119
Gray matter, 169
interomediolateral
nucleuso1,44, 132,
134
lateralhorn ot,170,325,346
spinal, 169
sympatheticpreganglioniccell bodies in,
132
Great cerebral artery, quadrigemi.
nal cistern of, 109
Great cercbral vein lof Galenl, 103,

104, 106, 144, 145, 146
Groin
left, 268
right,268
Gubernaculum, 389, 415
Gum,57
Gut. See a/so Viscera
entericplexusof, 325
prenalal,229
H
llabenula, 110
H a b e n u l a r c o m m a s s u n e , 1 0 6 ,1 1 1 , 1 1 5
l{abenulartrigone, 111,115
Hair cells (cochlearl
inner,96
outer,96
Hamate, 452,455,456,474
coronalsectionof , 455
hook of, 442,452,454,456
radiographof,457
radiographof, 457
l{amulus, 8, 14, 38, 52
of spirallamina,95
Hand
in abduction,453
in adduction,453
in anatomicalposition,453
anterior(palmar)view of, 459,465,472
arteriesand nervesof, palmarview of,
466, 484
bones of, 456
bursaeof, 462
o'f,472,476
cutaneousinnervation
deep digitalcreaseof, 418
deep dorsal dissectionof, 469
deeper palmardissectionof, 460
dorsalfasciaof, 462
dorsalvenous networkof, 468, 483
dorsum of, 483
lymph vesselspassingto, 483
in extension,453
in flexion,453
lymphaticpathwayof, 468
lymph vesselspassingto
aroundweb in, 483
dorsum of, 483
middledigitalcreaseof, 418
musclesof, 465
intrinsic,465
nervesof, palmarview of, 466
palmardissectionof
deeper,460
superficial,459-460
palm of, 453
posterior(dorsal)view of, 465,472
proximaldigitalcreaseof, 418
proximalpalmarcreaseof, 418
radialdissectionof, superficial,467
radiallongitudinalcreaseof, 418
radiographof, anteroposterior,4ST
septa between spaces of, 462
spacesand sheathsof, 462
spacesof, 462
superficialdorsal dissectionof, 468
l.l7
Hand (Continued)
surface anatomy o1,418
tendon sheathsof, 462
Hartmann's pouch. See Infundibulum
(Hartmann'spouch)
l{austra, 284
Head. See a/so Brain; Skull; speclflc parfs
of head
arteriesot,4041
autonomicnervesin, 13'
bonesand ligamentsof,4-16
faucesof, 64
lymph vesselsand nodes of,72-73
masticationmusclesof, 54-55
musclesof, 26
nasalregionof, 36-37, 4M7, 48-49
nervesof, 24
oral regionof, 50-61
surfaceanatomyof, 1
Heart,126,233
anteriorexposureof, 212
apex of, 212, 213, 214, 246
atria,ventricles,and interventricular
septum ot,224
base of
surfaceof,2.l4
conductingsystem of, 225
diaphragmaticsurfaceof, 214
in diastole,222
f ibrousskeletonof, 222
inferiorborderof, 212
i n s i t u ,2 1 1
innervationof, 227
innervationof, schemaof, 227
left borderof, 196
left side of, 225
membranousseptum ol, 221, 222
nerves of, 226
pericardiafsac and, 282
right borderof, 196
right side of, 225
in systole,222
valvesot,222
Heiss, loops of, 367
Helicotrema, 92, 95, 96
Helix,93
crus of, 93
l{elvetius, collar of, 236,277
Hemiazygos vein, 236, 245
accessory,194, 2O7
Hemothorax, chest drainage tube
placement in, 190
Henle's loop,337
ascendinglimb of, 336
descendinglimb of, 336
proximalsegmentof, 336
thin segmentof, 336
Hepatic artery, 297, 337
branchesof, 290, 291, 292
common,237, 264, 272, 279, 294, 300,
301, 305, 306,318, 321,327,331,
349
arteriogramof, 303
effects of obstruction on. 305
1.18
Hepatic artery (Continued)

intermediate,301
left,294,300,301,305
middle,305
originof, 302
proper,273, 278, 279, 288, 290, 294,
298,301,321,330
arteriogramof, 303
bifurcationof, 331
to lesseromentum,348
right,294, 300, 301, 305
accessory 302
origin of, 302
Hepatic duct,290
aberrant.294.296
accessory,296
common,287,289,290,294,301,331
lett,294
right,294
variationsin,294,296
Hepatic llerure. See Colic flexure,right
Hepatic lymph nodes, 314,315
Hepatic nerve plexus, 349
l{epatic plexus, 126, 319, 320, 322
anterior,327
branchesfrom, 319
to cardia,320
pyloric,126
vagal,319
common,318
posterior,327
pyloricbranchfrom, 126
vagal branchto, 319
Hepatic portal Yein, 273, 278, 279,
288,294,298, 300, 301, 311, 312,
315,331,349
to lesseromentum,348
orenatal,229
tributariesof, 312
typical arrangementof, 313
variations
of,313
Hepatic vein, 194, 232, 265, 274, 287,
290, 309
prenatal,229
Hepatoduodenal ligamenl, 272, 275,
278,297
Hepatogastric ligament, 275, 288
Hepatogastric trunk, 302
l{epatomesenteric trunk, 302
Hepatopancreatic
ampulla' 294
sphincterot,295,327
Hepatorenal neoesa (Morison's
pouchl, 331
Hering, canal of, 291,292
Hering.Breuer reflex, receptors fort
210
Hernia
inguinal
indirect,261
site of, 261
sliding,236
Hernial sac,261
neck of, 261
Herniated disc. See Lumbardisc
herniation
Hesselbach, triangle of. See lnguinal
(Hesselbach's)
triangle
Heubner, recurlnt ailety of. See
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
High intestinal vein, 313
Hip
anteroposteriorradiograph of, 488
arteries of, 500-502
bony attachments of
anterior view of, 490
flexion and extension of. 543
musclesof, 496
nerves of, 503
Hip bone
auricularcartilageof, 487
medialview of, 486
Hip joint
capsuleof, 504
iliofemoralligamentof, 496
ligamentsof, 492
Hippocampal fimbria, 119
Hippocampal sulcus' 112
Hippocampus, 110, 111, 112
alveusof, 112
fimbriaof, 106, 108, 111, 112
superiordissectionof , 112
His, bundle olr 225
Horizontal cells, 120
Houston, valves of, 393
Humeral artery, circumflex
anterior,427, 429, 433, 434
posterior,427, 429, 432, 433, 434
Humeral ligament, transverser 423
Humeral vein, circum|lext 479
Humeroulnar headt 447
Humetus, 433, 436, 438
anatomicalneck of, 42O,421
capitulumot,42O,436
common extensiontendon of, 421
common flexortendon of, 421
condylesof,42O,436
coronoidfossa of, 420
greatertubercle ol, 42O,421, 423, 432
crest of, 420
head of, 420
anteroposteriorradiographof , 422
infraglenoidtubercleof, 421
sulcusof, 420
intertubercular
tubercleof, 420
intertubercular
lateralepicondyleof, 42O,421, 436, 437,
438, 441,442, 444, 448
lateralsupracondylarridge on, 42O
lessertubercleot, 420, 423
medialepicondyleot, 42O,421, 432,
433, 437,440, 442,444, 445, 446,
447, 476,477
medialsupracondylarridge on,42Q
olecranon fossa of, 421, 436, 437
olecranon of, 437
radial fossa of, 420
radial groove of, 421
radiographsof, 437
right
surgicalneck ot,243
Humerus (Continued)
shaftof. 244.245
surgicalneck of, 420
anteroposteriorr adiograph ot, 422
trochleaot.42O.437
ulnarnervegrooveof, 421
Hyaloid canal, 87
Hydatid of Morgagni. See Vesicular
appendix(hydatidof Morgagni)
Hymen
annular,377
cribriform,3TT
septate,377
f{ymenal catuncle, 37O,377
Hyoepiglottic ligament, 63, 77
Hyoglossus muscle, 34, 60
Hyoid bone, 27, 28, 29, 34, 59, 60, 61,
63, 65, 68, 74, 76, 77
b o d yo f , 1 3 , 5 3
greaterhorn of, 13, 53, 75
lesserhorn of. 13. 53
tip of greaterhorn of, 67, 75
Hyothenar muscle, 444, 476
Hypochondrium
left, 268
right,268
l{ypogastric nerve, 165, 218, 324, 344,
345, 409, 410,414,415, 416
inferior,324
left, 318, 323, 412
oelvic.414
right,318, 323, 412
superior,345,415
Hypogastric plexus
inferior,165,166, 168,323,324,344,
345,409, 412,499
parasympatheticbranchfrom, 165
with periuretericloops,344
right,323
superior,165, 318, 323, 324, 345, 409,
412
Hypogastric sheath, 364
Hypoglossal canal, 8, 10, 11
f{ypogfossaf nerve, 10, 32, 34, 114,
117,129,344
distribution
of, 118
schemaof. 118. 128
vena comitansof, 59, 60, 70
Hypoglossal nucleus, 116, 128
Hypoglossaltrigone,115
Hypogfossus muscle, 27, 53, 74, 77,
128
dorsal lingualvein medialto, 70
Hypophyseal artery
inferior,140, 148
superior,14O,148
Hypophyseal fossa, 5, 9
at birth, 50
Hypophyseal portal system
primaryplexusof, 148
secondaryplexusof, 148
Hypophyseal portal vein
l o n g ,1 4 0 , 1 4 8
short,148
Hypophyseal vein, eftercnt, 140
to cavernoussinus, 148
Hypophyeis, 106, 107, 147. See also
Pituitarygland
Hypothalamic area, lateral, 135
Hypothalamic artery, 140

Hypothalamic sulcus, 106, 147
Hypothalamic vessels,'148
Hypothalamohypophyseal ttact, 147
Hypothalamus, 108, 147, 324
arteriesof, 148
nucleiof
arcuate,147
.147
dorsomedial,
paraventricular,
147
posterior,147
supraoptic,l4T
ventromedial,147
parasympathetic,
324
sympathetic,324
l{ypothenar eminence, 418
l{ypothenar muscle, 446, 462, 476
Hysterosalpingogram, uterus, 373
I
lleal artery, 306, 307
anastomoticloops of, 280
lleal fold, 311, 313
lleal orifice, 284
musclesfibers of, 282
papillary,282
lleal papilla, 282
lleocecal fold, 281
lleocecal junction, muscle fibers
around, 282
lfeocecal llpsr 282
lleocecal necess
inferior,281
superior,281
lfeocecal negaon, 281, 282
f leocolic artery, 281, 307, 322, 323,
340
colic branchof, 281, 306, 307
ilealbranchof, 281, 306, 307
lleocolic lymph nodes, 317
lleocolic plexus, 322, 323
l l e o c o l i c v e i n , 3 1 1 ,3 1 2 ,3 1 3
lleum, 269,282,284, 339, 349
bariumradiographof, 280
circularmusclelayer ot,280,282
longitudinalmuscle layer ol, 28O,282
lymphoidnodulesof, 280
mucosaof, 280
musclefibersto, 282
musculatureof, 280
serosa of, 280
submucosaof, 280
terminal,271, 281, 282, 362, 363
lliac artery
circumflex
ascendingbranchof, 255,264
deep,501,512
superficial,247, 512
common,264,274,340,341, 398,400,
412
left,318
right,329
uretericbranchfrom, 341
external,264, 274, 318, 329, 340, 398,
4 0 0 , 4 0 24
, 12,501,512
right,329
lliac artery (Continued)

internal,264, 307, 318, 329, 340, 341,
370, 398, 412
anteriordivisionof, 400
posteriorand anteriordivisionsof, 402
right,323, 329
lliac crest, 152,174, 175, 176,177,247,
248,254,329, 330, 342, 351, 485,
486,494,495, 496, 502, 503, 545
innerlip ot,248,352,353
intermediatezone of, 248,352,353, 486
outer lip ot, 248, 352, 353, 486
tuberculumo1,248, 352, 353, 486
upper lip of, 486
lliac fossa, 352, 353, 363, 486
lliac lymph nodes
common, 266, 317, 343, 408
external,266, 317, 343, 408, 546
lymphaticpathwaysto, 408
internal,266, 317,343, 408
lateral,406
medialexternal,406
lliac plexus
common,412
external,318,412
internal,318,412
left common, 317
right internal,323
lliac spine
anterior,247, 248, 250, 486, 487, 492
anteriorsuperior,248, 249, 259, 263,
486, 487, 492, 493,496, 500
posteriorinlerior,486
posteriorsuperior,152, 352, 353, 486
lliac tubercle, 353
lliac tuberosily,24S
f fiacus muscle, 263,329,376, 490,
496, 498, 499, 538
attachmentof, 490
muscularbranchof, 498
lliacus wing, male, 354
lliac vein, superficialcircumflex,544
lliac vessels
circumflex
deep, 364, 403
superficial,249,5OO
common,271, 401,412
external,259, 260,281, 311, 360, 361,
362, 364, 372, 392, 401, 403
internal,311
superficialcircumflex,249
lliococcygeus muscle, 356, 357, 358,
359, 395
lliocostalis cervicis muscle, 175
lliocostalis lumborum muscle, 175
lliocostalis muscle, 175, 331
lliocostalis thoracis muscle, 175
fliofemoral ligament, 487, 496
lf iohypogastric nerve, 160, 177, 267,
329,409,496,498, 539
anteriorbranch of. 257
anteriorcutaneousbranchof, 257,267,
410
genitalbranch of, 409
lateralcutaneousbranchof, 545
schemaof, 498
l,l9
f lioinguinal nerve, 160, 257, 260, 267,

329, 330,340, 409, 414,496,498,
539. 540. 544
anteriorlabialbranch of, 413
anteriorscrotalbranchesof. 267. 409
schemaof, 498
scrotalbranchesof, 267, 409,544
ffiofumbar attery, 264, 341, 4O2
lliolumbar ligament, 330, 353
lliolumbar vein, 330, 353
lliopectineal bursa, 496
lliopectineal line, 353, 392
iliac part of, 358
pubic part of, 358
f liopsoas muscle, 259, 376, 489, 492,
493, 500
attachmentsof, 489, 491, 496
lliopsoas tendon, 504
lf iopubic eminence, 248,352, 486,
487
female,354
lliopubic tract, 259, 362, 363, 364
lliotibial tract, 485, 492, 494, 495, 502,
5 0 6 ,5 0 7 ,5 1 4 ,5 1 5 ,5 1 9 ,5 2 0
bursa deep to, 506, 507
insertions
of, 515
lateralpatellarretinaculumand capsule
and, 508
llium
arcuateline of, 356
adicularsurfaceof, 486
body of, 352, 486
glutealsurfaceof, 352
radiographof, 355
wing of, 248, 352, 358, 486
Incisive canal, 37, 38, 39, 43, 63
anastomosisin, 40
posteriorseptal branchof sphenopalatine and greaterpalatinearteries
in,41
I n c i s i v e f o s s a , 1 0 ,1 4 , 5 2 , 5 6
lncisive papilla, 52
Incisor teeth, 56, 233
Incus, 89, 93, 96, 124
articularsurfacefor, 93
body of, 93
lateral view of, 93
long limb of, 93
posteriorligamentof, 94
short limb of, 93
superiorligamentof, 94
lnfant, mandible of, 15
Inferior anastomotic vein lof
Labb6f, 102,145
Infragfenoid tubercle, 420, 421
lnfrahyoid muscler 29
action of, 29
fasciaof. 28.428
Infraorbital ailery, 23, 36, 40, 81, 85
Inlraorbital canal, 45
lnfraorbital foramen, 12, 36
Infraorbital groovo,2
Infraotbital margin, 1
lnfraorbitaf nerve lVrf, 24, 36, 44, 81,
83, 121, 122
enteringinfraorbitalcanal,45
internalnasal branchesof, 122
superioralveolarbranchesof, 122
Infraorbital vein, 23, 70
a-2o,
lnfrapatellar bursa
deep,511
subcutaneous,511
Infrapatellar synovial fold, 507, 508
lnfraspinatus fascaa, 174, 177
Infraspinatus rnuscle, 152, 18O,244,
245, 424, 425,427, 428,432
fasciaover,174
insertionof, 421
originof, 421
fnfraspinatus tendon, 423, 425
Infratemporal fossa, 4, 13
lnfratrochlear nerve, 24, 36, 56, 81,
86,122
from nasociliarynerve,45
Infundibular nucleus, 147
Inlundibular process, 147
capillaryplexusof, 148
lnfundibular necess, 108
lnfundibular stem, 147
Infundibulum (Hartrnann's pouchl,
1 1 4 , 1 4 0 ,1 4 7 , 2 9 4
body of, 114
fundusof, 114
neckof, 114
of uterinetube, 372
lnguinal canal, 260, 262
Inguinal falx, 250
conjoint tendon of, 250, 253, 259, 263
Inguinal fold, 389
Inguinal hernia
indirect,261
site of, 261
Inguinal ligament (Poupart'sl, 247,
249, 250, 259, 263, 351, 356, 378,
380, 381, 407,485,492,498, 500,
501,544,546
reflected,25O,251, 259
lnguinal lymph nodes
deep,266, 406,407,408,546
highestdeep, 266, 408
horizontal,266
inferior,266
superficial,266, 317, 406, 4O7,408, 546
superficialinferior,407
superolateral,
407
superomedial,407
Inguinal region,259
Inguinal ring
deep, 251, 259, 261, 362, 363, 369, 386
site oI,274
superficial,249, 259, 261, 386, 544
lateraland medialcrus of, 259
Inguinal (Hesselbach'sf triangle,
259
I n $ u l a , 1 0 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 4 1
centraland circularsulci of, 105
limenof. 105. 141
short and long gyri of, 105
lnteralveolar septa, 15
Interarticular ligament, 187
lnterarytenoid notch, 66
fnteratrial septum, 22O,246
lntercalated
lymph node, 73
lntercapitular Yean, 468, 480
Intercarpal ligament, 455
Intercavenous sinus
anterior,103
suoerior.103
Intercavernous septum, 382, 385

of deep fascia,381
lnterchondral joints, 186
Interclavicular ligament, 186, 419
Intercondylat
alea
anterior,513
posterior,513
lntercondylar condyle, radiograph
of,510
lntercondylat eminence, 514
Intercostal artery, 183, 192,305
anterior,192
first posterior,33
lower,anastomosiswith, 255
posterior,171, 172, 188, 189, 23O,231
dorsal branchof, 172
lateral mammary and cutaneous
branchesof, 183, 192
second,33
third right,207,237
s u p r e m e , 3 31, 3 6 , 1 3 8
lntercostal lymph nodes, 266
Intercostal membrane
external,180, 189, 192, 258
internal,180, 192, 23O,258
lntercostal muscle, 198, 243, 244,
245,331
anteriorcutaneousbranch of, 180
external,176, 188, 189, 192, 250, 258
external intercostal membranes anterior
to, 189
innermost,180,192,258
internal,189, 192, 23O,231,255,258
lateralbranchof, 188
medialbranchof, 188
lntercostal nerve, 160,170, 180, 189,
192,331
abdominalportionsof. 188
anterior,258
anteriorcutaneousbranchesof, 177,
188,192,257
collateralbranch reioining,258
eighth,209
tirsr. 227. 430
lateralcutaneousbranchesot, 177,188,
189,192
lateralcutaneousbranchesto, 177, 188,
189,257
posterior,192,23O
seventhright,321
s i x t h ,1 6 5 , 2 0 9
third, 240
ventralramus of, 180
lntercostal vein
anterior,256
left superior,231
posterior, 230,231
right superior,230
lntercostal vessels, 331
muscle, 189
lntercostobrachial
Intercostobrachial nerve, 189, 257,
429,474,479,481
lntercrural flbers, 249, 259
ligament, dorsal,
Intercuneiform
527
Interglobular space, 57
Intergluteal cleft, 152
lnterlobar artery, 335, 337
Interlobar lymph vessels, 208
lnterlumborum cervicis muscle, 176

Intermarillary suture, 36
Intermediate nerve, 104,114, 118,
1 2 3 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 31,3 5
Intermediolateral cell column, 346
Intermediolateral nucleus, 133, 134
Intermediolateral nucleus, plegan.
glionic sympathetic cell
bodies in, 132
lntermesenteric plexus, 267, 318,
322, 323, 324, 344, 345, 412
renal and upper ureteric branches
frofi,344
Intermetacarpal ioint, 455
Intermuscular septum
anlerior,522
anteromedial,
492, 500, 501
lateral,430, 432, 435, 445, 448
oI arm,477
medial,430, 432, 433, 445, 446,447,
448
posterior, 522
transverse,522
lntermuscular stroma, 326
lnternal capsule, 108, 141
cleft for, 110
g e n uo f , 1 1 0
part of, 110
retrolenticular
Interosseous artery
anterior,434,447
common, 434, 447, 448, 449
posterior, 434, 445, 448, 449
recurrent.434.445
terminationof, 445
Interosseous intercarpal ligament,
455
Interosseous ligament, intercarpal,
455
Interosseous membrane, 439, 441,
443,444, 454, 455,511,512,517,
5 1 8 ,5 2 0 ,5 2 2 , 5 2 5
Interosseous muscle, 528
deeo tibial nerveto. 541
dorsal,462, 465,470,476,531,536,
537
first, 445, 460, 465, 530
of foot, 536, 537
dorsal,536
palmar,465,476
plantar,535
plantardorsal,536
super{icialtibial nervebranchto, 541
lnterosseous nerve
anterior,448, 449,475
of leg,541
plantar,537
posterior,445,449
Interosseous talocalcaneal
ligament,527
Interpectotal (Rotter's) lymph
nodes,184
lnterpeduncular cistern, 109
Interphalangeal ioint, 41I
capsulesand ligamentsof, 528
Interphalangeal ligaments, 458
Intersigmoid recess, 271, 340
Intersphincteric groove, 392, 393,
394
lnterspinalis cervicis muscle, 176
Interspinous ligament
lumbar,176
lumbosacral,
177
lnterspinous plane, 268
Intertendinous connection, hand,
470
Interthalamic adhesion, 106,108,
110,111,146
lntertragic notch, 93
lntefiransversarius
muscle, lateralt
176
lntertransverse ligament, 187
fntertrochanteric crest, 487, 503
fntertrochantelic
line, 487, 489
lntertubercular plane, 268
lntertubercular tendon sheath, 423
Interureteric crest, 366
Interventricular
foramen (of Monrol,
1 0 6 ,1 0 9 ,1 ' r 1 , 1 1 51, 4 5 ,1 4 6
left,108
Interventricular septum, 216, 22O
muscularparl ot, 220, 223, 224, 225
Interventricular sulcus
anterior,246
posterior,214,215
Interveitebral disc, 19, 155.
Intervertebral disc, 19, 155. See a/so
specific veftebrae
anulusfibrosisof, 155
lumbar,157,339
lumbosacral,352
nucleuspulposusof, 155
sternalangle of, 245
lntervertebral disc space, 156
lntervertebral foramen, 19, 180
lower marginof, 154
lumbar,155
radiographof, 156
Intervertebral joint, 18
fnterveftebral vein, 137, 173
Intestinal glands, 326
Intestinal lymphatic trunk, 316
Intestinal trunk, 266
Intestine, 167.Seea/soColon;
Duodenum;Jejunum;Mesocolon
intrinsicautonomicplexusesof, 326
rarge
arteriesof, 307
innervation
of,324
lymph nodes vesselsand nodes of,
317
mucosaand musculatureo1,284
nervesof,323,324
schemaof, 324
veins of, 311
longitudinal
muscleof, 326
lumenof, 326
mesentericrelationsot, 270, 271
mucosaof, 326
s m a l l ,1 2 6 , 2 6 9 , 3 2 2
area for, 329
arteriesof,306
innervationof, 324
lymphnodesof, 316
lymphvesselsof, 316
mesenteryof, 348
mucosa and musculatureof, 280
nervesof, 322
schemaof, 324
Intestine (Continued)
small (Continued)
v e i n so f , 3 1 0
submucosaof, 326
lntraarticular ligament, 187
Intraculminate vein, 144
lntrahepatic biliary system'
scherna otr 292
lntralaminar nuclei, 111
lntraparietal sulcus, 105
lntrapulmonary airway
schemaof, 204
lntrapulmonary blood circulation,
205
Intiaspanatus tendon, 423
Intrinsic arterg of eye, 90
Intrinsic muscle
action of, 79
of larynx,78
of tongue,128
Intrinsic nerve, pancreatic, 328
Intrinsic vein, of eyer 90
lridocorneal angle, 87, 88, 90
trabecularmeshworkand spaces of, 88
lris, 81, 87, 89, 90
arteriesof, 9'1
folds of, 88
major arterialcircleof, 88, 90, 91
minor arterialcircle of, 88, 90, 91
veins of, 91
lrritant rcceptots, 210
lschial spine, 248,263, 411, 486, 487,
503
female,354
radiographof, 355
lschiaf tuberpsity, 248, 352,353, 359,
378, 379, 381, 390, 395, 398, 486,
487. 502. 503
female,354
male,354
radiographof, 355
lschioanal fossa, 366, 392
anteriorrecessof, 366, 370, 396
fat body ot, 376, 380, 392
posteriorcommunicationbetweenright
and left, 396
posterior recess of, 396
preanalcommunicationbetweenright
and left, 396
pus in, 396
roof of, 405
transversefibrousseptum of, 392, 394,
395
muscle, 360, 361,
lschiocavernous
370, 378,379,381, 382, 383,391,
395. 404. 405
crus of, 366
lschiococcygeus muscle, 263, 356,
357, 398, 402, 411, 412, 499
nerveto, 499
lschiocondylar muscle, 540
lschiofemoral ligament, 487
fschiopubic ramus, 359, 361, 378,379,
380, 382, 383, 384, 395
lschium
body of, 486
radiographof, 355
ramusof, 486
1.21
J
Jaw. See a/so Mandible;Maxilla
angleof, 1
closed,16
slightlyopened,16
widely opened, 16
Jejunal artery, 306, 307
anastomoticlooo of. 280
first, 302
plexuson, 3190
Jeiunal vean,311,313
Jejunum, 269,270,271, 278, 279,297,
298
bariumradiographot, 279, 280
circularmusclelayerof, 280
cross sectionof, 297, 338
longitudinalmuscle layerof, 280
lymphoidnoduleof, 280
mucosaof, 280
musculatureof, 280
submucosaof, 280
Jugular foramen, 103, 125, 126,127
Jugular fossa, 8, 11
Jugular lymphatic trunk, 208
Jugular nerve, internal, 1, 10
Jugular notch, 28, 181,196
Jugular |runkr T2
left, 266
right,266
Jugular vein
anterior,30,74,256
communicationto, 70
terminationof, 70
external,23, 31, 74, 198, 206, 211, 256
interna|,23,28,29,30, 31, 32, 34, 59,
74, 75, 76, 97, 128,189, 198,206,
211,232,256
inferiorbulb of, 75
left, 137
right,137
Jugulodigastric muscle, 73
Juguloomohyoid node, 73
Jugum,9
K
Kerckring, valves ol, 279, 28O
Kidneys, 167, 179,272, 278, 338
anterior surface of, 335
base pyramidof, 334
blood vesselsin parenchymaot,334,
337
blood vesselsof, 332, 333, 347
cortex of, 334, 336, 337
cortical radiate arteries of, 335
hilumof, 334
inferiorpole of, 334
in situ
anteriorviews of, 329
posterior,330
innervationof, 345
innerzone of, 336
interlobararteriesof, 335
lateral border of, 334
left, 98, 197, 273, 299, 329, 331, 340,
347
frontal section of, 329
superiorpole of, 297
l-22
Kidneys (Continued)
majorcalicesof, 334
medialborderof, 334
medullaof, 334
minor calicesof, 334
nervesof, 334
outer zone of. 336. 345
perforating radiate artery of, 335
posteriorsurfaceof, 335
prenatal,229
renalcolumn of, 334
renal cortex of. 338
renalpapillaof, 334
retroperitoneal,
288
right,197, 275,298,329,330, 34O,342,
347
subscapularzone of, 336, 337
superiorpole of, 272,334
Knee
anteriorviews of, 507, 508
arteriesof, 507
articularcavity of, 511
attachmentof, 511
collateralligamentsof, 509
cruciateligamentsof, 509
in extensionof, 507
in flexion,509, 543
interiorof, 508
joint capsuleof, 506, 508, 519
ligamentsof, 508, 509
medialview of, 506
right
in extension.507. 509
in flexion,509
sagittalview of, 511
slightlyin flexion,507
Kohn, pores otr 204
L
Ltl-5 disc herniation, 162
L5-Sl disc herniation, 162
L2 gangLonr 4l2
Ll spinal nerve, 160
ventralramusof, 177
Ll-3 spinal neryes, dorsal rami of,
254
L5 spinal nerYe, 160,412
anteriorramusof,410
Ll vertebra, 153,160
body of, 273
L2 vertebra
body of, 179
suoeriorview of. 155
L3 vertebra
b o d yo f , 1 5 6 , 3 3 6 , 3 3 7
pedicleof, 156
L4 vertebra
body of, 352
inferiorvertebralnotch of, 156
laminaof, 156
posteriorview of , 155
spinous processof, 156
L5 Yenebra, 153, 160
body of, 352
superiorvertebralnotch of, 156
Labb5 vein. See Inferioranastomotic
vein (of Labb6)
Labial artery
inferior,69
posterior,404
superior,69
Labiaf nerve, posterior, 413,414
Labial vein
inferior,70
superior,70
Labioscrotal swelling, 388
Labium majus, 360, 365, 388
Labium minus, 360, 365, 388
Labyrinth
bony,95, 96
common limbs of, 95
right,95
schemaof, 96
superiorproiectionof, right,97
common membranouslimb of, 95
membranous,95, 96
right,95
schemaof, 96
orientationof in skull, 97
Labyrinthine artely, 1 40, 141, 143
internal,143
left, 136
Lacdmal apparatus,82
Lacrimal artery, 85
recurrentmeningealbranchof, 100
Lacrimal bone, 2, 4,6, 12,38
at birth,46
Lacrimal canaliculi, 82
Lacrimal carunele, 81, 82
Lacrimal gland, 83, 85, 86, 133,166,
167,168
excretory ducts of, 82
orbital part of, 82
palpebralpart of, 82
Lacrimal lake, 81, 82
Lacrimal nerye, 83, 86, 121, 122,131
cutaneousbranchof, 45
palpebralbranchof, 82
Lacrimal papilla
inferior,81, 82
superior,81, 82
Lacrimal sac, 81, 82
fossa for, 2, 4
Lactilerous duct, 182
Lactiferous sinus, 182
Lacuna
lateral(venous),99, 100
magna,385
Lacunar ligament (Gimbernat's|,
250,251,259,263,546
Laimer, anea of. See V-shaped area (of
Laimer),234,235
Lambda,7
Lamina, lumbar, 155
Lamina affixa, 111
Lamina cribrosa,87
Lamina terminalis, 106, 107, 147
Langerhans, islets of, 298

Laryngeal vein, superior, 235
Laryngeal artery
recurrentright, 126
superior,34, 69, 74, 75, 136
Laryngeal inlet, 63, 66, 235
Laryngeal netve (Xl
externalbranchto, 74
inferior
anomalousright, 80
anterior and posterior branches of, 80
left, 80
internalbranch ol. 75. 235
left, anterior and posterior branches of,
80
recurrent,33, 71, 76, 130, 206, 2O9,21O,
211, 212, 226, 231,232, 240
left, 74, 75, 76, 126, 193, 210, 211,
243,244
right, 74, 75, 80, 226, 235, 240
superior,75, 76, 80, 130, 131, 235
externalbranch of, 75,80, 126
fold over internalbranchof, 66
foramenfor internalbranchof, 78
internalbranchesof, 62, 65, 71, 74,
75,76,78,80,126
Laryngeal plominence, 77
Laryngopharyngeal
sympathetic
branch, 130
Laryngopharynx, 63
opened posteriorview of, 66
L a r y n x , 1 3 5 ,1 6 7 ,1 6 8 , 2 1 0
carlilage o1,77
innervationof, 168
intrinsicmusclesof, 78
action of, 79
lateraldissectionof, 78
medianview of, 77
nerves of, 80
posteriorview ot, 77, 78
right lateralview of, 77, 78
sensorybranchesto, B0
superiorview of, 80
Lateral aperture (foranen of
Luschkaf, 109
Lateral funiculus, 115
Lateral nectus muscle, 84
Lateral rctus plane, 286
left, 268
right,268
Lateral sulcus, 107
anterior,ascending,and posteriorrami
of, 105
Latissimus dorsa tendon, 244, 245
left,244
Latissimus dorsi muscle, 152, 174,
177, 179, 180, 181, 188, 246, 249,
250, 258, 293, 424, 428, 433
costal originof, digitationsof, 254
fascia of, 428
insertionof, 420
small slip ol origino1,421
Leg
anterior fascial compartment of, 522
anteriorintermuscularseotum of. 522
deep fascia oI, 522,544, 546
posteriorcompartment,522
fascialcompartmentsof, 522
late'al,522
superiorposterior,522
Leg (Continued)
innervationof, 538, 539
interosseousmembrane,522
interosseousnerveof, 541
medial cutaneous nerves of, 538
musclesof
anteriorview of, 519, 520
attachmentsof, 515
lateralview of, 521
posteriorview of, 516, 517
superficialdissectionof, 5'16
posteriorintermuscularseptum of, 522
right,bonesof, 513
surface anatomy of, 485
transverseintermuscularseptum of, 522
Lens,81,88,90
axis of. 88. 89
capsuleof, 87, 88
cortex of, 87, 88
equatorof, 87, 88
nucleusof, 88, 89
supportingstructuresof, 88, 89
suspensoryligamentof, 87, 88
Lenticufostriate artery, 140, 141, 143
anterolateralcentral,139
Lentiform nucleus, 108, 141
globuspallidusof, 110
putamenof, 110
thalamusand, 110
Leptomeninges, 170
Lesser sac, 331
Levator anguli oris mu$cle, 54,123
Levator ani mu6cle, 263,284,312,
367,376,411, 499
fibersto anal canal longitudinalmuscle
from, 358
fibromuscularextensionsof. 359
left, 356
levator plate ot, 356, 357
medialborderof, 359
nervesto. 267.499
pelvic,360
prerectalmusclesfrom, 359
puborectalispart of, 391
tendinousarch of, 263, 356, 357, 358,
359, 364, 365, 370, 379, 392
Levator costae muscle, 176
Levators costarum muscle
brevis,176
longus,176
Levator labii superioris alaeque
nasi muscler26,54, 123
Levator labii superioris muscle, 26,
54,123
Levator palpebrae superioris
muscle, 81, 83, 84, 86, 121
fascialsheathof, 83
insertionof, 81
Levatof scapulae muscl'e, 27,32,
174,177, 189,424,427,477
insertionof, 421
nervesto, 129
Levator veli palatini muscle, 47, 51,
55, 64, 65, 67, 68, 93, 126
interdigitaging
fibers of, 52
Lieberk0hn, crypts ol, 283
Lienogastric trunk, 302
Lienomesenteric trunk, 302
Ligamenta flavat 21
Ligaments. See a/so specific ligaments
of abdominalwall and viscera,348
ol ankle,527
of elbow, 438
of foot, plantar view of, 528
of knee,508, 509
pelvic,352-353,372
of wrist, 454,455
Ligamentum arteriosum, 206, 212,
221.229.231
node of, 208
prcnatal,229
Ligamentum flavum, in lumbar
puncture, 162
Ligamentum nuchae, 21, 152
Ligamentum teres, 229, 288,349
fissurefor, 287
orenatal,229
Ligamentum venosumr 229
fissure fon 287
prenalal,229
Light, cone of, 93
Limen, of insula, 141
Limen nasi,37
Linea alba, 181, 188, 247, 249, 250,
258,259,331
Linea aspera, 489
Linea terminalis, 157, 353, 364, 370
Lingual artery, 23,32,34,59, 60, 69,
7 5 , 1 3 3 ,1 3 6 , 1 3 8
deep,51,59
dorsal,59
tonsillarbranch of. 64
Lingual glands lsercus glands of
von Ebnerl, 58
Lingual gyruE, 106
Lingual nerve, 23, 40,53,55, 59, 60,
1 2 2 ,1 2 3 ,1 3 1 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 4 ,1 3 5
deep, 51
Lingual tonsil, 58
Lingual vein
common trunk for, 59
deep, 59, 70
dorsal,59
L i n g u l a , 1 5 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 ,1 4 4 ,1 9 9
bronchito, 202
Lip
frenulumof, 51
lower,51
ohiltrumof, 51
tubercleof, superior,1
upper,51
Lister's tubetcle. See Dorsaltubercle
of radius (Lister's)
Liver, 126, 196, 197, 272,278,293,294,
297,331, 339,342,347
anatomiclobes of, 289
anteriorview o1,287
areator,329
arterial variations and collateral supply
of, 305
arteries of, 300, 301
bare area of,329,342
bed ot,287
caudatelobe of, 272,288
central veins of. 290
coronaryligamentof, 274
distributingvein of, 291
1.23
Livet (Continued)
duct distributionin, 289
falciformligamentof, 255
fibrousappendix ol, 287
functionalsurgicalsegmentsof, 289
inferiorborderof,268,275
in situ,288
inletvenulaof, 291
intrahepaticvascularand duct systems
of, 290
intralobulararterioleof, 291
left lobe ol, 269, 275, 288
left triangularligamentof, 274
ligamentsot,287,312
lobes of, 289
low-powersectionof, 292
lymph pathwaysto, 184
normallobularpatternof, 290
papillaryprocessof, 287
parietal surface of, 289
periportalarterioleof, 291
perivascularfibrouscapsuleof, 290
portal arterioleof, 291
posteriorlateralsegmentof, 289
prenatal,229
quadratelobe of, 275
rightlobeof, 269, 275,288
round ligamentot, 229, 256, 275, 349
segmentsof, 289
structureof, 29
sublobularlobes of, 290
surfacesof, 287
topographyof, 286
variations in form of, 288
vascularsystemof, 290
veins of, 291
visceralperitoneumof, 331
visceralsurfaceot. 287. 289
Liver plate cells, 290
Lobule (earl, 1
Locus ceruleus, 115
Longissimus capitis muscle, 175, 178
Longissimus cervacis muscle, 175
Longissimus erector spinae
muscle,349
Longissimus muscle, 175, 331
Longissimus thoracic muscle, 175
Longitudinal esophageal muscle,
cricoid attachment of, 65, 67
Longitudinal intramuscular plexus,
326
Longitudinal ligament
anterior,63, 65, 179, 187, 263, 331, 348,
349, 353, 362, 363
posterior,22
Longitudinal muscle
conjoined,392, 394
conjoinedrectal,393
of intestine,326
rectal,393
of tongue
inferior,60
superior,60
Longus capitis muscle, 27, 30
nervesto, 129
Longus colli muscle,30
Loops of Heiss, 367
t-24
Lower limb. See a/so Leg

arteriesof. 500-502. 504
cutaneousinnervationot, 487489
dermatomesof, 543
lymph nodes and vesselsof, 546
musclesof, 490-503
neurovasculature
of , 538-546
segmentalinnervationof movementsof,
543
superficialnervesand veins of, 544
oosteriorview of. 545
Lumbar artery, 171
fifth, 264
lower,anastomosiswith, 255
right,264
Lumbar curvature, 153
Lumbar disc herniation, 162
characteristicposturein, 161
clinicalmanifestationsof, 161
left-sidedlower,161
levelof and clinicalfeaturesof. 161
surgicalexposureof, 161
Lumbar disc protrusion, 161
Lumbar enlargement, 161
Lumbar ganglion, 167,318
Lumbar lymphatic trunk
to cisternachyli and thoracicduct, 343
right and left, 316
Lumbar lymphatic trunk ganglion
lower,228
upper,228
Lumbar lymph nodes,266
Lumbar nerve, 161
Lumbar nucleus pulposus,
herniated, 161
Lumbar plexus, 160, 496, 498, 538, 539
muscufarbranchestrom, 267
Lumbar puncture, 162
Lumbar region, 268
Lumbar spinal nerve, 161,179
dorsal and ventralroots of, 170
dorsalramiof, 177
originof, 170
Lumbar triangle (of Petitf, 152,254
internalobliquemusclein, 174
Lumbar trunk
ascending,195, 263, 265, 332
left, 266
right,266
Lumbar vein, ascending, 332
Lumbar Yertebra
arteriesof, 171
assembled,153
body of, 153
dura mater of, 162
foramenof, 155
inferiorvertebralnotch of, 155
intervertebraldisc of, 155
laminadisc of, 155
mammillaryprocessof, 155
musclesof, 179
pedicle,sectionedof, 179
radiographsof, 156
Lumbar vertebra (Continued)

superiorvertebralnotch of, 155
transverse processes of, 248
transverseprocess of, 248
Lumbocostal ligament, 330
Lumbocostal triangle, 195
Lumborum muscle, interspinalis,
t/o
Lumbosacral articular surface, 157

Lumbosacral fascial sheath, 462
Lumbosacral trunk, 267, 496, 498,
499, 538, 539
Lumbosacral vertebrae
invertebralforamenof, 159
laminaof, 159
ligamentsof, 159
ligamentumflavumof, 159
pedicleof, 159
transverseprocessof, 159
Lumbrical fascial sheath, 460
Lumbrical muscle, 465, 533, 534, 536
deep tibial nervebranchto, 541
in fascialsheaths,460
first, 541
fourth,460
in fascialsheath,460
schemaof, 463
second,460, 541
in fascial sheath, 460
tendons of, 535
third, 460
in fascialsheath,460
third and fourth,476, 541
Lumen,326
Lunate, 376,456,487
area for, 439
coronalsectionof,455
radiographof, 457
Lunatesulcus,105
Lungs,167, 168, 170, 342
apex of, 196,197
areafor esophagusin, 196
area for tracheain, 196
bronchopulmonary
segmentsof, 200,
201
cardiacimpressionof, 196
cardiacnotch of, 196, 198
great vessels of, 206
groovefor esophagusin, 196
hilumof, 196
fissureof, 196, 197,198
horizontal
inferiorborderof, 196
inferiorlobe of, 198,200
medialview of, 199
in situ, anteriorview of, 198
left, 197, 211, 215, 243, 245
bronchopulmonary
segmentsof, 200,
201
inferiorlobe ol,2O1,293
medialview of, 199
Lunate (Continued)
obliquefissureof, 244
superiorlobe of, 201,242
left medial,198
lingulaof superiorlobe of, 198
lobesof, 198
lymph nodes of, 208
lymph vesselsof, 208
medialview of. 198.199
middlelobeof. 198.200
obliquefissureof, 196, 197
right,193, 196, 197, 198, 211, 243,244,
245
bronchopulmonary
segmentsof, 200,
201
inferiorlobe ot. 201. 293
medialview of, 199
middlelobeof, 201
superiorlobe of, 201
root of, 193
spinalnervesto, 170
superiorlobeof, 198,2O0,242
topographyof
Lunotriquetral ligament, 454
Lunula, 223
Luschka, foramen of, 19, 108,109
Lymphatic drainage, from prostate
gland, 408
Lymphatic duct, 208
Lymphatic pathway, hand, 468
Lymphatics
apicalcollectingvessels,73
basalcollectingvessels,73
centralcollectingvessels,73
marginalcollectingvessels,73
Lymphatic trunk, 316
Lymph follicle,58
of stomach,276
Lymph nodes
aortic, lateral,266, 343, 406
axillary,428
central,428
pectoral(anterior),428
bronchopulmonary,
199, 208, 230,231
buccinator,72
celiac,266, 314, 315
c e r v i c a l7, 2 , 7 3 , 2 0 8
anteriordeep,72
anteriorsuper{icial,72
deep lateral,73
rnferiordeep,72,208
inferiordeep lateral,72
posteriorlateralsuperficial,72
superiordeep lateral,72
superiorlateralsuperior,72
transversechaino'f,72
colic,317
of femalepelvisand genitalia,406
of femaleperineum,407
gastro-omental,
314
of head and neck, 72
heoatic.314
inguinal,266
interoectoral.184
of kidneysand urinarybladder,343
of lowerlimb,546
of lung,208
Lymph nodes (Continued)

of male pelvisand genitalia,408
of mammarygland,184
mediastinal,
243
pancreatic,3lS
pancreaticoduodenal,
315
paracolic,317
of pelvisand genitalia,408
perianal,
317
of pharynxand tongue,73
phrenic,184,266
of posteriorabdominalwall, 266
pretracheal,74
rectal,317
sigmoid,317
sinuatrial,225
of smallintestine,
316
splenic,314
of stomach,314
subclavian,
184
submandibular,
60, 73
submental,73
subpyloric,314
superiortracheobronchial,
244
suprapyloric,
314
tracheobronchial
inIerior,245
of upperlimb,483
visceral,266
Lymphoid nodule
aggregate,283
of ileum,280
of jejunum,280
Lymph vessels
drainageroutesof, 204
of femaleperineum,407
of head and neck, 72
of kidneysand urinarybladder,343
of liver,291
of lowerlimb,546
of lung,208
of male pelvisand genitalia,408
of mammarygland,184
of pelvisand genitalia,408
of posteriorabdominalwall, 266
of smallintestine,
316
of stomach,314
of trachea,2O2
of upperlimb,483
M
Macula,90
fovea centralisin, 90
Macular arteriole
inferior,90
superior,90
Macular zone, 120
llagendie, foramen of, 108
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRII
o f h e a d ,1 4 9 , 1 5 0
pelvic,397
Mallear fold
anterior,93
posterior,93
Mafleolar arlely
anteriorlateral,530
anteriormedial,530
Malleolus,92
arterialnetworkof, 520
lateral,485, 513, 514, 520, 521, 530, 531
articularfacet of, 513, 514
radiographof, 54
m e d i a l4, 8 5 ,5 1 3 ,5 1 4 ,5 1 7 ,5 1 8 ,5 1 9 ,
530, 531
articularfacets of, 514
radiographof, 54
Malleus,96
anteriororocessof. 93
handleof, 93
h e a do f , 9 2 , 9 3 , 1 2 4
lateralprocessof, 93
lateralview of, 93
neck of, 93
superiorligamentof, 93
Malpighian corpuscle, 336
Mammary gland
anterolateraldissectionof, 182
aderiesof, 183
lobulesof, 182
subcutaneoustissue layerof, 182
suspensoryligamentsof, 182
Mammiffary body, 106, 107,112,114,
147
llammillary pnocess, lumbar, 155
fasciculus, 106
llammillothalamic
Mammillothalamic tract, 147
Mandible, 15
of adult
anterolateralsuperiorview of, 15
left posteriorview of, 15
ofaged persons,l5
alveolarpart of, 15
angleof, 15
base of, 15
body of, 15,27
condylarprocessof, 15
coronoidprocessof, 15
temporalismuscleinsertionto, 54
headof, 15
of infant,15
lingulaof, 15
mentalprotuberanceof, 15
mentalspinesof, 15
mentaltubercleof, 15
neckof, 15
obliquelineof, 15
pterygoidfovea of, 15
ramusof, 15,25,27
Mandibular canal, 60
Mandibular foramen, 15
inferioralveolarnerveentering,46
llandibular fossa, 12, 16
llandibular lymph node, 72
Mandibular nerve (V"1, 11,24, 46,86,
122, 125,131, 133, 134, 135
anteriordivisionof, 46
lateralview of, 46
marginal,25,31
medialview of, 46
meningealbranchof, 10,86
motor root of, 46
posteriordivisionof, 46
sensoryroot of, 46
Mandibular notch, 15
Manubriosternal joint, 186
llanubraosternal junction, 245
1.25
Manubriosternal synchondrosis, 419

Manubrium, 186, 198,243,244,419
Marginal artery, 307, 323
left,216
Marginal plexus, 323
Marginal sulcus, 106
Marshall, ligament ol, 221
Masseteric artery, 40, 54, 55
Masseteric nerve, 40, 54, 55, 122
Masseter muscle, 25, 27, 28, 47, 60, 61
deep part of, 54
insertionof, 54
superficialpart of, 54
Mastication, muscles of, 54,55
Mastoid angle, 9
Mastoid antrum, 94
Mastoid canaliculus, 10
Mastoid cells,94
Mastoid emissary vein, 10, 137
Mastoid foramen, 10
Mastoid process, 14, 25, 27, 28, 29,
3 0 , 3 4 , 5 3 , 5 91, 7 6
Maxilla,2, 6, 38
alveolarprocessoI, 2, 4, 6, 13, 38, 48
anteriornasalspineol,2, 4,6, 36, 38
at birth, 50
frontalprocessot,2, 4,36, 38, 81
incisivecanal of, 6, 38, 40
incisivefossa of, 8
infraorbitalforamen ot, 2, 4, 12
infratemporalsurface of, 4
maxillarysinus in, 50
medialpalatinesutureof, 8
nasalspine of, anterior,36
nasal surface of, 6
orbital surface of, 2
palatineprocessof, 5, 6, 8, 14, 37, 38,
52,56
tuberosityot,4, 14
zygomaticprocessof, 2, 8
llaxiflary arte;y, 16,34, 40, 54,71,
100,131,134
branchesof, 40
lfaxillary bone,47
Maxillary nerve {Vrf, 45, 86, 121,
131,133,134,135
dentaland gingivalbranchesof, 45
nasalbranchof, 122
pharyngealbranch ot, 122
posteriorsuperiorlateralnasal branchof,
42,43
llaxillary plexus, 131
Maxiflary sinus, 3, 5, 44, 47, 48, 49
alveolarrecessof, 48
growth of, 50
infraorbitalrecessof, 48
mucous membraneof, 45
with openinginto semilunarhiatus,50
openingsof, 37, 38, 48, 49, 50
postganglionicfibersto vesselsand
glandsof, 44
zygomatic recess of, 48
Maxillary vein, 85
McBurney's point, 283
t-26
Medial rectus muscle, 83

Median apertune lloramen of
Magendief, 109
Median nerve, 429, 433, 446, 447, 454,
460, 465,474,475
anteriorinterosseouspart oI, 476
articularbranchof, 475
branchesto thenarand lumbricalmuscles, 465
in carpaltunnel,461
common palmardigitalbranchesof, 460
communicatingbranchwith ulnarnerve,
4IO
communicatingwith ulnar newe,475

to cutaneousinnervation,475
palmarbranch ol, 446, 447, 475, 481
palmardigitalbranchesot,473, 481
palmarview of, 475
properpalmardigitalbranchesof, 469
recurrentbranch ol, 474
to thenar muscles,460
lledian sulcus, dorsal, 115
llediastinal lymph nodes, 184
anterior,pathwayto, 184
posterior,266
llediastinum
anteriorlung area lor, 194
cross sectionof. 241
fat pad in, 231
left lateral view of, 231
superior,great vesselsof, 206
tedufla oblongata, 11, 106, 124,134,
1 3 5 ,1 6 8 , 3 2 4 , 3 4 5
lower part of, 135
nuclearlayerof, 113
lledullary artery
anteriorsegmental,171,172
posteriorsegmental,171
tedullary lamina
external,111
internal,111
lledullary (renall lymph vessels,
J4J
lledullary vein
anteromedian,144
anteriorsegmental,173
anteromedian,144
posterior,173
Medullary velum
inferior,106, 113
superior,106, 113, 114, 115
lleibomian glands, 81
lleissnerts plexus. See Submucous
(Meissner's)plexus
Membranous ampulla
anterior,95
lateral,95
posterior,95
llembranous septum
atrioventricularparl ot, 222, 223, 225
part ot, 223, 225
interventricular
lleningeal artery, 99, 100
accessory,11, 40, 100
anterior,85
left middle,136
lleningeal artery (Continued)

middle,40, 55, 99, 100, 102, 131, 138
posterior,11
lleningeal nerve, 45
lleningeal plexus, middle, 131
teningeal vein, middle, 102
lleningeal vessel gnooves
anterior,9
middle,6, 7, 9
posterior,9
Meningeal vessels, middle, 10
Meninges, 10,136
arteriesof. 99, 136
innervationof, 325
spinal,102,324,325
veins of. 99
Meningohypophyseal ttunk' 100
Meniscofemo?al ligament,
posterior,508, 509
Meniscus,455
lateral,507, 508, 509, 511
horns of, 508
medial,507, 508, 509
horns of, 508
Mental foramen, 15
Mentafis muscle, 26, 54, 123
Mental nerYe, 24, 46, 71, 122
Mental plotuberance,
1
llesencephalic vein
lateral,144
posterior,144, 146
Mesenteric artery
inferior,270, 278, 307, 308, 318, 323,
329,332,340, 341
superior,179,27O,281, 298, 301, 305,
306, 307,308, 319, 321,322,328,
332,339,340,342
common ongrnof, 302
relationsof,310
in root of mesentery 270
llesenteric ganglion, 126
inferior,165,167,318, 323,409
superior,165, 167, 168, 267,298, 318,
320, 322, 323, 324, 325, 328, 344,
345, 346, 409
Mesenteric lymph nodes, 315
inferior,266, 317
superior,266, 314, 317, 321
Mesentericoparietal necess, 179,
270.271
Mesenteric plexus
inferior,165, 318, 323
superio( 165, 166, 318, 319, 32O,322,
328
Mesenteric vein
inferiol''27O,298, 311, 312, 313, 315
superior,179,279, 306, 311, 312, 313,
338, 339, 342
relationsof,310
Mesenteric vessels, supeTiotr 278,
349
Mesentery
of ileum,280
of lejunum,280
peritoneallayersof, 326
root of, 270, 274,278,296,298,310,
340, 362, 363
superiormesentericvein and, 310
lf esoappendix, 281, 283, 322

llesocolic
taenia, 281, 282, 284
llesocolon
sigmoid,271, 284, 3O7,329, 340
attachmentof, 274
transverse,269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 278,
284,307
attachmentof, 298, 299
llesometrium, 371
llesonephric lwolffianl duct, 389
llesonephric tubule
vestigial, 390
Mesosalpinx,369
laminaeof, 372
Mesothelial septum, 169
llesovarium,370
laminaeof, 372
Metacarpal artery
dorsal.469. 530
palmat 465
Metacarpal bone,456
base of, 456
tifth,444
base of, radiograph of, 457
head of. 456
second,445
shaft of, 456
third, 456
ligament
lletacarpal
deep transverse,465
dorsal,455
palmar,465
superficialtransverse,480
lletacarpal
vein, dorsal, 468
lletacarpophalangeal
lMPl ioint, 458
lletacarpophalangeal
lllPl
ligament,458
tetaphyseal
arcuate ligament, 455
lletaphysis,
nutrient arterial
branch lor 471
lletatarsal
artery
dorsal,530, 535, 536
anterior perforating branches of, 535
posterior perforating branches of, 535
plantar,535, 536
anteriorperforatingbranchesof, 535
Metatarsal bone, 523, 524, 536
base of, 523
fifth, 523
tuberosityot,523,530, 535, 536, 537
first,523, 524,537
fourth, 523
head of, 523
plantarview of, 523
second,523
shaft of, 523
third,523
tuberosityof, 523, 524,537
ligament
lletatarsal
deep transverse,536
dorsal,536
plantar,528, 536
superficialtransverse,532
Metatarsal vein, dorsal, 544
Midbrain
line
Midclavicular
left, 268
right,268
Midline gnoove, 58
Midpalmar space, 460, 462
Minute arteries, of finger, 471
Mitral cell, 119
Mitraf valve, 213,225
anatomyof, 223
anteriorcusp of, 222,223,224
commissuralcusps of, 222
fibrousring of, 222
leafletof, 246
left fibrous ring ol,222
posteriorcusp of, 222,223,224
Molar teeth
first, 56
growth of, 50
second,56
third,56
Monro, foramen of. See Interventricular
foramen(of Monro)
llorgagni, hydatid of. See Vesicular
appendix(hydalidof Margagni)
llorison's pouch. See Hepatorenal
recess(Morison'spouch)
llouth
afferent innervationof, 62
floor of, 53
nerves of, 62
roof of, 52
anteriorview of, 52
Mucosa, intestinal, 279, 280
Mucous cell, stomach, 276
lltllerian duct. See Paramesonephric
(miillerian)duct
Multifidus mu3cle, 176
lluscles. See also specific rnuscles
anorectal,394
of arm
anterior view of. 430
of back, 174,175,176
deep layersof, 176
intermediatelayersof, 175
supediciallayersof, 174
of dorsum of foot, 530
of duodenum,279
of esophagus,234
extrinsiceye,84
of face. 123
of facialexpression,26, 60
of foot, 536
of forearm,440, 441, 446, 447, 448
of hand,465
of hip and thigh, 492-493
innervatedby femoralnerve,538
innervatedby obturatornerve,540
of larynx,78
of leg
attachments of , 515
intermediatedissectionof. 517
lateralview of, 521
lfuscles (Continued)
superficialdissection of
anteriorview ot, 518, 519
of lower limb, 485
of mastication,54, 55
of neck
anterior view of. 28
lateral view of, 27
of pharynx,65, 67, 68
lateral view of, 68
of rotator cuff, 425
of shoulder,424
of small intestine.280
of sole of foot
first musclelayerof, 533
second musclelayerof, 534
third muscle layerof, 535
of stomach,277
of thigh, 492495
of tongue,59, 60
of vermiformappendix,283
Ituscular artery, 90, 91
lluscularis mucosae, 276
of anal canal and rectum,394
tuscular vein, 90
nerve,429,43O,
433, 435, 447, 449,474, 475, 480
terminalpart of, 446, 469,479,482
Musculophrenic artery' 189, 198, 211,
215
Musculophrenic vein, 189, 256
423. See a/so
ifyelencephalon,
Medullaoblongata
(Auerbach'sl plexus' 326
llyenteric
llylohyoid groove, 15
llylohyoid line, 15
lfyfohyoid muscle, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32,
34, 53, 59, 60
medianraphe between,53
nerveto, 55, 60
llylohyoid nerve, 16, 40, 46, 53, 122
llyometriumr
371
N
Nail bed,471
Nail matrix,471
Nail root, 471
Nares
anterior,1
posterior,14
Nasal artery
dorsal,23, 36, 40, 81, 85
external, 36
lateral,36
Nasaf bone, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 36, 38, 39
at birth,50
Nasal cavity, 82,83
arteriesof, 41
autonomicinnervationof. 44
bones of, at birth,50
floor of. 37
growth of, 50
lateralwall of, 37, 38
medialwall of, 39
newes ot,4244
postganglionicfibersto vesselsand
glandsof, 44
speculumview of, 37
Nasal cleft. See Interglutealcleft
l-27
Nasal concha
highest,38
inferior,37, 38, 82
ethmoidalorocessof. 38
growth of, 50
middle,2, 6, 37, 38, 48, 50, 82
growth of, 50
superior,6, 37, 38
lower border of, 50
Nasalis muscle, 123
alar part ol, 26,76
transversepart of, 26, 36
Nasal meatus
atriumof middle,37
inferior.37. 82
openinginto,50
middle,37
atriumof, 37
openinginto,49
superior,37, 50
l{asal nerve
external,36
inferiorlateral,131
posterior,
131, 133
posteriorsuperior,131
Nasal retinal arteriole
inferior,90
superior,90
Nasal retinal venule
inferior,90
superior,90
Nasaf septum, 39, 41, 42,47, 48,63,66
cartilageof, lateralprocessof, 38
groMh of, 48
Nasal slit, 11
Nasal spine
anterior,39
oosterior.39
Nasal vein
dorsal,23
external,T0
Nasal yestibule, 37, 39
Nasociliary nerve (V,f, 83, 86, 121,
122, 131, 132
infratrochlearnervefrom, 45
Nasofrontal vein, 23, 85
Nasolabial lymph node, 72
Nasolabial sulcus, 1
Nasolacrimal canal, opening of,38
Nasolacrimal duct, 82
in nasoopticfurrow,50
o p e n i n go f , 3 7 , 8 2
Nasolacrimal foramen, at birth, 50
Nasooptic furroq 50
Nasopafatine nerve lV2l, 10,42, 43,
44,62
communicatingwith greaterpalatine
nerye,42
passingto septum,43
Nasopharynx, 92
airwayto, 37
Navicular bone, 536, 537
plantarview of, 523
tuberosity of , 523, 524, 536
Navicular fossa, 361,385
t-28
Neck
arteriesof, 504
autonomicnervesin, 130
bony frameworkof, 185
cervicalolexusin. 32
fasciallayersof, 28
musclesof, 27
anteriorview of, 28
oosteriorview ot.27
nervesof, 24
posteriortriangleol, 174, 188
suoedicialveins and cutaneousnerves
of, 31
surfaceanatomyof, 1
Nephron
Henle'sloop of, 337
schemaof, 336
Nerves. See a/so specific nerves
abdominal,258
of abdominalwall,267
oI back,177
to blood vessels,228
cochlearfibers of, 96
cutaneous
of arm and shoulder,479
of forearm,480
of head and neck,224
of upperlimb,479, 481
of wrist and hand,473
of esophagus,240
of externalgenitalia,409
of femalepelvicviscera,412
of femaleoerineumand external
genitalia,413
of femalereproductiveorgans,415
of fingers,471
of forearm,480
ot hand,472
oalmarview of. 466
of heart,226,227
of hip and buttock, 503
of kidneysand ureters,344,345
of largeintestine,323,324
of larynx,80
of liverand biliarytract, 327
of lower limb. 544. 545
of male externalgenitalia,409
of malepelvicviscera,410
of maleoerineum.411
of mouth,62
of nasal cavily,42-44
of neck,130
of pancreas,328
of shoulder,477
322.324
of smallintestine.
of spinalcord and vertebralcolumn,173
of stomachand duodenum,319,320
glands,345,346
of suprarenal
of thigh,500, 501, 540
tree,210
of tracheobronchial
of upperlimb,473
of urinarybladder,344
of wrist. 461. 472
Neuroendocrine G ceaat276
Neurohypophysis, 140, 147, 148
Neuropathways, in partur:taonr 415
Neurovasculature
of arm, 435
of lower limb, 538-546
Newborn, skull of, 12

l{ippfe, 181, 182
left,196
right,196
Nodose ganglion, 135
Nodule
cerebellar,144
inferiorvermis,113
Nose. See a/so Nasalcavitv
ala of, 1
anterolateralview of, 36
cross sectionof, 47
inferiorview of, 36
lateralcrus of, 36
medialcrus of, 36
surfaceanatomyof, 1
Nostril, 1
Nuchal line
inferior,14
o f s k u l l ,1 7 4 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 6
Nucleus ambiguus, 117, 126
Nucleus pulposus, 155, 162
lumbar,19
l{utrient artery, femoral, 504, 513
ilutrient fotamen, 489, 513
o
Obex,115
Oblique aponeurosis, 261
external,25O,251, 260, 261, 349
internal.253.257
Oblique cord, 438, 439
Oblique fissure, 198
external.188.331
internal,188,189
of left lung, 244
Oblique muscle
external,174, 175,177, 179, 182,192,
247, 249, 250, 259, 263, 330, 424,
494
aponeurosisof, 250, 252, 259, 349
aponeurotic parl ot, 249
digitationsof, 254
muscularparl oI,249
inferiot121
internal,175, 179, 25O,259, 261, 263,
330
aponeurosisoI, 252, 349
in lumbartriangle,174
tendonof originof, 179
superior,
83, 84, 86, 118,121
Oblique popliteal ligament, 508
Oblique vein, left atrial, 214, 215, 221
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle'
1 7 5 .1 7 6 . 1 7 8
Obliquus capitis superior muscle'
175,176,178
Obturator anastomotac vein, 265
Obturator anastomotic vessels,
262,363
Obturator artery, 259, 264, 340, 369,
376, 398, 400,402,403,410, 504,
512
acetabularbranchof, 487
anteriorbranchof, 487
posteriorbranchof, 487
Obturator canal, 352, 358, 364, 365,
369,402, 501
Obturator crest, 352, 486,487
Obturator externus muscle, 489,

493, 539
Obturator lotamen, 248
anteroposteriorradiographof,488
radiographof, 355
Obturatorgroove,436
Obturator internus muscle, 263,376,
398, 411, 495, 499, 503
nerveto, 499, 503
obturatorfasciaof, 364, 392, 402,411
Obturator internus tendon,359
Obturator lymph node, 406
Obturator membrane, 263, 352, 370,
487
Obturator nerve, 267,340,376, 498,
499,538,539,540
accessory,267, 498
cutaneousbranchesof, 501, 544,545
cutaneousbranchof,539
to kneejoint, 539
Obturator-pubic arterial anastomo.
sis, 259
Obturator vein, 311, 376
Obturator vessels, 259
right,403
Occipitaf artery, 23, 34, 100, 178
descendingbranchof,34
mastoid branchof, 100
medial,142
occasionalbranchof, 11
sternocleidomastoid
branchof, 34
Occipital bone, 4,7,8,9,12
basifarpart of, 6, 8, 9,22,30,37, 38, 39,
52, 65, 66, 67
clivus of, 22
condylarcanaland fossaof, 8
condyleo1,9, 30, 128
externaloccipitalcrest of, I
externaloccipitalprotuberance
of,4,6,8
foramenmagnumof, 6
hypoglossalcanal of, 6
i n f e r i onr u c h a l i n e o f ,S
inferiorpetrosalsinus grooveof, 6
internaloccipitalcrest of, 9
internaloccipitalprotuberanceof, 9
jugularforamenof , 6
jugularprocessof, 30
pharyngealtubercle of, 8, 63
superior nuchal line of, 83
transversesinus grooveof, 6
Occipital condylc, 9, 30, 128
Occipital crest, external, 14
Occipitaf fobe, 105
projectionon, 120
Occipital lymph node, 72
Occipital nerve
greater,24, 177, 178
from C2 dorsal ramus, 129
lesser,32, 129,177,178
third,24,177, 178
Occipitaf pole, 105
Occipital protuberance
external,14, 152
internal,9
Occipital sinus, 103, 144

groove for, I
Occipital sulcus, transyerse, 105
Occipital vein, 23
internal,146
Occipitofrontalis muscle
frontalbellyof, 123
occipitalbelly of, 123, 178
Occipitotemporal artery, 142
Occipitotemporal gyrus
lateral,106, 107
medial,106, 107
Occipitotemporal sulcus, 106,107
Oculomotor nerve (llll, 84, 86, 101,
114, 116, 117, 166
branchof, 168
distributionof, 118
inferiorbranchof,83,86
inferiordivisionof , 118, 121
schemaof, 118
superiorbranchof, 83, 86
superiordivision
of, 118,121
Oculomotor nucleus, 116, 117, 121,
437,438,441,444
accessory,132
Odontoblast layer, 57
Olecranon, 436
Olfactory bulb, 107
cellsof, 119
contralateral,119
Olfactory cells, 119
Olfactory mucosa, 119
Olfactory nerve (ll, 119
bundlesof, 11
distributionof, 118
fibers of , 118, 119
s c h e m ao f , 1 1 8 ,1 1 9
Olfactory nucleus, anterior, 119
Olfactory stria
tateral,119
medial,119
Olfactory sulcus, 107
Olfactory tract, 106, 107, 114
lateralnucleusof, 119
Olfactory trigone, 119
Olfactory tubercle, 119
O l i v e , 1 1 4 ,1 1 7
Omental appendices, 272,284
Omental arterial arch,305
Omental artery, 305
Omental bursa, 272, 331
lesser sac of, 273
posterior wall of, 349
posteriorwall of, parietalperitoneumon,
331
stomach reflectedin,2T2
superiorrecessof, 272,274,287
Omental foramen (of Winslowl, 272,
273,275,288,331
probein,272
Omental taenia, 281, 284
Omentum
qreater,269,271,273,284,288,339
anteriorlayersof, 294, 319
attachment of gastro-omentalvessels
to, 274
posteriorlayersof, 319
lesser,273, 275,288
attachmentof gastric aftery,274
Omentum (Continued)
blood vessels to right margin of, 348
posteriorlayerof, 319
right free marginof, 278,279,298
Omohyoid musole, 29,31 ,34,53, 189,
198,420,424,428,429
inferiorbellyot,1,27,29,31 ,32, 128,
129,427
investedby cervicalfascia,188
investedby fasciaof infrahyoidmuscle,
428
nerveto, 32,71 31
originof,420
superiorbelly of , 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 128,
129
Ophthalmic artery, 11, 23, 40, 83, 86,
132, 140, 143
continuation
of,85
muscularbranch off, 85
supraorbitalbranchfrom, 69
supratrochlearbranchfrom, 69
Ophthalmic nerye (Vrl, 24,45, 121,
122, 132, 133, 134, 135
externalnasalbranchesof, 122
internalnasalbranchesof, 122
lacrimal,frontal,and nasociliary
branchesof, 11
tentorialbranch of, 86, 122
Ophthalmic vein
inferior,85, 91
superior,83,85,91
Opponens digiti minimi muscle,
465, 476
Opponens pollicis muscle, 461, 465,
475
Optic canal, 2, 6, 11, 83
O p t i c c h i a s m . 4 8 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 7 ,1 1 4 ,
140, 141, 145, 146, 147
Optic disc, 90
Optic nerve (lll, 83, 86, 87, 90, 106,
107,113, 132,143,144
distributionof, 118
externalsheathof,91
internalsheathof, 91
vesselsof, 91
o u t e r s h e a to
hf , 3 2 , 8 3 , 8 7
in visualpathway,120
Optic radiation, 120
Optic tract, 107, 108, 112, 114, 144
Oral cavity, 39, 48, 52-53,63. See a/so
Lip; Mouth; Teeth; speclflc pans
of oral cavity
inspectionof, 51
Oral rcgion
arteriesof, 69
nervesof,71
veinsof, 70
Ora serrata,87,89,90
Orbicularis ciliarls, 89
Orbicularis ocula muscle, 123
orbitalpart of, 26
palpebralpart of, 26
Orbicularis oris rnuccle, 26, 36, 54,
81, 123
Orbiculus ciliaris, 89
Orbit
fasciaof, 85
t-29
Orbil (Continued)
fat in. 48. 83
growth of, 50
medialwall of, 48
muscleattachmentsand nervesand
vesselsentering,83
nerves of, 86
right,frontal,and slightlylateralview of, 2
Orbital fat body, 83
Orbital fissure
inferior.14. 83
superior,83
Orbital gyrus, 107
Orbital muscler 43
Orbital operculum, 105
Orbital septum,81
Orbital sulcus, 107
Orbital surface,2
Orbitofrontal artery, 1 41, 142
lateral,139
medial,139
Oropharynx, 233
(tsteomeatal unit, 37
Otic capsule,96
anterolateralview of, 95
Otic ganglion, 55, 122, 123, 125, 131,
133,134,135,168
schemaof, 134
Oval windoq 12,95
base of stapes in, 92
fossa of, 94
stapes in, 93, 96
Ovarian artery, 341, 412
left, 329
right,318,322
uretericbranchfrom, 341
Ovarian plexus, 344, 412, 415
right,318
Ovarian vein
left, 311, 329,332
right,311, 332
ovarian vessels, 332, 34O,362, 364, 4O4
left, 311
right,311
tubal branchesof, 404
Ovarn 340, 360, 362, 369, 370, 389, 410,
412,415
ligamentof, 360, 362, 369, 370, 371
right,372
suspensoryligamentof, 360, 362, 369,
3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 2 , 3 8 94, 0 0
ovarianvesselsin, 364
P
Pain
pathwayof, 325
referred,common areaso'f,327
Palate
growth of, 50
hard, 48, 63, 64
postsynapticfibersto vesselsand
glandsof, 44
soft,37, 39, 51, 63, 64, 66
Palatine aponeurosis, 52
Palatine artery
ascending,40
greater,52
1.30
Palatine artery (Continued)

greaterdescending,40
left, 40
lesser,40
lesserleft, 40
lesserright,40
right,40
Palatine bone, 39
at birth,488
greater,71
horizontalplateof, 14, 37,38,39, 52, 56
lesser,71
lesserpalatineforamenof, 39
nasalcrest of, 39
orbital processof, 2, 38
perpendicularplate of, 38, 39
posterior nasal crest of, 39
posteriornasalspine of, 38
pyramidalprocessof, 14
sphenoidalprocessof, 38
Palatine folds, transverse, 52
Palatine foramen
g r e a t e rS, , 1 1 , 3 8 , 5 6
lesser,8, 11, 38, 39, 52, 56
Pafatine gland, 52, 63, 64
Palatine nerve
communicatingwith nasopalatinenerve,
42
descending,
l33
greater,11, 42, 43, 44, 45, 52, 62, 122,
131,133
lesser,42, 43, 45, 52, 62, 122,131, 133
oosteriorinferiorlateralnasalbranch
from.42.43
Palatine process, 14, 38, 52, 56
Palatine raphe, 52
Palatine suture
median,S
transverse,8
Palatine tonsil, 51, 52, 58
Palatine vein, 70
external,70
Palatine vessels, greater, 10
Palatoglossal arch, 51, 58
Palatoglossus rnuscle, 52, 58, 59, 64,
126
in palatoglossalarch, 60
Palatopharyngeal arch, 51, 58, 64, 66
Palatopharyngeal nuscle, 58
Palatopharyngeal sphinctet
lPassavant's ridgel, 65
Palatopharyngeus muscle, 52, 59,
126,235
Pafmar aponeurosis, 442, 446, 454,
462,480
reflected,460
septa from, 460
Palmar arch, deep, 465
Palmar arterial arch
deeo. 465
superficial,460
Palmar artery
deep, computedtomographyof, 484
superficial,computedtomographyof,
484
Palmar carpal arterial arch, 465
Pafmar carpal ligament, 446,447,
454,460
Palmar credse, proximal, 418
Palmar digital artery

common. 462.465
proper,462,471
Palmar digital nerve
common,476
properpalmar,476
Palmaris brevis muscle, 476
Palmaris longus muscle, 442,446,
448.450.475
Palmaris longus tendon, 418,420,
446, 447, 454, 460
Palmarligament,471
Palmar venous arch, superficial,
460
Palpebral arterial arch, 85
Palpebral artery
inferiorlateral,85
inferiormedial,85
lateral,85
median,85
superiorlateral,85
superiormedial,85
Palpebral coniunctiYa, 81
Palpebral ligament
lateral,81
medial,81, 83
Pafpebral nelver24
Pampiniform plexus, 256
venous,401,403
Pancreas, 126, 167, 179, 273, 29O,297,
347
acini of, 298
arteries of, 301
body ot,272
common areasof pain in, 328
head of, 272, 278, 279, 294, 298, 304, 338
arteries of, 304
in situ,347
neck of, 298
posteriorview of, 304, 315
tail ot, 272, 298, 299, 329
arteryto, 301
with uncinateprocess,339
uncinateprocessof, 298
veins of, 309
Pancreatic artery
dorsal,300, 301,305, 306
greater,301
inferiot301,305, 306
Pancreatic ducl, 294, 295, 298
accessory 279,298
principal,279
sphincterof, 295
union of bile ducts and, 295
Pancreatic lymph nodes, superior,
314
left,314
right,314
Pancrcatic notch, 298
Pancreaticoduodenal artery
anastomosisof, 306
anteriorsuperior,272, 30O,305, 306,
320,321
inferior,302, 305, 307, 322
anterior,306, 320, 321
common portionof, 306
plexuson,319,320,322
(Continued)
inlerior (Continued)
posterior,306
posteriorinferiot 320, 321
posteriorsuperior,305, 306, 320, 321
suoerior.321
plexuson, 319
Pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes,
315
Pancreaticoduodenal plexus,
inferior, 322,323
Pancreaticoduodenal vein
anterior,312
anteriorinferior,311
anteriorsuperior,311
inferior,313
posterior,312, 313
oosteriorinferior.311
superior,312
inferior
anteriorbranch of, 301
phantom,301
posteriorsuperior,301
Pancreatic vein, 311, 313
dorsal or suoerior.313
great,313
Papilla
musclefibers to, 282
of teeth, 57
Papillary duct, 336
Papillary muscle
anterior,220, 223, 224, 225
left anterior,224
left posterior,224
posterior,220, 223, 225
right anIerior,224
right posterior,224
septal,220,223, 224
Paracentral artery, 141, 142
Paracentral lobule, 106
Paracentral sulcus, 106
Paracolic Autter
left,271,362,363
righr,271, 281, 362, 363
Paracolic lymph nodes, 317
Paradidymus,389
Paraduodenal fossa, 270
Parahippocampal gyrus, 106, 107,
108,119
Paramedian artery, 140
Paramesonephric lm0llerian! duct,
389
Paramesonephric tubule, 389
Paranasal sinus
age-relatedchangesin, 50
bones of, at birth, 50
cross sectionof, 47
horizontalsectionof, 48
Pararectal fossa, 362, 363, 369
floor of, 392
Pararenal fat, 179
Parasternal lymph nodesr 184
Parasympathetic fibers
postganglionic,44
preganglionic,44
Parasympathetic nerve, in tracheobronchial tree,210

Parasympathetic
nervous system
schemaof, 168
topographyof, 166
Parathyroid gland, 76
inferior, 75, 76
right lateralview of, 75, 76
superior,75, 76
superiorview of, 75, 76
Paratracheal lymph nodes
left, 208
right,208
Paraumbilical vein, 312
to round ligamentof liver,256
tributariesof, 256
Paraurethral lSkene'sf glands, 389
primordiumof, 389
Paraventricular nucleus, 147
Paravertebral anastomosis, 172
Paravesical fossa, 369
Parenchyma, blood vessels in, 337
Parietal artery, 141
anterior.141. 142
anteriorparietal,142
posterior,
141, 142
Parietal bone, 2, 4,6,8,9
tubereminenceof, 12
Parietal cells, 9, 276
Parietal emissary vein, 23
Parietal foramen, 7
Parietal limb, 220
Parietal lobe, 105
Parietal lobule
inferior,105
superior,-t05
Parietal operculum, 105
Parietal pleura
cervical,196, 197,230
costal,194,198,206, 211, 230
left borderof, 197
right borderof, 197
part of, 193,194,198,
diaphragmatic
206,211
part of, 193, 194, 198,206,
mediastinal
211,215,230
Parietooccipital artery, 142, 143
Parietooccipital sulcus, 105, 106,
143
Parolfactory area, 106
Parotid duct, 25,54
Parotid gland, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32,
5 5 , 1 2 5 ,1 3 4 , 1 6 61, 6 7
accessory,61
cholinergicand adrenergicsynapsesto
horizontalsectionof, 25
Parotid lymph nodes
deep,72
suoerficial.72
Parotid papilla, 51
Parotid space, 34
Pars distalis, 147
Pars flaccida, 93
Pars interarticularis, 155
Pars intermedia, 147
Pars tensa, 93
Pars tuberalis, 147
Parturition, neuropathways
in, 414
Passavantts ridge. See

sphincter
Palatopharyngeal
(Passavant'sridge)
Patella, 485, 492, 493, 494,501, 507,
511.519.521
radiographof, 510
Patellar anastomosis, 500, 512
Patellar bursa, 508
Patellar capsule, iliotibial tract
blended into, 508
Pateflar ligament, 485, 489, 492,493,
4 9 4 ,5 0 8 ,5 1 1 ,5 1 4 ,5 2 0 , 5 2 1
Patellar nerve plexus, 544
Patellar retinaculum
iliotibialtract blendedinto, 508
lateral,492, 493, 507,508, 519, 520
medial,492,493,501,506,508,519,520
Pecten, 393
Pecten pubis, 248,486
Pectinate ligament, 88
Pectinate line, 393
Pectinate muscle, 220
Pectineal ligament lOooper'sl, 188,
250, 251, 259,262,263
Pectineal line, 248, 263, 352, 353, 486,
489. 505. 538
Pectineus muscle, 376, 489, 492,493,
500, 538
attachmentsot. 489, 491
Pectoraf is maior muscle, 27,28, 181,
1 8 2 ,1 8 8 ,1 9 2 ,1 9 8 ,2 4 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 5 ,
246, 247, 249, 250, 418, 419, 428
abdominalpaftot,424
clavicularhead of, 181
deep to pectoral fascia, 182
fasciaof, 26,428
insertionof, 420
originof, 419
sternocostal head o1,424
tendon of, 433
Pectoralis minor muscle, 198,243,
244,245, 420,428,433
fasciaof, 428
insertionof, 420
investedby clavicopectoralfascia,188
Pectorafis minol tendon, 429,430
Pectoralis muscle, 189
Pectoral nerve
lateral,188,428,43O
medial,188, 428, 429, 43O
median,428
Pedicle, lumbar, 155
Pelvic brim,370
sacraloart of, 157
Pelvic floor
contentsof, 354-366
female,356
Pelvic foramina, radiograph of, 355
Pelvic inlet
diametersof, 354
female,354
male,354
radiographof, 355
Pelvic ligaments,372
Pelvic organs, female, arteries and
veins of,400
Pelvic outlet
anteroposteriordiameter of, 354
female,354
transversediameter of. 354
Pelvic plexus, 412

Pelvic scans, 397
Pelvic Yiscera
female,360, 369
nervesof, 412
male,361
nervesof, 410
Pelvis, 351
arcustendineousfasciae,372
bones and ligamentsof, 352-353
false,351, 362
female,356
contents of, 360
radiographof, 355
radiographsof, 355
structuresin, 370-375
lateralview of, 352
lineaterminalis
of.362.364
male,354
arteriesand veins of, 401, 403, 405
contentsof, 363, 387
radiographof, 355
radiographsof, 355
structuresof, 380-387
medialsectionof, 352
renal,339
sex differencesof, 354
true, 352
visceraof, nervesof,412
Penis
b o d yo f , 3 5 1 , 3 8 8
bulb of, 382, 383, 385
arteryof, 383, 405
cavernousnervesof, 410,412
crus of, 360, 366, 385
deep arteriesof, 381, 383, 385, 404
deep dorsal vein of, 249
deep fasciaof, 361, 380,381, 382, 385,
387,401,403,405
dorsal arteriesof, 381, 383, 401
dorsal nele of, 411
dorsal nervesof, 381, 383, 405, 409,
4 1 0 , 4 1 14
, 1 6 ,5 0 3
dorsal veins of
deep,359, 361, 381, 383, 401, 403, 405
hiatusfor, 358
superficial,
351,381, 403
fetal developmentof, 388
frenulumof, 382
fundiformligamentof, 259, 361
glans,351, 361, 382, 385, 388
corona of, 382
neck of, 382
internalpudendalarteryof, 383
lateralsuperficialvein of, 381
rapheof, 388
sectionthroughbody of, 381
skin of, 380,381, 382, 387
superficialfasciaof, 249,250,381, 382,
387
suspensoryligamentof, 250, 361
l-32
Perforated substance, 114

anterior,107, 114, 119
posterior,107, 114
Perforating artery, 501
anteromedialcentral,140
posteromedial,140
radiate,335
from thigh,512
Perforating artery, radiate, 335
Perforating cutaneous nerve, 411,
413
of hip, 503
of lower limb, 545
sacral,499
Perforating vean, 337
of arm,479
of forearm,480
Per hippocampus, 112
Perianal skin, 394
sweat glandsand hair in, 393
Perianal space, 392, 393, 396
Perianal tissues, 388
Perianal venous plexus
external, 392
internal,392
Pericaf losal artery, 141, 142
posterior,143
Pericardiacophrenic
a;te;y, 194,
206,211,230,241,255
left,193
right,193
Pericardiacophrenic vein, 194, 206,
211, 212, 230, 231, 241
Pericardiacophrenic yessels, 215
Pericardial ]eflection, 214, 220
Pericaldial sac
Pericardial sinus
oblique,215,246
transverse,215, 220
Pericardial sinus, transverse, 212
Pericardium, 211, 215, 233
bare area of, 196
diaphragmaticpart of, 215
fibrous.198.230
line of fusion to diaphragm,211
over right atrium,230
mediastinalpart of, 194
reflectionof, 214, 220, 221
at site of great vesselsrellecIion,2l2
sternocostalpart of, 215
Perichoroidal space, 87, 88
Pericranium, 102
Perilormis muscle, 490
Periglandular plexus, 326
Periglomerular cells, 119
Perimuscular rectal venous plexus,
3 11
Perineal artery, 370, 403, 4O4,405
transverse,405
Perineal body, 359, 361, 365, 378, 380,
381, 382, 383,384, 391, 395,403,
404,405
Perineal compartment, superficial,
396
Perineal flexure, 376
Perineal ligament, transverse, 356,
358, 361, 364, 380, 383, 405
Perineal lymph vessels, 317
Perineal membrane, 263, 358, 365,

366, 380, 381, 383, 391, 404, 405,
411,413
left, 354
Perineal muscle
deep fasciaof, 356
deeptransverse,
356, 360, 361,381,
383, 404
superficialtransverse,356, 380, 381,
382,391, 404,405
Perineal nerve, 410,411,413,503
deep,411, 413, 530
lateralbranchof, 530, 531
deep branchesof, 411
in males,411
posteriorscrotaland labialbranchesof,
499
in pudendalcanal,392
superficial,
411,413
superficialbranchesof, 411
Perineal raphe, 388
Perineal space
male,383
superficial,361, 370, 378, 4O4,4Os
Perineal vein, 405
Perineopelvic space6, 396
Peraneum,347
abscessin, 396
female,360, 377,395
deep, 379
nervesof, 413
structureso1,371-375
interdigitating
fibers to, 357
male,361
arteries and veins of, 405
deeperdissectionof, 381
frontalsection,anteriorview of, 383
nervesof, 411
structuresof, 380-387
Periodontium,57
Periorbita,83
Periosteum
alveolar,57
mandibularor maxillary57
Periportal space,291
Perirenaf tal'179,342
Perisinusoidal spaces, 291
Peritoneal fold
hepatic arteryin,272
testicularvesselsin, 363
Peritoneum, 179, 236, 252, 261, 284,
322,329,342,412
female,365, 366, 378, 4OO,412
inferior,415
potential spaces of, 364
forming pararectalfossa floor, 392
male,361, 366
inferiorextentof, 415
parietal,271, 273,331, 348, 362, 363, 373
of anteriorabdominalwall, 348
on omentalbursa posteriorwall, 331
phrenicnerveto, 327
of posteriorabdominalwall,274
visceral,273,326
Perivascular fibrous (Glisson'sf
capsule,290
Peroneal nerye, deep, 530

Peroneus brevis tendon, 535
PeronGus longus tendon, 535
fibroussheathof, 535
Pes anserinus, 489, 492, 493
Pes hippocampus, 111, 112
Petrosal ganglion, 131, 135
Petrosal nerve
deep,123,125, 131, 133
greater,86,123,124,125,131,133, 135
groovefor, 9, 97
hiatusfor, 11
lesser,86, 93,122, 123, 125, 134
groovefor, 9
hiatusfor, 11
Petrosal sinus
inferior,11, 103
groove for, 6, 9
superior,97, 103
groovefor, 9
Petrosal vein, 144
drainingto petrosalsinus,144
Petrosquamous fissur, 12
Petrotympanic fissurc, 11
Peyer's patches, 280
Phafanx, 524
distal,456, 471
of great toe, 537
ulnarnerveinnervationof, 476
dorsal,523
fourth, base of, radiographof,457
middle,456, 471, 523
radiographof,457
ulnar nerveinnervationof, 476
plantarview of, 523
proximal,456,523
of great toe, 537
radiographof, 457
of ring finger,distal,radiographot,457
of thumb, distal,radiographof,457
tuberosityof, 523
Pharyngeal aponeurosis, 235
Pharyngeal artery, 40
a s c e n d i n g1,1 , 3 4 , 4 0 , 6 9 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 8
meningealbranchesof, 100
pharyngeal
branchof,64
posteriormeningealbranchof, 136
tonsillar branch of, 64
Pharyngeal constrictor muscle
part of,59
glossopharyngeal
inlerior,27,75,76, 80, 126,233,234
cricopharyngeuspart of, 233,234
middle,27, 59,75, 126,235
superior,40,52,55,59,69,75,126,235
part of, 59, 65
glossopharyngeal
Pharyngeal muscle, longitudinal,
235
Pharyngeal nerve, 133
Pharyngeaf pfexus,62,71,125, 126,
130, 131
Pharyngeal raphe, 37,60,63,65,67,
75, 76, 234
Pharyngeal necess, 37,47,64,66
Pharyngeal region
arteriesof, 69
nervesof, 71
veins of, 70
Pharyngeal tonsil, 37, 63, 64, 66, 67
Pharyngeal tubercte, 64, 65, 67
Pharyngobasilar fascia, 52
Pharyngobasitar fossa, 59
Pharyngoepiglottic fold, 235
fibersto, 65
Pharyngoesophageal junction, 235
Pharyngotympanic tube. See
Eustachian)tube
Pharynx
afferentinnervation
of,62
arteriesof, 69
lymphaticdrainageof, 73
mediansectionof, 63
musclesof
lateralview of, 68
median (sagittal)section of, 65
partiallyopened posteriorview of, 67
nerves of, 62
posteriorwall of, 51
veinsof,71
Philtrum, 1
Phrenic artery
inferior,237, 305, 318, 333, 347
,eftinferior,
272,300,319,320, 332,333
recurrentbranchof, 300
sympatheticfibers along,240
right inferior,300, 319, 320, 333, 346
Phrenic ganglion, 320,327
Phrcnic lymph nodes, inferior, 184,
266
Phrenic nerve, 30, 32, 74, 129, 130,
189,193, 198,206,210,211,226,
230, 243, 429
anterior,195, 321
efferentand afferentfibersof, 193
left, 193, 194,215,346
nerveto, 430
pericardialbranchof, 193
phrenicoabdominal
branchesof, 193
right,193, 194,215,244,318,327,346
Phrenicocolic ligament, 272
Phrenic plexus, 410
inferior,318
left inferior,319, 320, 323, 346
rightinferior,319,320,
323,346
Phrenic vein
inferior,320
left inferior,320
Phrenoesophagea! ligament' 236
Pia.arachnoid mater, 91
Pial plexus, 171
arterial,173
peripheral
branchesfrom,173
venous,173
Pia mater, 91,99, 102
overlyingspinalcord, 169
thoracic,170
Pigment cells, 120
Pillar cells, 94, 120
P i n e a l b o d y , 1 0 6 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 1 , 1 1 4
Pineal recess, 108
Piriform fossa,233
Piriformis muacte, 263,411,489, 495,
503
nerveto, 499
Piriform lobe, 119
Pisiform' 442, 446,447,454,456, 460,

465
radiographof, 457
Pituitaty gland' 107, 147
anteriorlobe of, 14O,147,148
posteriorlobe of, 148
posteriorlobe of, 140, 147
in sellaturcica,37
Pituitary stalkr 147
Plantar aponeunosls' 533, 534,535
digitalslips of' 535
lateralband of, 535
Plantar arterial atch' deep' 531, 536
posteriorpenetratingbranchesfrom,
520, 536
Plantat ailery
deep, 530, 535, 536
lateral, 535, 536
cutaneousbranchesof, 535
medial,534
cutaneousbranchesof, 534, 535
deep branchesof,534
superficialbranch of, 533, 534, 535
posteriorperforatingbranchesof, 536
Plantar calcaneonavicular
ligament' 536
Plantar digital artery' common' 534
Plantar digital nenve' common' 534,
541
Plantar interosseous muscle' 537
Plantaris muscle' 494, 495, 511, 515,
540,541
attachmentsof , 491, 515
of,541
innervation
Plantaris tendon' 495, 516, 517, 522
Plantar ligament' 536
long, 528, 536
short, 527
Plantar nerve
lateral,534, 535, 540, 541
cutaneousbranchesof, 535
deep branchesof, 535
plantarcutaneousbranchesof, 545
proper plantardigitalbranchesof, 533,
534,535
superficialbranch of, 535
medial,534,540
deep branch of,534,535
plantarcutaneousbranchesof, 535, 545
properplantardigitalbranchesof, 533,
534,535
superficialbranchof, 534
Platysma muscler 26,28,60, 124
Pleura' 331
abdominal,349
cupulaof, 74
mediastinal,194
parietal,206
spinalnervesof, 170
thoracic,170
visceral,205
Pleural Gavity
recessof, 196, 197,
costodiaphragmatic
330,331
recessof, 104,
left costodiaphragmatic
2Oo
left costomediastinalrecessof, 194
recessof, 194
right costodiaphragmatic
Pleural rcflection' 196
Plica semilunarisr 81, 82
1.33
Pneumothorax, chest drainage

tube placement in, 190
P o n s , 1 0 6 ,1 1 4 ,1 3 4 , 1 3 5
Pontine artery, 14O,1 41, 143
Pontine taste atea, 135
Pontine vein
lateral,144
transverse,144
Pontomesencephalic vein, anterior,
144
Popliteal artery, 512
Popliteal fossa, 485
Popliteal ligament, arcuate, 511
Popliteal ligament, oblique, 511
Popliteal lymph nodes, 546
Popliteal surface, 489
Popliteal vein, 546
Popliteal vessels, 495
Popliteus muscle, 491, 511, 515, 541
attachmentsofS15,541
nerveto, 541
Popliteus tendon, 508, 510
origin of, 5O7
Pores of Kohn, 204
Portacaval anastomosis, 312
Porta hepatis, 287
Portal space, limiting plate of, 291,
292
Portaf ltiad, 273,278,290,297, 298
Portaf vein,297
branchof. 291.292
Postanal space
deep, 396
superficial,
396
Postcaval lymph nodes, lateral, 343
Postcentral gyrus, 105
Postcentral sulcus, 105
Posterior chamber, 81, 87, 88, 90
Posterior limiting lamina
(Descemet's membrane!, 88
Posteromedial central artery, 140
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers,
346
ciliaryganglion,132
femalereproductiveorgan innervation,
415
male reproductiveorgan innervation,416
urinarybladderand lower ureter
innervation,
417
Postlunate tissure, 113
Poupart's ligament. See Inguinal
ligament(Poupart's)
Preaortic lymph nodes, 317, 4Og
Precaval lymph nodes, lateral, 343
Prececal lymph nodes, 317
Precentral gyrus, 105
Precentral sulcus, 105
Prechiasmatic groove, 9
Preculminate vein, 144
Precuneal arlery,142
Precuneus,106
Prefrontal arleryr l4l
Preganglionic sympathetic cell
body,44,132
t.34
Preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers,
J40
ciliaryganglion,132
femalereproductiveorgan innervation,
415
male reproductiveorgan innervation,416
urinarybladderand lower ureter
innervation,
417
Premolars,56,57
Preoccipital notch, 105
Prepatellar bursa, subcutaneous,
ctl
Prepontine cistern, 109

Prepuce, 388
of clitoris,388
of penis,361
site of, 388
site of future originof, 388
Preputial gland, opening otr 382
Prepyloric vein, 31'l
Prerectal muscle fibers (of
Luschkaf, 359
Presacral space, 364, 396
Presymphyseal node, 408
Pretracheal lymph node, 74
Prevertebral anastomosis, 172
Prevertebral muscle, 30
Prevesical lymph node, lateral, 343
Prevesical lymph plexus, 408
Prevesical plexus, 408
Princeps pollicis artety, computed
tomography ot,484
Procerus muscle, 26, 36, 123
Profunda brachii arlery, 429
Profundus flexor tendon, in com.
mon flexor sheath, 460
Promontorial lymph nodes, 343,408
Promontory, 92,93
Pronator quadratus muscle, 440,
448, 449, 450, 465, 475
Pronator teres musclet 420, 433,44O,
446,447
humeralhead of, 420,447,45O,474, 475
originof, 420
ulnarheadof, 350, 420,447,448,475
originof, 420
Prostate gland, 167, 384
arterialsupply of, 403
capsuleof, 361, 366,384
fibromuscularstromaof, 384
hyperplasticlaterallobe of, 403
hyperplasticmiddle lobe of, 403
inferolaterallobe of, 384
inferooosteriorlobe of. 384
innervationof, 168
isthmuslobe of, 384
lymphaticdrainagefrom, 408
medianlobe of, 384
primordiumof, 389
with orostaticurethra.376
skeletalmuscle band of, 384
sphincterurethraemuscleascending
anterioraspect of, 359
Prostatic duct, openings of, 384,385
Prostatic plexus, 165, 344, 416
Prostatic sinus, 384, 385
Prostatic urticle, 389
Prostatic vein, right, 311
Plostatic venous plexus, 403
Proximal interphalangeal (PlP|

ioint, 418
Psoas major fascia, 342
Psoas major muscle, 179,267,278,
329, 339,342,492,496,498, 499
area for, 330
fasciaof. 179.342
lower part of, 538
originof, 489, 496
Psoas minor muscle, 263,496
originof, 496
Psoas muscle, 376,496
muscularbranchof, 498
Psoas tendon, 376
Pterion, 4
Pterygoid artery
lateral,40
medial,40
Pterygoid canal
artery of, 40
nerveof, 122, 123,125, 131, 133, 135
Pterygoid fossa, posterior view of,
14
Pterygoid fovea,15
Pterygoid hamulus, 4,38, 46, 52, 55,
64, 65, 68
at birth,50
Pterygoid muscle
lateral,40, 54, 55
medial,15, 25, 40, 52, 55
nerveto, 71
Pterygoid nerve
lateral,46,122
medial,46, 122
Pterygoid plate
lateral,13, 47, 55, 68
medial,52, 55, 64, 65
hamulusof, 13
Pterygoid plexus, 70, 85
deep facial nervefrom, 23
Pterygoid process, 6,8
h a m u l u so I , 1 2 , 1 3 ,1 4
lateralplateot, 4, 12, 13, 14, 38, 39, 50
medialplateof, 12, 13, 14, 38, 39, 50
of palatinebone, 13
platesof, 6
Pterygomandibular raphe, 15, 40, 52,
55, 65, 68
Pterygomaxillary fissure, 4
Pterygopalatine fossa, 4, 13, 14, 40,
44,49
Pterygopalatine ganglion, 122, 123,
1 2 5 ,1 3 1 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 5 ,1 6 6 ,1 6 8
ganglionicbranchesof, 45
in pterygopalatine
fossa, 44
schemaof, 133
Pubic arch, 248
female,354
male,354
Pubie bone, 348, 357, 383
Pubic crest, 259, 376
Pubic hypogastric region, 268
Pubic ligament, inferior, 248, 356,
359,360, 364, 365,378, 383
Pubic ramus
inferior.248. 486
superior,248, 486, 496, 499
Pubic symphysis, 247, 259, 263

female,354
male,354
radiographof, 355
superiorportionof, 376
Pubic tubercle, 247,250, 263, 486,
492,493
Pubic vein, 265
Pubis
body of, 376
radiographof, 355
superiorramus of, 488, 493
symphysealsurfaceof, 412
Pubocervical tascia, 372
Pubococcygeus muscle' 357, 358,
359, 360
Pubofemoral ligament' 487
Puboprostatic ligament' lateral' 366
Puborectalis muscle, 356, 357, 358,
359. 376, 398
left, 356
Pubovesical l:gament
lateral.364. 365
medial.364. 365
Pudendal artery
deep external,512
internal,341, 376, 499
superficialexternal,512
Pudendal canal (Alcock'sl' 392, 411
internalpudendalarteryin, 402, 4O4
internalpudendalvein in, 399
oudendalnervein, 413
Pudendal canal, left internal
pudendal vein in' 311
Pudendal cleftr377
Pudendal nerve, 160,267,41O,411,
412, 415,416,417,499, 500,503
block of, 413
internal,392
Pudendal vein
external.256,265
internal,376
left internal.311
right internal,311
Pudendal vessels
deeo external,401
internal,392
suoerficial,500
Pudendal vesselsn superficial' 249
Pudendum,377
Pulmonary attery' 213
left,206, 213,214, 231,245
prenatal,229
radiographof, 213
right,205, 206, 21O,214, 220, 230, 245
prenatal,229
Pulmonary ligament, 199, 208, 230,
231
Pulmonary lymph nodes' 208
Pulmonary plexus, 126,165, 166,168,
210
anterior,209
posterior,209
Pufmonary trunk, 206, 212, 215, 220'

224,225
bifurcationof, 215
outflow to, 224
orenatal,229
Pulmonary valve, 213, 22O,222, 225
semifunarcuspsof, 22O,222
Pulmonary vein
left, 205, 206, 215, 221, 224, 231
infetior,214, 241
orenatal,229
superior,214
right,206, 215, 225, 230
inferioc214, 220,246
prenatal,229
212, 214,220,224
superior,
Pulvinar, 110, 111 ,143,144,145
lett.144
right,144
of thalamus,114
Pupil,81
dilatormuscleof, 88, 121,132
musclesof, 132
sphinctermuscleof, 88, 121,132
Pupillae muscle
dilator,121
sphincter,121
Purkinie fibers,225
subendocardialbranchesof, 225
Putamenr 108
Pyloric antrum' 275
bariumradiographot, 279
Pyforic canaar 297
Pyrloric gland' 276
Pyloric lymph nodes' 315
Pyforic odfice' 276,279
Pyrlorus, 275, 276, 278, 297
bariumradiographot, 279
Pyramid, 114, 144
of, 114
decussation
inferiorvermis,113
115
of vermisof cerebellum,
Pyrramidalis muscle' 25O,260
Pyramidal process' 8, 12
o
Quadrangular lobule' 113
Quadrangular spacer Posterior
circumflex humeral artely
in, 427
Quadratus femoris muscle, 492, 493,
495,503,511,538
of, 489, 491, 515
attachments
nerveto. 499. 503
Ouadratus lumborum muscler 176,
179,263,267, 329,342, 496, 498
area for, 330
fasciaof, 179
Quadratus plantae muscle' 534, 535'
541
Quadratus Plantae netYe' 541
Quadriceps femoris muscle' 538
attachment of, 490
patellarligamentof, 515
Quadriceps femoris tendon' 485,
492, 501, 506, 511, 520, 521
Quadriceps tendon' 493
Quadrigeminal cistern' 109

Quadrigemlnal plater 115
R
Radiaf artery' 433, 445, 446,447' 448,
449,454,460,461, 465,474
in anatomicalsnuffbox,469,470
computedtomograPhYof, 484
palmarcarpal branchof, 448,465
superficialpalmar branch ot, 454' 460,
465
Radiaf bursa,460,462
Radiaf collateral artetY, 434
Radial collateral ligament' 454' 455
Radiaf netve, 429, 430, 432, 435, 447,
448,474,475,477
in arm,477
branch of, 469
communicatingbranch of, 468
deep branch ot, 445,447, 449, 474
dorsaldigitalbranchof, 473,481
inferiorlateral,481
oosteriorcutaneous,469,473, 481
superficialbranch of, 444, 447, 449, 468,
469, 473, 474, 480, 481
dorsaldigitalbranch of, 469
Radial tecurrent adery' 433,434' 447
Radial styloid process' 452
Radiate artery' Perforating' 335
Radiate capitate ligament' 454
Radiate ligament, 187
Radiate sternocostal ligament' 186
Radicular artery
anterior,172
posterior,172, 173
Radicular vein' 173
Radiocarpal ioint, 453, 455
Badiocarpal ligamenl
dorsal, 455
oalmar,454
radiocapitate Parl of , 454
radioscaPholunate
Partof, 454
Radiograph
of ankle,526
barium
of ileum,279
of jejunum,279
of long vermiformaPPendix,283
of stomach,duodenum,and Proximal
ieiunum,279
of cervicalvertebrae,18
of chest, 213
of elbow, 437
of femalepelvis,355
of hand,457
of hip joint,488
of knee.510
lateral,of skull, 5
of lumbarvertebrae
'156
anterooosterior,
lateral,156
of male and femalePelvis,355
of male pelvis,355
oelvic
female,355
male,355
of shoulder,422
of wrist and hand, 457
1.35
Badiolunate ligament
long,454
palmar,454
short, 454
Radioscaphocapitate ligament, 454
Badioulnar joint, distal, 455
Radioulnar ligament
dorsal,455
palmar,454
Radius, 436, 438, 439,44O,442, 443,
465
annularligamentof, 438
anteriorsurfaceof, 439
coronalsectionof, 439, 455
dorsaltubercleof, 452
head of, 439
right,439
interosseousborderof, 439
neck of, 437,439
posteriorcutaneousand inferiorlateral
cutaneous nervesof arm trom, 479
radiographof, 437
rotators of, 440
tuberosityot,437,439
ulnar notch of, 439
Bami communicantes
g r a y ,1 3 0 , 1 3 2 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 4 , 1 6 5 ,1 6 7 ,1 6 9 ,
170, 180,196,209, 230, 240,258,
267, 318, 324,325,327, 344,412,
498, 499
w h i t e ,1 3 0 ,1 3 2 , 1 3 3 ,1 3 4 ,1 6 5 , 1 6 7 ,1 6 9 ,
180, 196, 209, 230, 240, 258, 267,
318, 321, 324,325,345,398, 412,
499
Bathke's pouch, yestigial remnant
of, 50
Bectal artery
inferior,307, 398, 402, 403,4O4,4O5
middle,264, 307,323,341,364,398,
400,402,403
superior,264,3O7,318, 323, 324, 340,
364, 398,400, 410
bifurcationof, 307
branchof, 307
Rectal lymph nodes,317
middle,317
superior,317
Rectal nerve
inferior,411, 503
superioG503
Rectaf pfexus, 323, 344, 412
communicationbetweeninternaland
perimuscular,
399
middle,323
superior,
318, 323
Rectal vein
inferior,312
left, tributariesof, 311
left middle,311
left superior,312
middle,312
right,tributariesof, 311
right inferior,311
rightmiddle,311
r i g h ts u p e r i o r , 3 1 2
superior,311
bifurcationof, 399
1.36
Rectal Yenous plexus

communicationbetweeninternaland external,399
external,311, 393, 394, 399
internal,393, 394, 399
perimuscular,
399
Rectal vessels, zupetior, 274
Bectineal ligament, 259
Rectocervical space, 369
Rectococcygeus muscle, 263
Rectoperinealis muscle, 262
Rectoprostatic (Denonvilliers'| fascia, 348, 359, 361, 386, 391, 396
Rectosigmoid artery, 307, 323, 398
Rectosigmoid iunction, 284, 391, 393,
394
Rectosigmoid plexus, 323
Rectosigmoid vein, 311, 312, 399
Rectourethralis superior mu3cle,
359
Rectouterine fold, 369
Rectouterine ligament, 369
Rectouterine pouch lof Douglasl,
360,362, 369, 371, 391
Rectovaginal space, 364, 369
Rectovesical pouch, 348, 361, 391
Rectovesical space
prerectal,396
retroprostatic,396
retrovesical,396
Rectum, 263, 271, 284, 329, 356, 357,
361, 363, 364, 365, 378, 384, 391,
393.400. 412
anal canal and, 393
arteriesof, 398
circularmuscle layerof, 393, 394
in situ,391
female,328, 396
male.328. 396
innervationof, 168
ischioanalfossaeof, 392
longitudinalmuscle layerof, 393, 394
lymphaticpathwayalong,408
marginalarteryof, 398
muscularismucosaeof, 394
terminationof, 376
transversefolds of, 393
veinsof, 399
Bectus abdominis muscle, 189,331
Bectus capitis anterior muscle, 73
Rectus capitis muscle. See Capitis
muscle,rectus
Rectus capitis posterior major
muscle, 175,176,178
Rectus capitis posterior rninor, 175,
176,178
Rectus femoralis tendon, 492
originof, 492
Rectus femoris tendon, 485
Rectus muscle
inferior,83, 84, 121, 151
lateral,83, 84, 86, 121, 151
tendon of, 87
medial,axialMR imageof, 150
superior,83, 84, 86, 91, 121
tendon of, 91
Rectus sheath, 83, 189, 249,250,349

anteriorlayerof, 188, 250, 252,259, 424
posteriorlayerof, 251,252,257,259
Red nucfeus, 1O7, 116, 117
Reil, island of. See Insula
Renal artery, 335, 341, 345
in situ,332
left, 323, 329,339,347
posteriorbranchof, 335
right,318, 321,329
uretericbranchof. 335. 336
variationsin, 333
Renal column (of Bertinl,337
Renal corpuscle
cortical,336
juxtamedullary,
336
Renal cortex, 336, 337, 346
Renal ganglion, 344, 345
left, 346
right,346
Renal fascia, 339, 342, 347
Gerota's.342,347
posteriorlayerof, 179,342
transversesectionof, 342
Benal medulla, 336,337
preganglionicfibers and, 346
Renal papilla,336
Renal parenchyma,334
Renal pfexusr344,345
left, 323, 346
right,318, 346
Renal segment
arteriesof, 335
vascular,335
Renal sinus, 337
fat in, 334
perirenalfat of, 337
Renal vein, 341
in situ,332
left. 329. 333
double.333
enteringinferiorvena cava, 339
multiple,333
right,265,329, 332,339
Reproductive organs, male, innerYation of, 415
Respiratory bronchiole, 204
Rete testis, area of, 390
Reticular nucleus, 111
Retina, 91
ciliarypart of, 87, 88
iridialpart of, 88
non-pigmentedareasof, 91
optic part of, 87, 89
pigmentedareasof, 91
projectionon, 120
structureof, 120
Retinacular artery, 504
subsynovial,504
Retinal artery, 90
central,85, 87, 90, 91
Betinal vein,90
central,87, 91
Retinal vessels, right, 90
Retrobulbar fat, 83
Retrocecal necess, 271, 281
Retromandibular vein, 23, 31, 59, 85

anteriot 61, 70
common trunk foc 59, 61, 70
posterior,61, 70
Retropedtoneal
artery, 331
Retropharyngeal
lymph nodes, 73
Retropubic lprevesicall space lof
Retziusf, 48, 348, 364, 396
fat in, 251
Retropubic venous plexus, 365
Retropyloric lymph nodes, 314
Retrotonsillar fissurc, 113
Retrctonsillar Yein
inferior.144
superior,144
Retzius, cave of, 348
Retzius space. See Retropubic (prevesical)space (of Retzius)
Rhinal sulcus, 106,107
Rhomboid maior fossa, 114
Rhomboid major muscle, 174, 177,
180, 192, 243, 245, 424
insertionof, 421
Rhomboid minor muscae, 174, 177,
424,477
insertionof, 421
Rhomboid muscle,244
Ribs, 186,244,245
angleof, 185, 186
axialCT imagesof, 242,350
body of, 185
eighth,241, 349
eleventh,330
false, 185
first,94, 160,186, 196, 197,211, 230,
419,429
costal cartilage of, 243
groovefor, 199
synchondrosisof, 419
floating,185
headof, 185,t86
interarticularligamentof, 187
middle,186
neck of, 185, 186, 194
ninth,299
second1
, 8 2 ,1 8 5 , 4 1 9
left, 186
seventh,head of, 246
sixth,182
true,185
t u b e r c l e , 1 8 51,8 6
twelfth, 160, 174, 195,342,349
projectionof, 330
Riolan, arc of, 308
Risorius muscle, 26, 123
Rod cells, 94, 120
Rods, 120
Rolando, sulcal artery ol, 142
Rolando, sulcus of, 105, 106
Rosenm0ller, node of, 266
Rosenthal, vin of, 144,145,146
Rotator cuff muscles, 425
Rotatores cervicis muscle
brevis,176
longus,176
Round ligament,372
of liver,288, 312
of uterus,389
Round window (cochlearf, 92,95
closed by secondarytympanicmembrane,96
fossa of. 93
s
Si spinal nerve, 160,410
anteriorramus of, 414
52 spinal newe, 160
Saccule, 92,95,96, 124
Sacral a[ery
lateral,171, 264, 341,398, 402, 403
median,307, 341, 364, 398, 402
Sacraf Ganal, 157,358
Sacral cornu, 157
Sacral crest
intermediate,157
lateral,157
median,157,352,357
Sacral cutvature, 153
Sacral foramen
a n t e r i o r1,5 7 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 8
fourth posterior,357
posterior,
157,353
radiographof, 156
Sacral ganglion, 167,318
Sacral hiatus,157
Sacral lymph nodes
lateral,266, 408
middle,266, 408
Sacral nerYe, 161
perinealbranchof, 499
vertebraeand, 161
Sacral parasympathetic
outfloq
toc
Sacraf plexus, 160,177,267,344,345,

415.416.499
left,318
right,323
Sacral pnomontory, 248, 412
Sacral $ympathetic trunk
left,412
right,412
Sacral vein, median, 311
Sacrogenital fold, 340
Sacroiliac joint, 358
female,354
radiographof, 355
Sacrospinous lagament, 352, 353,
357, 359, 410,495, 503
Sacrotuberous lagament, 357, 376,
379, 395, 402, 410, 411, 495, 502,
503
Sacrouterine ligament, 364
Sacrum (51-51, 152,160
ala of, radiographof, 355
aoexof. 157
arteriesof, 171
articularfacet for, 155
articularsurfaceof, 157, 486
base of, 157
dorsal surfaceof, 157
facets of superiorarticularprocess,157
left lateral view of, 153
medialsagittalsectionof, 157
pelvicsurfaceof, 157
promontoryof, 157
radiographof, 355
sacralcrest of, 157
sacral tuberosity of, 157
spinalnervesand, 161
Sacrum (Sl-51 (Continued)

transverseridgesof, 157
Sagittal sinus
inferior,103, 145, 146
superior,99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 109,
144.145
Sagittal sutur, 7, 12
Sagittal vein, inferior, 144
Salivary glands, 61
frontalsectionof, 51, 60
horizontalsectionof, 51, 60
lingualminor,51
molar minor,52
sublingual,51, 60
submandibular,
51, 60
Salivatory nucleus
1 16, 117,125,134
inferior,
superior,116,117, 123,133
Salpingopharyngeus muscle, 126
Saphenous nerve, 500, 538, 544
infrapatellarbranchof, 500, 538
Saphenous opening, 25O,544
cribriformfascia in, 249
Saphenous vein
accessory 544,546
great,250, 485, 544, 545, 546
small,485, 544,545
Sartorius muscle, 376
Sartorius muscle, 485, 492,495, 499,
500, 538
Sartorius tendon, 492, 493
Scala tympani, 91, 95, 96
Scala vestibuli, 91, 95, 96
Scalene muscle
anterior,27, 30, 32, 74, 186, 189, 193,
198, 206, 211, 230, 427, 429
slips of origin of, 30
'189
middle,27, 30, 32, 69, 70, 186,
nervesto, 129
nervesto. 129. 430
posterior,27,30, 186, 189,232
slips of origin of, 30
Scalp
epicranialaponeurosisof, 26
skin and subcutaneoustissue of, 26
superficialarteriesand veins of, 23
Scapha,93
ligament, 454
Scaphocapitate
Scaphoid bone,456
area for, 439
tubercle ol, 452, 454, 456
Scaphoid fossa,93
Scapholunate ligament, 455
454
Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid,
Scapula, 29, 180, 185, 192, 243,244,245
acromionof, 185
anastomoses around,427
axillaryarteryand anastomosesaround,
427
body of, 428
coracoidprocessof, 213
glenoidcavity of, 420
anteroposteriorradiograph ol, 422
1.37
Scapula (Continued)
inferiorangleot,152,246, 420
infraglenoidtubercleof, 420
infraspinousfossa of, 185
lateral border of, 420
medialborder ot, 152, 420
neck of, 420
posteriorview of, 421,427
spineof, 152,174, 177, 185, 197,213,
424,427, 428
subscapularfossa of, 185
superiorangle of, 420
superiorborderof, 42O,425
suprascapularnotch of, 184
supraspinousfossa of, 421
Scapular ailery
circumflex,427, 429, 430, 434
dorsal,32, 137, 427, 429
Scapular ligament, superior trans.
verse, 423,425,427
Scapular nerye, dorsal, 429
Scapulohumeral dissection
anterior view of, 426
Scarpa's (membranousf layer, 249,
380
fascia latae attachment to, 249
Schlemm's canal. See Scleralvenous
sinus (canalof Schlemm)
Sciatic foramen
greater,352, 353, 357, 540
lesser,352, 353, 357
Sciatic nerve, 160, 495, 499, 503, 539,
540
articularbranch of, 502
common fibulardivisionof. 499. 540
left, 376
muscles innervated by, 540
right,376
tibial divisionof, 499, 540
Sciatic notch
greater,248,486
lesser,248, 486
Sclera, 81, 83, 87, 88, 91
bulbarconjunctiva,81
laminacribosaof, 87
Scleral spur, 87
Scleral venous sanus (canal ot
Schlemmf, 87,88,90,91
veins draining,91
Scrotal artery, posterior, 403, 406
Scrctal ligament,389
Scrotal nerve
anterior,409
posterior,411, 503
Scrptal ne?Ye, posteraor, 41O,411,
503
Scrotal vein, anterior, 256
Scrotum, 351, 388
skin of, 390
superficialfasciaof, 249
Sebaceous gland, 81
Segmental artery
anteriorinferior,335
inferiorsuperior,335
r.38
Segmental artely (Continued)

posterior,335
superior,335
Segmental medullary artery
anterior,171,172
malor anterior,171
posterior,171
Segmental medullary vein, 173
Sella turcica, 6, 9, 39
hypophysisin, 37
Semicircular canal
anterior,95, 96, 97
lateral,95, 96, 97
planeof, 97
posterior,95, 96, 97
prominenceof, 92
Semicirculai duct, 92
ampullaot,92, 124
anterior.95. 96
lateral,95, 97, 124
posterior,96,97, 124
superior,ampullaof, 124
Semilunar lold,284
Senilunar hiatus, 37, 38
with anteriorethmoidalcell openings,38
at birth, 50
Semifunar line,247
left, 268
right,268
Semilunar lobule
inferior,113
posterior,113
Semilunar plane, 286
Semilunar vale, nodule of,223
Semimembranous bursa, 511
Semimembranous muscle, 494, 495,
540
attachmentsof, 491
tendinousexpansionof, 511
Semimembranous tendon, 506, 508,
511,518
groovefor insertionof, 513
Seminal colliculus, 366, 384
Seminal yesicle, 361, 363, 384, 389,
391
Seminiferous tubule, 390
Semispinalis capitis muscle, 174,
175,176,178,424
in posteriortriangleof neck, 178
Semispinalis cervicis muscle, 178
Semispinalis thoracis muscle, 176
Semitendinosus muscle, 489, 495,
503, 515, 540
Semitendinosus tendon, 492, 493,
506, 507
Sensory cortex, 135
Septal artery branches, 40
Septomarginal t?abecula, moderate
band of,220,224,225
Septum,205
Septum pellucidum, 106,108, 110,
1 1 1 ,1 1 2 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 3 ,1 4 5 , 1 4 7
anteriorvein of. 145. 146
posteriorveins of, 146
Serosa
of ileum,280
jejunal,280
of spleen,299
Serous glands of von Ebnea See

Lingualglands(serousglandsof
von Ebner)
Serratus anterior muscle, 174, 180,
181, 182, 186, 192, 243, 245, 246,
247,249,250,258,418,420,424
digitationsof, 186, 188,189
fasciaof, 428
insertionof, 420
Serratus posterior inferior muscle,
175, 179,254,330
Serratus posterior muscle, 174
Serratus posterior superior muscle,
174,175
Sesamoid bone, 456, 524, 534, 535,
536, 537
lateral,523
medial,523
plantar view of, 523
Shoulder
anteriorview of, 423,474,479
anteroposterior'adiograph of ,422
capsuleof, 432
coronal section of, 423
cutaneous nerves of, 479
glenohumeralloint, 423
musclesof. 424
nerves of, 429430
Posterior,477
posterior, neNes ol, 477
superficialveinsof, 479
Sigmoid altery, 323, 340
Sigmoid lymph nodes, 317
Sigmoid plexus,323
S i g m o i d s i n u s , 1 1 , 9 7 ,1 0 3
groove for, 6, 9
Sigmoid vein,31 1,312
Sigmoid vessels, attachment ol, 274
Sinuatrial lymph nodes, 225
Sinuatriaf nodal artery, 216, 218, 225
Sinuses
confluenceof,144,145
frontal,37, 38
maxillaryopeningof, 37
paranasal,47-50
sphenoidal,37, 38
openingof, 37, 38
straight,144
transverse, 145
transverseleft, 144
Sinusoid, 290,291,292
Skene's glands. See Paraurethral
(Skene's)glands
Skin
over rectus sheath, 252
perianal,393, 394
Skull
anteriorview of, 2
b a s eo f , 6 6 , 1 6 0 ,1 6 1
diploic and emissaryveins of, 99
fractureof. 101
horizontalsectionthrough,104
labyrinthorientationin, 97
lateralview of, 4
midsagittalsectionof, 6
of newborn,12
skin of, 102
superiornuchalline ol, 174, 175, 176
Soleal line,513
Sole lfootf
cutaneousinnervationof, 541
musclelayersot, 532,533, 535
Sofeus muscle, 506,516, 517,520,
521, 522, 540
attachments
of,515
innervationof, 541
insertionof, 517
nerveto, 516,517
tendinousarch of, 495,517
Solitary tract nucleus, 116, 117, 123,
125, 126, 135, 345
Sound rception, pathway of,92
Spermatic cold, 260, 261,376
cremastericfasciaon, 260
cremastericmuscleof, 257
ductus deferensin, 255
externalspermaticfasciaof, 249,257,
259
externalspermaticfasciaon, 249
externalspermaticfasciaover,405
internalspermaticfascia on,262
Sphenoethmoidal
recess, 37, 38
Sphenoidal fontanelle, 12
Sphenoidal sanus, 6, 37, 38, 39, 48, 49,
63, 64, 83
within bony shell,50
openingof, 6, 37, 38, 49
Sphenoid bone, 9,38
body of, 6, 9, 50
carotid groove of, 9
clivusof, 9
foramen ovale of, I
foramen spinosum off, 8
greaterwing o1,2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, '151
infratemporalcrest of, 4
lesserwing of, 2, 3, 6, 9
pterygoidhamulusof, 6
pterygoidprocessof, 4,8, 12,38
lateral plate of, 39
medialplate of, 39
sphenoidalsinus of, 38
spineof, 14
Sphenoid emissary foramen, 11
Sphenomandibular ligament, 40, 55
Sphenooccipital synchondrosis, 63
Sphenopalatine artery, 40, 41, 69
posteriorlateralnasalbranchof, 40
posteriorseptal branchof, 40
Sphenopafatine foramen, 4, 6, 13, 14,
38,40,42
Sphenopalatine vessels, 11
Sphenoparietal sinus, 103, 145
Sphincter muscle
external,367
externalanal,284, 288, 388, 395
internal,367
of pupil,132
Sphincter of ampulla, variations in,
295
Sphincter urcthrae, 396
Sphincter urcthrae muscle, 356, 359,
361, 365, 366, 378, 379, 383, 384,
385,403, 416
Sphincter urethroyaginalis musclet

366,370,378,379
Spinal artery
anterior,11, 141,171,172
anastomoticloops to, 171
posterior,
11, 172
anastomoticloops to, 171
left,143,172
righl,172
Spinaf cotd,243,244
arteriesof, 171
intrinsicdistributionof. 172
ascendingfibers of, 416
axial CT images ot,242
centralcanal of, 108, 109
descendingfibers of, 416
descendingtracts in, 108
i n s i t u ,1 6 0
sacral, 324
schemaof. 167.346
thoracic,134, 210, 327, 328
thoracic part of, 132
thoracolumbar,324
veinsof, 173
Spinal dura mater, 160
Spinal ganglion, dorsal, 170
Spinalis cervicis muscle, 175
Spinalis cervicis muscle, 175
Spinalis enector muscle, 349
Spinalis muscle, 175, 331
Spinalis thoracis muscle, 175
Spinal membranes, 169
Spinal meninges,325
Spinal nerve,258
anteriorcutaneousbranchof. 180
cervical,127, 160
collateralbranchof, 258
dorsal branch of, 258
dorsal ramusof, 169, 170
groovefor, 19
intervertebralforamen for. 18
lumbar,179
originof, 17O,258
recurrentmeningealbranchesof, 170
recurrentmeningealbranchesof, 170
segmentalmedullarybranchesof, 138
to skin vesselsand glands,325
thoracic,180,258
ventralramusof. 169.258
Spinal nerve roots
anterior,321
anteriorview of , 169
dorsal,114,169
filamentsof, 160
relationto vertebrae,161
ventral,114, 17O,180, 321
Spinal nerve trunk, 258
Spinal perivascular plexusr 322
Spinal sensory ganglion, 258, 321,
324,327
anteriorcutaneousfibers of, 258
ascendingfibersof, 345
descendingfibers of, 345
dorsal root of, 180, 325,327,328, 345
ventral root of. 258
Spinal tract,125, 126

trigeminalnerveand, 116, 117
Spinal vein
anterior,144, 173
posterior,144, 173
Spinous pnocess
lumbar,155
radiographof, 156
thoracic,154
Spiral ganglion,96
Spiral lamina
hamulusof, 95
osseous,95, 96
Spiral ligament,96
Spiral organ (of Gortil' 92, 96
Splanchnic nerve
c, 228, 324, 325
abdominopelvi
cardiopulmonary228
first lumbar,323
fourth lumbar,318
greaterthoracic,167, 2O9,230, 24O,
258, 263,267,320,324,327,409
left,194,318, 321, 323,327, 328,346
right, 194, 240, 318, 32O,321, 327,
328,346
leastthoracic,209, 263, 267, 320, 322,
323, 324, 325, 344, 345, 409
left. 323. 346
right,318, 320, 346
lesserthoracic,165, 167, 2O9,258,263,
267, 318, 320, 321, 322, 324, 325,
345. 409
left,318, 319, 323,346
right, 346
lumbar,160, 165,318, 345,409,412
left first. 346
right first, 346
second, 344
upper,415
pelvic,166, 168, 323, 344,345, 412, 499
sacral,165, 273,344,412, 499
thoracic,346
Spfeen, 196, 197, 272,273,288,29O,
293, 297,331,347,349
anterior extremity of, 299
area for, 329
arteriesof, 300, 301
colic impressionof, 299
cross sectionof, 297, 299, 338
gastricimpressionof, 299
hilum of. 299
in situ, 299, 347
posterior extremity of, 299
pulp of, 299
renalimpressionof, 299
serosa of, 299
superiorborderof, 299
veins of, 309
visceral surface of, 299
Splenic artery, 237, 278, 297, 298, 299,
300, 301, 305,306, 318, 319,320,
32',t,327,328
arteriogramof, 303
lefl,264
originof,302
oancreasand,274
splenic branches of, 300
t-39
Splenic capitis muscle, 174, 175,

178,424
Splenic cervicis muscle, 175, 178
Splenic f,exure, 269,271. See a/so
Colic flexure,left
Splenic lymph nodes, 314,315
Splenic plexus, 318,319, 320
Splenic pulp, 299
Splenic trabeculae, 299
Splenic vein, 273,297, 299,303,306,
311,312,313,315
Spfenic vessels, 274, 348, 349
Splenium, of corpus callosum, 143,
145
Splenius capitis muscle, 174,178,
424
in posteriortriangleof neck, 178
Splenius cervicis muscle, 178
Splenius muscler 2T
Splenorenal ligament, 272, 299, 329
with splenicvessels,331
Squarnous suture, 12
Si spinal nerve,160
55 spinal nerve, 160
Stapes, 92,93
anteriorlimb of, 93
base of, 92, 93
footplateof, 93
head of, 93
limbs of, 92
in oval window,96
posteriorlimb of, 93
Stapius muscle
nerveto, 123
tendon of, 93
Stellate ganglion. See Cervicothoracic
ganglion
Stellate veins, 334
Sternaf angler 245
Sternalis muscle, inconstant, 188
Sternoclavicular joint, 196
adicularcavitiesof, 419
articulardisc of, 419
transversesectionof, 243
Sternoclavicular ligament, anteraor,
419
Sternocleidomastoid
artery
branch,34
Sternocleidomastoid
lymph node,
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle, 27, 31,
3 2 , 3 4 , 7 3 , 7 4 ,1 2 7 ,1 2 9 ,1 7 4 ,1 7 8 ,
188, 198, 247, 419,424, 429
accessorynerveto, 127
clavicularhead of, 27, 28, 181,247
medialmarginof, 74
originof, 419
sternalhead o1,27, 28, 181, 247
Sternocostal articulations, 186
Sternocostal joint, 419
Sternocostal ligament, 186
intraarticular,
186
r a d i a t e1, 8 6 , 4 1 9
Sternocostal triangle, 195
Sternohyoid muscle, 27, 28, 29, 31,
32, 53, 128,129, 189,198
investedby cervicalfascia,188
nerveto, 71
originof, 419
1.40
Sternothyroid muscle, 27, 28, 29, 31,

32, 128, 129, 198
nerveto, 71
Sternum, 26,29, 18O,194,233,246, 424
angleof, 185
axial CT images ol,242
body of, 181, 185,247, 248
head of, 181
jugularnotchof, 185
manubriumot, 27, 28, 185
xiphoidprocessof, 181, 184, 185,247
Stomach, 167, 215, 237, 269, 273, 276,
294,297,298,331
angularnotch of, 275
area tor, 329
arteries of, 300
atonic,275
body of, 275,279
cardiacparts of, 233,236,277
cardiaczone of,276
chief cells of, 276
circularmuscle layerof, 236
fundus of, 233, 236, 275, 293
barium radiographot, 279
vagal branchto, 240
gastriczone of, 276
greatercurvatureot, 275
hypertonic,275
hypotonic,275
in situ,275
innervationof, 321
fessercurvatureot, 275
posteriorvagal branchto, 240
longitudinalmusclelayer o1,236, 277
lymph follicleof, 276
mucosaof, 276
mucous cells of, 276
muscularismucosaeof, 276
musculatureot. 236. 277
nervesof. 319. 320
obliquemusclelayerof, 236
or.thotonic,
275
posterior surlace ol, 272
reflected,272
submucosaof, 276
surfaceepithelialcells of, 276
variationsin positionand contourof, 275
veins of, 309
zigzag line of,236
Straight artery, 307
branchof, 326
of ileum,280
of lejunum,280
Straight gyrus, 107
Straight sinus, 144, 146
in tentoriumcerebelli,103
Strap muscle, 118
Stratified squamous epithelium,
tongue, 58
Stretch receptors, 210
Stretch reflex pathway, 325
Stria medullaris, 106
Striate artery, distal medial, 140,
141, 142
Stria terminalis, 108, 111,112
Striatum, 110
Styfoglossus muscle, 27,32, 59, 60,
128
Stylohyoid ligament, 13, 59, 64, 65, 68

Stylohyoid muscle, 27, 28, 29, 34, 40,
59, 60, 61, 67,68, 123
nerveto, 25
Styloid pnocess, 14, 27, 29, 30, 34, 53,
59
radial,439
ulnar,439
Stylomandibular ligament, 15
Styfomastoid foramen, 25, 123, 125
Stylopharyngeus muocle, 59, 65, 68,
125, 126,235
Subacromial bursa,423
Subaponeurctic space, 468
Subarachnoid space, 87, 99, 102, 109
thoracic,170
Subcallosal area, 106, 119
Subcallosal gyrus, 106
Subcfavian artery, 30,32,74,76, 130,
171, 183, 189, 198, 206, 211, 237,
427
anomalous,80
groovesfor, 186
left, 75, 80, 137, 193, 243
right, 75, 126, 137, 193, 230
anteriordissectionof, 33
obliqueschematicview of, 33
Subclavian lymphatic trunk, 208
Subclavian lymph node, 184
Subclavian trunk
left, 266
right,266
Subclavian Yein, 30, 32, 74, 189, 198,
206,211
groovesfor, 186
l e f t , 7 5 1, 3 7 , 1 8 6
right,75, 137, 230
Subclavius muscle, 186, 189,230,
419.428.429
fascia investing,428
fasciaof, 428
insertionof,419
investedby clavicopectoralfascia,188
nerveto, 430
Subcostaf anletyr264
lower anastomoseswith, 255
Subcostal muscle,258
Subcostal nerve, 160, 267, 409, 498
lateralcutaneousbranch of, 267
lateralfemoralcutaneousbranchof, 544
right,329
Subcostal plane, 268
Subcostal vein, 498
Subcutaneous bursa, 511
Subcutaneous olecranon bursa, 438
Subcutaneous space, dorsal hand,
462
Subcutaneous tissue
of abdomen.249.252
Camper'sand Scarpa'slayersof, 249
deep membranous,380, 381
fatty layerof, 348, 361, 378
superficial,380
of mammarygland,182
membranous,
348,361, 378
of rectussheath,252
Subdeltoid butsa, 423
Subdural hematoma, site of, 101
Subendocardial branch, 225
Subependymal vein, 146
Subhiatal fat ringr 236

Sublingual artery, 59, 61
Sublingual caruncle' 51
ducts,51
with openingsof submandibular
Sublingual duct, 51
openingsof, 61
Sublingual fold, 51
ducts,51
with openingsof sublingual
Sublingual fossa, 15
Sublingual gland, 51, 53, 61, 123, 133,
167
mucous,61
Sublingual nerve,46
Sublobular vein, 290, 291
Submandibular duct' 51, 53, 59, 60
Submandibular fossa' 15
Submandibular ganglion | 59, 122,
123, 131, 133, 166, 168
schemafor, 133
Submandibular gland' 27, 28, 31, 32,
5 3 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 31
, 6 6 ,1 6 7
mucous,61
serous,61
Submandibular lymph nodes' 73
Submental arteryr 40
Submental vein, 70
Submucosa
of intestine,326
of stomach,277
Submucosal gland' 326
Submucosal plexus,326
Submucous (Meissner's! plexus, 326
Submucous space, 392
internalrectalvenousplexusin, 393
perianal,396
Suboecipital netve' 21, 178
Suboccipital triangle, 178
Subparotid noderT2
Subpleural capillary, 205
Subpleural lymphatic plexus, 208
Subpopliteal recess, 507, 508
Subpubic angle, radiograph of' 355
Subpyloric lymph nodes, 314
Subscapular artery' 427, 434
Subscapular fossar 185
Subscapufaris muscle, 180, 192, 243,
244, 245, 425, 428, 433
insertionof, 420
originof, 420
subtendinousbursaof, 423
Subscapularis tendinous muscle
openingsof, 423
oositionof. 423
Subscapularis tendon, 423, 425
Subscapular nerve
lower,429, 43O,477
upper,429,43O
Subserous fasciar 412
Subserous plexus, 326
Substantia nigra, 107
Subtendinous bursa, 511
Subtrapezial plexus' 177
Subungual space, 471
Sulcal artery, 141
central,141,142
142
oostcentral.
precentral,
l4l
orefrontal.142
Sulcal vein
anterior,173
oosterior.173
Sulcus
dorsal median,mesothelialseptum in,
169
112
hippocampal,
147
hypothalamic,
intraparietal,105
occipitaltransverse,105
occipitotemporal,107
olfactory,107
Sulcus limitans' 115
Sulcus terminalis' 214
Superciliary arch' 1
Superffcialis flexor tendon, in com'
mon tendon sheath' 460
Superficial perineal {Colles'f fascia,
358,361,366,370,378,380,411
attachmentof, 380
Supinator arlery' 447
Supinator muscle, 42O,440
insertionof, 420
originof, 420
Supraclavicular nele, 24, 31
intermediate.129, 479
lateral.129.479
medial,129,479
Supracondylar ridge, 436
Sugraduodenal artery, 300, 301, 306
Supraglenoid tubercle, 420
Suprahyoid artery, 59
Suprahyoid muscle, action ofr 29
Supramarginal gyrus' 105
Supraoptic nucleus' 147
Supraopticohypophyseal ttact' 147
Supraoptic necess' 106, 108
Supraorbital attery' 23, 36, 40, 81, 85
Supraorbital nerye' 24, 36, 81, 122
branchesof, 86
medialand lateralbranchesof, 86
Supraorbital notch' 1
foramen,2
Supraorbital vein' 23, 70, 85
Suprapatellar synovial bursa' 511
Suprapineal recess' 108
Suprapleural membrane' 230
cervical,231
Suprapyloric lymph nodes' 314
Suprarenal gland' 197,278, 298, 299,
329.340.342
arteriesand veins of, 332, 333
dissectionof, 346
in situ, 332
|eft,197, 272, 297, 329, 331, 338, 346
nervesof, 344,346
dissectionof, 346
right, 197, 297, 329, 346
schemaof, 346
dissectionof, 346
Suprarenal impressionr 287
Suprarenal-phrenic vein
anastomosis,265
Suprarenal plexus
left, 323
right,318
Suprarenal vein' 333, 347
inferior,347
middle,347
right,332, 338
Suprascapular artery, 32, 74, 75, 76,

427, 429
infraspinousbranch ol, 427
Suprascapulan nel e' 429
Suprascapular notch, 184, 185,42O'
421, 423,427
Suprascapular veinr 70
Supraspinatus ligament' 179
Supraspinatus muscle, 177, 423,427
428,428
insertionof, 420
originof, 420
Supraspinatus tendon, 423, 425
Suprasternal spacer 28
Supratrcchlear artery' 23, 40, 81, 85
Supratrochlear crest' 220, 224
Supratrochlear nerver 81, 122
Supratrochlear vein, 23, 24, 85
Sural cutaneous nelve
articularbranchesot, 541, 542
Iateral,540, 541, 542,545
branchesof, 544
medial,540, 541, 545
Sural nerve, 534, 540, 541, 545
lateralcalcanealbranch of, 541
medialcalcanealbranchof, 541
via lateralcalcanealand lateraldorsal
cutaneousbranches,541
Sustentaculum tali' 523, 524
Sweat gland' 9, 167
Syfvius, sulcus ol, 141
Sympathetic Aanglionr 409
lumbar,170
superiorcervical,130, 132
superiorganglion,125, 128, 131, 133,
134,210,226
thoracic,209
thoracic,third, 240
Sympathetic nervous sYstem
generaltopographyof, 165
schemaof,-167
Sympathetic trunk' 125, 133,192,
210,230, 258, 263, 267,290,324,
325,327, 344, 409, 412, 499
cervical,165
gangliaof, 321,325,344,345
ganglionof, first thoracic,132
|eft,194, 318,324,346
left lumbac323
right,194, 318, 328,331, 346
sacral,323
left,412
right,412
thoracic,240
thoracicgangliaof, 321
Synovial cavities' 22, 187
Synovial membrane, 423, 471
attachment of to femur, 511
of hip joint,487
T
Tl spinal netve' 132,133,134,160
T2 spinal nerve' 133, 133
T7 spinal netve, 414
medialcutaneousbranch of, 254
t-41
TIO spinal nerve, 410

Tl f spinal nele, 414
Tl2 spinal nerve, 160
ventralramus of, 254
TIO ventral ramus, 345, 410
Tl vertebra,13, 153, 160
T4 veitebra,230
T6 vertebra
lateralview of, 154
TB vertebra, 241
TIO vertebra, 241
Tl2 vertebra, 153, 160
body of, 349
lateralview of, 154
spinousprocessot, 152,174, 175,177
Taenia
free,271,281,282
mesocolic,281, 282, 284
omental,281.284
Talofibular ligament
anterior,514
posterior,514
Talus
dorsalview of, 523
head of, 523,524
lateraltubercleof, 523
medialtubercleof, 523
neck of, 523.524
plantarview of, 523
posterior process of, 523
groovefor tendon of flexor hallucis
longus,523
lateraltubercle.523
medialtubercle,523
trochleaot,523,524
Tarsal artery
lateral,530, 536
medial,530,536
Tarsal gland, 81
openingsof, 81
Tarsal joint, transverse, 523
Tarsal sinus, 523,524
Ta?sometatarsal ioint, 523
Tarsometatarsal ligament, dorsal,
536
Tarsus
of eyelid,81
inferior,81
superior,81
Taste buds, 58
sectionof, 58
Taste pathways, 135
Tectal plate, 106
Tectorial membrane, 22, 96
deeper part of, 22
Tectospinal tract, 132
Teeth
apicalforaminaof, 57
canine,57
cement of, 57
crown of, 57
deciduous,56
dentinaltubulesof, 57
dentineof, 57
enamelof, 57
incisors,56, 57, 233
interglobularspaces between,57
interproximalspaces between,57
labiobuccalview of, 57
t-42
Teeth (Continued)
motar
first, 56
growth of, 50
second,56
third, 56
molars.56. 57
neck of, 57
nervesto, 57
odontoblastlayerof, 57
papillaof, 57
permanent,56, 57
left lower, 57
left upper, 57
lower, 56
upper,56
premolars,56, 57
root canalsof, 57
roots of, 57
Tegmen tympani, 92,93
Tela choroideae, 108,111, 145
Temporal a?tery
deep, 99
anterior,40
oosterior.40
posterior,40
middle.23. 99
parietalbranchof, 23
pola',142
superficial,23, 34, 40, 99, 100, 134
frontalbranchof. 23. 85
Temporal bone,9
petrouspart of, 9, 97
squamouspart of, 997
Temporal fossa, hematoma of, 101
Temporal gyrus
inferior,105,107
middle,105
superior,105
Temporalis muscle, 54
insertionof, 15. 54
nervesto, 122
Temporal lobe, 105, 1O7,141
hematomaof, 101
herniationof, 101
Temporal nerve
branchesof, 122
deep,122
anterior,40
posterior,40
schemaof, 122
Temporal sulcus
inferior,107
Temporal vein
deep, 99
middle.23. 99
superficial,99
branchesof. 23. 99
frontal and parietal branches of, 99
tributaryof, 102
Temporomandibular
ioint
articulardisc of, 54, 55
Tendinous intersection, 83, 84, 86,
1 2 1 ,1 8 1 , 2 4 7
Tenon's capsule. See Fascial sheath of
eyeballfienon's capsule)
Tensor fasciae latae muscle,36,

485,492,494, 503
attachmentsof, 491
originof, 492
Tensor tympani muscle, 93
tendon of, 93
Tensor tympani nele, 122
Tensor veli papatini muscle, 52,93,
122
tendon of, 52
Tensor veli papatini nerve, 55
Tentorium celcbella,86, 101,103, 144,
145
straightsinus in, 106
Teres major muscle, 152, 174, 177,
180, 244, 245, 424, 427, 428, 433
insertionof, 420
lower marginof, 434
Teres minor muscle, 174,177,243,
244,245, 423, 424, 425, 427, 428
Terminal sulcus,58
?esticular artery, 387, 403, 409, 416
left, 329, 332
right,332
Testicular plexus, 409, 416
right,318
Testicular vein, 311, 329, 332
right,311, 322
Testicular vessels, 340, 363
left, 332
lymphaticpathwaysalong,408
in spermaticcord, 401
Testis, 361, 386, 389, 390, 416
appendixof, 387, 389
arteries and veins of, 401
descent of, 386
external spermatic fascia over, 405
lobulesof, 390
lymphaticpathwaysfrom, 408
pathways from, 408
schemaof, 390
septa of, 390
tunica albugineaof, 390
visceral layer over, 387
Thalamic vein, superior, 146
Thalamogeniculate artery' 143
Thalamoperlorating artery, 140, 143
Thalamostriate
Yean
inferior.144.146
posteriorpart of, 146
superior,108, 111, 145, 146
Thalamotuberal aitery, 140
Thalamus, 106, 108, 11O,112, 114, 145,
147,324
left, 144
geniculatebodies of, 143
nucleiof, 111
pulvinarsof, 107,111, 143, 145
schemaof, 111
stria medullarisof, 106
striaterminalisof, 111
ventralposteromedialnucleusof, 135
Thecal sac, sagattal MR images of,
397
Thenar eminence,418
Thenar muscle, 446,460

innervationof, 460
suppliedby median newe,476
Thenar spac'e,462
dorsal extensionof, 460
Thigh
anterior cutaneous nerve of, 545
arteriesof, 500, 501,512
bony attachments of
cutaneousinnervationof, 538, 540
lateral cutaneous nerve of, 538
musclesof
anteriorviews of. 491, 493
posteriorviews of, 495
neruesof, 500, 501, 538, 540
serialcross sectionsof, 505
Thoracentesis, 190
Thoracic aortic plexus, 209
Thoracic aitery
anteriorintercostalbranchesof, 189
interior,198,206, 211, 305
internal,189,237, 244, 245, 246
perforatingarteriesof, 188
lateral,183, 188, 189, 427, 434
left,193,194
perforatingbranchesof, 183
right,193,230
superior,189,427, 429, 434
Thoracic cardiac netve, 193, 209
Thoracic constriction, 233
Thoracic duct, 189, 194, 198,206,209,
211, 244, 245, 246, 263, 266, 293,
318
Thoracic ganglion, 167
Thoracic muscle, transversus, 194
Thoracic nerYe, 161
dorsal ramus of, 192
l o n g , 1 8 81, 8 9 , 1 9 2
Thoracic spinal nerve, 133
.133
dorsal root of,
ventralroot of, 133
Thoracic sympathetic nerves, 130
Thoracic vein
internal,189, 198, 244,245,246
left, 194
right,194
Thoracic vertebrae, 21
arteriesof, 171
Thoracic visceral nerves, 165
Thoracic wall
anterior,188-189
Thoracis muscle, transversus, 189
Thoracoabdominal nerve, cutaneous branch of, 188
Thoracoacromial artery, 424, 427,
428
acromialbranchof, 424, 427, 429
clavicularbranch of, 424, 427, 429
deltoid branch ot, 424, 427, 429
pectoralbranchof, 424,427, 429
Thoracodorsal artery, 427, 434
Thoracoepigastric vein, 249
Thorax
autonomicnervesin, 209
bony frameworkof, 185
cross sectionsof, 246
at T3-4 disc level,244
at T4-5 disc level,245
at T7 disc level,246
at T3 lower level,243
Thumb
distal phalanxof, 457
innervationof, 460
proper palmardigitalnervesof, 460
T h y m u s , 2 1 1, 2 3 0 , 2 4 4
Thyroarytenoid muscle, 78, 79, 80
Thyrocervical trunk, 32, 74, 75, 76,
237,427
right,137
Thyroepiglottic ligament, 77
Thyroepiglottic muscle, 80
Thyrohyoid membrane, 29, 74, 77, 235
Thyrohyoid muscle, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32,
53,128,129
Thyroid artery
inferior,32, 74, 76, 427
superior,31, 32, 34, 74, 75, 76
superiorlaryngealbranchof, 34
T h y r o i d g l a n d , 2 9 , 3 1 , 1 9 6 ,1 9 8 , 2 0 6
anteriorview o1,74
articularsurfaceof, 78, 80
isthmusof, 74
pyramidallobe of,74
r i g h tl o b eo f, 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6
Thyroid notch, superior, 77
Thyroid vein
inferior,74, 75, 198
middle,74
superior,31, 74
Tibia, 511, 530
anteriorborderof, 485, 513, 514
with posteriorligamentattachments,
513
inferiorarticularsurfaceof, 513, 514
interosseousborderof, 513, 514
lateralcondyleo1,494,510,513
lateralsurfaceof, 513, 514
medialborderof. 513.514
medialcondyleof, 513,514
medialsurfaceof, 513, 514
obliouelineof" 513
posteriorsurfaceof, 514
radiographof, 510
superiorarticularsudace of, 514
tuberosityo'f, 492,493, 511, 513, 514
Tibial artery
anterior.512. 530
posterior,512,534
medialcalcanealbranch of, 533, 535
posteriormedialmalleolarbranchof,
534
Tibial collateral ligamentn 511
Tibiafis anterior tendon' 485, 494,

536,542
attachmentof, 515
tendinoussheathof, 530
tendon of, 530
Tibiafis posterior rnuscle' 534, 541
attachmentof,515
tendon of, 535, 536
Tibial nerve, 495, 540, 541
articularbranchesof, 540
lateralplantar,541
medialcalcanealbranch of, 533, 535,
540, 541, 545
medialplantar,541
posterior,534
Tibiofibular ligament
anterior,514
posterior,514
Toe
fifth
distal,middle,and proximalphalanxes
ot,537
vein of, 544
great
distal phalanxof, 537
medialside of, 544
proximalphalanxof, 537
T o n g u e , 3 7 , 3 9 , 5 9 ,1 2 5
apex of, 58
body of, 58
crypt of, 58
dorsum of, 58
frenulumoJ,51
frontalsectionof, 60
horizontalsection of, 60
inferiorlongitudinalmuscleof, 128
intrinsicmusclesof, 128
lateral view of, 59
lymphaticdrainageof, 73
musclesof, 59, 60
verticaland transverse,60
posterior,125
root of, 58, 235
salivaryglandsand, 60
schematic stereogram of, 58
superiorlongitudinalmuscleof, 128
taste anteriorof, 125
Tonsil, palatine, 58
Tonsillar artery' 40
Torus tubarius, 37, 39
148
ftabecula,
arteryof, 148
calneae, 22O
Ilabecufae
l?achea, 29, 74, 75, 77, 126,168,196,
198, 202, 211, 213, 230, 234, 237,
243,244
aderiesof, 202
bifurcation of
car.tilageot,28,202
elasticfibers of, 202
epitheliumof, 202
mucosaof posteriorwall ol,2O2
nerveo1,202
I?achealis muscle' 202
lymph nodest 244
Ilacheobronchial
inferior,245
1.43
Ilacheobronchial
nodes, 266
Ilacheobronchial
tree, innervation
ol,210
Ilanspyloric plane, 268
Ilansverse pnocess, lumbar, 19, 179
Ilansvelse pnocess, lumbar, 155
llansverse sinus, 97, 103
groove for, 9
left, 144
Ilansversospinalis
muscle, 243
Ilansversus abdominis muscle,
180,192,261
Ilansvelsus thoracis muscle, 180,
192
Trapeziocapitate ligamenl, 454, 455
fiapeziotrapezoid
ligament, 455
Ttapezium,456
tubercleot, 452, 454, 456
I?apezius muscle, 27,29, 127, 129,
152, 174,177, 180,188, 189, 192,
244,246,247,418,419, 420, 428,
429
insertionof, 420
Trapezoid bone, 456
Ttapezoid ligament, 423
Treitz, ligament of, 270
Tliangfe of auscultation, 152, 246,
424
Tliangle of Petit. See Lumbartriangle
(of Petit)
lliangular fossa, 93
Iliceps brachii muscle, 152,429,
444,446
lateralhead of, 152, 181, 245, 418,424,
427
long head of, 152, 243, 244, 418,42O,
424, 427, 433
tendonof. 152.438
Ilicuspid valve
anatomyof, 223
anteriorcusp of, 222,223,224
orificeof, 246
posteriorof, 222, 223, 224
rightfibrousringof,222,225
septalcusp of, 222, 223, 224
Tiigeminal ganglion of,86, 116, 117,
132,133,134,135
Tiigeminal impression, 9
Tiigeminal nerye, 24, 97, 114,116,
1 1 7 ,1 2 2 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 4 ,1 3 5 ,1 4 4
ganglionof, 131
maxillarydivisionof, 24
mesencephalic
nucleusof, 116, 117
motornucleusof, 116, 117,122, 135
motor root of, 131
ophthalmicdivisionof, 24
parotid branchesot, 122
principlesensorynucleusot, 116,122
schemaof, 122
sensorynucleusof, 117
sensoryroot of, 118,131
spinalnucleusof, 116, 117, 122, 125,
126
spinaltract ot, 117, 126
superficialbranchesof, 122
l-44
Tiigeminal nucleus, 122

T?igone
collateral,
111
habenular,
111
left fibrous,222
right fibrous,222
of urinarybladder,361, 365, 366, 385
Iliquetrocapitate
ligamenl, 454
Triquetrohamate ligament, 454, 455
Iliquetrum bone,456
Tlochanter
greater,248, 376, 485, 487, 489, 492,
495. 496. 503
radiographof, 355
lesser
radiographof, 355
Trochlea, 420
Ilochlear nerve llVf, 83, 84, 86, 114,
116,121
schemaof, 186
Ilochlear nucleus, 117
Tnber cinereum, 106, 107, 114
m e d i a ne m i n e n c o
e f, 1 4 7
lUberculum sellae, I
Tirberohypophyseal
ltacl, 147
Tirfted cell, 119
lbnica albuginea,390
fUnica vaginalis
parietallayerof, 390
viscerallayerof, 390
lUrbinates, 37
artery, anterior, 40
[lmpanic
fimpanic canaliculus, 10
Ilrmpanic cavity, 92, 93, 96, 124, 125
Ilmpanic membrane, 92, 93, 96
right,93
Ilmpanic nerve, 93, 123, 125, 134
Ilmpanic plexus, 93, 123, 125,132,134
tubal branch of, 125
u
Ulna, 436, 438, 439, 440, 441,442, 443,
454,465
anteriorsurfaceof, 436
coronoidprocessof, 437
dorsaltubercleof, 436
interosseousborderof, 436
lateralsurfaceot. 429.436
olecranonot,418,444
posteriorborderof, 436, 439
posteriorsurfaceof, 436, 439
radialnotch of, 436
radiographof, 437
tuberosityof, 436, 439
Ulnar artery, 433, 434, 446, 447, 454,
460, 465
anterior recurrent,447
deep palmarbranch of, 447, 454,460, 465
dorsalcarpal branchof, 469
palmarcarpal branchof, 465
with venaecomitantesand ulnar nerve,
460
Ulnar bursa, 460

Ulnar collateral artery
inferior.433. 434
superior,433,434,444
Ulnar nerve, 429, 433, 444, 446, 447
454,460,465,476
adicularbranch of, 476
communicatingbranch with median
nerve,476
communicatingwith mediannerve,476
in cutaneousinnervation,476
to cutaneousinnervation,476
deep branch,476
deep branch ol, 447, 454, 465, 476
dorsal branchesof
to dorsum of middle and distal ohalanges,476
dorsal branch ot, 444, 446, 468, 469,
476
dorsaldigitalbranchesof, 469
groove for, 436
inconstantcontributionof, 476
palmarbranch ol, 447, 476
palmarview of, 476
proper palmardigitalbranchesof, 469
superficialbranch of, 447, 460, 476
Ulnar recurrent artery
anterior,434
posterior,434,444
Ulnar styloid p?iocess, 452
Ulnocapitate ligament, 454
Ulnolunate lagament, 454
Ulnotriquetral ligament, 40, 454
Umbilical artery, 340, 341, 396
distal,402
obliterated,372
occluded pa1 o1,229, 362, 363, 364,
400, 403
patent part of, 400, 4O2,403
orenalal.229
Umbilical ligament
medial,229,259,341, 401, 402, 403
median,340, 364, 365, 400, 403, 409
Umbilical rcgion,268
Umbilical vein
obliterated,288
Umbilicus, 247, 3O5,312
Umbo, 93,96
Umbrical muscle
fourth,476
third,476
Uncal vein, 145
Uncinate pnocess, 19, 37, 38, 339
Uncovertebral ioints, 19
U n c u s , 1 0 6 , 1 0 71, 1 9
Upper limb
anteriorview of. 418.473
arteriesof, 473
computed tomography of, 484
lymph nodes of, 483
lymph vesselsof, 483
nervesof, 473
Urcter, 271, 334, 341, 362, 363, 364, 365,

366, 391, 400, 402, 403,410, 412
arteriesof, 341
diagonalcourseof, 340
female,340
left, 340
male,340
nervesof, 344,345
340
retroperitoneal,
right,318, 329, 340,372
upper,innervationof, 345
U]teral plexus, right, 318
Ureteric told, 362, 363, 369
Urcteric nerve, middle' 344
Ureteric orifice, 384
left, 366
right,366
Ureteric plexus,410
Ureteropelvic junction, 339
Urethra, 263, 367, 372, 389
beginningof, 376
cavernous,368, 385
bulbousportion of, 371
pendulousportionof, 371
in children,368
fema|e,356, 357, 360, 361, 389
frontalsection,anteriorview of, 379
schematicreconstructionof, 379
male.381,383
floor of, 385
hiatusfor, 358
roof of, 385
membranous,368, 385, 408
lymphaticpathwayfrom, 408
musculofascialextensionsto, 357
prostatic,366, 368, 376, 384, 385
spongy,bulbousportionof, 366
Urethral artery, 384, 405
Urethral crest, 384
Urethral fold, 388
partlyfused, 388
Urcthral gland, 380,385
lacunaeand openingsof, 379
Urcthral lacuna' 385
Urethral meatus, externalr 361
Urethral orifice,388
external,360, 377, 379, 382, 385, 388
femaleexternal,395
Urethral raphe, 388
Urethral sphincter, internal' 366,
367, 384, 385
Urethrovaginal sphincter, 367
Urinary bladder, 167, 269, 323, 329,
340, 367, 412
a p e xo f , 3 6 1 , 3 6 5
arteriesof, 34'l
b o d yo f , 3 6 1 , 3 6 5 , 3 6 6
f a s c i ao f . 3 6 1 . 3 6 4
female,366
fundusof, 361, 365, 366
interiorof, 376
male,366
mucosaof, 340
neck of, 362, 365, 366
nervesof, 344
orientationand supportsof, 365
trigoneof, 361, 365, 366, 385
Urinary bladder (Continued)

uretericorificeof, 366
uvulaof. 366. 385
of, 368
voidingcystourethrography
Urogenital fold' 388
Urogenatal groove,388
Urogenital hiatus' 367
Urogenital sinus' 389
Urogenital triangle, 380
Urticfe, 92,95,96, 124
Uterine artery, 34O,341, 372
cardinalligamentwith, 364
vaginalbranchesof, 404
Uterlne ostium' 371
Uterine lfallopianf tube' 360, 362,
369, 370, 389,400, 412,415
abdominalostium of, 371
a m p u l l ao f, 3 7 1 , 3 7 2
fimbriaeot,371,372
folds of, 371
infundibulum
o'f. 371. 372
isthmusof, 371
uterinepart of, 371
Uterlne vein, 404
superior,399
Uterine venous plexusr 399
Uterlne vessels, 360, 361,371
ovarianbranchesol, 372
Uterosacral fold' 362, 392
Uterosacral ligament, 360, 371, 372,
373
Uterovaginal venous plexusr 412
Uterovesical pouch, 372
Uterus, 370, 380,388, 389, 400,412
age changesand musclepatternof, 373
anteflexionof, 377
body of, 360, 371
cervixof, 360, 364, 369, 370, 371
degreesof retroversionof, 377
externalos of, 371
frontalsectionof, 371
fundusof, 360, 362, 365,369,371
internalos of, 371
retracted,412
round ligamentof, 340, 389
U.V junction, 372
Uvula,51
of urinarybladder,366, 385
Uvular muscler 52
v
Vagal cardiac nerve, 130
Vagal fibers, 126
Vagal nucleus, dorsal, 116
Vagal trunk, 263, 321, 322, 323, 328
anterior,126, 166,209, 318,319, 320,
321,327,344,346
anteriorgastricbranch of, 319
celiac branchesof, 216
celiac branchof, 319, 320, 321, 322
gastricbranchesof, 126
hepaticbranchof, 126, 319, 320, 323,
327
celiac branchesof, 320
Vagal trunk (Continued)

posterior,
166, 318, 32O,321,322,323'
327, 328,344,346
branchto celiac Plexus,240
celiacbranchesof, 216, 319, 320,
321,322
posteriorgastricbranch ot, 32O,328
Vaginar 367
horizontalportion of, 372
musculofascialextensionsto, 356
supportingstructuresof, 370
upper four-fifths of, 389
vertical portion of, 372
vestibuleo1,37O,377
Vaginal artery, 340
Vaginal fornix' 371
anteriorpart of, 360
posterior part of, 360
Vaginal orifice' 388
Vaginal vein,398
Vaginal venous plexus' 398
Vaginal vestibuler 389
arteryof bulb of, 370
bulb of, 370.404
artery to, 404
Vaginal wall, 370,373
Vagus nerve (Xf' 32,34,74,75,76,
114, 116, 117, 118, 125, 126,127,
130, 131, 135,206, 209,210, 211,
325, 345
auricularbranchof, 10,24,126
cardiacbranch of, 209
celiacbranch of, 321
cervicalcardiacbranchof
inferior,126
superior,126
cholinergic,2l0
to, 32
communication
of, 118
distribution
inferiorganglionof, 126, 127, 128, 135
left,243,244
nucleusof, 324
pharyngealbranch of, 125,126,13O
posteriornucleusof, 116, 117, 126, 324,
a^R
pulmonaryplexusbranch of, 209

right,75, 80, 193,226, 230
s c h e m ao f , 1 1 8 ,1 2 6
suoerior cervical cardiac branch of,
130,131
superiorganglionol, 126, 127
thoraciccardiacbranch of, 126,226
Vallate papillae' 58, 135
Vallecula, 58
Vane comitantes' 59,60
Vasa rectae sPuriar 337
Vasa rectae verar 337
Vastus interrnedius muscle' 489,
493, 507, 538
Vastus lateralis muscle' 485,489,
491, 492, 493, 494,500, 507, 538
Vastus medialis muscle, 485,489,
492,493,500,538
nerveto, 500
1.45
Vater
ampullaof, 294
major duodenalpapillaof, 294
Vein
brain,146
of brain,145
of forearm, 480
of hypophysis,
148
of hypothalamus,
148
of pancreas,309
of posteriorcranialfossa, 144
of spleen,309
superficial,of lower limb, 545
of suprarenalglands,347
vertebral,137
Velum
inferiormedullary113
superiormedullary 113
Vena cava
inferior,179, 194, 206, 2O9,213, 215,
220, 225, 230, 272, 273, 278, 293,
297, 298, 330, 331, 333, 339, 342,
347, 412
axial CT imagesof, 242,35O
openinglor,223
persistent left, 333
right renalvein entering,339
valve ol,22O
superior,74, 75, 206, 211, 213, 215, 220,
224,225, 230,244,245,246
prenatal,229
Venae comitantes,460
Venous arch, dorsal, 544
Venous plexus, 372
vertebral,10
Ventral ramus, 170,193
i n s i t u ,1 6 0
Ventricle lcerebralf
choroid plexusof, 109
fourth,113, 115, 144, 146
choroidplexusof, 106, 114
lateraland medianaperturesof, 146
mediansagittalsectionof, 114, 115
outlineof, 143
rhomboidfossa of, 114
vein of lateralrecessof, 144
lateral,108, 110, 146
choroid plexus,109
choroidplexusof, 99, 108,110, 143,
145
lateralvein of, 146
o c c i p i t ahl o r no f , 1 1 0 ,1 1 1 ,1 4 6
right,occipitalhorn of, 143
t e m p o r ahl o r no f , 1 0 8 ,1 1 1 , 1 4 6
veins of, 146
left lateral,108
aoertureof. 108
centralpart of, 108
frontalhorn of, 108
occipitalhorn of, 108
phantomview of, 108
temporalhorn of, 108
Ventricf e (cerebrall (Continued)

right lateral,108
t h i r d1
, 0 6 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 1 ,1 4 6
choroid plexusof, 106, 108
tela choroideae
of, 108, 111, 145
Ventricle (heartf
left,213, 214,221,224,246
axial CT imagesof,242
posteriorvein of, 216
posteriorwall ol,221
right,214, 215, 224, 246
opened,220
Ventricular vein
hippocampal,
146
inferior,146
Ventromedial nucleus, 147
Venulae rcctae, 337
Vermian artery
inferior,143
superior,143
Vermian vein
inlerior,144
superior,144, 146
Vermis, 113
inferior,113
n o d u l eo f , 1 1 3
pyramidof, 113
tuber of, 113
u v u l a o f ,1 1 3
superior,113
centrallobuleof, 113
c u l m e no f , 1 1 3
decliveof, 113
foliumof, 113
l i n g u l ao f , 1 1 3
tuberof, 115
uvulaof, 115
Vertebra. See a/so specific veriebrae
body of, axial CT imagesof, 242,350
lumbar,155
radiographsof, 156
relationto spinalnerves,161
spinousprocessof, axial CT imagesof,
242
thoracic,154
Vertebral artery, 10, 21, 32, 75, 76, 100,
130, 140, 141, 171, 178,226, 237
anteriormeningealbranch of, 143
atlanticpart of, 178
left, 143
meningealbranchesof, 10
posteriormeningealbranchof, 100, 143
right,143
venus plexusof, 137
Vertebral body, 19
articularfacets for, 186
fourth thoracic,230
lumbar,155
Vertebral canal, lumbar, 155
Vertebral column
veinsof, 137
Vertebral ganglion, 130, 226
Vertebral notch
inferior,lumbat 155
superior,lumbar,155
Vertebral plexus, 130
Vertebral vein, 137

anterior,137
Vertebral Yenous plexus, 137
external,173
interna1
l ,7 O , 1 7 3
Vertebra prominens, 19, 21
Vesical artery
inferior,340
uretericbranchesof, 340
superior,340,341
uretericbranchesof, 341
Vesicaf fold, transverse, 372
Vesical pfexus, 323, 344, 412
Vesical vein
right,311
superior,265, 399
Vesical venous plexus, 366,403
in retropubicspace,361
Vesical vessels, lymphatic
pathway along,408
Vesicocervical
fascial fibers, 364
Vesicocervical
space, 364
Vesicosacral fold, 363
Vesicouterine pouch, 372
Vesicovaginal pouch, 362, 365, 391
Vesicovaginal space, 364
Vesicular appendix (hydatid of
Morgagnif, 371, 389
Vesicular yean, :nferior, 399
Vestibular aqueduct
endolymphaticduct in, 96
externalopeningof, 97
Vestibular area, 115
Vestibular lo.sa,377
Vestibular ganglion, 95
Vestibular gland, 389
greater,389, 404
openingof, 377
orimordiumof. 389
Vestibular membrane, 96
Vestibufar nerve, 95, 97, 124
inferior,
95, 97,124
superior,95, 124
Uestibular nuclei, 117
Vestibular nucleus, 116, 124
diagrammatic,
124
Vestibular lovall window, 95
Vestibule, 95,389
cochlearrecessof, 92, 95
ellipticalrecessof, 95
spherical recess of, 95
Uestibulocochlear nerve, 117
Vestibulocochlear nerve (Vlllf, 92,
9 5 ,9 7 , 1 1 4 ,1 1 6 ,1 3 1
s c h e m ao f , 1 1 6 ,1 1 8 , 1 2 4
Vestigial mesonephric tubule, 390
Vidian nerve, 122
Viscera
abdominal,269
median sagittal section of, 348
Pelvic
female,360
male,361
nervesof, 412
vasculatureof, 300-315
Visceral lymph nodes
celiac,266
inferiormesenteric,266
superiormesenteric,266
Visceral nerve, thoracic, 165
Visceral pleura, 205
Visual fields, overlapping' 120

Visual pathway, 120
Vitreous body, 87
Vitreous chamber, 90
Vocalis muscle, 78, 80
action of, 79
Vocaf ligamenl,77,78
abductionof, 79
adductionof, 79
lengtheningof, 79
shorteningof, 79
Voiding cystourethrograms, male
and female, 368
Vomer,39
Vomerine groove, 39
Vorticose vein, 85, 90, 91
anteriortributariesof, 91
bulb of, 91
oosteriortributariesof. 91
suprachoroidaltributariesof, 91
V.shaped area (of Laimerf, 234,235
Vulva, 377
w
White matter, spinal, 169
Willis, circle of. See Cerebralarterial
circle (of Willis)
Winslow, foramen of. See Omental
Wolffian duct. See Mesonephric

(wolffian)duct)
Wrist
arteries of, 461
articulardisc of, 455
bones of, 456
cross section,transverse,461
cutaneousinnervationof, 472
deep dorsaldissectionof, 469
deeperpalmardissectionof, 460
extensormusclesof, 441
extensortendonsat, 470
flexor musclesof, 442
flexortendons,arteries,and nervesat,
461
ligamentsof, 454, 455
movementsof, 453
nerves at, 461
palmardissection,deeper,460
posterior(dorsal)view of, 455, 470, 472
radialdissection,superficial,467
457
radiographof, anteroposterior,
sagittal section of, 453
superficialdorsaldissectionof, 468
superficialpalmardissectionof, 459
tendonsof, 461
x
Xiphoid process' 185, 191, 196, 198,
247, 248, 249, 285, 286, 293,
297,298
z
Zigzag (Zf line, 236
Zona orbicularis' 487
Zonular fibers, 87, 88, 89, 90
Zygapophyseal (facetl ioinl, 246
c2-3, 19,21,22
c a p s u l eo 1 , 2 1 , 2 2
c34,21
Zygomatic alch, 14,54, 151
Zygomatic bone' 81
Zygomatic nerve' 121
atlery, 23
Zygomaticolacial
Zygomaticofacial nerve, 24, 122
Zygomaticofaclal vein' 23
arlery, 23
Zygomaticotemporal
nerve' 24, 122
Zygomaticotemporal
vein' 23
Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticus maior muscle' 26, 54,
123
Zygomaticus minol muscler 26,54,
123

Atlas Human Anatomy Ciba Netter

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n rl

StephenW. Garmichael,PhD, DSc

Atlas of Human Anatomy

Copyright @ 2006, 2003, 1997, 1989 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier lnc.

AcquisitionsEditor: Anne Lenehan

Printedin the UnitedStatesof America.

To my dear wife, Vera

Head and Neck

Atlas of l{uman Anatomy

1 Head and Neck

Bones and Ligaments

Atlas of Human Anatomy

rank H. Netterwas born in New York City in 1906. He

Dr.Netter'sworks are among the finest examplesof the use

Netter Collection.Now translated into 16 languages,it is the

The Netter illustrationsare appreciatednot only for their

Frank H. Netter,MD, physicianand artist, died in 1991.

Preface to the First Edition

In creatingan atlas such as this, it is importantto achievea

At one point,the publisherand I thoughtit might be niceto

Head and Neck

Meninges and Brain

Orbit and Gontents

Granial and Gervical Nerves

Atlas of l{uman Anatomy

Head and Neck

Atlas of Human Anatomy

In the Back section, a new plate illustrates the proper

The anatomy of the pelvis is a particularlydifficult area to

New CT angiogramshave been includedin the Upper Limb

CarlosMachadoillustrateclinicallyimportantstructuressuch as and Lower Limb sections.This new technologynot only clearly

Thomas R. Gest, PhD

reer.For the standardeditionand enhancedinternationaledition

of the Aflas, we have included access to the website www.

netteranatomy.com.By registeringon this website, you will be

Anil H. Walji,MD, PhD

able to accesssupplementalmaterialthat has been organizedto

students,past, presentand future,this Aflas is for you. Finally,

to my wife, Paula,thank you for your love and encouragement

agement during my involvementwith this project. My special

my colleagueswho helpedwith reviewingthe plates,in particular PierreLemelin,PhD,and DanielLivy,PhD,whosemeticulous

Walji, MD, PhD

Head and Neck

Skull: Anterior View

Inferior nasal concha

Zygom at icofac iaI

Bones and Ligaments

Skull: Anteroposterior Radiograph

Bones and Ligaments

Skull: Lateral View

Bones and Ligaments

Skull: Lateral RadiograPh

Anterior arch of atlas

Bones and Ligaments

MS Mastoid air cells

Skull: Midsagittal Section

View of lateral nasalwall with nasalseptum removed

Bones and Ligaments

Bones and Ligaments

Granial Base: Inferior View

Bones of Granial Base: Superior View

Bones and Ligaments

Foramina of Granial Base: lnferiot View

Bones and Ligaments