12.

Clearance volumetric efficiency, evc

The clearance volumetric efficiency is given by:

P2 1
e vc =1+c c ( ) k
P1
Note:
Where:
C= clearance
V1= specific volume at suction
V2= specific volume at discharge
13. compression efficiency, ec :
The compression efficiency is the ratio of the isentropic compressor work to the
actual compressor work

ec=

Wc
Wa

14. mechanical efficiency, em :

The mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the indicated power to the brakepower

e m=

Pind
Pb

Where:
Pind= indicated power
Pb= brake power
Refigeration cycle with liquid subcooling

Formulas for the subcooling cycle

1. Refigerating Effect, RE:

=h1h 4 '
2. Mass flow rate per ton; m :
'

m=

211
kg
=
h1h 4 ' minkm

Where
M = mass flow rate per ton for the subcooled cycle
3. Volume flow rate at suction, V :

V '1=m ' 1
Where:

= specific volume

4. Coefficient of performance, COP :

COP=

h1 h4
h2h1

5. Compressor Work, Wc :

W c =m' ( h2h1 )
6. Heat Rejected in the condenser, Qr :

Qr=m'(h2h 1)

Refrigeration Cycle with superheating the suction vapour :

Formulas for the superheating Cycle

1. Refrigerating effect, RE:

=h1 ' h4
2. Mass flow rate per Ton; m:

m' =

211
kg
=
h1' h4 minkm

Where:

m = mass flow rate per ton for the superheated cycle with useful
cooling
3. Volume flow rate at suction, v :
'

V 1=m ' 1 '

4. Coefficient of performance, COP :

COP=

h1 ' h4
h2 ' h1'

5. Compressor word, wc:

W c =m' (h2 ' h1 ' )

6. Heat rejected om the condenser, Qr:

Qr=m'(h2 ' h3 )

B. if the superheating occurs without useful cooling

1. Refrigerating effect, RE:

=h1h 4
2. Mass flow rate per Ton; m :

m' ' =

211
kg
=
h1h 4 ' minkm

3. Volume flow rate at suction

V '1 '=m ' 1

4. Coefficient of performance

COP=

h1h 4
h2 ' h1'

5. Compressor work, Wc

W c =m' ' ( h2 ' h1 ' )

6. Heat rejected in the condenser, Qr

Qr=m' ' (h2 ' ha )

Refrigeration cycle with subcooling and superheating

Formulas for refrigeration cycle with subcooling and superheating

1. Refrigerating effect, RE:

=h1 ' h4 '

2. Mass flow rate per ton; m

m'=

211
kg
=
h1 ' h 4 ' minkm

3. Volume flow rate at suction, v1

V '1=m ' 1 '

4. Coefficient of performance, COP :

COP=

h1 ' h 4 '
h2' h1 '

5. Compressor work, wc:

W c =m' (h2 ' h1 ' )

6. Heat rejected in the condenser, Qr

Qr=m'(h2 ' h3 )
Heat exchanger
Refrigeration system use a liquid-liquid-to-suction heat exchanger to ensure
that no liquid enters the compressor and to prevent bubbles of vapour from
impeding the flow of refrigerant through the expansion valve

1. Heat balance of the heat exchanger

2. Refrigerating effect, RE:
3. Coefficient of performance, COP
Multi pressure system
A multi-pressure system us a refrigeration system that has two or more low side
pressures. The low side pressure is the pressure of the refrigerant between the
expansion valve and the intake of the compressor.

Removal of Flash Gas:

A saving in the power requirement of a refrigeration system result if the flash gas
that envolops in the throttling process between the condenser and evaporator is
removed and recompressed before complete expansion.

Intercooling
Intercooling between two stages of compression reduces the work of compression
per kilogram vapor. It can be accomplished with a water-cooled heat exchanger or
by using liquid refrigerant.

Two evaporators and one compressor

In many situations one compressor serves two evaporators having different
temperature requirements. An example is an industry which needs low-temperature
refrigeration for a process and which must also provide air conditioning for some
offices.

1. Mass flow rate, through high temperature evaporator, m4 :

2. Mass flow rate, through low temperature evaporator, m7 :
3. Total mas flow rate, m1 :
4. Heat balance at junction

m1 h1 =m6 h 6+ m8 h8
5. Compressor power

W =m1 (h2h1 )

Two compressors and one evaporator

Two stage compression with intercooling and removal of flash gas us often the ideal
way to serve one low temperature evaporator. This system requires less power than
with a single compressor, and often the saving power will justify the cost of the
extra equipment.

1. Intermediate pressure for minimum work :

P 2= P 1 P 4

2. Mass flow rate through evaporator, m1 :

m 1=

refrigeratingload
h1 h6

3. Mass balance in intercooler :

m2=m7
m2=m6

4. Heat balance in intercooler

m2 h 2+ m6 h6 =m7 h7 +m3 h3

5. Low stage Power :

W Low stage =m 1(h2h 1)

6. High stage Power

hah3
W high stage=m3

7. Total power:

Two compressor and two evaporators

The system which has two evaporators operating at different temperatures is
common in industrial refrigeration. A frozen food plant may require two evaporators
at different temperature, one at -40C to quick freeze the food and the other at -25C
to hold the food after it is frozen