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Runninghead:RELATIVITY Page1

AnIntroductiontoSpecialRelativity
AramisHicks,KarenKlemm,HunterNichols,MontanaThompsonandChaseTwede
SaltLakeCommunityCollege

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Abstract

ThereareonlytwopostulatesregardingAlbertEinsteinstheoryofspecialrelativity.Thesame
lawsofphysicsapplytoobjectsinthesameinertialframeofreference(generalrelativity).
Second,thespeedoflightisconstantinavacuum.Thesetwopostulateshavebeenproven
numeroustimes.Fromthesepostulateswedivertfromourclassicdefinitionsofspace,time,
light,matter,mass,andenergy.Matterisanythingcontainingmass.Thefourstatesofmatterare
solidliquid,gas,andplasma.Lightisanenergyandtheonlypartoftheelectromagneticspectrum
visibletohumans.Timeinrelativitycanexpandandcontract.Timeandspacecanbe
mathematicallycombinedintooneelementspacetime.Inrelativityenergyandmasscanbe
unifiedbytheequationE=mc^2.Invisibleblackholesareprotrusionsfoundinspacetimeand
byusingrelativitywecanillustratethepropertiesofblackholes.

Keywords
MuonSubatomicparticlefoundonearth,light,spacetime,minkowski,relativity,
AlbertEinstein,blackholes,gravity,LawofConservationofMatter,Newton.MassandEnergy,
speedoflightmatter,

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Introduction
Whatisrelativity?Toputitsimply,relativityistheideathatthelawsofphysicsapplies
everywherewhetheritisEarth,Mars,or,Krypton.Tosumitallup,thenameuniversalphysics
isgiven.Thismeansthathistoryandtimeareallperspective.Eachindividualwillseespaceand
timeverydifferently.Whatisabillionyearstome,mightbeaflashoflightforsomeonegoing
intoablackhole.Itsallrelative.Inthisessaywewillbediscussingspecialrelativityandbasic
mechanicsthatmakeuptheuniversetounderstandspecialrelativitybetter.Wealsogoforthto
exploreblackholesandunderstandhowtheyworkandrelatetospecialrelativity.
ThePrincipleandOriginsofRelativity
Whatisrelativity?Well,mostknowitasAlbertEinstein'sgreatestdiscoveryaswellas
somethingthathaschangedthewaythatmoderndayhumanraceviewsspaceandtime.Whata
lotofpeoplemaynotknowisthatrelativityisnotonlyonetheorybutanexpansionofEinstein's
1905theory.Inwhichhedescribesthatthelawsofphysicsarethesameforallnonaccelerating
objects,asthespeedoflightinavacuumisindependentofmotionofallobjects.Adding
accelerationtohistheory,explainedthatmassiveobjectscausedistortionofspaceandtime,
whichisfeltasgravity.Thesetwotheories,specialrelativityandgeneralrelativity,combined
arereferredtoasthetheoryofrelativity.
ThetheoryofspecialrelativitybeingthesparkofatenyearodysseyAlbertEinstein
wouldembarkon.Einstein'sspecialtheoryofrelativitywouldconsistofnumerousideaslike
suchasisotropy,meaningharmonyineveryorientation,aswellashomogeneityamaterialor
systemthathasthesamepropertiesateverypointbutmostimportantlyarethethreeprinciples.
Theprincipleofrelativitywhichstatesthatthelawsofphysicsneverchangeinallinternal

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systems,andtheprincipalsofinvariantlightwhichstatesthespeedoflightinavacuumisthe
sameforall,regardlessofmotionoflight.Thespecialprincipleofrelativitywhichstatesthatifa
systemofcoordinates,arethesameinallothersystemscoordinates.Thisbeingfromeinstein's
originalpaperin1905.Though,othershaveincludedotheriterationsinotherformshaven,
Einstein'soriginalworkhasstillprovedtobethemostcommonlyusedwhendiscussingthis
theory.ThoughEinsteinstruggledwithgeneralrelativity,specialrelativitywasabig
breakthrough.Thetheoryhoweverdidn'tstopwiththat,Einsteinwasdeterminedtoincorporate
accelerationandgravityintotheequation.Inthismassiveobjectscausedistortioninspacetime
thatisfeltasgravity.Einsteinwouldbeginthisin1907takingsomeideasfromhisoriginal
theoryintospecialrelativitythatwouldsparkanidea.Hethoughtthatobjectswouldnotaffect
thespeedoflight,andprotectedtheideaoffreefallofweightlessness.Usinganelevatorashis
mainexample.Therecanbenorealobservationontheeffectsongravityintheelevatordueto
theentireelevatorbeinginfreefall.Makingthoseexperiencesofthosewhofreefallandthose
whoexperienceanencounterwithdeepspaceidentical.Thisledhimtoaveryimportant
principleinhisresearch,calledtheequivalenceprinciple.Thisprinciplestatesthatthe
gravitationalforceweexperienceonagiantsurfaceisthesameforanacceleratedobject.Asthis
allistrueforanyacceleratedobjecteinsteinalsobelievedthattheyshouldalsobeobservedina
gravityfieldofequalstrength.Thesetheoriesofrelativityhadmanywonderinghowlong
Einsteinhadbeenstudyingandcraftingsuchagroundbreakingideas.AquotefromPittsburgh
UniversitysaidthatInEinstein'sownreckoning,sevenandmoreyearsofwork.Heeven
placesoneofhisearlylandmarksinathoughtexperimenthehadattheageof16,in1896,nine
yearsbeforetheyearofmiraclesof1905.Whereitissaidhewassimplychasingabeamof

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light.It'sinterestingtothinkthatsomethinghaschangedtheuniversesomuch,camefrom
simplychasingabeamoflight.

PrinciplesofMatter
Matterisanythingthathasmassandoccupiesspace.Matterismadeupofsupertiny
unitscalledatoms(Matter2015).Atomsaremadeupofthreeparticles:protons,neutrons,and
electrons.Protonsandneutronsmakeupmostoftheweightoftheatom.Theyarethecenterof
theatom,orthenucleus.Electronsaresolightweightthattheyformanorbitaroundthenucleus
(Sharp,2013).Protonsarepositivelychargedwhileelectronsarenegativelychargedand
neutronshavenocharge.Eachoftheseparticleshaveaparttoplayincreatingdifferentelements
(Sharp,2013).Anelementisthesimplestformofmatterthatcannotbebrokendownanyfurther
besidestosubatomicparticles,suchastheprotonsandneutronsdiscussedearlier(Helmenstine,
2014).
DifferentStatesofMatter
Mattercanalsohavedifferentstatesofbeingsolid,liquid,gas,andplasma.Thestateof
matterreliesonthetemperatureandthepressureoftheatoms(Matter,2015).Kinetictheory
explainsthesestatesofmatterdependontheorganizationoftheatoms.Inasolidstate,a
moleculesmovementisavibrationinafixedposition,astheyarecloselypackedtogether.Ina
liquidthemoleculesmoveeasilyaroundeachother,takingtheformoftheircontainer.Gas
moleculesmoveveryfastandtheyflyineverydirection.Aplasmalosessomeelectrons,and
movesfreely(Matter,2015).However,theruleofconservationofmatterisalwaysfollowed.
Thatmatterisconservedsomatterisneitherlostorgained(Matter,2015).

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Antimatter
Antimatteriscomposedofantiparticles.Thesehavemass,justlikeordinarymatter,butis
theoppositewithchargesandproperties.Anexplanationofthisisbestdescribedby
livescience.comAntielectrons(calledpositrons)behavelikeelectronsbuthaveapositive
charge.Antiprotons,asthenameimplies,areprotonswithanegativecharge(Staff,2014).
Antimatteriscreatedbysuperhighspeedcollisions.Thesesaremostlygammaraysandcosmic
rays.(Staff,2014).
PrinciplesofLight
Doeslighthavematter?No,becauselightdoesntactuallycontainmass,thereforeitdoes
nothavematter.Then,whatislight?Whatisitmadeupof?Lightistheextraordinary
phenomenonthatilluminatesourworld.Lightisenergy.Itisthenaturalagentthatstimulates
sightandmakesthingsvisibletooureyes.Itistheonepartoftheelectromagneticspectrumthat
wecanvisiblysee.Lightisreferredtoaselectromagneticradiationbecauseitswavesarejustas
itsnamesuggests,fluctuationsofelectricandmagneticfieldsthattransportenergyfromone
locationtoanother.Lightiscreatedwhenanelectronwithinanatomgainsenergy,movestoa
higherenergylevel,andthendropsfromthehigherstateofenergyconfigurationtotheground
statereleasingtheexcessenergyasaphotonoforangelight.Aphotonisaparticlewithoutareal
sizeandcannotbesplit.Itcanonlybecreatedordestroyedandtravelswithwavelikeproperties
atthespeedoflight.Lightisanelectromagneticwave,andwecancalculatethespeedofthat
waveusingtheelectromagnetictheory.Ifwedothis,wegetthespeedoflightwhichis
299,792,458meterspersecond.(Blair)
Lightisnatureswayoftransferringmatterandinformationthroughspace.Ourmain

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sourceoflightcomesfromtheSun.TheSunisbasicallyanuclearfireballemittingenergyoutin
everydirection.TheonepartofenergyfromtheSunthatoureyescandetectisthelightthatwe
cansee.Sotogetanideaofhowfastthespeedoflightis,withhowdistanttheSunis,lightonly
takesabout8minutestotraveltotheearth.Thefirstmeasurementofthespeedoflightdates
backto1675whenDanishAstronomerOleRoemermeasuredthespeedoflighttobeabout
225,000km/s.Sincethen,thespeedoflighthasbeenmeasuredoftenandmoreaccurately.Using
variousmethodsresearchershavemeasuredthespeedoflight.Themetertheyusetomeasureit
withhasrecognizedthatthespeedoflightisprecisely300,00kilometerspersecondin
vacuum.(PhysicsoftheUniverse)
AlbertEinsteinhypothesizedthatthespeedoflighttravelledsorapidthatnothinginthe
universecouldevertravelfasterthanitandsetitasthecosmicspeedlimit.Thingscantravel
fasterthanlightinwaterandglass,whereittravelsslower,butnothingcantravelfasterthan
lightinavacuum(LookingBackinTime)
.
Einsteinsetcasthemaximumspeedatwhichall
matterandhenceinformationintheuniversecantravel.Thespeedoflight,denotedasc,isa
universalconstant.Theconstantspeedoflightbecameoneoftwopostulatesforhistheoryof
Relativity.Hepostulatedthatbecausethelawsofphysicsarethesameinallinertialreference
framesandbecausethelawsofphysicssaythatthespeedoflightmustbe299,792,458meters
persecond,thespeedoflightmustmeasure299,792,458meterspersecondinallinertial
referenceframes.SpecialRelativityappliesonlywithinertialreferenceframes.Whichare
framesthatareeitherstationaryormovingataconstantvelocitywithnochangeinacceleration
ordirection.Togiveanexample,sayyouareinsideyourcarandturnonyourlightbeams,your
carlightswillshineatthespeedoflightwhetheryourcarisatrestormovingatahighspeed.

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ThisisjustasimpleexampleofminetoexplainEinsteinstheoryofrelativity,ofhowthespeed
oflightisindependentofthespeedoftheobserverandofthespeedofthesourceofthelight.It
showsthatnomatterhowfastsomethingorsomeoneismoving,theywillalwaysmeasure
exactlythespeedoflight,thereforethespeedoflightisconstant,c.(PhysicsoftheUniverse)
AlbertEinsteinsspecialtheoryofrelativityandhisdiscoveriesofthespeedoflighthas
pavedthewayforscientiststomakemorediscoveriesandcreatemoreinnovations.Becauseof
brilliantdiscoveriesofthespeedoflight,wehavebeenabletocontinuetolearnmoreaboutour
universeandourplaceinit.Thespeedoflighthasrevealedtousasurplusloadofmysteriesand
willcontinuetogreatlyinfluenceourlivesforever.

UnifyingSpaceandTime
Awidelyacceptedviewisthattimeandspaceareabsolute.Spaceisonlyspace.Timeis
onlytime.Definingthesetwoconceptsontheirownisadifficulttask.Timeisamanufactured
element.Withoutanyonemeasuringtime,timedoesntexist.Tomeasuretimeorspaceone
needstomeasuremotion.SirIsaacNewtonknewaboutrelativityandaboutinertialframesbut
notfully.Later,inthe20thcentury,onemannamedAlbertEinsteincameupwithhistheoryof
generalandspecialrelativity.Thiswouldforeverchangeourdefinitionofspaceandtime.
Overtimeviewsontheconceptoftimehavechange.Mankindfirstmeasuredtimeby
usingthesunandthemoon.Earlycalendarsystemsweredevelopedusingthephaseofthemoon.
However,thesedidntnotaccuratelypredictseasonsandneededtobereplaced.Thequestfor
accuratetimeprogressedslowlyuntilthe17thcentury.Instrumentssuchasmodernized
telescopes,providedaccuratestarcharts,whichproducedaccuratesiderealorstarmeasured

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time.Meansolartimewasimplementedinsteadofjustsolartime.Meansolartimereliesonan
artificialimaginarysunprovidingmoreaccuratedata.Pendulumclocksallowedforevenmore
accuratekeepingoftime.Later,duringthe19thcenturytherailroadsystemmadeprogressin
standardtime.TimewasdividedintotimezonesfollowingtheprimemeridianinGreenwich,
England.TimewassetrelativetothedegreelongitudetoGreenwich.In1956,thesecondwas
standardized.Thisisrepresentedbythefraction131,556,925.9747ofthetropicalyearfor1900
January1at12hoursephemeristime.Whichwasbasedontheearthsrevolutionaroundthesun.
Moderntimebecameincreasinglyaccuratewiththeinventionofatomictime.AtomicClocks,
whichmeasureatomicvibrations,onlyloseonesecondin15billionyears.(AboutTime,1995).
Inthetheoryofspecialrelativity,timedoessomethingratherodd.Einsteinpostulated
thattimecancontractorexpandthisisknownastimedilation.Imaginetwotwinsidenticalto
eachothertwinstaysonearth.Theothertwinleavesearthonaspaceshiptravelingnearthe
speedoflight.Bothhaveidenticalclockswiththem.Thetwintakesoffinherrocketship.From
earth,herclockappearstobemovingslower.Butfromherframeofreferencetheclockonearth
goesslower.Whenshereturnsshehastoaccelerate.Theclockonearthappearsnowto
accelerate.Thetwinreturningtoearthwillnowhaveagedlessthanhertwinonearth.Wedont
usuallynoticetimedilationsincewedonttravelnearthespeedoflight(TheGreatCourses).
However,subatomicparticlescalledmuonscanbeobservedonearthanddotimedilate.Inorder
fortimedilationtooccurtimeneedstobeflexible.
Spaceisanareawithoutlimits.Everythingintheuniverserestsinspace.Spacehowever
hasrelativedimensions.Spacecanbemeasuredbytwoobjectsmotionorlocationrelativetoone
another.Onearth,wemeasurespacebymeasuringthedistancebetweentwopoints.Theselie

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onacoordinatesystemcalledtheGalileancoordinatesystem(x,yandz).(Einstein,2006).
Distancecannotbenegative.Icanmoveupward,downward,leftandrightbutnotanegative
distance.Spaceisexpanding.Galaxiesandotherobjectsobservedappeartobeshiftingaway.
Thisphenomenonconcludesthattherenoboundarylineinspace.Eventually,accordingtothe
bigcrunchtheory,spacewillexpandsomuchthatitwillactuallycollapseinonitself.This
wouldresultinanotherbigbang.(Cambridge,2006)
Einsteinin1905wouldforeverchangeourunderstandingofspaceandtime.
MathematicianMinkowskicreatedspacetimediagrams(Seefigure1)implementinganew
fourthdimension.Timewaslocatedontheyaxisandspaceonthexaxis.Einsteinadoptedthis
intohistheoryofspecialrelativity.Theconceptofspacetimeissimple.AtanygiventimeIm
somewhere.Einsteinviewedspacetimeasflexible..Thecauseofgravityinrelativityisnota
pullasspeculatedbySirIsaacNewton,butapush(NationalGeographic,2015).Before
relativity,scientistscouldntexplainthenonellipticalorbitoftheplanetMercury
(Einstein,2006).Einsteinsolvedthisageoldpuzzlebyexplainingthatgravityisacurveinspace
time.Mattertellsspacetimehowtocurveandcurvedspacetimetellsmatterhowtomove.
Wormholes(seeFigure2)aretheoreticalbridgesinspacetime.Theseregionsinspacetimeare
sodensethatlightcantescape.Likespaceandtimespacetimeisrelative.IfIweretostep
backwardsIwouldnttravelthroughtime.Thisisbecauseofmyinertialframeofreference.IfI
weretoacceleratefastenoughIcouldthenalterspacetimeandtravelbackthroughtime.
Spacetimeiscontinuous.Theuniversecanbeviewedashavingthreespacetimedimensionsup
anddown,leftandright,andforwardandbackwards.Finally,weconcludespaceandtimeare
oneentityspacetime.Wevealsoconcludedspaceisexpanding.Thereforespacetimealsomust

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beexpanding.
Withanygiventheorythereneedstobeproof.Theconceptofspacetimecouldbe
provenbutonlythroughthoughtexperimentsorimaginingscenarios.Inordertoprovethe
bendingofspacetimeagroupofscientiststeamedwithEinstein.Researchersphotographeda
solareclipseonMay29th,1919inAustralia.Usingtheseimages,theythenmeasuredthelight
detractedoffstars.Thisprovedthetheoryofrelativitysinceitaccuratelypredictedwherethe
lightwoulddefract.Nowtherewasproofthatspacetimewasindeedflexible.(Einsteinlight,
2002).Althoughtheconceptofspacetimehasbeenproven,wearestillinvestigatingthe
propertiesofspacetime.Inthefutureinterstellartravelmaynotbeaworkofsciencefictionbut
canbeachievedthroughtravelingthroughspacetime.

UnifyingMassandEnergy
Beforewestatedthatmatterisanythingthathasmass,andoccupiesspace.However,

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mattershouldnotbeconfusedwithmass.Massisaconservedquantitymeaningitsvaluewill
remainunchangedovertime(withinaclosedsystem)SpecialRelativityexplainsthatmattercan
disappearbyanenergyconversion,eveninsidetheclosedsystem.Thoughmassandenergycan
neitherbecreatedordestroyed,thequantitiesofboththemassandenergywillremainthesame
duringatransformationofthematter.
WhatisEnergy,andhowdoesitwork?
Insimplifiedtermsenergyisthemeasurementoftheabilitytoperformwork.Itexists
inmanyforms,suchas:kinetic,potential,electrical,nuclear,andstrain,etc.Itdoesn'tmatter
whichtypeofenergyyou'reworkingwith.It'smeasurementwillberecordedintheunitofJoule
orJaderivedunitofenergy.Jisequaltothetransferredenergyorworkcausedtoanobject
whentheforceofoneNewtonactsontheobjectinitsdirectionofmotion,throughthedistance
ofonemeter.
Itcanalsobemeasuredasthedisplacedheatwhenanelectriccurrentofoneampere
passesthroughtheresistanceofoneohm,inonesecond.Energyneedstobetransferredtowork.
Forexample:Anarcherwithaloadedbow,pullsthestringback,fornowthearrowonlyhas
potentialenergy,alongwiththearcher'sbodymovementgivingadditionalelasticenergy.Once
thestringisreleasedthepotentialandelasticenergytransformsintokineticenergy,allowingthe
arrowtoflythroughtheair,untilitreachesitstargetandcomesbacktorest.
RelatingEnergyandMass
In1905AlbertEinsteinpublishedhiswellknownequation:E=MCexplainingthe
relationshipsbetweenmassandenergy.InmoresimpletermsEnergyor(E)equalsMass(M)

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multipliedbytheSpeedofLight(C)Orthespeedoflightmultipliedbyitselfthisequationis
measuredinmeterspersecond.(A.Einstein,SpecialTheoryofRelativity,1905)
BeforeEinstein'sdiscovery,scientistshadthoughtofmassandenergyastwoentirely
separateelements.Einsteindiscoveredthattheconservationofmassandtheconservationof
energyarerelatedtothesameprinciplemattercanbeturnedintoenergy,theoppositeisalso
true.Thisiscalledtheconservationofmassenergy.Itexistsbecausethereisafundamental
connectionbetweenthetwo.
MassandenergyequivalencewasalsoproposedbyEinsteinin1905,statingthereisa
generalprincipleandconsequenceinthesymmetryofspaceandtime.Thisequivalenceexplains
thatifanobjectorbodyisstationary,itstillcontainsinternalenergyoratrestenergy.Rest
massandrestenergyareequaltoeachotherandwillremainso,eveniftheobjectispropelledin
motionitisacharacteristicofthetotalenergyandmomentumoftheobjectinmotion,andthe
amountofenergywillremainunchanged.
ReachingtheSpeedofLight
Einsteinfoundthatasanobjectacceleratedtothespeedoflight(C)theobject'smass
wouldalsoincrease.Thisisduetothehighamountsofkineticenergy.Furtheranalysisstates
thateverymasshasanequalenergy,andenergyhasanequalmass.Thisalsoimpliesthateven
smallerparticlescontainlargeramountsofenergy,however,mostofitisreleasedasheatorlight
energybyeitherachemicalornuclearchange.AccordingtoHendrikLorentz,hehastheorized
thatbecauseofthisconstantapplicationofadditionalmassitwillnotbepossibletoreachthe
speedoflightasthemassincreasewouldrequiremoreenergyinordertoreachit.(Lorentz
Transformations,1904)EinsteinwasabletoadaptLorentzspreviousfindingsandfoundthis

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wouldbetrue:thecloseranobjectgetstoreachingthespeedoflightitgetsheavier,theobjects
massandenergywouldbothincreaseinfinitely,andtheheavieranobjectisthemoreeffort
requiredtospeeditupmakingitimpossibletoreachthespeedoflight.
BlackHoles
Einsteinsgeneraltheoryofrelativitysuggestedthatspaceandtimecurvedsomuchthat
notevenlightcouldescape.Thesearewhatwenowknowasblackholes.Webelievethatblack
holesarecreatedwhenstarsdie,andtheycaveinwards,creatingaseveregravitationalfield.
Scientistshaveneverseenablackhole.However,theyhaveobservedobservedgravitational
evidenceconsistentwithpredictionsaboutthem,somostscientistsbelievetheyexist(Jones).
StructureofaBlackHole
Insideofablackholethetheoryofrelativityclaimsthatthefabricofspaceandtime
bowsalimitlessamount,tothepointwherethisinfinitecurveiscalledaspacetimesingularity.
Generalrelativitystatesthatthespacetimesingularityisequaltotheforceofgravity,meaning
theblackholehasinfinitegravity.Duetothis,anymatterthatentersablackholewouldbe
rippedapartbytheextremeforceofthegravity(Jones).Theedgeofablackholeiscalledthe
eventhorizon,anditdemarcatesacircumferencefromwhichnotevenlightmayescape.Itwas
oncebelievedthatobjectsonlygetsuckedintoablackhole.However,in1974Stephen
Hawking,aworldrenownedphysicist,provedthatblackholesemitanenergyhedubbed
Hawkingradiation.Inquantumphysicsitispredictedthatvirtualparticlesarecontinually
createdanddestroyed,duetoquantumfluctuationsofenergyinthevacuum(Jones).Hawking
tookthisconceptandappliedittoblackholes,andfoundthatifsuchathingwasproducednear
theeventhorizon,thenitwasprobablethatoneoftheparticlesgotsuckedintotheblackhole

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andtheotherparticledidnot.Thiswouldgivetheimageofablackholeblackholelettingout
radiation(Jones).Hawkingalsouncoveredthatablackholewilldie,unlessfedmoremass
comparedtoitslostenergy.Onceablackholedies,itgivesoffonemoreburstofenergy.Thisis
whatwecallthe
blackholeinformationparadox.
Theenergyreleasedfromtheblackhole
doesntseemtocarrytheinformationaboutthematterthatoriginallywentintotheblackhole
(Jones).
Specialrelativityandblackholes
Specialrelativityistheideathatthelawsofphysicsapplywhereveryouare.Ifyouwere
togetpulledintoablackhole,afaroffobserverwouldhaveadifferentperspectivethanyou.
Thetimeforthedistantviewerwouldlookslowerandslowerasyounearedthecenterofthe
blackhole,andwouldactuallynotevenseeyouvanishinsideofit.However,foryoutime
wouldbespedup,andyouwouldbegoneinaflash(Smith,2000).
Conclusions
Relativityistheideathatthelawsofphysicsapplywhereveryouare,alsoknownas
universalphysics.Eachindividualwillseespaceandtimedifferently.Inthisessaywediscussed
thehistoryofrelativity,theprinciplesofmatter,light,theunityspaceandtime,andmassand
energyresultingintoblackholes.Wealsoexplainedwhatblackholesare,howtheywork,and
delvedintotheirstructure.Throughourresearchwegainedadeeperandmoremeaningful
understandingofthetheoryofspecialrelativity,andhavewrittenitheresothatothersmightalso
grasptheconceptswithouthavingtheirmindsmeltedbythemathbehindthem.

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