AlexisRamirez

Part1)

DigestiveSystemLabReport

Thehumandigestivesystemisaseriesoforgansthatconvertsfoodintoessential
nutrients,tobeabsorbedintothebody.Consistingofthegastrointestinaltractsandtheaccessory
organsofdigestion.Suchasthetongue,salivaryglands,pancreas,liverandgallbladder.The
processofdigestionhasmanystages,thefirstofwhichstartsintheoralcavity.Themouththen
leadsthebolusintotheesophagusandstomachfurtheringitintothesmallandlargeintestine.
Finallybreakingdownduetothemucusandgastricacidsproducedintoliquidwhichgoesinthe
smallintestine.Throughthelargeintestinetocompletethedigestiveprocessintotal.

Food

5secondsontongue,eyes
closed,noseplugged

5secondschewing,eyes
closed,noseplugged

5secondsunplugged
andchewing

1.Apple

2.Carrot

3.Cheese

4.Banana

5.Potato

Fig.1)Issmell80%smell?Therangeofflavorhumanshavecomefromsomeofourfive
senseswithsmellandtexture,beingthebiggestfactor.Abigpartofourflavorcomesfromsmell
andtaste,comingfromthereceptorsonourtongue.Scientistassumethatwewillgothrough
declineswithfurtheringage,suchasourvisionandhearingdo.Thereforolderpeoplewillneeda
highconcentrationofanysubstancecomparedtoayoungerperson.

Saliva(oneeighthofcrushedcracker
andthirtydropsofsaliva)

Amylase(oneeighthofcrushedcrackerand
5dropsofamylase)

Day1

Crackerfullyvisible

CrackerfullyVisible

Day2

Stillvisible

Slowlydissolving

Day3

Slowlydissolving

Dissolvingquicker

Day4

Continuedissolving

Dissolving

Day5

Continuingdissolving

Almostfullydissolved

Fig.2)Whataretheeffectsofsalivaonstarch?Salivaisthefirstdigestivefluidtobe
covered,bysalivaryglands.Salivaryamylaseisanenzymethatwillthenbreakdownthestarchof
thecrackerwhichisacomplexmolecule,intosugar.Whenaddingadropofiodineintothesaliva
solutionthemixtureshouldturnadarkblue,meaningthestarchhasnotcompletelybeenturned
intosugar.

Fig.3)Thestructureofthemouthincludestheteeth(Lateral/centralincisors,canines,
premolarsandmolars.)tongue,hardpalate,softpalate,(Reducesthesizeoffood.)parotid
glands,sublingualglands(Secretstheboluswithsalivatohelpwiththechewingprocess.)andthe
epiglottis(Preventsfoodfromenteringthelarynx).

Part2)
Esophagusandstomach

Theesophagusisanorganwithvertebrateswhichconsistoffibromusculartubeswhich
boluscanflowthroughsafely.Travelingbehindthetracheaandheart,passesthroughthe
diaphragmandfinallyemptiesintothecardiaofthestomach.Betweentheesophagusandsmall
intestineisthestomach.Itsecretesproteindigestingenzymescalledgastricacidstohelpinfood
digestion,beforesendingthechymetothesmallintestine.

Thealkalineinyourdigestivesystemaffectshowwellyourfoodisdigested.Ifyouhave
lowpHnumbers,thatindicatesanacidenvironment.Highernumbersindicateahighalkaline
environment.NoteverystageofyourdigestivetracthasthesamepHbalance,becauseofthe
differentrequirementlevelsneededindifferentareas.TheenzymesinpHhaveacertaintypeof
proteinthatcauseschemicalreactions.Theseenzymescausebreakdownofcarbohydratesinto
glucose,proteinintoaminoacids.SpecificenzymesareonlyeffectiveincertainpHlevels,ifthey
aretoohighorlowthepossibilityoftheenzymenotworkingefficientlyishigh.

Fig.4)Catesophagusandstomach

Themajorfunctionofthedigestionsystemisabsorptionandthebreakdownoffoodinto
smallmoleculeswhichareabsorbedintothebody.Digestionstartswhenyoutakethefirstbiteof
foodchewingbreaksthefooddownwhilesalivamixeswiththefoodtobegintheprocessof
breakdownofenergy.Theesophagusreceivesthefoodbyaseriesofmuscularcontractions.
Thendeliveredtothestomachwhichmixesenzymesfurtheringthebreakdown.Whenthe
contentsarefullyprocessedtheyarereleasedtothesmallintestine,movingfoodmixeditwith
digestivefluidsfromthepancreasandliver.Finallyalltravelingtothelargeintestine.

Pepsinlab
materials

Controlled(Eggpartial,20dropsof
H2O,20dropsofpepsin)

Experimental(Eggpartial,20dropsof
H2O,20dropsofpepsin,HCldrops)

Day1

Eggfullyvisible

Eggfullyvisible

Day2

Dissolving,stillfullyvisible

Dissolvingbutstillfullyvisible

Day3

Visible

Dissolvingquickly

Day4

Slowlydissolving,stillvisible

Lessthanhalfremaining

Day5

Continuingdissolvingslowly

Dissolvedfully

Fig.5)TheacidityofHClintheexperimentalbeakerbreaksdowntheeggdownfaster
thanjustthethepepsin(Anenzymeinthestomach,whichbreaksdownproteinsinto
polypeptides.)concoctionusedinthecontrolledbeaker.

Part3)

Whataretheeffectsondigestivehormones,

ExperimentalData

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

1
2
3
4

Unknown
5

Dropsoffluidfromsalivaryducts

pHofthestomach

Dropsoffluidfrompancreatic
duct

pHoffluidfrommainpancreatic
duct

Dropsoffluidfromcommonbile
duct

Motilityofstomach

Motilityofsmallintestine

Bloodglucoselevel

Strengthofcontraction

ExperimentalData

Control Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

1
2
3
4
5

Dropsoffluidfrom
salivaryducts

10

10

10

70

12

pHofthestomach

1.9

1.8

Dropsoffluidfrom
pancreaticduct

77

30

9.5

pHoffluidfromamain

7.2

10

7.6

7.2

Dropsoffluidfrom
commonbileduct

64

2.3

2.4

2.4

Motilityofstomachand
numberofcontractions
perminute

3.6

15

3.4

1.0

Motilityofsmallintestine
andnumberof
contractionsperminute

15

17

18

30

17

13

Bloodglucoselevel
mg/dl

100

101

100

104

102

60

Strengthofcontraction,
mmHg

10

12

12

50

12

CCK

Secretin

ACH

Gastrin

GIP

Unknownsfound

Bothhormonesandenzymesareproteinsareextremelyimportantbiochemicalmaterials
forlivingbeings.Butthedifferencesarethestructure,chemicalpropertiesandoperational
mechanismsofthesesubstancesaredifferentandinterestingtoknow.

Citations:


http://www.livestrong.com/article/454197effectofphondigestion/

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Taste_and_Smell.aspx

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amandagreene/makingsenseofflavorho_b_3989686.html

http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_the_structure_and_function_of_the_di
gestive_system