AHS

January 19
Biological theories of ageing last time
UNDERstanding ageing
Theories
Explain or predict outcome
Psycho-social theories
Maslows hierarchy of basic human needs
Basic physiological needs have to be met first.
Safety and security
Belonging and affection- feeling loved
Esteem and esteem needs- identifying positively with our experience
Self-actualization- developing our potential to the fullest. Concerned with
others, creativity
Ericksons stages of development
Every stage of life there is a conflict that we need to resolve
Infant- trust and mistrust
Taking initiative vs feeling guilty if things do not get done
Middle adulthood- generativity (leaving something behind and making an
impact on the world) vs stagnation (shallow evolvement)
Ego integrity vs despair- looking back on lives and feeling fulfilled, a sense of
being wise. Not successful may become regretful and bitter
Pecks tasks of middle and old age
Social theories
Modernization theory
Status of elderly decline as society becomes more modern- ancient societieswise and told them how to survive and take care of themselves
Disengagement Theory
In old age society and older adults mutually withdraw from each otherretirement but may replace their role part time work
Activity Theory
The more active they are the more satisfied they will be with life
Contiunuity theory
As we grow older we maintain the same habits personality and lifestyle as
when we were younger
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Our perception of time influences our goals
Extended future time expected- experiences
Shorter- emotions
Theoretical foundations for health promotions
The theory of planned behavior
Our sense of control over a behavior, in our beliefs about our ability to
perform that behavior, influence our intention our act upon the behavior. Our
beliefs influence our behaviors by influencing our intentions.
Health Belief model
Perceived threats and perceived benefits

Free TB clinic- nobody went

Perceived susceptibility and perceived severity (how bad will it be or the
likelihood if I do get something)
Perceived benefits- have or not, treatment
Previewed barriers- what stops me from being able to go to clinic?
Motivational interviewing- work with people to see barriers and they provide
own suggestions for how to fix it
Self-efficacy- our belief that we can or cannot do something
Trans theoretical ModelStages of change
Pre-contemplationContemplation- 6 mo window
Preparation- 1 month
Action- doing
Maintance- future and adding positive behaviors
Self-efficacy is very important
Diffusion of innovation- process of by which a new idea spreads through the
population
January 21
April 19th Group presentations
Next Thursday SALG survey due- DONE
Guest Tuesday week from Cobblestone Crossings
Next Thursday meeting our older adults in DEDE 3
Description for class activity assignment is a submission for article
and notes on our activity, due no later than April 12 th.
Advocacy- health for older adults
Reserve capacity- building it up as much as we can now so that later in life
we will see a decline later- possibly never see the decline.
Health education and ageing:
Medical records: looking at their health through life
Do they exercise now/ have they in the past?
Nutrition now/ past?
Drinking? Smoking?
This can affect the types of medical concerns that one can have
Co-morbidity: knowing someones health history can help form a plan of
action
Poly-pharmacy: multiple drugs
Dr. Berlin: research with health educators in primary care settings
Collaboration is a key component of medical care.

People need to understand what their choices are in getting medical care.
Willingness for older adult to collaborate with health professionals can vary
upon patients education level. One may trust the doctor and the other may
think they know what they need.
Characteristics of a good collaborator:
Good listening
Patience
Interpersonal communication skills
Barriers to good communication:
Education level
Cultural issues; ethnicity
Assumptions based on age
Distrust based on age
Gender
Religion can be a barrier to communication about health (e.i. protein: pork,
beef)
End of life issues:
Living will or advanced directive.
Jargon and elder speak
Assisted Suicide:
OR (terminal illness, 6mo or less, indep confirmed by separate physician),
WA, MO
Netherlands infamous/famous:
Video, chronic depression for 2 or 3 years
Online health information: Mayo clinic, Web MD, CDC
Teaching older adults:
Influence learning
Intelligence:
Crystalized intelligence:
Derived from experience, wisdom. Fairly stable through life
Fluid intelligence:
Reason or logic thinking, doesnt matter how much youve read or studied.
Logic thinking can be strong no matter the facts that you know.
Some declines in older adults through fluid thinking, older adults can become
less attentive. Less reason, less attention. Concentration, short term
memory, speed of learning.
General intelligence:
Overall cognitive ability, 50s or 60s.

Compensations strategies for when we hit a decline/ influences learning:

Pace of speaking
Pace at which you introduce new ideas
Use of memory aids: visual aids
Elaboration
Having a careful plan

Reaction time: take in, processing info, respond

Readiness and motivation: link it to something they already know and care about
For older adults it takes longer to create new memories, can be interrupted by
boredom, grieving, depression, fear of failure.
Meds or conditions
Attention despite distractions
Vision: lenses yellow as they get older/hearing: Presycusis (age related hearing loss)
Taste: touch: and smell:
Speech and language: not a normal part of ageing. Aphasia: inability to understand
words that are spoken. Speaking, reading, and writing aphasia
Concept of Health literacy:
How well you can understand the information to make good health choices
Tuesday February 2nd
Group 1
Stretching By: Alex and Ashley
Range of Motion
Limited by joints or muscles
Muscles
Can become shorter
Muscle Stretching Tequniques
Static: holding
Dancers
Dynamic: ballistic, bouncing
Running and Jumping
Pre-contraction: Muscle is stretched before stretching movement pre-pre
stretching
Static is more than likely the best for older adults
Ballistic- half way movement
Active- full range movement
Acute affects- mediate affects
Training- over a period of time
Effectiveness of Stretching
Increase in range of motion
General Fitness Program
2-3 times per week
14-30 seconds
2-4 X

Older Adults
May need longer stretching times
60 S hold of static stretches increase hamstring holds
Trunk- increase spinal mobility
Stretches in class!!
Dr. Krugers Critique:
Good length
Good PowerPoint
Kinesthetic Component
Discussion over article- come with questions!!
Sensory Systems
Smell is closest to memory- olfactory bulbs closer to the hippocampus and memory
center
No declines until 40-50s but not impact on daily activity until 70-80s
Hard to predict if a person is going to have sensory lost
Different systems age at different rates,
70% Sensory neurons dedicated to vision
Vision
Cornea- becomes thicker and less curved which makes older adults more prone to a
stigmatism
Interior Chamber- filled with fluid exchange between interior and posterior due to
Shrinks Intraocular pressure
Posterior Iris- fades in color and becomes less lustrous, no impact on vision
Pupil- opening in iris- pupil diameter decreases Miosis less light is allowed through
Lens- defuse light to retina... Lens thickens and dense, less elastic and could
become cloudy increase farsightedness- associated by age presbyopia
Vitreous Humor/gel- becomes more liquidy and less dense can lead to blurry vision
Retina- Rods light cones color vision
Decreased visual acuity
Decreases in both light and dark adaptation
Increased sensitivity to glare
Loss of peripheral vision
Hearing
Pinna- outer ear less flexible but stretches out
Ear canal- Stiffer hairs dryer ear wax- can block hearing
Eardrum- Tympanic Membrane less flexible
High frequency sounds detected early on
Little bones can calcify and stiffen as we age and therefore cannot press on the oval
window
Acoustic reflex- pulling bones away
Presbycusis- are related hearing loss

February 4th
Sensory changes with age
Vestibular Systems- Mobility and balance:
Centers around inner ears and hairs of chochlea
Hair cells in our ear decrease in number as we age
As they decrease, could lead to issues with walking or standing
Disequilibrium
Faintness
Lightheadedness
Vertigo
Menieres Disease
Taste
Possibly declines with age
Reduction in number of taste buds
Salty and Sweet are the tastes that we lose first
Loss of sense of smell and certain medications
Smell
Do experience a loss of sense of smell as we age
Olfaction
Importance of sensory changes as we age:
Underrated- hearing is important, you can lose the inability to interact with other
people
Occur gradually and learn to adapt as changes occur
Any of these changes can promote quality of life
Preventive care and early intervention is key
Do what you can to take care of what youve got
February 11
Yoga and Ageing
Sedentary lifestyle:
Hypertension
Lower back pain
Mind, Body and Spirit
Mindful breathing
Yoga is for everyone
Nutrition and Ageing
First cause of death heart disease
Second cancer
Cerebrovascular problems: stroke, vascular dementia
Anything good for your heart is also good for your brain
Diabetes
Eating healthy now can help with our reserve capacity
Mens caloric intake: 3000 calories
Womens: 2300

Metabolic rate
Body composition: fat vs. muscle
Morbidity: any existing conditions
Factors that put adults at greater risk:
Social isolation- less likely to eat a well-balanced nutritious family
Dependence or Disability
Poverty- not a full service grocery store within 4-5 miles of a neighborhood
Lack of education:
Decrease in salivation- or enzymes
Altered kidney function
Changes in the endocrine system
45 different chemical compounds that are present in food that are required for us to
function
Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein
Vitamins and Minerals
Dietary Reference Intake: needs of older adults specifically
Dietary guidelines for Americans: basis of federal recommendations; nutrition
programs based on
Psycho social and cultural aspects of nutrition:
Religion
Taste buds decline
Decline in sense of smell
Mobility limitations can make it harder to go out and get the food that they need
Water and Body fluids
Urine, sweat, lungs are mucus coated, kidneys intestines
.8g/kg protein should be 20-30% of intake for older adults
Folic acid, calcium, iron
Carbohydrates and fiber- 50-60% complex carbohydrates- whole grains and fruits
and vegetable
Whole grains help older adults have bowel movements
February 16
Morgan