Astable Multivibrator Using 555 Timer

4/27/2016
AstableMultivibratorusing555Timer
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AnAstable Multivibrator is an oscillator circuit that continuously produces rectangular wave

withouttheaidofexternaltriggering.SoAstableMultivibratorisalsoknownasFreeRunning
Multivibrator. I have already posted about Astable Multivibrator using Transistors
(https://electrosome.com/astablemultivibratortransistors/). Astable Multivibrator using 555
Timer(https://electrosome.com/555timeric/)isverysimple,easytodesign,verystableand
lowcost.Itcanbeusedfortimingfrommicrosecondstohours.Duetothesereasons555has
alargenumberofapplicationsanditisapopularICamongelectronicshobbyists.
AstableMultivibratorusing555Circuit
https://electrosome.com/astablemultivibrator555timer/
1/12
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(https://electrosome.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/555timerastable
multivibraotr.jpg)
AstableMultivibratorusing555TimerCircuitDiagram
Abovefigureshowsthecircuitdiagramofa555TimerwiredinAstableMode.8thpinand1st
pinoftheICareusedtogivepower,VccandGNDrespectively.The4thpinisRESETpin
whichisactivelowandisconnectedtoVcctoavoidaccidentalresets.5thpinistheControl
Voltagepinwhichisnotused.Sotoavoidhighfrequencynoisesitisconnectedtoacapacitor
C whose other end is connected to ground. Usually C = 0.01F. The Trigger (pin 2) and
Threshold (pin 6) inputs are connected to the capacitor which determines the output of the
timer. Discharge pin (pin 7) is connected to the resistor Rb such that the capacitor can
discharge through Rb. Diode D connected in parallel to Rb is only used when an output of
dutycyclelessthanorequalto50%isrequired.ForthesakeofexplaingtheworkingCircuit
DiagramwithInternalBlockdiagramisshownbelow.
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CircuitwithInternalBlockDiagram
(https://electrosome.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/astablemultivibratorusing555
timerinternaldiagram.jpg)
AstableMultivibratorusing555TimerBlockDiagram
Since the Control Voltage (pin 5) is not used the comparator reference voltages will be 2/3
Vccand1/3Vccrespectively.Sotheoutputofthe555willset(goeshigh)whenthecapacitor
voltagegoesbelow1/3Vccandoutputwillreset(goeslow)whenthecapacitorvoltagegoes
above2/3Vcc.
Working
WhenthecircuitisswitchedON,thecapacitor(C)voltagewillbelessthan1/3Vcc.So
theoutputofthelowercomparatorwillbeHIGHandofthehighercomparatorwillbe
LOW.ThisSETstheoutputoftheSRFlipflop.
ThusthedischargingtransistorwillbeOFFandthecapacitorCstartschargingfrom
VccthroughresistorRa&Rb.
Whenthecapacitorvoltagewillbecomegreaterthan1/3Vcc(lessthan2/3Vcc),the
outputofbothcomparatorswillbeLOWandtheoutputofSRFlipflopwillbesameas
thepreviouscondition.Thusthecapacitorcontinuoustocharge.
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(https://electrosome.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/AstableMultivibratorusing
555TimerWorking.gif)
AstableMultivibratorusing555TimerWorking
Whenthecapacitorvoltagewillbecomesslightlygreaterthan2/3Vcctheoutputofthe
highercomparatorwillbeHIGHandoflowercomparatorwillbeLOW.Thisresetsthe
SRFlipflop.
ThusthedischargingtransistorturnsONandthecapacitorstartsdischargingthrough
resistorRb.
Soonthecapacitorvoltagewillbelessthan2/3Vccandoutputofbothcomparatorswill
beLOW.SotheoutputoftheSRFlipflopwillbethepreviousstate.
Sothedischargingofcapacitorcontinuous.
Whenthecapacitorvoltagewillbecomelessthan1/3Vcc,theoutputSETssincethe
outputoflowercomparatorisHIGHandofhighercomparatorisLOWandthecapacitor
startschargingagain.
Thisprocesscontinuousandarectangularwavewillbeobtainedattheoutput.
Design
CapacitorChargesthroughRaandRb.
Thigh=0.693(Ra+Rb)C
CapacitorDischargesthroughRb
Tlow=0.693RbC
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4/27/2016
OutputFrequency=1/(Tlow+Thigh)=1.44/((Ra+2Rb)*C)
DutyCycle=Thigh/(Thigh+Tlow)
WhereThighandTlowarethetimeperiodofHIGHandLOWoftheoutputof555.
FromthiswecanfindthatDutyCyclelessthanorequalto50%cannotbeobtained.There
aretwowaystoobtainthis.
1.Invertingtheoutput
2.UsingaDiodeParalleltoresistorRb
InvertingtheOutput
In this method, just compliment the output. Thus the Duty Cycle = Tlow/(Tlow + Thigh).
WhereTlowandThigharethetimeperiodofLOWandHIGHofoutputof555.Inthismethod
thedutycycleoftheoutputof555willbegreaterthan50%andthatofinverterwillbeless
than50%.
DutyCycleof555=1DutyCycleofInverter
UsingaDiodeParalleltoresistorRb
In this method we will connect a diode parallel to resistor Rb as shown dotted in the first
circuit diagram above. Thus the charging current of capacitor will bypass the resistor Rb.
ThusThigh=0.693RaC
ThusaDutyCyclelessthanorequalto50%caneasilyobtained.
Calculator
TimePeriod:
0.5
Seconds
DutyCycle:
75
CapacitanceC:
10
5/12
4/27/2016
CALCULATE
Video
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Astable Multivibrator Using 555 Timer

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Astable Multivibrator Using 555 Timer

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4/27/2016

AnAstable Multivibrator is an oscillator circuit that continuously produces rectangular wave

CATE G O RI E S : 5 5 5 CI RCUI TS (HTTP S : / / E L E CTRO S O ME . CO M/ CATE G O RY / E L E CTRO NI CS / 5 5 5 TI ME RCI RCUI TS / ),

TAG S : 5 5 5 (HTTP S : / / E L E CTRO S O ME . CO M/ TA G / 5 5 5 / ), A S TA B L E (HTTP S : / / E L E CTRO S O ME . CO M/ TA G / A S TA B L E / ),

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