By

Abril Aime Aguilera Cant

Ana Catalina Alfaro Galvn
Camila Cabrera Arias
Ftima Cecilia Chapa Viejo
Ana Sofa Elizondo Aranda
Brbara Alejandra Trevio
Alvarez

CPU: The Real

CP
Computer

all
computer
s have
one
should influence your
decision when choosing
a computer

transforms
input into
output
compatibili
ty

perform
ance

it is found in
the
motherboard

also called
processor or
microprocessor

THE CPU: THE REAL COMPUTER

The CPU is called the processor.
Transformations of input into output.
Every computer has a at least one CPU to interpret and execute the
instructions in each program.
Perform arithmetic and logical data manipulations and to communicate with all
the other parts of the computer system.
The circuit board that contains the CPU is called the motherboard.

From Multicore to
Cluster

The divide-and-conquer parallel processing techniques used in multicore PCs are

applied on a much larger scale in high-end server systems.
The processing resources of multiple servers can be grouped together in a cluster
to improve rendering speeds in lifelike computer graphics or calculate the sums of
complex
financial
trading
computations
more
quickly.
Parallel processing has been used in high-end servers and workstations for some
time.

A single-core CPU can handle

multiple applications by rapidly
switching between applications.

A multicore CPU can divide workload

between processors, assigning multiple
cores to labor-intensive tasks such as photo
or video editing.

metal-oxide semiconductor
The Computers Memory Complementary
(CMOS):
CPU:

Follows the instructions encoded in

programs.
It can handle only one instruction and a
few pieces of data at a time.
RAM (random access memory):
Stores the data that the CPU cant handle.
Primary storage
It stores little pieces of memory.
These information isnt held permanently.
ROM (read-only memory):
Modern computers use this to store
information.

Can store small amount of data for long

periods of time.
CMOS RAM) Stores data, time, and
calendar in a PC.
Flash Memory:
Can be written and erased rapidly and
repeatedly.
It is nonvolatile (can keep contents
without electricity)
Digital cameras, cell phones, pagers,
portable computers, handheld
computers, PDAs, and other digital
devices use this to store data.
Sometimes it is used instead of the
The access time is measured in nanoseconds (ns).
hard drive because it has no moving
Compared with the hard disk access time which is
parts. in milliseconds (ms). Memory speed
measured
affects the computers overall speed

Buses, Ports, and

In
a desktop computer, the CPU, memory chips, and other key
Peripherals
components are attached to the motherboard.Information
travel through groups of wires called internal buses, or buses.
Bues have 32 or 64 wires
The bus is the bridge between the processor and RAM.
Buses connect to storage devices in bays, expansions slots,
ports.
The peripherals are connected to the ports through external
buses.

Comput
ing
Buy Green Equipment

Energy Saving Features

Turn it Of

Use a Laptop

Print Once

Use Green Font

Save Energy
Consider Environmental Cost
Send E-mails

E-cycle Waste Products

Recycle

CPU: How it
works
The central processing unit (CPU) is the
hardware component that executes the
steps in a software program. It contains a
circuitry to perform simple tasks called
"instructions". Most CPUs have less than
1,000 different instructions and can
execute millions of instructions per
second.
The CPU is divided into different units:
control, arithmetic logic, decode, bus and
prefetch.

1. Arithmetic logic unit: The actual execution of an

instruction. Includes register" usually a size of 32 or
64
bits.
2. Program instructions are stored in the memory.
The CPU reads the instructions from the memory.
The bus unit deals with all communication between
the
primary
storage
and
CPU.
3. Prefetch unit: instructs the bus unit to read the
stored instructions. Also make sure that the
instruction is ready to be executed.
4. Decode unit: Takes instruction read by the
prefetcher and translates it into a way that the
CPU's internal processing can use.

5. Writeback: If an instruction is needed to be sent

to the CPU, this is the final part of execution. The
bus unit sends the result of the instruction into the
memory or to other device.
6. There are some techniques to speed up the
process, the CPU the prereads the next likely
data to be used into a cache in memory called the
Level 2 cache. For a faster access, Level 1
cache.
7. Some computers are multicore processors.
Each of them can receive and execute
instructions. Those cores use parallel processing
to work at the same time on different instructions.

8. CPUs increase their efficiency with a technique

called simultaneous multi-threading. It enables
each core processor to execute two set of
instructions.

How it Works: The Memory

Is the work area for the CPU
It helps the manipulation of data
The CPU can store information into RAM and retrieve information from
RAM may include program instructions, numbers for arithmetic, etc.
Information is permanently recorded on the ROM.
Part of the operating system is stored in ROM.

The clock of the Long now

1. The Long Now Clock was a great invention which used the
binary system, like computers use, to save information
throughout the years.
2. We could make people be aware of this clock, since it has a
lot of benefits. It can be great to save information without
losing it, like the computers do it with their saved files. If we
save our information of nowadays we can help the future for
not committing the same mistakes in the future.