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3-20 3.6 Category ¢ Correlations All of the methods in this category essentially used the three flow regimes discussed in section 3.3, except for the Beggs and Brill method. Some of the studies involved only a change in calculation procedure in one or more flow regimes from previously published methods. For example the Orkiszewski method presents new correlations for the slug flow regime only. ‘The correlations used in the other flow regimes were taken from previously published work. Each method is discussed separately and the correlations for liquid holdup or mixture density, friction factor and acceleration tern are given for each flow regime. The limits for determining vhich flow regime exists are given also. Duns_and Ros The Duns and Ros correlation is a result of an extensive laboratory study in which liquid holdup and pressure gradients were measured. Correla tions were developed for slip velocity (from which holdup can be calculated) and friction factor for each of three flow regimes (Fig. 3.1). The flow regimes are defined as functions of the dimensionless quantities N,., N,, Lys Lys Ly, ty, and N, where L, = 50 + 36 Nye seeeee teewee 3.13 ETS FBO. ea 3.16 1, and L, are functions of N, shown in Fig. 3.11. Duns and Ros presented correlations for a dimensionless slip velocity from which actual slip velocity and Liquid holdup can be calculated using the following equations: a Va ss (ae) where 3-21 siaquiny ewibey moj -LE'6i4 Solution of Eq. 3.16 for liquid holdup yields seecesesceseesBel? The procedure for calculating the pressure gradient due to elevation change is: 1, Calculate the dimensionless slip velocity S, using the appro- priate correlation, The correlation for S is different for each flow regime. 2. Solve Eq. 3.15 for the slip velocity, v,. 3. Calculate the liquid holdup, H, using Eq. 3.17. 4, Caleulate the mixture density, p, = 6, Hy + p,(I-H). 5. Calculate the pressure gradient due to elevation change, (eres dz ‘el 243.18 BUBBLE FLOW imits: 0< N < Limite: 0 < N,, St) +1) My Two-Phase Density peeeegeeee 3.19) T+ = F, and F) are given in Fig. 3.12. They are functions of the liquid viscosity mumber N,. F, can be obtained from: where F, and F, are also obtained from Fig. 3.12. Friction Factor @s - Serna 2 2,4 + 3.21 3-22 SsaQUINN Avo0|aQ dis e1qqng-zre Bly 1 N 3424 u0l}991109 UOIDIY aiqqng-er'e’ Bly Ts, 3-25 From experimental data Duns and Ros arrived at the following equation for ao pees 63.22 =f; f/f, £, is obtained from a Moody diagram (Fig. 3.9) as a function of the Reynolds number of the liquid: Npe = ~EYet @ Re, i Ln The factor £, 1s a correction for the in-situ gas liquid ratio, and is given 2/3 pee ere a8 in Fig. 3.13 as a function of the group £, (v,,/¥,1) Ny is considered by Duns and Ros as an additional correction factor for both Liquid Viscosity and in-situ gas-liquid ratio and becomes important for ¢ than approximately 50 centistokes. It is calculated from - The factor f, scosities gri alte ‘og 2 7 50 v. aL Bpoponbpeanpaodocoe son) Acceleration Tern ‘The acceleration term was considered to be negligible in the bubble flow regime. SLUG FLOW Limits: Ly + ly Ny SNpy Shy ‘Two-Phase Density we 9282p s=a+F,) eh a+ FM) F, » Fg and F, are found in Fig. 3.14 as a function of the Liquid viscosity N, » and number, Np Fg = 0.029 Ny + Fy 3-26 ssoquinn Aysojeq dig Bnys-ri'eBi4 3-27 Friction Factor ‘The pressure gradient due to friction in this flow regime is calcu- lated using the procedure given for bubble flow. Acceleration Term ‘The acceleration term was considered to be negligible in the slug flow regime. MIST FLOW Limits: N) >L, evn ‘Two-Phase Density Duns and Ros assumed that with the high gas flow rates in the mist flow region the slip velocity was zero. Therefore, the mixture density is the no-slip density and is calculated from 23.27 PLA, + Py Friction Factor In this region, the friction term is based on the gas phase only. Thus: : (2 fog we Be i Since there is no slip, the friction factor is that given in a Moody diagram, but as a function of a Reynolds number of the gas onpoet ex) Duns and Ros noted that the wall roughness for mist flow is affected by the film of liquid on the wall of the pipe. The ripples of the wall film cause a drag on the gas. This process is governed by a form of the Weber numbei 3.30 and is also affected by liquid viscosity. This influence was accounted for by making Nj, a function of a dimensionless number containing liquid viscosity, LL The functional relationship is shown in Fig, 3.15 where the coordinates are Nye V5 Nye Ny The value of roughness may be very small but ¢/d never becomes smaller than the value for the pipe itself, At the transition zone to slug flow, ¢/4 may approach 0.5, Between these limits, ¢/d can be obtained from the following equations which were developed from Fig. 3.15. a +0749 oy ‘we “a < .005 : ee ose ale ale N> 0.005 : eb where g, = gas-liquid interfactal tension, dynes/en, = gas density, 1ba/ft?, Vgg 7 Superficial gas velocity, ft/sec, and 4 = pipe diameter, ft Values 6f £ for the mist flow regime may be found for €/4>0.05 from £ | + 0.067 (e/a?) x4, (4 20g, (0. .27¢/4) 2 As the wave height on the pipe walls increase, the actual area through which the gas can flow is decreased, since the diameter open to flow of gas is d-e, Duns and Ros suggested that the Prediction of friction loss could be refined Ly substitution of d-e for d and “sg é for v,, @o? throughout the calculation of friction gradient. In this case the determina- tion of roughness, ¢, is iterative. 3-29 SSOUYSIYL Whly MOj4 ISIp-st'e 614 “NN 3-30 Acceleration Term (de aZace If we define ca st pO rene seene ee eeecnee 93) TRANSITION FLOW Rete ines] Limits: L, ly Ny <2, (see Eq. 3.13 for L.) Two-Phase Density o, 7 Wor * ¥y) * Pe Meg + a, 8 v, *¥, 3-35 N Fig.3.16- Griffith-Wallis Coefficients Rey 3-36 PrEEEE eC Fig. 3.16 was extrapolated so that v, could be evaluated at the higher Liquid Reynolds numbers. When C, cannot be read from Fig. 3.16, v, may be calculated by the following equations depending on the value of Ny, . Since v, = > £(Nq_) and Na, = £ (v,), the evaluation of v, requires an iterative procedure Rey *b when using Fig. 3.16 or Eqs, 3.47-3.49, The procedure is as follows: 1, Estimate a value for v,. A good first guess isv, = 0.5 (gd 2. Calculate Nj, using the value of v, from step one. 3. Calculate v, using Eq. 4.44 or 3,47-3.49, 4. Compare the values of v, obtained in steps one and three. If they are not sufficiently close, use the value calculated in step three as the next guess and go to step two. Continue until convergence is achieved. When S 3000 6 = (0.546 + 8.74x10 re? fet. when Mge, 2 8000 > - 76 My (0.35 + 8.74x10 See? fad wien 3000 < Te, < 8000 S = (0.251 + a.7ex10°§ n 2 fe 3-37 and 7 eee ear Bec or 89) ‘The value of 8 1s calculated from one of the following expressions depend- ing upon the continuous liquid pha: and the value of the mixture velocity. continuous VelU® Equation Liquid Phase °f “m _ for 6 water <10 3.50 water >10 3.52 oil <10 3.52 ofl > 10 3.53 Orkiszewski did not define criteria for establishing which liquid phase is the continuous phase. Data from the literature indicate that « phase inversion from ofl continuous to water continuous occurs at a water cut of approximately 75% in emulsion flow. f= (0.013 tog p,)/a+38 ~ 0,681 + 0.252 10g v, ~ 06428 log d ++. 3.50 13.51 8 = (0.045 log psa? = 0,709 = 0.162 log v, - 0-888 log d « § = 0.0127 log Gy + aysats445 ~ 9,286 + 0.167 10g vz + 0113 log d «+--+ 3.52 3.53 § = 0.0274 log , + 1)/ale372 + 0,161 + 0.569 log d + X X= - log v, ((0.01 log Gy + 1/571) + 0,397 + 0.63 log 4] where uy + Mquid viscosity, oP d= pipe diameter, ft Yn = mixture velocity, ft/sec The value of $ is constrained by the following limits: 3-38 @) Ifv, <10 8 > -0.065 y, ‘2 @) Ifv, > 10 -% Gomera leet ony Sn” Yb These constraints are supposed to eliminate pressure discontinuities between equations for 8 since the equation pairs do not necessarily meet at v_= 10 ft/sec. Frictton Factor 2 yee az) _” a4 eee 38) 23.55, Nee * Acceleration Term The acceleration term vas considered to be negligible in the slug. flow regime. SRANSTTION FLOW tts: Ly >N,, PL, In the transition flow regime the total pressure gradient is obtained by linear interpolation between the slug and mist flow toundaries, as descrited in the discussion of the Duns and Kos method. 708 Limits: Np, > Ly ‘The method of Duns and Ros was used to calculate the pressure gradient when flow falls into the mist flow regime. Cate. oF obtain 4, ,,| Calculate Cale. dp/az by MIST fl method Interpolate between SLUG & MIST for ‘TRANSITION FLOW GHART FOR CALCULATING PRESSURE GRADIENT ‘BY ORKISZEWSKI METHOD 3-40 Example Problem by Orkiszewski Method Given: Vag 7 4:09 ft/sec p= 729 pe a Vay, 7 2665 ft/sec T= 128° F a= 0.249 fe by 7 18 ep By 7 6-02 by 7 9-018 ep Nyy 7 929 Py + 56-6 Ibm/eu Ft ¥, = 7.87 Lbm/sec 9, 7 2.84 Lbn/eu ft e/a = .0006 Neglecting acceleration, calculate the floving pressure gradient at these condition 1. Celeulate flow regine limits L, = 50 + 368, = 50 + 36(6.02) = 266.72 7 75 75 B= 75 + 86N,°75 = 75 + 96 (6.02)'79 = 397.8 2 0.2218 Ym 22218 (4.09 + 2.65)” Ly = 1-071 - ri = 1.071 - aos = 1.071 - 41.99 = = 40.02 but L, is restricted to be > 0.13, therefore L, = 0.13 v, BE ES - 0.61 ig 074 «+ Determine flow regime y, 5 a Since JER > Ly and Hy <1,, flow ragine te 3. Determine tvo-phase density a, aan ty) * He Yen +, 6 vo > Vy n> Yb Need v, and 6 Determine v, Mae, 7 1688 Pyyat/iy = 1488 (56.6) (6.74) (.249)/18 = 7850 3-41 4a Since this exceeds Limit of graph for C), (Fig. 3.16), v, must be calculated using extrapolation equations. Guess v, = 1.75 Neb = 1488 yyy lay = 1488 (56.6) (1-75) (.249)/18 = 2040 Since Hy, < 3000, Vy 7 (546 + 8.76 x 10°? ¥) ga = 0.615(2.03) = 1.74 Determine & Since oll is continuous phase end v, <10, use €9,3.52 8 = 0127 loge, + abel. 204 + .167 log yy + +113 log 4 = + .097 & 4s constrained by 8 2 -.065 vy, = --065(6.74) = -.438 =.097 > -.438 Therefore, 8 = -.097 a 36.6(2.65+ 1.74) + 2.84 (4.09) 6.74 + 1.7% = (.097)(56.6) = 25,15 Ib/cu ft Determine friction gradient From Fig. 3.9 , for Np, = 7850 and e/d = -0006, £ = .036 2265 + 1.75 . . [est ST ~ .097] = 5.46(.621) (2), = 2.29 pat/te 342 5. Determine total pressure gradient $B = 25,15 + 2.29 = 27.44 BE 0,191 pat/te

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