3-20
3.6 Category ¢ Correlations
All of the methods in this category essentially used the three flow
regimes discussed in section 3.3, except for the Beggs and Brill method.
Some of the studies involved only a change in calculation procedure in one
or more flow regimes from previously published methods. For example the
Orkiszewski method presents new correlations for the slug flow regime only.
‘The correlations used in the other flow regimes were taken from previously
published work. Each method is discussed separately and the correlations
for liquid holdup or mixture density, friction factor and acceleration tern
are given for each flow regime. The limits for determining vhich flow
regime exists are given also.
Duns_and Ros
The Duns and Ros correlation is a result of an extensive laboratory
study in which liquid holdup and pressure gradients were measured. Correla
tions were developed for slip velocity (from which holdup can be calculated)
and friction factor for each of three flow regimes (Fig. 3.1). The flow
regimes are defined as functions of the dimensionless quantities N,., N,,
Lys Lys Ly, ty, and N, where
L, = 50 + 36 Nye seeeee teewee 3.13
ETS FBO. ea 3.16
1, and L, are functions of N,
shown in Fig. 3.11. Duns and Ros presented
correlations for a dimensionless slip velocity from which actual slip velocity
and Liquid holdup can be calculated using the following equations:
a Va
ss (ae)
where3-21
siaquiny ewibey moj -LE'6i4Solution of Eq. 3.16 for liquid holdup yields
seecesesceseesBel?
The procedure for calculating the pressure gradient due to elevation
change is:
1, Calculate the dimensionless slip velocity S, using the appro-
priate correlation, The correlation for S is different for
each flow regime.
2. Solve Eq. 3.15 for the slip velocity, v,.
3. Calculate the liquid holdup, H, using Eq. 3.17.
4, Caleulate the mixture density, p, = 6, Hy + p,(I-H).
5. Calculate the pressure gradient due to elevation change,
(eres
dz ‘el
243.18
BUBBLE FLOW
imits: 0< N <
Limite: 0 < N,, St) +1) My
Two-Phase Density
peeeegeeee 3.19)
T+
=
F, and F) are given in Fig. 3.12. They are functions of the liquid
viscosity mumber N,. F, can be obtained from:
where F, and F, are also obtained from Fig. 3.12.
Friction Factor
@s - Serna
2 2,4
+ 3.21
3-22SsaQUINN Avo0|aQ dis e1qqng-zre Bly
1
N3424
u0l}991109 UOIDIY aiqqng-er'e’ Bly
Ts,3-25
From experimental data Duns and Ros arrived at the following equation for
ao pees 63.22
=f; f/f,
£, is obtained from a Moody diagram (Fig. 3.9) as a function of the Reynolds
number of the liquid:
Npe = ~EYet @
Re,
i Ln
The factor £, 1s a correction for the in-situ gas liquid ratio, and is given
2/3
pee ere a8
in Fig. 3.13 as a function of the group £, (v,,/¥,1) Ny
is considered by Duns and Ros as an additional correction factor for both
Liquid Viscosity and in-situ gas-liquid ratio and becomes important for
¢ than approximately 50 centistokes. It is calculated from
- The factor f,
scosities gri
alte ‘og
2 7 50 v.
aL
Bpoponbpeanpaodocoe son)
Acceleration Tern
‘The acceleration term was considered to be negligible in the bubble
flow regime.
SLUG FLOW
Limits: Ly + ly Ny SNpy Shy
‘Two-Phase Density
we 9282p
s=a+F,) eh
a+ FM)
F, » Fg and F, are found in Fig. 3.14 as a function of the Liquid viscosity
N, » and
number, Np
Fg = 0.029 Ny + Fy3-26
ssoquinn Aysojeq dig Bnys-ri'eBi43-27
Friction Factor
‘The pressure gradient due to friction in this flow regime is calcu-
lated using the procedure given for bubble flow.
Acceleration Term
‘The acceleration term was considered to be negligible in the slug
flow regime.
MIST FLOW
Limits: N) >L,
evn
‘Two-Phase Density
Duns and Ros assumed that with the high gas flow rates in the mist
flow region the slip velocity was zero. Therefore, the mixture density is
the no-slip density and is calculated from
23.27
PLA, + Py
Friction Factor
In this region, the friction term is based on the gas phase only. Thus:
:
(2 fog we
Be i
Since there is no slip, the friction factor is that given in a Moody
diagram, but as a function of a Reynolds number of the gas
onpoet ex)
Duns and Ros noted that the wall roughness for mist flow is affected
by the film of liquid on the wall of the pipe. The ripples of the wall
film cause a drag on the gas. This process is governed by a form of the
Weber numbei
3.30and is also affected by liquid viscosity. This influence was accounted for
by making Nj, a function of a dimensionless number containing liquid viscosity,
LL
The functional relationship is shown in Fig, 3.15 where the coordinates are
Nye V5 Nye Ny
The value of roughness may be very small but ¢/d never becomes
smaller than the value for the pipe itself, At the transition zone to slug
flow, ¢/4 may approach 0.5, Between these limits, ¢/d can be obtained
from the following equations which were developed from Fig. 3.15.
a +0749 oy
‘we “a < .005 : ee ose
ale
ale
N> 0.005 :
eb
where g, = gas-liquid interfactal tension, dynes/en,
= gas density, 1ba/ft?,
Vgg 7 Superficial gas velocity, ft/sec, and
4 = pipe diameter, ft
Values 6f £ for the mist flow regime may be found for
€/4>0.05 from
£ | + 0.067 (e/a?) x4,
(4 20g, (0. .27¢/4) 2
As the wave height on the pipe walls increase, the actual area
through which the gas can flow is decreased, since the diameter open to
flow of gas is d-e, Duns and Ros suggested that the Prediction of friction
loss could be refined Ly substitution of d-e for d and “sg é for v,,
@o?
throughout the calculation of friction gradient. In this case the determina-
tion of roughness, ¢, is iterative.3-29
SSOUYSIYL Whly MOj4 ISIp-st'e 614
“NN3-30
Acceleration Term
(de
aZace
If we define
ca st pO rene seene ee eeecnee 93)
TRANSITION FLOW
Rete ines]
Limits: L, ly Ny <2, (see Eq. 3.13 for L.)
Two-Phase Density
o, 7 Wor * ¥y) * Pe Meg + a, 8
v, *¥,3-35
N
Fig.3.16- Griffith-Wallis Coefficients
Rey3-36
PrEEEE eC
Fig. 3.16 was extrapolated so that v, could be evaluated at the higher Liquid
Reynolds numbers. When C, cannot be read from Fig. 3.16, v, may be calculated
by the following equations depending on the value of Ny, . Since v, =
>
£(Nq_) and Na, = £ (v,), the evaluation of v, requires an iterative procedure
Rey *b
when using Fig. 3.16 or Eqs, 3.47-3.49, The procedure is as follows:
1, Estimate a value for v,. A good first guess isv, = 0.5 (gd
2. Calculate Nj, using the value of v, from step one.
3. Calculate v, using Eq. 4.44 or 3,47-3.49,
4. Compare the values of v, obtained in steps one and three. If
they are not sufficiently close, use the value calculated in
step three as the next guess and go to step two. Continue
until convergence is achieved.
When
S 3000
6
= (0.546 + 8.74x10 re? fet.
when
Mge, 2 8000
>
- 76
My (0.35 + 8.74x10 See? fad
wien
3000 < Te, < 8000
S = (0.251 + a.7ex10°§ n 2 fe3-37
and 7
eee ear Bec or 89)
‘The value of 8 1s calculated from one of the following expressions depend-
ing upon the continuous liquid pha:
and the value of the mixture velocity.
continuous VelU® Equation
Liquid Phase °f “m _ for 6
water <10 3.50
water >10 3.52
oil <10 3.52
ofl > 10 3.53
Orkiszewski did not define criteria for establishing which liquid
phase is the continuous phase. Data from the literature indicate that «
phase inversion from ofl continuous to water continuous occurs at a water
cut of approximately 75% in emulsion flow.
f= (0.013 tog p,)/a+38 ~ 0,681 + 0.252 10g v, ~ 06428 log d ++. 3.50
13.51
8 = (0.045 log psa? = 0,709 = 0.162 log v, - 0-888 log d «
§ = 0.0127 log Gy + aysats445 ~ 9,286 + 0.167 10g vz + 0113 log d «+--+ 3.52
3.53
§ = 0.0274 log , + 1)/ale372 + 0,161 + 0.569 log d + X
X= - log v, ((0.01 log Gy + 1/571) + 0,397 + 0.63 log 4]
where
uy + Mquid viscosity, oP
d= pipe diameter, ft
Yn = mixture velocity, ft/sec
The value of $ is constrained by the following limits:3-38
@) Ifv, <10
8 > -0.065 y,
‘2
@) Ifv, > 10
-%
Gomera leet ony
Sn” Yb
These constraints are supposed to eliminate pressure discontinuities between
equations for 8 since the equation pairs do not necessarily meet at v_= 10 ft/sec.
Frictton Factor
2
yee
az) _” a4
eee 38)
23.55,
Nee *
Acceleration Term
The acceleration term vas considered to be negligible in the slug. flow
regime.
SRANSTTION FLOW
tts: Ly >N,, PL,
In the transition flow regime the total pressure gradient is obtained by
linear interpolation between the slug and mist flow toundaries, as descrited
in the discussion of the Duns and Kos method.
708
Limits: Np, > Ly
‘The method of Duns and Ros was used to calculate the pressure
gradient when flow falls into the mist flow regime.Cate. oF
obtain 4, ,,|
Calculate
Cale. dp/az
by MIST fl
method
Interpolate
between SLUG
& MIST for
‘TRANSITION
FLOW GHART FOR CALCULATING PRESSURE GRADIENT
‘BY ORKISZEWSKI METHOD3-40
Example Problem by Orkiszewski Method
Given:
Vag 7 4:09 ft/sec p= 729 pe a
Vay, 7 2665 ft/sec T= 128° F
a= 0.249 fe by 7 18 ep
By 7 6-02 by 7 9-018 ep
Nyy 7 929 Py + 56-6 Ibm/eu Ft
¥, = 7.87 Lbm/sec 9, 7 2.84 Lbn/eu ft
e/a = .0006
Neglecting acceleration, calculate the floving pressure gradient at these
condition
1. Celeulate flow regine limits
L, = 50 + 368, = 50 + 36(6.02) = 266.72
7 75 75
B= 75 + 86N,°75 = 75 + 96 (6.02)'79 = 397.8
2
0.2218 Ym 22218 (4.09 + 2.65)”
Ly = 1-071 - ri = 1.071 - aos = 1.071 - 41.99
= = 40.02
but L, is restricted to be > 0.13,
therefore L, = 0.13
v,
BE ES - 0.61
ig 074
«+ Determine flow regime
y,
5 a
Since JER > Ly and Hy <1,, flow ragine te
3. Determine tvo-phase density
a, aan ty) * He Yen +, 6
vo > Vy
n> Yb
Need v, and 6
Determine v,
Mae, 7 1688 Pyyat/iy = 1488 (56.6) (6.74) (.249)/18 = 78503-41
4a
Since this exceeds Limit of graph for C), (Fig. 3.16), v, must be
calculated using extrapolation equations.
Guess v, = 1.75
Neb = 1488 yyy lay = 1488 (56.6) (1-75) (.249)/18 = 2040
Since Hy, < 3000,
Vy 7 (546 + 8.76 x 10°? ¥) ga = 0.615(2.03) = 1.74
Determine &
Since oll is continuous phase end v, <10, use €9,3.52
8 = 0127 loge, + abel. 204 + .167 log yy + +113 log 4
= + .097
& 4s constrained by
8 2 -.065 vy, = --065(6.74) = -.438
=.097 > -.438
Therefore, 8 = -.097
a 36.6(2.65+ 1.74) + 2.84 (4.09)
6.74 + 1.7% = (.097)(56.6)
= 25,15 Ib/cu ft
Determine friction gradient
From Fig. 3.9 , for Np, = 7850 and e/d = -0006,
£ = .036
2265 + 1.75 . .
[est ST ~ .097] = 5.46(.621)
(2), = 2.29 pat/te342
5. Determine total pressure gradient
$B = 25,15 + 2.29 = 27.44 BE 0,191 pat/te