Solutions for: Review of Dierential Calculus for Integral Calculus

Students.

1.
Find y
y=

ex
4 + ex2

Solution:
Remembering the quotient rule and our rule for dierentiating the exponential we begin:
d N
DN N D
=
dx D
D2
2

y =

d f (x)
e
= ef (x) f (x)
dx
2

(4 + ex )ex ex ex 2x
ex
=
2 2
x
(4 + e )

(1 2x) + 4ex
(4 + ex2 )2

+x

2.
Find y
y = x arctan(x2 ) ln(1 + x4 )
Solution:
Remembering our rules to dierentiate products, arctan and logs:
d
(F S) = F S +SF
dx

y = x

d
f (x)
arctan(f (x)) =
dx
1 + (f (x))2

d
f (x)
ln(f (x)) =
dx
f (x)

4x3
2x2 + (1 + x4 ) arctan(x2 ) 4x3
2x
2
+
arctan(x
)

=
1 + x4
1 + x4
1 + x4

3.
Find y

y = ex arcsec(ex )

1 e2x

Solution:
The rule to dierentiate products and the exponential function have already
been given so all we need is a rule to dierentiate the arcsec function and the
generalized power rule.
d
f (x)

arcsec(f (x)) =
dx
f (x) 1 (f (x))2
y = ex

ex

d
(f (x))n = n(f (x))n1 f (x)
dx

1
ex
1
+ ex arcsec(ex ) (1 e2x ) 2 (e2x 2) =
2x
2
1e

ex
e2x
ex + e2x
+ ex arcsec(ex ) +
=
+ ex arcsec(ex )
1 e2x
1 e2x
1 e2x

4.
Find y
arcsin(x2 )
y=
1 x4
Solution:
The only new formula we will need is a formula to dierentiate the arcsin
function.
d
f (x)
arcsin(f (x)) =
dx
1 (f (x))2

y =

2x
1 x4 1x
arcsin(x2 ) 12 (1 x4 )
4

1 x4

1
2

4x3
=

2x

After multiplying both numerator and denominator by

y =

2x 1 x4 2x3 arcsin(x2 )
3

(1 x4 ) 2

2x3 arcsin(x2 )

1x4
1 x4

1 x4 gives:

5.
Find y
y = (x2 + 5) sin(1 + x2 ) tan(1 + x2 )
Solution:
For this problem we will need dierentiation formulas for the sin and tan
functions.
d
sin(f (x)) = cos(f (x))f (x)
dx

d
tan(f (x)) = sec2 (f (x))f (x)
dx

y = (x2 + 5) cos(1 + x2 )2x + sin(1 + x2 )2x sec2 (1 + x2 )2x

6.
Find the equation of the tangent line to f when x = 0.
f (x) = (1 + cos(x))sec(x)
Solution:
In order to nd the equation of a tangent line we will need a point on the
line and the lines slope at that point. We are given the x coordinate of our
point so all we need is the y coordinate and the slope. The y coordinate when
x = 0 is y = f (0) = 20 = 1; so we have a point: (0, 1). The slope comes from
the derivative when x = 0. Seeing that f is a function raised to a function we
will rst need to take natural log of both sides and use our properties of logs
before we nd f .
ln(f ) = ln((1 + cos(x))sec(x) )

ln(f ) = sec(x) ln(1 + cos(x))

Dierentiating gives:

f
sin(x)
tan(x)
= sec(x)
+ln(1+cos(x)) sec(x) tan(x) =
+ln(1+cos(x)) sec(x) tan(x)
f
1 + cos(x)
1 + cos(x)
Multiplying by f = (1 + cos(x))sec(x) gives:

(
sec(x)

f (x) = (1 + cos(x))

)
tan(x)
+ ln(1 + cos(x)) sec(x) tan(x)
1 + cos(x)

The slope of the tangent line is f (0) = 0 so the equation of the tangent line
is:
y=1

For the next few problems we will evaluate limits using LHospitals Rule
which states: If
lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0

xc

xc

Then
f (x)
f (x)
= lim
xc g(x)
xc g (x)
lim

Also it says:
If
lim f (x) = lim g(x) =

xc

xc

Then
f (x)
f (x)
= lim
xc g(x)
xc g (x)
lim

LHospitals Rule also works for the case when x .

7.
Evaluate the limit
e2x 2x 1
x0
x2
lim

Solution:

Upon direct evaluation we see

e2x 2x 1
0
=
x0
x2
0
Using LHospitals Rule we get:
lim

2e2x 2
0
=
x0
2x
0
Using LHospitals Rule we get:
lim

4e2x
4
= =2
x0 2
2
lim

8.
Evaluate:
lim sin(x) ln(x)

x0+

Solution:
As x 0+

sin(x) 0+ and ln(x) . The indeterminate form 0

is not a form that LHospitals Rule can handle so we must manipulate this
limit into either of the two forms LHospitals Rule can handle: 00 or
.
lim sin(x) ln(x) = lim+

x0+

x0

ln(x)
=
csc(x)

Applying LHospitals Rule gives:

(
)
sin(x)
lim
= lim+
tan(x) = lim+ tan(x) = 0
x
x0+ csc(x) cot(x)
x0
x0
1
x

Remember from Cal 1

sin(x)
=1
x0
x
lim

9.
Evaluate:

3x2
x (x + 1)2 + 1
lim

Solution:
As x we see both numerator and denominator are approaching .
Applying LHospitals Rule gives:
3x2
6x
= lim
2
x (x + 1) + 1
x 2(x + 1)
lim

This limit is still approaching

lim

Applying LHospitals Rule gives:

6x
6
= lim
=3
2(x + 1) x 2

10.
(

Evaluate:
2

lim x sin

2
x2

Solution:
)

(
As x x2 and sin

0 so we are working with the indeter-

2
x2

minate form 0 . The indeterminate form 0 is not a form that LHospitals

Rule can handle so we must manipulate this limit into either of the two forms
LHospitals Rule can handle:

0
0

or

(
(
lim x2 sin

2
x2

2
x2

sin
= lim

1
x2

0
0

Applying LHospitals Rule gives:

)

(
sin
lim

1
x2

2
x2

2
x2

cos
= lim

4
x3

(
= lim 2 cos

2
x3

11.
(

Evaluate:
lim

Solution:

x
3
x +1

)(

x5/2
1

2
x2

)
=2

(
lim

x
x3 + 1

)(

x5/2
1

(
= lim

x3
3
x +1

)
=

Applying LHospitals Rule gives:

x3
3x2
=
lim
=1
x x3 + 1
x 3x2
lim

12.
Evaluate:
2

lim (e4x + x) x

Solution:
As x

(e4x + x) and

2
x
0
0

. To manipulate this into either

and take log of both sides.
0

0 so we have the indeterminate form

or

we start by setting the limit to y

(
)
2
ln(y) = lim ln (e4x + x) x =

y = lim (e4x + x) x
x

2 ln(e4x + x)
2
ln(e4x + x) = lim
=
x
x x
x

Applying LHospitals Rule gives:

ln(y) = lim

ln(y) = lim 2
x

4e4x + 1

=
e4x + x

Applying LHospitals Rule gives:

ln(y) = lim 2
x

16e4x

=
4e4x + 1

Applying LHospitals Rule gives:

ln(y) = lim 2
x

64e4x
=24=8
16e4x

So ln(y) = 8; therefore
2

y = lim (e4x + x) x = e8
x

13.

Evaluate:

(
)3x
2
lim 1 +
x
x

Solution:
As x 1+ x2 to1 and 3x , so we are dealing with the indeterminate

form 1 . To manipulate this into either 00 or

we start by setting the limit
to y and take log of both sides.
(
)3x
2
y = lim 1 +
x
x

(
)3x
2
ln(y) = lim ln 1 +
x
x

(
)
2
ln(y) = lim 3x ln 1 +
= lim
x
x
x

(
)
2
3 ln 1 + x
=

1
x

0
0

Applying LHospitals Rule gives:

(
ln(y) = lim

6
x2
2
1+ x

1
x2

)
(
= lim

1+

)(

6
x2
2
x

x2
1

)
= lim

6
1+

2
x

=6

So
(
y = lim

2
1+
x

)3x
= e6

14.
Evaluate.

(x 2)(x 1)
dx
x

Solution:
Since we do not have a product or quotient rule for integrals we begin by
multiplying out our product and dividing out our quotient.

(x 2)(x 1)
dx =
x

x2 3x + 2
dx =
x

)
(
2
x2
x3+
dx =
3x + 2 ln |x| + C
x
2

15.
Evaluate.

tan2 (x)dx

Solution:
Since we do not have an integral formula for tan2 (x) but we do have an
integral formula for sec2 (x) and they are related by the trig identity 1+tan2 (x) =
sec2 (x) we proceed as follows:

tan2 (x)dx =

(sec2 (x) 1)dx =

 4
(
)
( )



tan(x) x = tan
tan(0) 0 = 1
4
4
4
0

16.
Evaluate.

x3 2x
dx
x4 4x2 1

Solution:
Recognizing the degree of the numerator is one degree less that the degree
of the denominator we will begin by substituting for the denominator.

x3 2x
dx
x4 4x2 1

u = x4 4x2 1

du = (4x3 8x)dx

1
du = (x3 2x)dx
4

Under this substitution our integral becomes

1
4

1
1
du
= ln |u| + C = ln |x4 4x2 1| + C
u
4
4

17.
Evaluate.

1 + tan(x)
dx
cos2 (x)
Solution:
Here I see the derivative of 1 + tan(x) involved in the problem so I will
substitute for it.

1 + tan(x)
dx
cos2 (x)

u = 1 + tan(x)

du = sec2 (x)dx =

dx
cos2 (x)

Under this substitution our integral becomes

u 2 du =

3
2 3
2
u 2 + C = (1 + tan(x)) 2 + C
3
3

18.
Evaluate.

x2

3
dx
+ 14x 33

Solution:
When integrating a constant over a square root of a quadratic start by
completing the square on the quadratic.

x2 + 14x 33 = (x2 14x) 33 = (x2 14x + 49 49) 33 =

(
)
(x 7)2 49 33 = (x 7)2 + 49 33 = (x 7)2 + 16

dx =
2
x + 14x 33

3
42

(x 7)2

dx

u=x7

du = dx

du

= 3 arcsin
2
4 u2

( )
(
)
u
x7
+ C = 3 arcsin
+C
4
4

19.
Evaluate.

e2x
dx
4 + e4x

Solution:
This integral looks closest to our arctan formula.
1
du = e2x dx
2
Under this substitution our integral becomes
u = e2x

1
2

du = 2e2x dx

du
1 1
= arctan
22 + u2
2 2

( )
( 2x )
u
1
e
+ C = arctan
+C
2
4
2

20.
Evaluate.

cos(2x)
dx
sin(x) cos(x)

Solution:
Using the trig identity cos(2x) = cos2 (x) sin2 (x)

cos(2x)
dx =
sin(x) cos(x)

cos2 (x) sin2 (x)

dx =
sin(x) cos(x)

(cos(x) sin(x))(cos(x) + sin(x))

dx
(cos(x) sin(x))

21.
Evaluate.

(cos(x) + sin(x))dx = (sin(x) cos(x)) + C

e3x e3x
dx
e3x + e3x

Solution:

u = e3x + e3x

du = (3e3x 3e3x )dx

e3x e3x
1
dx =
3x
3x
e +e
3

1
du = (e3x e3x )dx
3

du
1
1
= ln |u| + C = ln |e3x + e3x | + C
u
3
3

22.
Evaluate.

x3
dx
4 + x8

Solution:

u = x4

x3
1
dx =
8
4+x
4

du = 4x3 dx

du
1 1
= arctan
2
2
2 +u
4 2

1
du = x3 dx
4
( )
( 4)
u
1
x
+ C = arctan
+C
2
8
2

23.
Evaluate.

dx
(x 5) x2 10x 11

Solution:
Completing the square on the contents of the square root gives:

x2 10x 11 = x2 10x + 25 25 11 = (x 5)2 36

1
dx =
2
(x 5) x 10x 11

u=x5

dx
(x 5) (x 5)2 62
du = dx

dx =
dx =
2
2
2
u u 62
(x 5) (x 5) 6
( )
(
)
u
x5
1
1
arcsec
+ C = arcsec
+C
6
6
6
6

24.
Evaluate.

6x + 3
dx
x2 + 6x + 45

Solution:
To integrate a linear equation divided by a non-factorable quadratic start
by substituting for the quadratic.
u = x2 + 6x + 45

du = (2x + 6)dx

Seeing that we have a 6x in the numerator I will manipulate du so it too has

a 6x.
3du = (6x + 18)dx
Were this integral to be:

6x + 18
dx
x2 + 6x + 45

we would have a useful substitution and the integral would be easy. The
solution to this problem is to force a 6x + 18 into the numerator by adding and
subtracting 15 in the numerator.

6x + 3
dx =
2
x + 6x + 45

6x + 3 + 15 15
dx =
x2 + 6x + 45

6x + 18 15
dx
x2 + 6x + 45

Now I will separate this integral into two integrals: the rst will the part
that we can handle with our substitution and the second will be whatever is
leftover.

6x + 18 15
6x + 18
15
dx =
dx +
dx
2
2
2
x + 6x + 45
x + 6x + 45
x + 6x + 45
The rst integral we have a substitution for and for the second integral, a
linear equation divided by a non-factorable quadratic, I will complete the square
on the quadratic.
x2 + 6x + 45 = x2 + 6x + 9 9 + 45 = (x + 3)2 + 36

6x + 18
dx +
x2 + 6x + 45

3 ln |u| 15

1
arctan
6

15
dx = 3
x2 + 6x + 45

du
15
u

dx
=
62 + (x + 3)2

)
(
)
x+3
5
x+3
+ C = 3 ln |x2 + 6x + 45| arctan
+C
6
2
6

25.
Evaluate.

2x3 + 6x2 + 8x + 27
dx
x2 + 4

Solution:
To integrate a rational function with the degree of the numerator greater
than or equal to the degree of the denominator always start with long division.
2x + 6
)
2
3
2
x +4
2x + 6x + 8x + 27
2x3

8x
6x2
6x2

+ 27
24
3

2x3 + 6x2 + 8x + 27
dx =
x2 + 4

(
2x + 6 +

1
x + 6x + 3 arctan
2
2

)
3
dx =
x2 + 4

( )
x
+C
2

26.
Evaluate.

1
dx
1+ x

Solution:
Substituting for the denominator gives:
u=1+

dx
du =
2 x

Seeing all we have in the numerator is just a dx we need to solve for dx in

terms of u and du alone.
u1=

2(u 1)du = dx

Under this substitution our integral becomes

1
dx =
1+ x

2(u ln |u|) + C = 2(1 +

2(u 1)du
=2
u

x ln |1 +

x|) + C = 2( x ln |1 + x|) + C

27.
Evaluate.

Solution:

)
(
1
1
du =
u

1
dx

x 1x

Trying to force this into the arcsin integral we must treat 1 x as the a2 u2
we see in our arcsin formula we make the substitution:
u=

dx
du =
2 x

1
dx = 2

x 1x

dx
2du =
x

du
= 2 arcsin(u) + C = 2 arcsin( x) + C
2
1u

28.
Evaluate.

e4x 1
dx
e4x + 1

Solution:
Seeing the similarity between this integral and problem 21 above I will start
be multiplying both numerator and denominator by e2x .

e4x 1
dx =
e4x + 1

u = e2x + e2x

e4x 1 e2x

dx =
e4x + 1 e2x

du = (2e2x 2e2x )dx

e2x e2x
1
dx =
2x
2x
e +e
2

e2x e2x
dx
e2x + e2x
1
du = (e2x e2x )dx
2

du
1
1
= ln |u| + C = ln |e2x + e2x | + C
u
2
2