M U

Trong mn Ton trng THPT, bt ng thc ngy cng c quan tm

ng mc v t ra c sc hp dn mnh m nh v p v tnh c o ca
phng php v k thut gii chng cng nh yu cu cao v t duy cho ngi
gii.
Cc bi ton bt ng thc khng nhng rn luyn t duy sng to, tr thng
minh m cn em li say m v yu thch mn Ton ca ngi hc.
C nhiu phng php chng minh bt ng thc: phng php bin i
tng ng, phng php phn chng, phng php quy npMt iu quan
trng l s dng cc k thut bin i linh hot, ph hp chng minh bi
ton trong tng phng php nhm c hiu qu tt nht.
Trong qu trnh ging dy khi ng trc mt bi ton bt ng thc tc gi
thng t ra cc cu hi:
- Vai tr cc bin trong bt ng thc nh th no?
- Du bng xy ra khi no?
- Bt ng thc c ng bc khng?
- Biu thc no ln, b trong bt ng thc?
- Cng thc, ng thc no lin quan n bt ng thc?
-
Vic tr li cc cu hi ny gip chng ta nh hng cch gii, nh gi cc
biu thc, s dng cng thc, bt ng thc quen thuc, thay i hnh thc ca
bt ng thc gii quyt bi ton.
Trong bi vit ny, tc gi a ra mt s k thut, phng php chng minh
bt ng thc (bao gm cc tng, cc v d v bi tp). L thuyt bt ng
thc (cc khi nim, tnh cht ) khng c trnh by.

NI DUNG
1.

K thut thm bt
A
B

S dng: A A B B B to ra cc b phn mi hai v ca bt

ng thc m c th nh gi c cc b phn vi nhau
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:
a2
b2
c2 a b c

bc c a a b
2

Phn tch: - BT ng bc nht

- Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
- Biu thc thm vo l bc nht
Hng dn:
a2 b c

2a
bc 4
Bi 2: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:
a3
b3
c3
a 2 b2 c 2

b 2c c 2a a 2b
3

Phn tch: - BT ng bc hai

- Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
- Biu thc thm vo l bc hai
Hng dn:
a3 a(b 2c) 2 2

a
b 2c
9
3
2
2
ab bc ca a b c 2
Bi 3: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:
(1 a3 )(1 b3 )(1 c3 ) (1 ab2 )(1 bc 2 )(1 ca 2 )

Phn tch: - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c

Hng dn:

(1 a3 )(1 b3 )(1 b3 ) 1 3 a3b3c3 1 ab2

3

Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

a 5 b5 c5
1) 2 2 2 a3 b3 c3
b c
a

2)

a3
b3
c3
a bc

2
2
2
(b c ) ( c a ) ( a b )
4

a3
b3
c3
abc

3)
b(c a ) c (a b) a (b c)
2
a4
b4
c4

abc
4) 2
bc ca 2 ab 2
a3
b3
c3
abc
2
2

5) 2
2
2
2
a ab b b bc c c ca a
3

Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

6)

a 5 b5 c5

1
b4 c 4 a 4

7)

a
b
c
3 3

bc ca a b
2

Chng minh rng trong tam gic nhn ABC, ta c:

8)

1
1
1

6
cosA cosB cosB

9)

1
1
1
6

2 cos2A 2 cos2B 2 cos2B 5

10)

1
1
1
27

cosA+cosB+cosC
cosAcosB cosBcosC cosCcosA
2

2.

K thut san s
Xc nh: i lng ln, i lng b v chn cch san s ph hp
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi x,y>0 v x+y=1, ta c:
1
1
4 xy 7
2
x y xy
2

Phn tch: - Vai tr x,y ging nhau

- D on du bng xy ra khi x=y=
- i lng ln:

1
2

1
1
; i lng b: 2 2 ;4xy
xy
x y

Hng dn:
1
1
1
1
1
1
4 xy 2 2 4 xy
2
x y xy
x y 2 xy 4 xy
4 xy
2

(1 1) 2
1
1
2 2
2
.4 xy
7
x y 2 xy
4 xy
( x y)2

Bi 2: Chng minh rng trong tam gic nhn ABC, ta c:

1
1
1
15

cosA+cosB+cosC
cosA cosB cosB
2

Phn tch: - Vai tr A,B,C ging nhau

- D on du bng xy ra khi A=B=C=600
- i lng ln:

1
1
1

; i lng b: cosA+cosB+cosC
cosA cosB cosC

Hng dn:
1
1
1

cosA+cosB+cosC
cosA cosB cosC
1
1
1

4cosA
+4cosB
4cosC
cosA
cosB
cosC
9 15
-3(cosA cosB cosC) 4 4 4
2 2

Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

1)

2(a 3 b3 c 3 ) 9(a b c)3

2
33
abc
a b2 c2

2) a 4 b4 c 4 a 2b 2 b 2c 2 c 2 a 2 a 3b b3c c 3a ab3 bc 3 ca 3
3) Cho x,y>0 v x+y=1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
P

3
2
1
1
4 xy; Q 2

2
2
x y
xy
x y
xy
2

3.

K thut nhm i xng

Bt ng thc dng i xng (vai tr ca cc bin l nh nhau). Khi
chng ta c th nh gi mt b phn ca v ny vi b phn tng ng ca v
kia. Tng t, suy ra cc kt qu i vi cc b phn cn li v thu c bt
ng thc cn chng minh.
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:
bc ca ab
abc
a b c

Phn tch: - BT ng bc nht

- Vai tr a,b,c
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
Hng dn:
bc ca
bc ca
2 . 2b
a b
a b

Bi 2: Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c:

A
B
C
sin A sin B sin C cos cos cos
2
2
2

Phn tch: - Vai tr A,B,C ging nhau

- D on du bng xy ra khi A=B=C=600
Hng dn:
sin A sin B 2(sin A sin B)
4sin

A B
C
2 cos
2
2

Bi 3: Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c:

sin A sin B sin C sin

A 3B B 3C C 3 A
sin
sin
4
4
4

Hng dn:
sin

A 3B 1 A B
3
1
sin
sin B sin A sin B
4
2
2
4
4

1
.4. 4 sin A sin 3 B 4 sin A sin 3 B
4

Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

a 2 b2 c2 a b c
1) 2 2 2
b
c
a
c a b

2)

ab
bc
ca
a bc

ab bc ca
2

Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c:

3) sin 2 A sin 2B sin 2C sin A sin B sin C
A
2

B C
2 2
1
1
1
1
1
1

A
B
C
5) sin 2 A sin 2 A sin 2 A
cos2
cos2
cos 2
2
2
2
A
B
C
6) n sin A n sin B n sin C n cos n cos n cos
2
2
2

4) cos A cos BcosC sin sin sin

4.

K thut ng bc ho
S dng gi thit bin i BT v dng ng bc chng minh.
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b>0 v a+b=1, ta c:
ab(a 2 b2 )

1
8

Phn tch: - BT khng ng bc

- Vai tr a,b ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b
- S dng gii thit ng bc ho
Hng dn:
1
ab(a 2 b2 ) (a b)4
8
4
(a b) 8ab(a 2 b2 ) 0
( a b) 4 0

Bi 2: vi mi a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1. Chng minh rng :

a 2 b2 c 2 2 3abc 1

Phn tch: - BT khng ng bc

- Vai tr a,b ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=

1
3

- S dng gii thit ng bc ho

Hng dn:
a 2 b 2 c 2 2 3abc(a b c) (a b c)2
3abc(a b c) (ab bc ca )
3abc(a b c) (ab bc ca )2

Bi tp:
1) Cho a,b,c>0, tho iu kin:
2

a 3 a 3 a 3 3
2

Chng minh rng : a 2 b2 c 2 a 3 b 3 c 3

2) Cho a,b>0, tho iu kin:

ab 2
Chng minh rng : 2 a 2 b2 a3 b3 a 4 b4

3) Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c: a+b+c=0, ta c:

16a 16b 16c 2a 2b 2c

5.

K thut chun ho
S dng tnh cht ng bc ca BT chun ho. Vic chn i tng
chun ho l rt quan trng.
Cc v d:
Bi 1:
Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh rng:
a (b c)
b (c a )
c (a b)
6

2
2
2
2
2
2
(b c ) a ( c a ) b ( a b ) c
5

Phn tch: - BT ng bc
- Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
- Chun ho: a + b + c = 1
Hng dn:

a (1 a )
b(1 b)
c(1 c)

2
2
1 2a 2a 1 2b 2b 1 2c 2c 2

Theo Csi: 2a(1-a)

2a 1 a

a 1 2

=> 1- 2a + 2a = 1 - 2a (1- a) 12

=>

a 1 2

1 a a 3
4

>0

a (1 a )
4a (1 a )
a
3

4
4 1

2
(1 a )(a 3)
a3
a 3
1 2a 2a

=> VT 4

(1

3
3
3
) (1
) (1
)
a3
b3
c 3

= 4 3 3(

1
1
1
6

a 3 b 3 c 3
5

Bi 2: Cho a, b, c>0. Chng minh rng:

6(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2) 27abc + 10 (a2+b2+c2)3/2 (1)
Phn tch: - BT ng bc
- Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
- Chun ho: a2 + b2 + c2 =9
Hng dn: (1) <=> 2(a + b + c) - abc 10
VT = 2(a+b+c) - abc = 2a - abc + 2(b+c) = a(2-bc) + 2(b+c)
VT2 [a2 + (b+c)2] [(2- bc)2 + 4]
G/s: a b c do a2 + b2 + c2 = 9 => a2 3

b2 c2 9 a2

3
t t = bc do bc
2
2

Nn VT2 (9+2bc) [(2-bc)2 + 4] = (9 + 2t) [(2-t)2 + 4] = f(t) vi -3 t

3
Kho st f(t) => f(t) max f(t) = 100 => VT 10 pcm
1) (a+b) (b+c) (c+a) + abc
2)

1
3

(a + b + c)3;

8abc
a 2 b2 c2
+ (a b)(b c)(c a) 2 ;
ab bc ca

3) a, b, c > 0:

a, b, c > 0

a, b, c > 0

(a b c) 2 1 a 3 b 3 c 3 a 2 b 2 c 2

abc
ab bc ca
a 2 b 2 c 2 2

4) a, b, c > 0: (a + b + c) ( a b b c c a )+

4abc
5
( a b)(b c)(c a )

6.
K thut lng gic ho
K thut lng gic ho vi mc ch thay i hnh thc ca bi ton chng
minh mt BT i s thnh vic chng minh BT lng gic. K thut ny
c xc nh thng qua min gi tr ca cc bin, cc cng thc lng gic
v cc ng thc lng gic lin quan.
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng:
a 1 b2 b 1 a 2 3(ab (1 a 2 )(1 b 2 ) 2

Phn tch: - K: 1 a, b 1
- Cng thc lng gic lin quan sin 2 cos 2 1
- Lng gic ho
Hng dn:
a sin
t:
; , 0;

b sin

VT= 2 sin( ) 2
3

Bi 2: Cho x,y,z>0; zy+yz+zx=1. Chng minh rng:

x
y
z 3 3

2
2
2
1 x 1 y 1 z
2
A B
2 2

B C
2 2

C
2

A
2

Phn tch: - ng thc lng gic lin quan tg tg tg tg tg tg 1

- Lng gic ho
Hng dn:
A
B
C
a t g ;b t g ;c t g
t:
; ABC l tam gic nhn
2
2
2
1
3 3
VT tgA tgB tgC
2
2
Bi 3: Cho a,b,c l cc s dng tha mn:

1 1 1

6
a 2b 3c

Chng minh rng:

a
b
c
1

a 36bc b 9ca c 4ab 27

Hng dn:
VT

1
1
1
36bc
9ca
4ab
1
1
1
a
b
c

t
T gi thit ta c:
Suy ra,

36bc
cotg 2
a
bc ca
6
3
2
a
b

A
9ca
B
,
cotg 2
,
2
b
2
ab
bc
ca
6
3
2
c
a
b
A
B
cotg cotg
ab
2
2 tg A B
2

A
B
c
2
cotg cotg 1
2
2

0 A, B
ab
c
cotg

C
2

vi A,B,C l ba gc ca mt tam gic

Vy

VT

1
1 cotg 2

A
B
C
1 cotg 2
1 cotg 2
2
2
2
2

sin 2

A 2B
C 1
A-B
A+B
C
sin
sin cos
cos
sin
2
2
2 4
2
2
2
2

1
A-B
C
C 1
C
C
cos
sin sin 1 sin sin
4
2
2
2 4
2
2

1

8

C
1 sin

C
C
C
1
2

1 sin 1 sin 2sin

2
2 8
2

C
C
1 sin 2sin

2
2 1
3
27

Bi tp: 1) Cho 0<a,b,c<1. Chng minh rng:

abc (1 a)(1 b)(1 c) 1

2) Chng minh rng:

(a b)(1 ab) 1

(1 a 2 )(1 b2 ) 2

3) Chng minh rng:

a b
a 2 1 b2 1

bc
b2 1 c2 1

ca
c2 1 a2 1

4) Cho a,b,c>0 v abc+a+c=b. Tm GTLN

P

2
2
3
2 2
a 1 b 1 c 1
2

KT LUN
Bi vit trnh by mt s k thut chng minh bt ng thc, cc tng, v
d v bi tp c sp xp mt cch c h thng nhm gip cho i tng
hc sinh c iu kin n tp, nghin cu, pht trin.
Do trnh cn hn ch nn trong bi vit khng th trnh khi nhng sai st
v trnh by cng nh v chuyn mn. Rt mong bn c gp kin.
Xin chn thnh cm n.