Chapter 2

Network
Models
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2.1 Layered Tasks

Sender, Receiver, and

Carrier
Hierarchy
Services
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Figure 2.1

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Sending a letter

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2.2 Internet Model

Peer-to-Peer Processes
Functions of Layers
Summary of Layers
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Figure 2.2

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Internet layers

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Figure 2.3

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Peer-to-peer processes

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Figure 2.4

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An exchange using the Internet model

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Figure 2.5

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Physical layer

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Note:
The physical layer is responsible for
transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next.

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Figure 2.6

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Data link layer

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Note:
The data link layer is responsible for
transmitting frames from
one node to the next.

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Figure 2.7

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Node-to-node delivery

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Example 1
InFigure2.8anodewithphysicaladdress10sendsa
frametoanodewithphysicaladdress87.Thetwonodes
areconnectedbyalink.Atthedatalinklevelthisframe
containsphysicaladdressesintheheader.Thesearethe
onlyaddressesneeded.Therestoftheheadercontains
otherinformationneededatthislevel.Thetrailerusually
containsextrabitsneededforerrordetection

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Figure 2.8

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Example 1

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Figure 2.9

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Network layer

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Note:
The network layer is responsible for
the delivery of packets from the
original source to the
final destination.

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Figure 2.10

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Source-to-destination delivery

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Example 2
InFigure2.11wewanttosenddatafromanodewith
networkaddressAandphysicaladdress10,locatedon
oneLAN,toanodewithanetworkaddressPand
physicaladdress95,locatedonanotherLAN.Because
thetwodevicesarelocatedondifferentnetworks,we
cannotusephysicaladdressesonly;thephysical
addressesonlyhavelocaljurisdiction.Whatweneedhere
areuniversaladdressesthatcanpassthroughtheLAN
boundaries.Thenetwork(logical)addresseshavethis
characteristic.

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Figure 2.11 Example 2

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Figure 2.12

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Transport layer

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Note:
The transport layer is responsible for
delivery of a message from one process
to another.

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Figure 2.12

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Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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Example 3
Figure2.14showsanexampleoftransportlayer
communication.Datacomingfromtheupperlayershave
portaddressesjandk(jistheaddressofthesending
process,andkistheaddressofthereceivingprocess).
Sincethedatasizeislargerthanthenetworklayercan
handle,thedataaresplitintotwopackets,eachpacket
retainingtheportaddresses(jandk).Theninthenetwork
layer,networkaddresses(AandP)areaddedtoeach
packet.

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Figure 2.14

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Example 3

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Figure 2.15

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Application layer

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Note:
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.

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Figure 2.16

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Summary of duties

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2.3 OSI Model

A comparison

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Figure 2.17

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OSI model

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Note:
The OSI model is briefly discussed in
Appendix C.

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