an univ.

2006/2007

SEMINAR NR. 1, REZOLVARI

Algebr
a liniar
a

LINIARA

ALGEBRA
1. MATRICE. DETERMINANTI.
SISTEME DE ECUATII

LINIARE
Exerci
tiul 4. S
a se rezolve, folosind metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) urm
atoarele
sisteme8:
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 2x4 = 6
>
>
<
2x1 x2 2x3 3x4 = 8
a)
3x1 + 2x2 x3 + 2x4 = 4
>
>
:
2x1 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 8;
Rezolvare.
Metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) - Varianta 1 :
a sistemul initial intr-un sistem echivalent de form
a
Etapa 1. Se transform
superior triunghiular
a efectund transform
ari elementare asupra liniilor matricei extinse (adun
ari de linii, nmultirea unei linii cu un scalar nenul, permut
ari
de linii) dup
a algoritmul :
pas1. Se p
astreaz
a prima linie si se face zero pe prima coloan
a sub diagonala
principal
a a matricei extinse ;
pas2. Se p
astreaz
a prima si a doua linie si se face zero pe a doua coloan
a sub
diagonala principal
a a matricei de la pas1 ;
0
s.a.m.d.
1
0
1
1
2
3
2
6
6
j1j 2
3
2
B 0 j 5j
B 2
pas1
8 C
4 C
8
1
1
2
3
C
B
C
B
@ 0
@ 3
4 A
14 A
2
1 2
4
10 8
l1
8
20
2
3 2
1
0
7
4
5
2l + l
1

1
B 0
B
@ 0
0
0

1
B 0
B
@ 0
0
Etapa

2
5
0
0

3
8
18
36

2
1
36
18

3l1 + l3
2l1 + l4
1
0
pas
1
6
intermediar B 0
4 C
C
B
@ 0
54 A
l1
72
0
l2
( 1=18) l3
(1=18) l4

2
5
0
0

3
8
j1j
2

2
1
2
1

1
6
4 C
C
3 A
4

1
2
3
2
6
5
8 1
4 C
C
0
1
2
3 A
0
0
5
10
2. S-a obtinut sistemul superior triunghiular echivalent cu cel initial

pas2

l1
l2
4l2 + 5l3
7l2 + 5l4
pas3

l1
l2
l3
2l3 + l4

8
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 2x4 = 6
>
>
<
5x2 8x3 + x4 = 4
"
x3 2x4 = 3
>
>
:
5x4 = 10
Se rezolv
a recursiv sistemul anterior
8
x1 = ::: = 1
>
>
<
x2 = ::: = 2
"
x3 = 3 + 2x4 = 1
>
>
:
x4 = 2
Metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) - Varianta 2 :
Etapa 1. Aceeasi cu Etapa 1 de la Varianta 1.
a matricea superior triunghiular
a obtinut
a la Etapa 1
Etapa 1. Se transform
ntr-o matrice diagonal
a efectund transform
ari elementare asupra liniilor dup
a
algoritmul :
pas1. Se p
astreaz
a ultima linie si se face zero pe ultima coloan
a a primului
bloc deasupra diagonalei principale a matricei de la Etapa1 ;
pas2. Se p
astreaz
a ultima si penultima linie si se face zero pe penultima
coloan
a a primului bloc deasupra diagonalei principale a matricei de la pas1;
0
s.a.m.d.
1
1
0
1 2
3
2
5 10
15 0
6
10
0
B 0
B 0
5
8 1
25
40 0
pas10
4 C
10 C
C
C pas2
B
B
A
A
@ 0 0
@
1
2
3
5
0
0
j5j 0
5l1 + 2l4
l1 3l3
10
10
0 0
0 j5j
0
0
0
5
5l
l
l + 8l
2

5l3 + 2l4
l4

1
0
25
25
0
0 0
B 0
pas30
50 C
25 0 0
C
B
5 A 5l + 2l @ 0
0
5 0
1
2
10
0
0
0 5
l2
l3
l4
Etapa
2.
S-a
ob
t
inut
sistemul
diagonal
echivalent cu cel initial
8
8
25x
=
25
x
=
1
>
>
1
1
>
>
<
<
25x2
= 50
x2 = 2
,
5x
=
5
x3 = 1
>
>
3
>
>
:
:
5x4 = 10
x4 = 2:
Multimea solutiilor sistemului este S = f(1; 2; 1; 2)g :
8
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 x4 = 1
>
>
>
>
< 3x1 + 2x2 + x3 x4 = 1
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 + x4 = 1
b)
>
>
2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 x4 = 1
>
>
:
5x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 2;
Metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) - Varianta 1 :
Etapa 1.
0

5
10
B 0 j 25j
B
@ 0
0
0
0

0 0
0 0
5 0
0 5

1
25
50 C
C
5 A
10

l3
l4

0
B
B
B
B
@

j1j
3
2
2
5

2 3
2 1
3 1
2 2
5 2

1
1
1
1
2

1
1
1
1
0

C
C
C
C
A

0
B
B
B
B
@

pas1

1
2
0 j 4j
0
1
0
2
0
5

3
8
5
4
13

1
2
3
1
5

1
2
1
1
3

1
C
C
C
C
A

pas2

l1
l1
l2
3l1 + l2
l2 + 4l3
2l1 + l3
l2 + 2l4
2l1 + l4
5l2 + 4l5
5l1 + l5
1
0
1
0
1 2
3
1
1
1
1 2
3
1
B 0
B
4
8
2
2 C
2 C
4
8
2
C
B
C pas2 B 0
B 0 0 j 12j 10
C
B 0 0
2 C
2
12
10
C
B
C
B
@ 0 0
@ 0 0
l1
0 A
0 A
0
0
0
0
l2
0
2
0 0
0
0
0 0
12
10
l3
l4
l3 + l 5
Etapa 2. S-a obtinut sistemul superior triunghiular echivalent cu cel initial
8
< x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 x4 = 1
4x2 8x3 + 2x4 = 2
"
:
12x3 + 10x4 = 2
Se rezolv
a recursiv sistemul anterior. Cum
1
0
0

2
2
0

3
4
6

= 1 2 ( 6) =

12 6= 0

se noteaz
a x4 = 2 R si se obtine
8
x
= 16 (1 + 5 )
>
1
>
<
x2 = 16 (1 7 )
"
x3 = 16 (1 + 5 )
>
>
:
x4 = ; 2 R.
Multimea solutiilor sistemului este
S=

x 2 R4 j x =

1
1
(1 + 5 ) ; (1
6
6

7 );

1
(1 + 5 ) ;
6

8
< x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1
2x1 x2 + x3 x4 = 2
c)
:
x1 2x2 2x4 = 1:
Metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) - Varianta 1 :
Etapa 1.
0
1
0
1
1
1
j1j 1 1 1
pas1
@ 2
@ 0 j 3j
2 A
1 1
1
l1
1
0
3
1
2 0
2
2l1 + l2
l1 + l 3

1
1
1

1
3
3

2R :

1
1
0 A
2

pas2

l1
l2
l 2 + l3

1
1
1 1
1
1
@ 0
0 A
3
1
3
2
0 0
0
0
Etapa
2.
S-a
ob
t
inut
sistemul
superior triunghiular echivalent cu cel initial
8
< x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1
3x2 x3 3x4 = 0
"
:
0x4 = 2
Sistemul anterior este incompatibil. Multimea solutiilor sistemului este S = .
Exerci
tiul 7. Folosind metoda elimin
arii (Gauss), s
a se rezolve urm
atorul
sistem

s
i,
dac
a
exist
a
,
s
a
se
determine
inversa
matricei
sistemului
8
< x + 2y + 3z = 14
2x y + z = 3
:
x + y z = 0:
Rezolvare. Dac
a detA 6= 0 atunci 9A 1 2 Mn (R) astfel nct
A A

=A

A = In :

n acest caz
AX = B , X = A

B:

Matriceal, putem transforma

(A jB)

:::

(In A

si, mai mult,

(A jIn j B)

:::

(In A

1 2
3
2
1 1 = 15 6= 0:
1 1
1
Metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) - Varianta 2 :
Etapa 1.
0
1
1 0 0
14
j1j 2
3
pas1
@ 2
0 1 0
3 A
1 1
l1
0 0 1
0
1
1
1
2l1 + l2
l 1 + l3
0
1
1
2
3
1 0 0
14
pas2
@ 0 j 5j
2 1 0
25 A
5
l1
1 0 1
14
0
1
4
l2
l2 + 5l3
0
1
1 2
3
1
0 0
14
@ 0
5
5
2 1 0
25 A
0 0
15
3
1 5
45
La acest exercitiu

Etapa 1.
0
1 2
3
@ 0
5
5
0 0 j 15j
0

5
10
@ 0 j 15j
0
0
0

0
0
15

1
2
3

2
3
3

0 0
1 0
1 5

1
4
1

1
14
pas10
25 A
5l1 + l3
45
3l2 l3
l3
1
25
5
pas20
30 A
5
3l1 + 2l2
45
5
l2
l3
1 pas
15
5
f inal
30 A
5
45
5
1

0
5
15
0
0
@ 0
3 4
15
0
3
1
0
0
15
0
1
1
0
1 0 0
1
3
3
1
4
1
@ 0 1 0
2 A
5
15
3
1
1
1
0 0 1
3
5
15
3
Etapa 2. S-a obtinut sistemul diagonal echivalent cu cel initial
8
0
1
1
1
0
=1
< x1
3
3
4
1 A
x2 = 2
si matricea invers
a A 1 = @ 15
:
15
3
:
1
1
1
x3 = 3
5
15
3

Exerci
tiul 3. Folosind metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) s
a se determine, dac
a
exist
a,0inversele matricelor
1
2
2 3
1 0 A
a) @ 1
1 2 1
2
2 3
1
1 0 = 1 ) 9A 1 :
Rezolvare. Cum
1 2 1
Metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) - Varianta 2 :
Etapa 1.
0
1
1
0
2
2
3
1 0 0
1 0 0
j2j 2 3
pas1
pas2
@ 1
@ 0 j 4j
1 2 0 A
0 1 0 A
3
1 0
l1
l1
1 0 2
0 0 1
1 2 1
0
6
5
l2
l1 + 2l2
3l2 + 2l3
l1 + 2l3
0
1
2 2
3
1 0 0
@ 0
4
3
1 2 0 A
0 0
1
1 6 4
Etapa 1.

2
4
0

3
3
j1j

0
4
0

0
0
1

2
@ 0
0
4
@ 0
0

1
1
1

4
4
1

1
0
2
0 0
0
pas1
@ 0 j
2 0 A
l1 3l3
6 4
0
l2 + 3l3
l3
1 pas 0
16
12
1
f inal
@ 0
20
12 A
6
4
0
0

aA
Etapa 2. S-a obtinut matricea invers
0

1
B 0
c) B
@ 1
1

0
0
1
0

1
1
1
0

1
1
0 C
C
0 A
2

1 0
B 0 j1j
B
@ 0 0
0 0
Etapa 1.
0
1 0
B 0 1
B
@ 0 0
0 0

1
0
j1j
1

1
0
1
0

1
1
0
j1j

1
1
0
1

1
1
0
1

1
1
0
1

l1 + l 3
l1 + l 4
1

0 0 0
0 1 0 C
C
1 0 0 A nu
0 0 1

pas2

e necesar

1
0 0 0
0
0 1 0 C
C pas1
A
1 0 0
l1 l 4
1 0 1
l2 + l 4
l3
l4

0
1
0

4
4
1

0
0
1

1
=@ 1
1

1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0
= 1 ) 9A 1 :
Rezolvare. Cum
1 1 1 0
1 0 0 2
Metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) - Varianta 2 :
Etapa 1.
1
0
0
1 0 0 0
1
j1j 0 1 1
C
B 0 0 1 0
B 0
pas1
0
1
0
0
C
B
B
@ 1 1 1 0
@ 0
0 0 1 0 A
l1
0 0 0 1
0
1 0 0 2
l
0

2
0
4j 0
0
1

4
5
6

0
0
1
0

l1
l2
l3
l3 + l4

1
0
1
1

1
0
1
1

1
B 0
B
@ 0
0

1 0 1 0
B 0 1 0 0
B
@ 0 0 j1j 0
0 0 0 1

1
12
pas20
12 A
2l1 + l2
4
l2
l3
1
3
3 A
4

1
4
1
5
1 6
1
3
3 A:
4

1
1
0
1

pas3

18
20
6

0
1
0
0

2
2
0
1

1
0
1
0

1
pas
0 0 0
intermediar
1 0 0 C
C
0 1 0 A
l1
0 0 1
l3
l2
l4
1
1 0 0 0
1
1 0 1 0 C
1
C
0 1 0 0 A
0
1 1 0 1
1

1
1
1
1

0
1
0
0

1
1
0
1 C
C pas2
A
0
l1 l 3
1
l2
l3
l4

1 0 0 0
B 0 j1j 0 0
B
@ 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

2
2
0
1

2
1
1
1

0
1
0
0

1
1
1 C
C
0 A nu
1

aA
Etapa 2. S-a obtinut matricea invers

pas30

pas nal

e necesar nu e necesar

2
B 2
=B
@ 0
1

2
1
1
1

0
1
0
0

:
1
1
1 C
C:
0 A
1

Exerci
tiul 4. Folosind metoda elimin
arii (Gauss) s
a se determine rangul
matricelor
0
1
j1j 1 1 1 1
B 3 2 1 1
3 C
C
c) B
@ 0 1 2 2 6 A:
5 4 3 3
1
Rezolvare. Rangul unei matrice nu se modic
a dac
a asupra liniilor sale se
efectueaz
a transform
ari elementare (adun
ari de linii, nmultirea unei linii cu un
scalar nenul, permut
ari de linii). Atunci se transform
a matricea initial
a intr-o
matrice cu acelasi rang de form
a superior triunghiular
a efectund transform
ari
elementare asupra liniilor dup
a algoritmul :
pas1. Se p
astreaz
a prima linie si se face zero pe prima coloan
a sub diagonala
principal
a a matricei ;
pas2. Se p
astreaz
a prima linie si a doua linie si se face zero pe a doua coloan
a
sub diagonala principal
a a matricei de la pas1 ;
s.a.m.d.
Rangul matricei initiale este egal cu rangul matricei nale de la algorimul
anterior.
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
j1j 1 1 1 1
B 3 2 1 1
B 0 j 1j
pas1
pas2
2
2
6 C
3 C
B
C
B
C
@ 0 1 2 2 6 A
@ 0
A
1
2
2
6
l1
l1
5 4 3 3
1
0
1
2
2
6
3l1 + l2
l2
0

1
B 0
B
@ 0
0
0

1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
j3j 2
e) @ 3
1
3
5
0

3
@ 0
0

2
3
0

5
8
0

1
2
0
0
5
3
13

1
6
0
0
4
3
11

l3
5l1 + l4
1

l2 + l 3
l 2 + l4

C
C ) rangA = 2:
A

1
A

pas1

l1
l1 + l2
l1 + l3

1
4
7 A ) rangA = 2:
0
7

3
2
@ 0 j 3j
0
3

5
8
8

1
4
7 A
7

pas1

l1
l2
l 2 + l3