Properties of acids

Sour taste (lemons, vinegar)

Corrosive to skin
Change indicators RED
Neutralize bases

ACID

Acids produce hydrogen ions in

water
H+

HCl
H2SO4
hydrochloric
sulfuric
acid
acid

HNO3
nitric
acid

Properties of bases
Taste bitter.
Feel slippery like soap.
Change indicators BLUE
Neutralize acids

BASES

Bases produce hydroxide ions in

water.
OH

NaOH
Ca(OH)2
sodium
calcium
hydroxide
hydroxide

NH4OH
ammonium
hydroxide

Uses of Acids and Bases

Insect Stings:
-- Bee stings are acidic can
be neutralized with baking
soda
-- Wasp stings are basic can
be neutralized with vinegar
Digestion:
-- Stomachs use hydrochloric
acid to digest food
-- Too much acid leads to
indigestion
-- Neutralize the excess acid
with baking soda or antacids
-- Tums or Rolaids

Indicators

Change colors when they come in

contact with acids and bases
Litmus
Paper

pH
Paper

Universal
Indicator

Corrosive Materials

Indicators
Litmus
RED

BLUE

Universal
Indicator

1 -- RED

RED

RED

RED

YELLOW

13 -- BLUE

BLUE

BLUE

BLUE

BLUE

RED

BLUE

GREEN

GREEN

Substance

pH Number

ACID

BASE

WATER

7 -- GREEN

No Change

Bromothymol
Blue

Lab: Indicators

Litmus
Red

Litmus
Blue

pH
(Color and
Number)

Universal
Indicator

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Ammoni
a

Cola

NaOH

Vinegar

Alcohol

HCl

Baking
Soda

Gatorad
e

Conclusions:
1.

Which compounds were acids?

2.

What classifies a substance to be an

acid?

3.

Which compounds were bases?

4.

What classifies a substance to be a base?

5.

What is a neutral compound?

pH Scale
pH -- measure of acidity or alkalinity of
water soluble substances
pH-- potential of Hydrogen
pH scale ranges from0 to 14
pH of 7 = neutral, less than 7 = acidic, greater
than 7 = basic

pH Scale

Runs from 0 - 14

NEUTRAL

ACIDS
0

Soap

lemons

pH 9
pH 11

pH 11

BASES

pH 3

pH 9

10 11 12 13 14

water
bleach
pH 7

pH 7

pH 5

pickles
pH 5

pH3

pH of Common Foods
CU
P

SOLUTION

Tap water

Distilled water

White vinegar

Sodium bicaronate

Lemon juice

Lemon-lime soda

Cranberry-apple juice

Milk

Powdered orange drink

10

Clear carbonated drink

11

Honey dissolved in water

12

Alka-seltzer dissolved in
water

pH
& Color

Acid Base Neutral

Conclusions:
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

6.

Examine your data table to identify which foods or food

ingredients are acidic. The lower the pH below 7, the
more acidic the food. Record which substances are the
most acidic.
If demineralization of teeth is caused by acid working on
the teeth, which substances would promote this process
the most?
Which substance was the strongest base?
How does the addition of baking soda to toothpaste
reduce demineralization?
If a person chose to eat acidic foods or food ingredients,
how could their eating habits and oral hygiene habits
reduce the process of demineralization?
Why does saliva production in the mouth decrease
demineralization? (HINT: the pH of saliva is slightly basic)

Basic

7
Acid

14

Neutral

pH Scale

Acidic

Base

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 515

[H+]

pH

10-14

14

10-13

13

10-12

12

10-11

11

10-10

10

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

1 M NaOH

Ammonia
(household
cleaner)

Blood
Pure water
Milk

Vinegar
Lemon juice
Stomach acid

1 M HCl

pH of Common Substances

gastric
juice
1.6

vinegar
2.8
carbonated
beverage
3.0

acidic
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335

urine
6.0

bile
8.0

neutral
[H+] = [OH-]

ammonia
11.0
bleach
12.0

seawater
8.5

1.0 M
NaOH
(lye)
14.0

milk of
magnesia
10.5

detergents
8.0 - 9.0

milk
6.4

tomato
4.2
coffee
5.0
3

blood
7.4

potato
5.8

apple juice
3.8
lemon
juice
2.2

drinking water
7.2

bread
5.5

orange
3.5

1.0 M
HCl
0

water (pure)
7.0

soil
5.5

10

11

basic

12

13

14

Video: Acids 5-30-14

List 15 facts from the Modern

Marvels video.

Demo: Margaritaville

Observations:

Conclusions:
1. Explain why the colors change in
the glasses.

2. Explain

what happens when all the

glasses are poured back into the
pitcher.

Demo: Alka-Seltzer Rainbow

Observations:

Conclusions:
1.

2.

3.
4.

What is the approximate pH of the

sodium hydroxide solution that is added
to the distilled water?
What color changes did you see when
the alka-seltzer tablet is added? What
values of pH are associated with these
colors?
When the vinegar is added, what pH is
at the top of the cylinder?
What is the FINAL pH of the solution in
the graduated cylinder?

Electrolytes
Electrolytes -- substances that
conduct electricity when dissolved
in water
Ionic compounds dissolve in water
and the ions split up and create a
bridge for current to flow through.

Nonelectrolytes
Nonelectrolytes -- substances that
do NOT conduct electricity.
Covalent compounds like water do
not produce ions so they do not
conduct electricity.

Demo: Electrolytes
Substance
1.

Distilled Water

2.

Tap Water

3.

Hydrochloric Acid

4.

Sodium Hydroxide

5.

Vinegar

6.

Ammonia

7.

Sugar Water

8.

Gatorade

9.

Soda

10.

Salt Water

Observation:

Electrolyte?

Salt

Salts = ionic compounds

IONIC: metal + nonmetal

NM)

NaCl Sodium Chloride

(M +

Neutralization Reaction
Acid + Base Salt + water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Form of a double replacement

reaction
Salt CATION of base + ANION of
acid
HA + BOH AB + H20

Neutralization Reactions
HNO3

+ NaOH _______ + ________

________

+ ______ KCl + H2O

________+
H2SO4

Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2 _____

+ Ca(OH)2 ______ + _______

Molarity
Molarity is a measure of the
amount of solute dissolved in a
liter of solvent.
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
Liter of solution

What is the molarity of a solution

made by dissolving 58 g in 1000
ml of water?

Reactions Happen in Moles

How

many moles of HNO3 are need

to neutralize 0.86 moles of KOH?
How many moles of HCl are
needed to neutralize 3.5 moles of
Mg(OH)2 ?

Usually happen in solutions

If

it takes 87 mL of an HCl solution

to neutralize 0.67 moles of
Mg(OH)2 what is the concentration
of the HCl solution?
If it takes 58 mL of an H2SO4
solution to neutralize 0.34 moles of
NaOH what is the concentration of
the H2SO4 solution?

Titration
Determining an unknown

Titration
When you add the same number of
moles of acid and base, the solution is
neutral.
By measuring the amount of a base
added you can determine the
concentration of the acid.
If you know the concentration of the
base.
This is a titration.

Titration equations
Ma x Va x # of H+ = Mb x Vb x # of
OH really moles of H+= moles of OH

More Practice
If it takes 45 mL of a 1.0 M NaOH
solution to neutralize 57 mL of HCl,
what is the concentration of the HCl ?
If it takes 67 mL of 0.500 M H 2SO4 to
neutralize 15mL of Al(OH)3 what was
the concentration of the Al(OH)3 ?

How much of a 0.275 M HCl will be

needed to neutralize 25mL of .154 M
NaOH?

Solubility
Dissolving stuff is an equilibrium
CaCl2(s)
Ca+2 (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq)
You can write and equilibrium
constant for dissolving
Keq = [Ca+2] [Cl-]2
[CaCl2]
The concentration of a solid does not
change, so we can combine it with
Keq
Ksp = [Ca+2] [Cl-]2

Solubility
Ksp is called the solubility product
constant
The more soluble a solid is the greater
Ksp
Used for slightly soluble salts.
Can tell if a precipitate will form.
Do the math
If the answer is bigger than the Ksp it
will form
If not, it will all stay dissolved