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GCSE Further
Mathematics
Revision Guide
S J Cooper
The book contains a number of worked examples covering the topics needed
in the Further Mathematics Specifications. This includes Calculus,
Trigonometry, Geometry and the more advanced Algebra.
Page 1
Algebra
a m a n a m n , a m a n a mn , a m
1
a 2 a , a n n a , a n
a
b
a
b
a
a mn , a 0 1 ,
1
an ,
n
a
n am
Example
1
an
a
n
83 3 8 2
Example 9
12
1
9
3
2
3
2
x3 4 x3
Example
Simplify 2 x 1 3x 6 x 3
1
9
2 x 1 3x 6 x 3
2
Example
1
2
2
1
18 x 2
3
9x 2 3
2
4
x
6x
6x
x
Quadratic equations
ax 2 bx c 0
Examples (i) 4 x 2 9
(ii) 4 x 2 9 x (iii) 4 x 2 9 x 2
1
3
Page 2
(i)
(ii)
x2
9
4
3
x
2
Example
(iii)
4x 2 9x 0
4x 2 9x 2 0
x(4 x 9) 0
(4 x 1)( x 2) 0
x 0 or x
9
4
x 2 or x
(i) 2 x 2 x 5 0
x2
x 5
2 2
2
x 1
5 1
x
2 4
2 4
x 14 2 52 161
x 14 2 1641
x 14
41
16
x 14
41
16
x 1.35, 1.85
Simultaneous equations
Example
Solve simultaneously 2 x 3 y 8, y x 2 x 2
Here we substitute for y from the second equation into the first
2 x 3 y 8 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 8 3x 2 x 2 0
3x 2x 1 0
x 23 , 1
1
4
Page 3
when x 23 , y 94 23 2
when x 1 , y 1 1 2 2
28
9
Solutions,
23 ,
28
9
1,
(1,2)
x3 x 3 0 x3 3 x
draw y 3 x
As can be seen from the sketch there is
only one real root .
Page 4
Example
Obtain the points of intersection of the circle
line
and the
)(
Using
Hence points are
2 x 1x 2 x 3 2 x 3 2 x 2 6 x
x2 x 3
2 x 3 3x 2 7 x 3
Expanding
Page 5
x 3 9 x x x 2 9 xx 3x 3
Example
Factorising
Example
f 1 41 31 111 2 10
3
is
remainder is 10
p ba 0 ax b is a factor of p(x)
Example
Let p( x) 6 x 3 13x 2 x 2
p(2) 62 132 2 2 48 52 2 2 0
3
x 2 is a factor of p(x)
p( x) x 2 6 x 2 x 1 by inspection
x 23x 12 x 1
1
2
Page 6
Geometry
y mx c
y
Gradient = m (= tan )
c
y1 B x2 ,
y 2 then
AB 2 x2 x1 y 2 y1
2
y1 and Bx2 ,
say
m
y 2 y1
x 2 x1
y2
Page 7
y 2 y1
and use the formula as above.
x 2 x1
Lines parallel
m1 m2
Lines perpendicular
m1m2 1
or
y1 and Bx2 ,
m1
1
m2
y 2 coordinates
are
12 x1 x2 ,
1
2
y1 y2
form.
Page 8
Example
distance AB
(b)
(c)
the gradient of AB
(d)
(a)
AB 2 1 2 1 3 9 16 25
(b)
M 12 , 1
(c)
Gradient AB =
(d)
Point 5, 2 Gradient = 43
Equation
AB = 5
1 3
4
1 2
3
y 2 43 x 5
3 y 6 4 x 20
3 y 4 x 26
Example
0,
Page 9
2 x 3 y 12 3 y 2 x 12
y 23 x 4
gradient = 23
Gradient of perpendicular =
Equation
y 32 x 4
23
3
2
y mx c
The Circle
Angles in semicircle is 90
x a2 y b2 r 2
Centre (a, b) radius = r
Example
Page 10
Example
Equation
x 12 y 22 4
(1, 2)
x a2 y b2 r 2
Circle centre (
) with radius
To find centre and radius, use the method of CTS to change into
centre/radius form.
x 2 y 2 2x 3 y 3 0
Example
x 2 y 2 2x 3y 3 0
2x y 2 3y 3
2x 1 y 3y
2
3 2
2
3 1
3 2
2
x 12 y 32 2 254
Centre 1, 32
radius =
5
2
Page 11
Tangents
Example
x 2 x 1 y 4 y 4 5 1 4
2
2x y 2 4 y 5
2
x 12 y 22 10
Centre at 1, 2 , radius 10
Page 12
Gradient CP =
(-1, 2)
gradient of tangent at P = 3
0
P(2, 1)
Equation
Page 13
Calculus
Differentiation by rule
Examples
d
dx
x dxd x
1
2
1
2
12
1
2 x
d 4 d
4
4 x 1 4 x 2 2
dx x dx
x
d x d 1
2 x 1
dx 2 dx
2
d
10 0
dx
d
3x 2 x 5 6 x 1
dx
Example
Example
f ( x)
x2 2
x
x2
x
2
x
x 2 2x 2
Page 14
f ( x) 32 x 2 12 2 x
1
32
32 x 2
1
x
3
2
3
1
x
2
x x
dy
at
dx
that point.
Example
y x 2 2x 2
dy
2x 2
dx
P(1, 5)
At P(1, 5) gradient = 4
Tangent at P
y 5 4x 1
y 4x 1
Page 15
STATIONARY POINTS
TURNING POINTS
+
POINTS OF INFLEXION
_
_
+
+
_
MAXIMUM POINT
MINIMUM POINT
f (a) .
y x 2 2x 2
(ii)
y x 3 3x 2
Page 16
(i)
dy
2x 2
dx
SP at 2 x 2 0
i.e.
at x 1
i.e.
at 1, 1
(-1, 1)
d2y
20
dx 2
y
SP is a minimum.
(ii)
(-1, 4)
y x 3 3x 2
dy
3x 2 3
dx
(-2, 0)
For SP 3x 2 3x 0
x2 1
x 1
SPs at (1, 0) (-1, 4)
d2y
6x
dx 2
(2, 4)
(1, 0)
Page 17
d2y
6 0 Min
At (1, 0)
dx 2
At (-1, 4)
d2y
6 0 Max
dx 2
d2y
6x
dx 2
d2y
6 0 Min
At (1, 0)
dx 2
At (-1, 4)
d2y
6 0 Max
dx 2
Page 18
Trigonometry
30
2
45
60
1
sin 30 cos 60
sin 60 cos 30
tan 45 1
3
2
tan 60 3 tan 30
sin 45 cos 45
1
2
1
3
1
2
Page 19
Example
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
S
210
150
30
60
30
-240
3
2
1
3
3
2
Sine rule
B
A
a
b
sin A sin B
sin C
a
b
C
Page 20
Cosine rule
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
c
A
cos A
a
b2 c2 a2
2bc
sets.
C
R
36
P
QR 4.901.. 4.90
(ii)
7
4.901..
7 sin 36
0.8394...
4.901..
Page 21
given SAS
1. Graph of y sin x
y
1
Period 360
-1
2. Graph of y cos x
y
1
Period 360
0
-1
Page 22
3. Graph of y tan x
Period 180
y
Vertical asymptotes
S=T=0
C=1
T S= -1 T-
C=0
Page 23
Example
sin 2 cos 2 1
sin 2 cos 2 1
cos 2 1 sin 2
64
1 289
225
289
15
cos 17
sin
tan
cos
tan
8
17
15
17
8
15
sin
tan
cos
cos 2 1 sin 2
sin 2 1 cos 2
Page 24
Example
(i)
3
for 180 180
2
tan 1.5
PV = -56.30
124 , 304
PV = 30
Page 25
2 cos 2 1 sin
2 1 sin 2 1 sin
2 2 sin 1 sin
2
2 sin sin 1 0
2
sin 12 sin 1 0
sin 1
90
or
sin
PV = -30
1
2
210 , 330
90 , 210 , 330
(iv) Dont cancel out sin . Bring to LHS and factorise
or
0 , 180
2 sin cos
sin 1
cos 2
PV = 26.56
1
2
27 , 207
tan
0 , 180 , 27 , 207
Page 26
(v) sin 80
3
2
80 60 ,
240
PV = 60
140 , 160
T
Example
(i)
x
3 for 0 x 360 , answers in exact form
2
cos x 0.3 .
A
x 75.5, 287.5
PV = 72.5
T
(ii)
tan
x
3 solve first for 0 x 360
2
x
60 ,240
2
x 120
A
PV = 60
Page 27
Matrices
1. Multiplying matrices
In general
a b x ax by
c
d
y
cx dy
A 2x2 matrix multiplied by a 2x1 gives a 2x1 matrix
ax bz
a b w x aw by
c d y z cw dy
cx dz
(i)
) and B = (
(i) AB (ii) AA
AB = (
)(
=(
(ii)
AA = (
=(
)(
)
Page 28
Example
3
5
b 2
And
) work out
(
(
)
)
Page 29
1A
x
If we look at the movement of A(1, 0)
And B(0, 1) when the transformation is about
1
1
A A
0
0
0
0
B B
1
1
x 1 0 x
y 0 1 y
Hence
Example
0 1
Which transformation is defined by the matrix 1 0 ?
Page 30
Again drawing the unit square and looking at where A(1,0) and B(0, 1)
moves to will help identify this matrix.
y B
1
B
-1
1
0
A A
0
1
A
1
x
0
1
B B
1
0
-1 A
4. Combinations of transformations.
0 1
M represents the transformation given by
1 0
1 0
a) Describe matrix M.
b) Describe matrix N.
c) Find the single transformation for the transformation MN and
its description.
Page 31
y B
1
a)
B
-1
1
0
A A
0
1
A
1
0
1
B B
1
0
-1 A
Hence M represents a reflection in
b)
y B
1
A
-1
1
1
A A
0
0
A
1
c)
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1
1 0
0
0
B B
1
1
axis
Page 32
y B
1
1
0
A A
0
1
B
A
1
-1
0
1
B B
1
0
-1 A
Page 33
Notes
Page 34
Notes
Page 35
Notes