THOMAS WHITHAM SIXTH FORM

GCSE Further
Mathematics
Revision Guide
S J Cooper

The book contains a number of worked examples covering the topics needed
in the Further Mathematics Specifications. This includes Calculus,
Trigonometry, Geometry and the more advanced Algebra.

Page 1

Algebra

Indices for all rational exponents

a m a n a m n , a m a n a mn , a m
1

a 2 a , a n n a , a n

a

b
a

b

a

a mn , a 0 1 ,

1
an ,
n
a

n am

Example

1
an

a
n

83 3 8 2

Example 9

12

1
9

3
2

3
2

x3 4 x3

Example

Simplify 2 x 1 3x 6 x 3

1
9

2 x 1 3x 6 x 3
2

Example

1
2

2
1
18 x 2
3
9x 2 3
2
4
x
6x
6x
x

Quadratic equations

ax 2 bx c 0

Examples (i) 4 x 2 9

(ii) 4 x 2 9 x (iii) 4 x 2 9 x 2

1
3

Page 2

(i)

(ii)

x2

9
4

3
x
2
Example

(iii)
4x 2 9x 0

4x 2 9x 2 0

x(4 x 9) 0

(4 x 1)( x 2) 0

x 0 or x

9
4

x 2 or x

Solve (i) 2 x 2 x 5 0 using the method of CTS

(ii) 5x 2 7 x 1 0 using the formula.

(i) 2 x 2 x 5 0
x2

x 5

2 2
2

x 1
5 1
x
2 4
2 4

x 14 2 52 161
x 14 2 1641
x 14

41
16

x 14

41
16

x 1.35, 1.85

Simultaneous equations
Example

Solve simultaneously 2 x 3 y 8, y x 2 x 2

Here we substitute for y from the second equation into the first

2 x 3 y 8 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 8 3x 2 x 2 0

3x 2x 1 0

x 23 , 1

1
4

Page 3

when x 23 , y 94 23 2
when x 1 , y 1 1 2 2

28
9

Solutions,

The geometrical interpretation here is that the straight line

2 x 3 y 8 and the parabola y x 2 x 2 intersect at points

23 ,

28
9

1,

(1,2)

Intersection points of graphs to solve equations. There are many

equations which can not be solved analytically. Approximate roots
to equations can be found graphically if necessary.
Example

What straight line drawn on the same axes as the graph

of y x 3 will give the real root of the equation x 3 x 3 0 ?

x3 x 3 0 x3 3 x

draw y 3 x
As can be seen from the sketch there is
only one real root .

Page 4

Example
Obtain the points of intersection of the circle
line

and the

)(

Using
Hence points are

Expansions and factorisation extensions

Example

2 x 1x 2 x 3 2 x 3 2 x 2 6 x
x2 x 3
2 x 3 3x 2 7 x 3

Expanding

Page 5

x 3 9 x x x 2 9 xx 3x 3

Example

Factorising

The remainder Theorem

If the polynomial p(x) be divided by ax b the remainder will
be p ba
Example

When p( x) 2 x 3 3x 5 is divided by 2 x 1 the

remainder is p 12 14 32 5 154

Example

Find the remainder when

divided by

f 1 41 31 111 2 10
3

is

remainder is 10

The factor theorem Following on from the last item

p ba 0 ax b is a factor of p(x)
Example

Show that x 2 is a factor of 6 x 3 13x 2 x 2 and

hence solve the equation 6 x 3 13x 2 x 2 0

Let p( x) 6 x 3 13x 2 x 2

p(2) 62 132 2 2 48 52 2 2 0
3

x 2 is a factor of p(x)

p( x) x 2 6 x 2 x 1 by inspection
x 23x 12 x 1

Solutions to the equation are x 2, 13 ,

1
2

Page 6

Geometry

Gradient/ intercept form of a straight line Equation

y mx c

y
Gradient = m (= tan )
c

Distance between two points

Given A x1 ,

y1 B x2 ,

y 2 then

AB 2 x2 x1 y 2 y1
2

Gradient of a line through two points Ax1 ,

y1 and Bx2 ,

say
m

y 2 y1
x 2 x1

Equation of a line through (x, y) of gradient m

y y mx x

y2

Page 7

Equation of a line through two points

Find the gradient using m

y 2 y1
and use the formula as above.
x 2 x1

Parallel and perpendicular lines

Let two lines have gradients m1 and m2

Lines parallel

m1 m2

Lines perpendicular

m1m2 1

or

y1 and Bx2 ,

Mid-point of line joining Ax1 ,

m1

1
m2

y 2 coordinates

are

12 x1 x2 ,

1
2

y1 y2

General form of a straight line

ax by c 0. To find the gradient, rewrite in gradient/intercept

form.

Page 8

Example

Given points A 2, 3 and B1, 1 find

(a)

distance AB

(b)

the coordinates of the mid-point M of AB

(c)

the gradient of AB

(d)

the equation of the line through C 5, 2

parallel to AB

(a)

AB 2 1 2 1 3 9 16 25

(b)

M 12 , 1

(c)

Gradient AB =

(d)

Point 5, 2 Gradient = 43

Equation

AB = 5

1 3
4

1 2
3

y 2 43 x 5
3 y 6 4 x 20
3 y 4 x 26

Example

Find the gradient of the line 2 x 3 y 12 and the

equation of a perpendicular line through the point

0,

Page 9

2 x 3 y 12 3 y 2 x 12

y 23 x 4

gradient = 23
Gradient of perpendicular =
Equation

y 32 x 4

23

3
2

y mx c

The Circle

Angles in semicircle is 90

Perpendicular to a chord from centre of

circle bisects the chord.

Centre, radius form of equation

x a2 y b2 r 2
Centre (a, b) radius = r
Example

Centre (2, -1) radius 3 equation x 2 y 1 9

2

Page 10

Example

Centre (1, 2) touching

Equation

x 12 y 22 4
(1, 2)

General form of equation

x a2 y b2 r 2

Circle centre (

) with radius

To find centre and radius, use the method of CTS to change into
centre/radius form.

x 2 y 2 2x 3 y 3 0

Example

x 2 y 2 2x 3y 3 0

2x y 2 3y 3

2x 1 y 3y
2

3 2
2

3 1

3 2
2

x 12 y 32 2 254

Centre 1, 32

radius =

5
2

Page 11

Tangents

Angle between tangent and radius drawn

to point of contact is 90

Tangents drawn from extended

point
Line of symmetry

Example

Find the equation of the tangent to the circle

x 2 y 2 2 x 4 y 5 0 at the point P(2, 1)

x 2 y 2 2x 4 y 5 0

x 2 x 1 y 4 y 4 5 1 4
2

2x y 2 4 y 5
2

x 12 y 22 10
Centre at 1, 2 , radius 10

Page 12

Gradient CP =
(-1, 2)
gradient of tangent at P = 3
0

P(2, 1)

Equation

Page 13

Calculus

Differentiation by rule

Examples
d
dx

x dxd x
1
2

1
2

12

1
2 x

d 4 d
4
4 x 1 4 x 2 2

dx x dx
x
d x d 1
2 x 1

dx 2 dx
2
d
10 0
dx
d
3x 2 x 5 6 x 1
dx

Vocabulary and more notation

dy
is the derivative of y (with respect to x)
dx
dy
is the differential coefficient of y (with respect to x).
dx

Example

Example

f ( x)

x2 2
x

x2
x

2
x

x 2 2x 2

Page 14

f ( x) 32 x 2 12 2 x
1

32

32 x 2

1
x

3
2

3
1
x
2
x x

The gradient of a curve at any point is given by the value of

dy
at
dx

that point.
Example

Find the gradient at the point P(1, 5) on the graph of

y x 2 2 x 2 . Hence find the equation of the tangent

at P.

y x 2 2x 2

dy
2x 2
dx
P(1, 5)

At P(1, 5) gradient = 4
Tangent at P

y 5 4x 1
y 4x 1

Stationary points on the graph of a function are points where the

gradient is zero.

Page 15

STATIONARY POINTS
TURNING POINTS
+

POINTS OF INFLEXION

_
_

+
+
_

MAXIMUM POINT

MINIMUM POINT

TANGENT PASSING THROUGH THE CURVE

To obtain coordinates of a SP. on the graph of y f (x)

(i) Put f ( x) 0 and solve for x.
(ii) If x a is a solution of (i) the SP will be a,

f (a) .

(iii) If f (a) 0 there will be a minimum point at x a

If f (a) 0 there will be a maximum point at x a
If f (a) 0 there could be max or min or inflexion so the
second derivative rule fails. Investigate the gradient to the
immediate left and right of the stationary point. (see the + and signs on the diagrams in the previous section).
Example Find the stationary points on the graphs of
(i)

y x 2 2x 2

(ii)

y x 3 3x 2

and sketch the graphs.

Page 16

(i)

Here we have a quadratic function, which will have a true max

or min.
y x 2 2x 2

dy
2x 2
dx

SP at 2 x 2 0
i.e.

at x 1

i.e.

at 1, 1

Check point (0, 2)

(-1, 1)

d2y
20
dx 2
y

SP is a minimum.
(ii)

(-1, 4)

y x 3 3x 2

dy
3x 2 3
dx
(-2, 0)

For SP 3x 2 3x 0

x2 1

x 1
SPs at (1, 0) (-1, 4)

d2y
6x
dx 2

(2, 4)

(1, 0)

Page 17

d2y
6 0 Min
At (1, 0)
dx 2
At (-1, 4)

d2y
6 0 Max
dx 2

Check points (0, 2) (2, 4) (-2, 0)

Note that the turning points are Local Max and Local Min

d2y
6x
dx 2
d2y
6 0 Min
At (1, 0)
dx 2
At (-1, 4)

d2y
6 0 Max
dx 2

Check points (0, 2) (2, 4) (-2, 0)

Note that the turning points are Local Max and Local Min

Page 18

Trigonometry

Trig ratios for 30, 60, 45

30
2

45

60
1

sin 30 cos 60
sin 60 cos 30

tan 45 1

3
2

tan 60 3 tan 30

sin 45 cos 45

1
2

1
3

Trig ratios for all angles NB the CAST DIAGRAM

For the sign of a trig ratio
All positive in first quadrant
Sine (only) in second quadrant
Etc

1
2

Page 19

Example

Without using a calculator find

(i) cos 150

(i)

(ii) tan 210

(iii) sin 240

(ii)

(iii)
S

210

150
30

60
30

-240

cos 150 cos 30

tan 210 tan 30

3
2

sin 240 sin 60

1
3

3
2

Trig of Scalene triangles

Sine rule
B
A

a
b

sin A sin B

sin C

a
b
C

Given AAS use it to find a second side

Given SSA use it to find a second angle (but take care to choose the
angle size appropriately it could be acute or obtuse).

Page 20

Cosine rule

a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A

c
A

cos A
a

b2 c2 a2
2bc

Both formulae with two more

sets.
C

Given SAS use it to find the third side

Given SSS use it to find an angle (no possible ambiguity here).
Example

Triangle PQR has PR = 3cm, QR = 7cm and QP R 36

Find (i) QR using the cosine rule and then (ii) PQ R using
the sine rule.

(i) QR 2 9 49 42 cos 36 24.021...

R
36
P

QR 4.901.. 4.90

(ii)

7
4.901..

sin PQR sin 36

sin PQR

7 sin 36
0.8394...
4.901..

PQR 57.086.. or PQR 122.914..

Page 21

It cant be 57.08.. since R would be 86.92.. and would be the largest

angle in the triangle, but R faces the smallest side so is the smallest
angle. Hence PQR 122.91

Area 12 absin C rule

given SAS

Area of triangle = 12 absin C

Graphs of trig functions (all periodic)

1. Graph of y sin x
y
1

Period 360

-1

2. Graph of y cos x
y
1

Period 360
0

-1

Page 22

3. Graph of y tan x
Period 180
y

Vertical asymptotes

Boundary values of trig ratios

S=1
T- C=0

Verify these from graphs

S=T=0
C= -1

S=T=0
C=1

T S= -1 T-
C=0

Page 23

Two important trig identities

sin
tan
cos

Example

sin 2 cos 2 1

Given is obtuse and sin 178 find the values of cos

and tan .

sin 2 cos 2 1

cos 2 1 sin 2

64
1 289

225
289

15
cos 17

sin
tan
cos

tan

8
17
15
17

8
15

NB Learn how to rearrange the identities

sin
tan

sin cos tan

cos

cos 2 1 sin 2

sin 2 1 cos 2

Trig equations Remember that from your calculator sin 1 , cos 1

and tan 1 give the principal value (p.v.)

Page 24

Example

Solve the equations

(i) tan 1.5 for 0 360
(ii) sin 2 0.5 for 180 180
(iii) 2 cos 2 1 sin for 0 360
(iv) 2 sin 2 sin cos for 0 360
(v) sin 80

(i)

3
for 180 180
2

tan 1.5

PV = -56.30

124 , 304

(ii) sin 2 0.5 ..first solve for 2 for 360 360

2 30, 150; 210, 330

15 , 75 ; 105 , 165

PV = 30

Page 25

(iii) (In this example, use cos 2 1 sin 2 )

2 cos 2 1 sin

2 1 sin 2 1 sin
2 2 sin 1 sin
2

2 sin sin 1 0
2

sin 12 sin 1 0

sin 1

90

or

sin

PV = -30
1
2

210 , 330

90 , 210 , 330
(iv) Dont cancel out sin . Bring to LHS and factorise

2 sin 2 sin cos

2 sin 2 sin cos 0

sin 2 sin cos 0

sin 0

or

0 , 180

2 sin cos
sin 1

cos 2

PV = 26.56

1
2
27 , 207

tan

0 , 180 , 27 , 207

Page 26

(v) sin 80

3
2

80 60 ,

solve first for 260 100

A

240

PV = 60

140 , 160
T

Example

Solve the following equations

(i) cos x 0.3 for 0 x 360 , answers correct to 2d.p.
(ii) tan

(i)

x
3 for 0 x 360 , answers in exact form
2

cos x 0.3 .
A

x 75.5, 287.5

PV = 72.5
T

(ii)

tan

x
3 solve first for 0 x 360
2

x
60 ,240
2
x 120

A
PV = 60

Page 27

Matrices

1. Multiplying matrices
In general

a b x ax by

c
d
y

cx dy
A 2x2 matrix multiplied by a 2x1 gives a 2x1 matrix

ax bz

a b w x aw by

c d y z cw dy

cx dz

A 2 by 2 matrix multiplied by a 2 by 2 gives a 2 by 2 matrix

Example If A = (
Work out

(i)

) and B = (
(i) AB (ii) AA

AB = (

)(

=(

(ii)

AA = (
=(

)(
)

Worked out by the sum

-1x2 +3x-1
)

Worked out by the sum

2x3 +1x1

Page 28

Example

Find the values of a and b when

2 3 a 5

3
5

b 2

From the first row

From the 2nd row
Now solve simultaneously
X5
X3

And

2. Multiplying a matrix by a number.

Example
Given

) work out

(
(

)
)

Each element in the matrix is multiplied by the constant 3.

Page 29

3. Using matrices for transformations

Example
Which transformation is equivalent to a reflection in the x-axis?
y
B
Making use of the
1
unit square reduces
the amount of work
required.

1A

x
If we look at the movement of A(1, 0)
And B(0, 1) when the transformation is about

1
1
A A
0
0

the origin then we can obtain the matrix

0
0
B B
1
1

x 1 0 x


y 0 1 y

Hence

Example
0 1
Which transformation is defined by the matrix 1 0 ?

Page 30

Again drawing the unit square and looking at where A(1,0) and B(0, 1)
moves to will help identify this matrix.
y B
1

B
-1

1
0
A A
0
1

A
1

x
0
1
B B
1
0

-1 A

A reflection in the line

4. Combinations of transformations.

0 1
M represents the transformation given by

1 0
1 0

N represents the transformation given by

0 1

a) Describe matrix M.
b) Describe matrix N.
c) Find the single transformation for the transformation MN and
its description.

Page 31

y B
1

a)

B
-1

1
0
A A
0
1

A
1

0
1
B B
1
0

-1 A
Hence M represents a reflection in
b)

y B
1

A
-1

1
1
A A
0
0

A
1

Hence N represents a reflection in the

c)

1 0 0 1

0 1 1 0
0 1

1 0

0
0
B B
1
1

axis

Page 32

y B
1

1
0
A A
0
1

B
A
1

-1

0
1
B B
1
0

-1 A

Hence MN represents a rotation of

clockwise centre (0,0)

Page 33

Notes

Page 34

Notes

Page 35

Notes