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Petrel 2010
About Petrel*
Development on Petrel seismic-to-simulation software began in 1996
in an attempt to combat the growing trend of increasingly specialized
geoscientists working in increasing isolation. The result was an
integrated workflow tool that allows E&P companies to think critically
and creatively about their reservoir modeling procedures and enables
specialized geoscientists to work together seamlessly. With the
enhanced geophysical tools and the integration of ECLIPSE* reservoir
simulation software and streamline simulation, Petrel is now a
complete seismic-to-simulation application for
3D visualization
3D mapping
3D and 2D seismic interpretation
well correlation
3D grid design for geology and reservoir simulation
depth conversion
3D reservoir modeling
3D well design
upscaling
volume calculation
plotting
post processing
streamline simulation
ECLIPSE
Copyright Notice
2010 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or translated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying and recording, without the prior written
permission of Schlumberger Information Solutions, 5599 San Felipe,
Suite 1700, Houston, TX 77056-2722.
Disclaimer
Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement.
Schlumberger makes no warranties, express, implied, or statutory, with
respect to the product described herein and disclaims without limitation
any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
Schlumberger reserves the right to revise the information in this manual
at any time without notice.
Trademark Information
*Mark of Schlumberger. Certain other products and product names are
trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or
organizations.
Table of Contents
About Petrel* ...........................................................................2
Copyright Notice........................................................................3
Disclaimer..................................................................................3
Trademark Information..............................................................3
Module 1 - Introduction...........................................................11
Prerequisites............................................................................11
Learning Objectives.................................................................11
What you will need.................................................................12
What to expect........................................................................12
Icons........................................................................................13
Terminology.............................................................................14
Workflow diagram...................................................................19
Agenda....................................................................................19
One application, seismic to simulation...................................20
Module 2 - The Petrel User Interface...................................23
Introduction.............................................................................23
Lesson 1 The Petrel user interface......................................24
The Petrel user interface.........................................................25
Starting Petrel.........................................................................40
Petrel Interface........................................................................41
Display window.......................................................................42
Object settings........................................................................43
Lesson 2 Making a simple grid with simulation fault.........47
Exercises - Making a simple grid a with simulation fault......59
Making a simple grid...............................................................59
Summary..................................................................................64
Module 3 - Functions...............................................................65
Introduction.............................................................................65
Lesson 1 - Make fluid model...................................................66
Exercises - Make fluid model..................................................81
Make a black oil model from correlations..............................81
Reviewing fluid model settings...............................................83
Import a keyword fluid model..................................................83
Plotting the fluid model...........................................................83
Create multiple viewports Optional.....................................85
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Table of Contents 5
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Table of Contents 7
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Table of Contents 9
Module 1 - Introduction
The purpose of this course is to introduce you to the reservoir
engineering tools in Petrel. In this course, you will create a simple
simulation grid and upscale a geological grid. You will learn how to
create black oil fluid tables and rock physics functions in Petrel. In
addition, you will import and design wells and add completion items.
Finally, you will combine it all and submit it for simulation before
viewing results inside Petrel.
Traditionally, the engineer had to employ a range of different software
tools, hence, data had to be exported/imported between the different
applications. Also, feedback to the geological model used to be difficult
to implement. The vision for Petrel RE is to make all of these tools
available from the Petrel user interface.
Prerequisites
To successfully complete this course, the user must have knowledge of
the following:
English proficiency
Basic Windows and practical computing skills
Familiarity with reservoir engineering fundamentals
Learning Objectives
In this course, you will prepare black oil simulation cases for ECLIPSE*
and FrontSim* using Petrel. You will learn:
About the Petrel user interface
How to build a simulation grid
How to scale up structure and properties
How to use the correlation library to make black oil fluid tables
and rock physics functions
How to use the well engineering tools in Petrel
How to set up simulation cases and view the results
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Introduction 11
In this course, you will need the following hardware and applications in
order to perform the workflow:
A personal computer with a minimum of 2GB of RAM; however,
we recommend 16GB of RAM for optimal performance.
For Petrel 32-bit: Microsoft XP 32. For Petrel 64-bit: Vista 64 and
XP 64.
A graphic card compatible with Petrel
A Petrel license and license key
Petrel Seismic to Simulation Software with the latest updates
Training datasets
What to expect
In this training material, you will encounter the following:
Overview of each module
Prerequisites to the module (if necessary)
Learning objectives
A workflow component
Lesson(s)
Scenario-based exercises
You will also encounter notes, tips and best practices
12 Introduction
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Icons
Throughout this manual, you will find icons in the margin representing
various kinds of information. These icons serve as at-a-glance
reminders of their associated text. See below for descriptions of what
each icon means.
Tips
Notes
Best Practices
Warnings
Questions
Lessons
This icon identifies a
lesson, which covers a
particular topic.
Prerequisites
This icon identifies any
Procedures
prerequisites that are
Exercise
Review Questions
Prerequisites
Learning Objectives
This
identiesany
any
This icon identifies
prerequisites
thatare
are
prerequisites that
required
for the
thecourse,
course,oror
required for
for
modules.
for individual
individual modules.
This
identiesany
any
This icon
icon identifies
learning objective set out
learning objectives set out
for the course, or for the
for the course, or for the
current module.
current module.
This
icon indicates
identiesany
any
This icon
applications, hardware,
applications, hardware,
datasets, or other material
datasets,for
or other
material
required
the course.
required for the course.
.
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Introduction 13
Terminology
Petrel introduces new terms and expressions. Some of the most
frequently used in this manual are briefly explained below.
3D Grid - A network of horizontal and vertical lines used to describe a
three dimensional geological model. Petrel uses the Corner Point 3D
Grid technique.
Boundary for the Pillar grid Defines the extent of the model. You
can use a polygon as input, or you can digitize the boundary. Faults can
be set as part of the boundary.
Cases pane - Shows volumetric cases and simulations cases as set up
in the Define simulation case process.
Cell - The smallest volumetric element in the Pillar grid. Each cell has a
unique I, J, K position in the Pillar Grid. I, J, K positions are zero based
integer locations of cells in a grid. It uses a left-handed orientation I, J
being a horizontal surface and with K increasing downward. The grid
has a number of cells equal to the number of I times the number of J
times the number of K points. I, J, K indexing provides a way of
identifying a cells position in the grid.
Contact level - The level of a Gas-Oil contact or an Oil-Water contact,
normally at a constant depth but a tilted contact can be represented by
a surface.
Corner point grid - A flexible grid structure where the eight corners of
a cell (the nodes) can be moved to form irregular cell geometries.
Directions (in the Pillar gridding process) User defined guidance for
orientation of cells along faults. A fault can be given a direction in
which case the grid is enforced to be aligned with that fault.
Fault - Vertical surface that segments the Pillar grid. It is represented
by a set of pillars that join together to define the fault. An area
enclosed by faults will, by default, make out a segment of the model. A
fault can be given a direction in which case the grid is enforced to be
aligned with that fault.
Filter Petrel can display the whole model (all elements) or selected
parts of it. Powerful filter techniques enable the user to take full control
of the 3D grid and visualize only the elements of interest for quality
control. Filters in Petrel are used both for visualization and for
14 Introduction
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calculations. There are two basic types of filters in Petrel. The first type
is a simple On/Off type, where an element is either turned on or off.
Other filters are more advanced (for example filtering of properties) and
are based on values set by the user.
Function bar - Also called tool bar (in Microsoft terminology). This is a
group of icons on a horizontal or vertical bar. Only icons that can be
used with the current active process is displayed in the function bar.
Function window - Plot window used to display functions, cross
plots, sample variograms and variogram models.
Histogram window - Plot window used for display of histograms and
cumulative distribution functions.
Horizon - The equivalent of a surface, except that a horizon is a surface
in a 3D grid and an integrated part of the 3D model. A horizon in a
Petrel 3D grid can have multiple Z values at a single XY value whereas
a surface can not.
Input pane - imported data such as lines, wells, fluid models, gridded
surfaces and SEG-Y data is stored here. Also data created by Petrel
process like: Development strategy, Rock physics functions, etc.
Intersection - A cut through a three dimensional model (3D grid).
Intersections can be plane surfaces with arbitrary direction and dip, but
can also be cross sections along one of the main directions of a 3D grid
(I, J, K directions).
Intersection window - Plot window used for generation of scaled
plots of cross sections.
Editor - Allows you to use all functionality of ECLIPSE and FrontSim,
which can not be accessed through the Petrel user interface.
Layers - Fine scale division of 3D grid, which defines the cell thickness.
LGR - Local grid refinement; allows for a finer resolution of the grid in
demanding areas. Local grids are defined using wells, surfaces and
polygons as input.
Map window - Plot window used for generation of scaled plots (2D
maps), and for display of history match values and variogram maps
created in Petrel.
Menu bar - Special tool bar at the top of the screen that contains
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Introduction 15
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Simulation grid - The 3D grid that will be used for flow simulation in
Petrel or exported to other simulation packages. This grid is usually a
coarser, upscaled version of the geological grid.
Skeleton Three 2D grids representing the top middle and base points
of the Key pillars in a pillar grid. These are used to quality check the
pillars and therefore the 3D grid. The skeleton is not related to horizons
in the grid in any way.
Status bar - Information on processes, coordinates, etc. in the rightbottom corner of the user interface.
Surfaces - 2D grids (imported or generated in Petrel). A surface is a
simpler version of a horizon in Petrel, the major difference being that
horizons are held in 3D grids (as opposed to 2D grids) and can therefore
have multiple Z values at each XY point. Surfaces are stored in the
Input pane, while horizons are stored in the Models pane.
Templates - Are linked to objects in Petrel and control globally their
settings for color, units, measurements etc. Petrel comes with several
predefined templates: depth and thickness color tables, property
templates and seismic color tables.
Templates pane - color tables and all the different templates are
stored under this pane.
Title bar - The file name (project name) and location is displayed in the
Title bar on top of the user interface.
Tool bar - Icons for commonly accessed commands in the user
interface. These tools are useful shortcuts for items that also can be
found by accessing the menu bar.
Transmissibility multiplier The transmissibility is a number
assigned to cell faces that describes the ability for a fluid to flow from
one cell to another. A transmissibility multiplier can be assigned to
faults to change the ability for a fluid to flow past the fault.
Trends (in the Pillar gridding process) User defined guidance for the
grid cells orientation in a particular direction (I- and J-directions). Also
segment divider (when no faults).
Weighting Used in several processes to increase or decrease the
importance of some of the data in a computation. For example, in the
Scale up properties process one can decrease the influence of property
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Introduction 17
values from cells with a tiny volume when populating the coarse grid by
using the Volume weighting option.
Well tops Intersection points between well trajectories and
structural surfaces. Sometimes called well points, well picks or tie
points.
Well trajectories - Lines in space representing well paths.
Well section window - Plot window used for display of well sections
used in the Well correlation and the Well completion design processes.
Windows pane - stores all opened and active plots and windows used
in the Petrel project. In addition it holds the Light sources and the
Cursor tracker.
Workflows pane - stores workflows made using the Workflow editor
and/or the Uncertainty and optimization process. In addition it holds a
folder with predefined variables.
Zones - A zone is defined by the volume between a top and a bottom
horizon.
18 Introduction
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Workflow diagram
Agenda
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Introduction 19
Usability
Petrel 2010
Familiar
windows style
Tools from
seismic to
simulation
20 Introduction
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Introduction 21
The vision of Petrel is to incorporate all of those tools into one common
user interface to avoid challenges and time spent on import/export.
Most of the major workflows in ECLIPSE Office, Schedule, FloGrid, and
FloViz can be accomplished in Petrel 2010.1, but there are still some
gaps.
The main gaps are:
FloGrid Petrel has no unstructured grids; no upgridding (the
workflow to determine where to put the layers based on
property distribution).
Schedule On import, Petrel extracts data from the WELSPECS
and COMPDAT keywords together with dates. But it will not
make any Development strategies. In Petrel, layer shifting is
accomplished by correcting the grid to match the well tops,
rather than moving perforations to match a bad grid.
Compositional fluid properties Petrel offers functionality to
make compositional and thermal PVT models. However, the
equation of state (EOS) of such models cannot be tuned to the
laboratory experiments.
22 Introduction
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Settings
Visualization
File management
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User interface
Menu bar
Tool bar
Function bar
Petrel
explorer
panes
Display
window
Status bar
Object information
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+/- Sign: Data is stored in folders within the Petrel explorer panes. The
folders are expanded by clicking on the plus sign and collapsed by
clicking on the minus sign in front of it.
Cases pane
A new case is added each time
a simulation or volume case is
defined.
Results pane
Used to select lines to view in
function windows.
Used to display 3D properties
in 3D window.
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Processes pane
Function bar
1. Active Process
A process needs to be
active (bold) to be used.
2. Function Bar
Shows available tools for
the selected process.
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Coordinate systems
Petrel 2010.1 is the first release that offers the possibility of doing
cartographic transforms and conversions on import and export. Well
data is supported, but not 3D grids, hence, it is not yet fully functional
for reservoir engineering purposes. Select Null, to disable the
functionality and to make Petrel perform like pre-Petrel 2010.1.
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Units
Select a Unit system from the dropdown menu (e.g. Metric or Field), or
select Customize to set units from a
mixed unit system.
Project settings
Petrel will allow for a mix of different units to be imported into the
project. A typical example is to have well data and production data in
feet, and maps and other data derived from seismic in meters. You must
check to ensure that the data is imported with the correct units. It is
not possible to convert units of data already imported into the project,
but data can be converted on import and export.
The best workflow to ensure common units in a Petrel project is:
1. Check your data before import and decide which units are best
to use as your project units. Petrel will allow you to use local
coordinates, field, metric or a combination, which most
commonly are UTM coordinates in the XY-direction and feet in
the Z-direction.
2. When creating a new Petrel project, open the Project settings
as described on the slide and select the unit system you want
to use in your project.
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3. For every object you import, check the file before import to
inspect the units of the data. Then, select to apply unit
conversion in the import dialog, if needed.
4. If you discover that the unit of a data object is inconsistent
with the other data in the project, delete it and re-import it
with the correct conversion.
When importing data from ECLIPSE keywords, Petrel is looking for
METRIC or FIELD keywords in the file. If none of this is specified then it
will assume that the data in the import file is in the same unit system
as Petrel project. If it is specified, and the units of the file you import is
different from the units in the project, then the data will be converted
on import.
Also note that Petrel has two different concepts of time units; namely
depth measured as two way traveling time for the seismic waves in
addition to the usual meaning of time.
Object Settings
1. Every object has a
settings window
2. Access settings
2
1
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Object settings
To access the settings dialog for objects in Petrel, right-click on the
object and choose Settings, or double-click the object.
The Settings dialog provides information about the object and whether
it is possible to alter the objects. The tabs vary by the object type.
Object Settings
Style tab
Style tab
The Settings dialog contains different tabs and information. Depending
on the type of object, additional tabs will be added for more
functionality. However, the settings will always include an Info tab and
a Statistics tab. The Style tab is only active when a display window
related to the Style options is active (for example, 2D vs. 3D display
windows).
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Object Settings
Info Tab
1
2
3,4
Info tab
On the Info tab, you can rename the object and change the template.
The Comments tab is a white, editable area where you can add any
information such as the source of the data that was imported and its
reliability.
The history of the object is stored on the History tab, including
information about edits and operations performed on the object. By
right-clicking in this field, you can add your own date stamped
comments or clear the history completely. Note that not all objects have
a History tab.
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Object Settings
Statistics Tab
Lists
The first list gives the X, Y, Z coordinates. If an
attribute is available it will also be shown.
One or all lists can be copied to an output
sheet. Toggle on one of the lists (e.g. List 1)
and click the output icon. The contents of the
list will be written to an output window.
Statistics tab
It is important to quality check (QC) the statistics for accuracy to verify
that the items hold the correct values.
By default, Z values are negative based on a reservoir being below sea
level. If your data is above sea level, select the appropriate options
when importing your data. Remember that this is opposite from
GeoFrame which works in positive Z values.
It is possible to generate a report from the statistics table: Click on the
Copy to output sheet button. A report will be generated and it can be
saved to file or copied and pasted into Excel.
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Visualization
Windows
Visualization windows
A range of different types of windows are available:
3D window for visualization of data in 3D.
2D window for visualization of data in 2D. This is useful
when working with polygons, and when you want to be certain
that you are viewing from above.
Map window Used for plotting horizons and layers of the 3D
property.
Intersection window plotting window for intersections.
Interpretation window 2D window used for seismic
interpretation.
Histogram window used for plotting histograms.
Function window used for plotting cross plots, variogram,
and line plots.
Stereonet window used for displaying dip and azimuth data.
36 The Petrel User Interface
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Visualization
Display tools
To move the view in any of the windows, use the left mouse button.
However, to be able to move anything, you must have the View mode
(hand) active. When the View mode is active, a hand is shown instead
of the mouse pointer.
The Select/pick mode (arrow) is used to select an item. When in this
mode, you can click on any object and get information about it in
Petrels lower right corner.
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Note that all windows that show a vertical scale can be set to show
data in either TWT (two way time) or TVD (true vertical depth). The
default is Any, which means that data from different domains can be
mixed in the windows (for example, useful for checking whether the
wells are intersecting with the seismic data cube). However, if the
vertical scale of a window is set to TWT, it is not possible to view depth
data in the window. If you ever have trouble visualizing data in the
selected window, always check that the vertical scale of the window is
set to TVD (or Any).
Visualization
Check boxes
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2
3
3. Automatic Save:
Automatically saves the Petrel
project, overwriting the current
saved version. Should be used
with caution.
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Starting Petrel
Start the Petrel program by double-clicking on the Petrel icon
on
the desktop.
If a bitlock is used, an introduction window to Petrel will open before
the Petrel program window opens up. If you are not using a bitlock
(dongle), you will first see a Net License Modules dialog asking which
module package you want to run. At your location, you may have
several levels of licenses. You should use the license that has the
functionality you need for the work you are doing.
40 The Petrel User Interface
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Exercise steps
1. Start Petrel. You can find the data used in this course in a
folder called Dataset. This folder also contains some
completed exercises. These are stored in the 2010 backup
projects folder.
2. Open the training project. Do this by clicking File > Open
project and select the Completed_2010.pet file from the
Dataset directory.
3. Copy the project: Save it to your Student directory by selecting
File > Save as. Give it a new name and click Save.
Online Help Manual
The Online Help Manual is a document that comes with each
installation of Petrel. It is the most extensive documentation on Petrel.
You open it by clicking Help in the menu bar.
Petrel Interface
The Petrel user interface is separated into two main window areas.
These are the Petrel explorer panes and the Display window with the
Function bar on the right hand side. The available tools in the Function
bar depend on which process is active. At the top of the Petrel interface
is a standard menu bar and a toolbar.
All data that is not connected to a 3D grid is stored on the Input pane.
Examples are wells and well top (well picks), rock physics functions,
and fluid models. Data that belongs to a 3D grid is stored together with
the 3D grid on the Models pane. Examples are, surfaces that are
defined as part of the 3D grid (in Petrel called Horizons), grid properties
such as porosity, and fluid contacts. The simulation grid properties (the
output from simulator, for example, pressure, oil saturation (SOIL)) are
stored in the Results pane.
Exercise steps
1. Click on the Input pane. Right-click the Wells folder and
select Expand (recursive) from the menu. The folder with
sub folders is now expanded. Right-click the Wells folder
again, and select Collapse (Recursively).
2. Right-click on different folders to see which options are
available. Select Settings from the list. A window providing
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Display window
A variety of windows can be displayed, examples are 3D and 2D
windows, well section windows, function windows (for plotting), and
interpretation windows (for seismic interpretation).
Exercise steps
In this exercise, you will use a 3D window.
1. Open a 3D window by selecting New 3D window from the
Windows menu in the menu bar.
2. Display an object from the Input pane by selecting the check
box next to it. Click on the Viewing mode
button (at the
top of the function bar) and move your mouse pointer over the
display. A hand should appear instead of the pointer. This
42 The Petrel User Interface
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Object settings
Whether you are importing files, building a new project, or reviewing
someone elses project, the Statistics tab of the object settings
provides you with valuable information.
Exercise steps
1. In the Models pane, right-click the 3D grid named Fine grid
and select Settings.
2. Go to the Statistics tab and check the size of the 3D grid. You
can check the minimum and maximum values for X, Y, and Z.
You can also find the number of cells and the average
increment in all spatial dimensions.
3. Go to the Properties folder of the 3D grid, and check the
statistics for a grid property. For instance, check the range of
the permeability or porosity.
4. Check the statistics of the Properties folder or of another file
folder.
The Statistics tab is read-only and is used for information and quality
checking (QC). To change the appearance of an object, you need to use
the Style and Info tabs.
Exercise steps
1. In the Models pane, right-click a property in the Properties
folder under the 3D grid Fine. Select Settings and go to the
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Info tab. Note that you can change the name of the property by
entering a new name and clicking Apply. The name of any
object can be changed in its Info tab.
2. From the Info tab, the template can also be changed. Click on
the arrow alongside the template name to see the list of
available templates to choose from.
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Exercise steps
1. Right-click the Porosity property under the Properties folder
of the Fine grid, and select Settings. Open the Histogram tab
to view the distribution of values.
2. Similarly, go to the Histogram tab in the Settings of
Permeability. View the distribution of the 3D grid property.
3. Insert a New histogram window from the Window menu.
Select to display the Porosity property from the Fine grid.
You can use function windows to view simulation results. The next
exercise will show you how to select the data for display in a function
window.
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Exercise steps
1. Open a New function window.
2. Select vector to view:
a. Go to the Cases pane, and select the case Aquifer.
b. Go to the Results pane, and select the check boxes in
front of Oil production rate under the folder Dynamic
results data > Rates.
c. Under the Identifier folder in the Results pane, expand
the Well folder and select P06. Thus, we will only view
results for well P06.
d. Further down in the Results pane, you can find the folder
Source data type. Expand this folder to select which
source data you want to display. Select Observed data.
Now, both simulated and observed data will be displayed.
You should see oil production rate as a function of time for
well P06 in the function window. With the default settings,
simulated and observed data are shown as a solid line and
circles respectively.
e. Go to the Cases pane and select Aquifer_RESTART. This
is the simulation case containing the strategy on how to
operate the field in the future, and display prediction for
well P06.
46 The Petrel User Interface
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Skeleton
If the process is run without using surfaces to define horizons, the result
is a skeleton grid.
A skeleton grid is a Petrel term for the framework that is made as the
first step towards defining a 3D grid. A skeleton grid consists of a top,
mid, and bottom mesh defined by pillars. The pillars define the lateral
position of the corners in the three meshes, and the z-position is
defined as the bottom, mid point, and the top of the pillars. After the
skeleton grid is generated, it needs to be further subdivided in the
vertical direction. This is done by inserting surfaces. The topmost and
the bottommost surface that are inserted define the top and the bottom
of the final 3D grid, hence, the top and the bottom skeleton grid are
usually outside the final 3D grid.
The reason why 3D grids are generated this way in Petrel is that the
gridding process starts with modeling the faults, which are defined
using pillars. Those pillars are then used to define the geometry of the
3D grid. The processes used to make grids based on fault modeling are
Fault modeling and Pillar gridding.
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If you have surface data in the Input pane that describes the horizons,
you can drop them into the Input data tab of the Make simple grid
process. The result will be a skeleton grid with horizons.
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Vertical subdivision
The Make horizons, Make zones, and Layering processes are used
to perform further vertical subdivision.
Make Horizons - This process usually defines the main depositional
units of the 3D grid and are, in most cases, the layers identified and
interpreted on seismic data. The Make horizons process samples input
surfaces into the 3D Grid. Note that a Horizon in Petrel is a surface
that is a part of the 3D grid.
Make zones This process defines the sub-units of the 3D grid. The
process inserts additional horizons (and zones) into the 3D grid by
inserting isochores up or down from the previously input horizons. The
isochores can be gridded thickness maps or calculated directly from
well tops. Zones can also be defined as specific thickness intervals or
percentages of the main zone.
Layering The final step is to make the final vertical resolution of the
3D grid.
To keep the modeling simple, we will not perform the Make zones
process. That is, we assume that the stratigraphic layering is defined by
the surfaces that we insert. Then we will do layering to obtain a
suitable resolution for simulation.
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Make Horizons
1. Append desired number of horizons in the table.
2. Drop in interpretations or surfaces using the blue arrow.
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Make horizons
Result
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Layering
1. Specify the Zone division.
2. Specify number of layers (Proportional), cell
thickness (Follow top/Base) or Fractions.
Proportional
Follow Base
Follow Top
Fractions
Follow Base
with Reference
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Model a fault
Digitizing
A simulation fault can be inserted into the simple grid at the position of
existing grid nodes. To approximately give the geometry of the new
fault, you can draw a polygon within the simple grid.
The Make/edit polygons process is placed under Utilities on the
Processes pane. When the process is active, tools for digitizing
polygons appear in the function bar at the right of the display window.
Use the process to digitize a line that defines the geometry of the fault.
The new polygon is stored at the bottom of the Input pane.
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Model a fault
Convert to fault
To insert the fault into the grid, make sure that the grid is selected in
the Models pane. Then right-click the polygon you just made, and
select Convert to fault. The polygon is then converted into a fault in
the active grid. The new fault is stored on the Faults sub-folder of the
3D grid.
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Model a fault
Define transmissibility
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6. Drop in the Project boundary from the Input pane into the
Boundary field by clicking the blue arrow.
7. Select the Geometry tab, and click the Get limits from
selected button. As the project boundary is selected on the
Input pane, Petrel will use that as a boundary for the grid.
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5. Digitize a line that will be used to define the fault plane by first
selecting the Make/edit polygons process in the Utilities
folder in the Processes pane. Then:
a. Activate the Make/edit polygons
tool in the function
bar. Select the Add new points tool .
b. Digitize a line that follows Fault5 by pointing in the
display and left-clicking. Add a point in the grid cell closest
to the project boundary to make sure the fault is extended
all the way to the boundary.
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Exercise steps
1. Open a 3D window and select to view your new fault.
2. Open the Fault analysis process that is located in the
Property modeling folder.
3. Enter a constant transmissibility multiplier of 0 (sealing fault)
Click OK.
4. Save the project.
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Summary
The basics of the Petrel user interface were presented in this
module. In particular, how to open and use windows and how to
access and alter the settings of objects. Also introduced were the
eight different panes in Petrel which store and provide access to
data, processes, windows, workflows and simulation results.
In addition, how to make a simple simulation grid with layering
based on surface information was presented along with how to add
a fault to such a grid and how to assign properties to the fault.
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Module 3 - Functions
Introduction
In this module, how to make fluid models (PVT), saturation functions
(relative permeability and capillary pressure), and rock compaction
functions in Petrel, will be covered.
Prerequisites
No prerequisites are required for this module.
Learning Objectives
In this module you will learn:
How to create a correlation based black oil fluid model
How to define the initial contact depths and pressure
How to create correlation based saturation functions
How to create rock compaction functions based on correlations
How to import fluid models and rock physics functions from
keyword files
How to edit and visualize the functions in Petrel
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Functions 65
The Make fluid model process allows you to create black oil models
from correlations and to create compositional and thermal models. In
this course, we will only use black oil models, but we will briefly
explained how to create compositional models.
Correlation library
The correlation library we use incorporates many published
correlations, some of which use the separator conditions as input. All of
the correlations have been tested against an extensive database of
actual PVT (pressure-volume-temperature) experiments at the
Schlumberger Reservoir Fluids Center in Edmonton, Canada. Petrel
selects which correlation to use based on the input data you provide
the API gravity, the reservoir pressure, etc.
The library contains about 70 black-oil correlations - including the ones
most commonly used in the industry.
66 Functions
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ECLIPSE Compositional
Compositional simulator
Both the vapor and the liquid
phase consists of several
components
Rv
Rs
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Functions 67
Pressure
G: Near Critical
Fluid
F: Wet Gas,
Retrograde
A: Dead Oil
C: Live Oil,
Saturated
D: Dry Gas
E: Wet Gas
Temperature
Phase diagrams
The hydrocarbon behavior in a reservoir is often described in terms of a
phase diagram as showed in the illustration above. The phase diagram
relates the fluid state to pressure and temperature in the reservoir. The
upper line of the phase envelope represents the lowest pressure and
temperature limit for the existence of a liquid phase. This line is called
the bubble point line. The lower line represents the upper limit for
pressure and temperature for the existence of a vapor phase. This line
is called the dew point line. The area between the two lines is pressure
and temperature conditions where both a liquid and a vapor phase is
present simultaneously. The point where the bubble point line and the
dew point line meet, is called the critical point. At this pressure and
temperature condition, the vapor and the liquid properties are equal.
Pressure-temperature conditions close to the critical point cannot be
modelled using a black-oil model.
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1
2
In the process dialog, you need to specify whether to make a black oil,
compositional or thermal fluid model.
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Functions 69
Compositional Model
1. Select equation of state
from the General tab.
Note: There is no
support for tuning an
equation of state to
match laboratory
measurements.
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1
3
2
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Functions 71
In addition to the four default fluid models, you can make black oil
models by filling in the settings in the process dialog. Based on the
settings, Petrel will select a model based on correlations.
The General tab
In the General tab, you specify which fluid phases that are present and
also the reservoir pressure and temperature.
Reservoir conditions. This is where the minimum and the maximum
pressure in the reservoir is specified. In addition, you must enter the
temperature in the reservoir.
Separator conditions. Here you can specify the pressure and the
temperature at separator conditions. Some of the correlations need
information on separator conditions.
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Correlations
Leave as Default to allow Petrel
to select correlations based on
your input.
Gas properties. Enter the density or the gravity of the gas phase. If
you are defining a dry gas, you must type in the vaporized gas/oil ratio.
You can also select which correlations to use or you can make Petrel
select, based on the input you give.
If you have information on the concentration of each component of the
gas phase, this can be entered here. Note that this option is only used
to select which correlations to use, it does not mean that you are
defining a compositional model.
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Functions 73
Oil properties. Here, you need to specify the oil density or the oil
gravity (API gravity: The usual range starts with water density at 10
degrees and rises to volatile oils and straw colored condensate liquids
around 60-70 degrees). In addition, you must enter the Bubble point
pressure or the Solution gas/oil ratio at the oil/gas contact. Note
that if the bubble point pressure you supply is lower than the minimum
reservoir pressure, then no gas will boil out of the oil. Consequently,
you get dead oil. Also, notice that unless you plan to give a depth
dependent Solution gas/oil ratio, the bubble point pressure must be
equal to the pressure at the gas/oil contact as specified in the Initial
conditions tab.
You can either select correlations, or leave it to Petrel to select based
on the input you give. Notice that the correlations that are used to make
the fluid model are listed on the Statistics tab of the settings dialog
for the fluid model.
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1
1. From contact set.
Functions 75
Make contacts
Make contacts is the process
where the contacts to be used in
the Volume calculation and
Simulation processes are made
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To use contacts as input to the Make fluid model processes, you must
define them in a separate process in Petrel, called Make contacts.
The purpose of this is to be able to enter different types of contacts,
such as constant values, dipping contacts and surfaces, and you can
choose to use different contacts for each zone and each segment or the
same contacts for the entire 3D model.
Another purpose of contacts is to visualize them together with one of
the horizons. This will show the contact contour on the surface together
with colored intervals for each hydrocarbon interval. This is useful when
displaying the aerial extent of the hydrocarbon intervals.
Make contacts
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Functions 77
Contact level
Can be a constant value or a surface. To enter a constant
value, type the value directly into the cell. If it is a surface,
select the little check box and use the blue arrow to copy the
surface that represents the contact into the cell.
To use different contacts for each segment and zone, clear the
options Same for all zones and Same for all segments.
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Spreadsheets
You can view/edit a fluid model
in spreadsheet format.
You can copy and paste to/from
existing tables.
By right-clicking the oil or gas phase of the fluid model, you can access
the data in a spreadsheet format. Data can be copied/pasted from/to
those spreadsheets from Excel.
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Functions 79
Plotting
Fluids data can be
plotted in a
function window.
Import
Black oil models exported
from PVTi can be imported.
The status of the import is
reported in the message log.
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You can import fluid models generated in PVTi, or you can import Eclipse
keyword files.
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Functions 81
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any of the curves. The property name and value appear in the
status bar. If you cannot see the status bar, enable it with the
View > Status bar command.
3. Deselect to view the Oil formation volume factor and select
the check box next to Oil viscosity instead.
4. Any changes made in any of the settings panels and
spreadsheets will be reflected in what you see in the function
window.
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Functions 85
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Functions 87
Lesson 2
Relative permeability
Rock compaction
88 Functions
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Functions 89
Or specify
1. Correlation
2. Rock type
3. Number of table entries
Then give:
1. Porosity, constant or property
2. Pressures
By clicking the Use presets button, you will be given three compaction
functions to select from. Alternatively, you can manually fill in the fields.
If you select the correlation User defined, you need to supply a
compressibility and a reference pressure (equivalent to using the ROCK
keyword). Otherwise, the compressibility is computed using the
correlation you select from the drop-down menu (the ROCKTAB keyword
is used). In both cases, the result of the process is a curve showing pore
volume multipliers as a function of reservoir pressure. The multiplier is
always one for the reference pressure, meaning that at this pressure
the pore volume is equal to the initial pore volume.
Note that when adding a rock compaction function to your simulation
case, the simulator will no longer compute the (initial) pore volume
taking only the porosity property that you supply on the Grid tab of the
Define simulation case process as input. Now the simulator is also
using the rock compaction curve. That is, for each grid block a pore
volume is assigned by multiplying, the original grid pore volume with
the pore volume multiplier. Consequently, if the pressure for a grid block
is equal to the reference pressure, the volume is unaltered. If the
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Saturation function
Saturation function
When two or more immiscible fluids (for example, oil and water) are
present in the formation, their flows interfere. Therefore, the effective
permeability to oil flow (ko) or water flow (kw) is reduced. Furthermore,
the summation of effective permeability is always less than or equal to
the absolute permeability (k). The effective permeability depends not
only on the rock itself but also on the relative amounts and properties
of the different fluids in the pores. In a given rock, ko and kw will vary
as oil and water saturations, So and Sw, vary.
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Functions 91
Saturation function
The input to the Corey correlations depends on the fluid phases you
select to include in the model.
For gas:
- Sgcr: the critical gas saturation.
- Corey Gas: Corey gas exponent for values between the minimum
water saturation and (1 Sorg).
- Krg@Swmin: Relative permeability value of gas at the minimum
water saturation.
- Krg@Sorg: Relative permeability value of gas at the residual oil
saturation.
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For oil:
- Sorw: Residual oil saturation to water. Note that (1 Sorw) >
Swcr
- Sorg: Residual oil saturation to gas. Note that (1 Sorg) > Swcr
- Corey O/W: Corey oil exponent for values between the minimum
water saturation and (1 Sorw).
- Corey O/G: Corey oil exponent for values between minimum
water saturation and (1 Sorg).
- Kro@Somax: Relative permeability of oil at the maximum value
of oil saturation.
For water:
- Swmin: Minimum water saturation.
- Swcr: Critical water saturation. This must be greater than or
equal the minimum water saturation.
- Corey Water: Corey water exponent for values between Swcr and
(1 Sorw).
- Krw@Sorw: Relative permeability of water at the residual oil
saturation value.
- Krw@S=1: Relative permeability of water at a saturation value of
unity.
Oil-water capillary pressure:
Notice that in the lower part of the process dialog you can enter input
to generate a curve for oil-water capillary pressure. You need to
provide:
- maximum capillary pressure
- water saturation when the capillary pressure is zero.
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Functions 93
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Spreadsheets
You can view/edit rock
physics functions in a
spreadsheet.
Right-click on the Rock
physics functions
folder and select
Spreadsheet
Capillary pressure
In a thick reservoir that contains both water and hydrocarbon columns,
the saturation may vary from 100% water at the bottom of the zone, to
a maximum oil saturation (and irreducible water saturation) at the top.
There is a gradual transition between these two extremes in saturation.
The transition interval may be very short for porous and permeable
formations, or it may be quite long in formations of low permeability.
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Functions 95
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Plotting
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Exercise steps
The shape of the relative permeability curve and the number of points
in the table is set in the process dialog.
1. Open the Make rock physics functions process again.
2. Select Edit existing function, and then make sure the Sand
function is selected from the drop-down list.
3. Change the number of Table entries to 8.
4. Change the Corey O/W to 1 and the Corey water to 2.
5. Change Sorw to 0.15.
6. Click OK.
7. Display the new function in the Function window.
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Functions 99
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Functions 101
3. Select Create new function and give the new function the
name Constant.
4. Select to use 8 table entries.
5. From the Correlation drop-down menu, select User defined.
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Functions 103
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Summary
How to create a fluid model and rock physics functions using the Make
fluid model and Make rock physics functions in Petrel was covered
in this module. How to edit the functions in a spreadsheet and to plot
the functions in function window was also covered. Finally, you have
learned how to import functions from keyword files and how the
functions are stored and organized in Petrel.
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Functions 105
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Introduction
The Define simulation case process allows the engineer to pull
together the 3D grid with the fluid and rock physics functions to
initialize the model, that is, to compute initial saturations, pressure and
transmissibilities. The process is also used to select which simulator to
run, and which development strategy to use.
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Initial gas, oil, and water pressure distribution and initial saturation
distributions must be defined in the reservoir model. Pressure data is
usually given with reference to a datum depth. In Petrel, the datum
depth is mean sea level by default.
There are three initialization options:
Equilibration Initial phase pressures and saturation are
computed by the simulator, using the fluid model. The
equilibration facility is a means of calculating the initial
conditions on the basis of hydrostatic equilibrium. If necessary,
the reservoir can be divided into separate equilibration
regions in which hydrostatic equilibrium exists independently
of the other regions. The number of equilibration regions is
specified in the Make fluid model process. Within each
110 Initializing the model
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equilibration region, all grid blocks must use the same pressure
table for their PVT properties, but they can use different rock
physics functions tables as specified in the Make rock
physics functions process.
Enumeration The initial value of pressure, saturation, and
bubble point pressure is set explicitly in each grid block by the
user. The 3D grid property must be dropped into the Grid tab of
the Define simulation case process.
Restart The initial conditions are read from a restart file of a
previous run.
Functions
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Functions
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Functions
Rock physics
Drop in:
Relative permeability curves
Rock compaction function
Select Region index property
to assign different functions to
different rock types.
Initialize by equilibration
Given the fluid densities, the equilibration procedure sets up saturation
against depth curves so that in the transition zone, when two phases
are mobile, the hydrostatic pressure variation is balanced by the
capillary pressure between the phases.
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Separate rock
physics functions should be
used for each significant rock
type.
Equilibration
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Equilibration
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Equilibration
Strategies
The Strategies tab can be left
blank when initializing the model.
Development strategies and
Well segmentation will be described
later in the course.
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Results
3D initial properties
Request to write out initial
saturation and pressure.
Non standard 3D properties can
be added using Additional
Properties (e.g., bubble point
for each cell).
Advanced
Select:
Grid export type (OPF default)
Simulator version
Which queue to send the job to
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A choice of formats for exporting grid data from the Models pane has
always been available in Petrel. However, you can also select these
formats from the Advanced tab in the Define simulation case
process.
The considerations in choosing which format to use are:
Pillar geometry: Petrel supports vertical, straight, listric and
curved pillar geometry. Several of the export formats only
support vertical and straight pillars. If your grid contains curved
or listric pillars and you use a format that does not support it,
the grid will be distorted on export. Check this in the
Statistics tab of the grid settings.
ASCII or Binary: This is important if you are planning to edit the
data outside Petrel. In that case, you need to export the data in
ASCII format.
Properties: Some of the formats do not include the properties on
export. In that case, you need to export them separately.
Compatibility: Not all formats are supported by all simulators or
third party applications. Check the available formats in the
other application before exporting.
File size: Some of the formats provide a higher efficiency
compared to others, resulting in much smaller files. This will
minimize both disc space requirements and the time needed to
move files between systems (if you are running remotely).
By default, the OPF (Open Petrel Format) format is used for all
simulation runs. It supports curved and listric pillars, is binary and
includes the properties. Note that ECLIPSE has to be 2005a version or
later in order to read this format.
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Advanced
Transmissibilities tab
Use the Transmissibilities tab to:
Set a minimum pore volume
Compute transmissibility in Petrel
and export to the simulator
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Exercise Workflow
Exercise Data
In the following exercises, we will continue with the project we have
made earlier. Alternatively, you may load the project Mod_3_
Completed.pet from Backup Projects folder.
Initialize model
In this exercise, we will initialize the 3D model with fluid and rock
physics functions. We will leave the development strategy field empty.
Exercise steps
1. In the Processes pane, expand the Simulation folder and
open the Define simulation case process.
2. Select Create new case and name the new case Simple.
3. Make sure the Simulator is set to ECLIPSE 100, and the Grid
is set to Simple.
4. In the Grid tab, deselect the check boxes in front of
Permeability and Porosity.
5. Enter a permeability of 1000 in the I- and the J- direction and
of 50 in the K-direction.
6. Type in a porosity of 0.12.
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9. Still in the Functions tab, select the Black oil fluid model
from the list in the left panel.
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At the bottom of this file, you will find the initial fluid in place report.
You can view the initial properties that are stored in the Simulation
grid results folder on the Results pane. The next lesson explains how
to view 3D data.
122 Initializing the model
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Lesson 2 3D Viewing
3D Viewing
The simulator loads the results,
and a folder Simulation grid
results is added to the Results
pane
Three sub-folders :
- Composite results
- Static
- Dynamic
Use the Cases pane to select
which simulation case to view
3D Viewing
Time step animation
Set current date and time of
display.
You can use the report steps
available for the property. To
view report steps, select to
step by - Displayed
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3D Viewing
1D filters
Right-click the property and select
Create 1D filter...
A 1D filter can be used to limit the
range of cells displayed for any
property.
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3D Viewing
I, J, K layer filter
You can view all cells with
the same I, J, or K index by
pressing the filter symbol in
the function bar.
3D Viewing
Well filter
Right-click on the Well filters
folder and select Insert new
well filter.
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Right-click on the Well filters folder under the Wells folder on the
Input pane to insert a new filter. In the dialog that opens, you can
select which interval of the well trace you want to display. The filter
applies to both well logs and traces.
The new filter takes effect when the check box in front of it is selected.
User filters
Schlumberger Private
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3D Viewing
Ternary property display
Select Saturation from the
Simulation grid results
(Composite results sub-folder).
Activate Show/hide auto legend
from the toolbar.
General intersection
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Intersection window
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3D viewing
Your simple grid is now initialized and the initial properties are stored
in the sub-folders of Simulation grid results on the Results pane.
You can view any of the initial properties, such as saturation or
pressure in a 3D window. The exercises demonstrate how to apply
different filters for a better view.
Exercise steps
1. Open a new 3D window.
2. Go to the Cases pane and select the relevant case.
3. Go to the Results pane, and expand the Simulation grid
results folder. Then, expand the Dynamic sub-folder. Select
to display Water saturation (SWAT).
4. Click the Show/hide grid lines
button in the function bar
to display the grid lines. If the icon is not on the function bar,
activate the Define simulation case process on the
Processes pane.
5. Click the Show/hide axis
display the coordinate axis.
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Summary
In this module, it was demonstrated how to initialize a simulation case
and how to inspect the initial 3D grid properties.
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Module 5 - Upscaling
Introduction
In this module we will briefly cover how to convert a geological grid into
a simulation grid. Geological grids can contain tens of millions of grid
cells; however, a model that is suitable for simulation usually consists
of 100.000 to one million cells, depending on the computer the
simulations are run on. Consequently, a coarser, less detailed model is
required. In addition, since the simulators are designed to work on
orthogonal grids, the coarse simulation grid should be as close to
orthogonal as possible.
The first step is to coarsen the fine scale grid. To do this, you must first
define the resolution in the x-and y-directions using the Pillar gridding
process. Afterwards, the subdivision in the z-direction will be made
using the Scale up structure process.
Once the geometry of the coarse grid is defined, we will use the
Geometrical modeling process to quality check geometrical
properties of the coarse grid, such as grid cell volumes and angles.
Finally, the properties from the fine grid will be re-sampled into the
coarser simulation grid using the Scale up properties process.
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of Petrel is required.
Learning Objectives
In this module you will learn how to:
Make a coarse simulation grid based on a fine scale grid using
the Pillar gridding and Scale up structure processes.
Compute geometrical properties such as cell angles and
volumes for a 3D grid
Scale up properties from a fine to a coarse grid using the Scale
up properties process
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Upscaling 137
Upscaling
Workflow
Grid orientation
Permeability anisotropy
Fault directions
Wells
Enough cells between wells
138 Upscaling
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You may find that there are conflicts between the different
requirements of the simulation model. A description of the reservoir in
sufficient detail, describing changes in saturation and pressure, may
conflict with the maximum number of cells a simulator can do
computations on in a reasonable amount of time. While a geological
model can consist of tens of millions of cells, a typical desktop
computer cannot perform simulations on models with much more than a
million cells.
Pillar gridding
There are two ways to make a simulation grid using Petrel, the Make
simple grid process and the Pillar Gridding process.
Previously, we made a grid using the Make simple grid process, and
were then able to insert vertical simulation faults at the position of
existing grid nodes. Simulation faults can be barriers to flow, but do not
have throw, so they do not create communication between layers. You
can introduce throw along simulation faults using the Edit 3D Grid
process, but this is not recommended as the editing process is very time
consuming and can be difficult to quality control. Use the Pillar
Gridding approach if you have faults with throw, non-vertical faults or
if you want the faults to define segments in your grid.
The result of both of these processes will be a skeleton framework of
the 3D grid that is ready to insert surfaces into.
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Upscaling 139
Pillar gridding
Overview
140 Upscaling
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Pillar gridding
Terminology
Upscaling 141
Pillar gridding
Cell shape
142 Upscaling
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Pillar gridding
You must choose whether some faults should define a direction in the
grid. For a simulation grid, the fewer the better, as this will allow the
algorithm to make orthogonal cells. The default grid orientation is
North-South. To change this without making a fault into a directional
trend, create a trend outside the area of the grid. By doing this, you can
give a direction to the grid, and still ensure that all faults are zig-zag.
Alternatively, go to the Expert tab on the Pillar gridding process
dialog and specify the rotation angle.
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Upscaling 143
Pillar gridding
Cell size
I and J increment
Gives the average cell size, and hence
the model size
The cell size specified is an average
cells will vary in size as the gridding
honors faults
One of the many aspects to consider when setting cell size is the effect
of numerical dispersion. Numerical dispersion is due to the
discretization of the volume into cells with properties at the center.
Water is injected into Cell 1 and as soon as the critical water saturation
is reached, water will be able to move to Cell 2. Once water is mobile,
it will advance in every time step, no matter the length of the time step.
This creates a smeared out water saturation front, instead of the
correct sharp displacement front. One way to reduce the effect is to
have smaller cells.
If the model contains cells with a small volume, this could cause the
time required for the simulator to increase. It is possible to select to set
such cells inactive. If the total volume of all such cells is significant,
consider redoing the gridding.
144 Upscaling
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Upscaling 145
Pillar gridding
Faults tab
Pillar gridding
146 Upscaling
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The more complex the pillar geometry, the more accurately the cells
will honor volumes on either side of faults. However, the cells will be
less orthogonal. Notice that the grid formats GRDECL and EGRID (uses
the ZCORN and COORD keywords) only supports vertical and linear
faults. If you use listric or curved faults in your Petrel project and export
the grid to the simulator in one of these formats, the grid will be
distorted.
Refer to the Initialization lesson in Module 4 for more information on
the grid formats.
Pillar gridding
Result
The result of the Pillar gridding is a skeleton grid. The skeleton grid
consists of a top, a mid, and a base skeleton, representing the top, mid
and base shape points of the Key pillars, respectively.
Along and between all of the faults are a set of pillars, evenly
distributed based on the given increment in the I and J direction. This
defines the framework, including the faults and the cell size, that the
surfaces can be inserted into. As no surfaces are inserted yet, there are
no 3D grid cells at this stage.
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Upscaling 147
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Upscaling 149
150 Upscaling
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Upscaling 151
4. When you are happy with the mid skeleton grid, click OK in the
process dialog. Accept the generation of lower and upper
skeleton grids by clicking Yes. Examine these in the 3D
window.
5. Save the project.
It is possible to only use a sub-set of the faults in the simulation grid
without removing any data from the original Fault model. You can
remove faults from the simulation model in two ways:
a. Turn them off in the Faults folder under the Fault model in
the Models pane.
152 Upscaling
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Vertical subdivision
Stratigraphic
Model
Sim Model 2
Sim Model 1
Permeability, mD
1000
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Upscaling 153
Vertical subdivision
Two methods
154 Upscaling
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There are two ways to subdivide the simulation grid in the vertical
direction.
Based on input data Use the Make horizons, Make zones,
and the Layering processes to do the subdivision based on the
available input data such as surfaces, seismic interpretations,
and isochore data. This type of vertical subdivision is usually
done as part of the geological structural modeling process;
further details are covered in the Structural modeling course.
Based on the fine model Use the Scale up structure process
as shown in the illustration on the slide. In this case, a fine grid
is given as input to the process and then the layering of the
simulation grid is done by using information on the layering of
the fine grid. This procedure will be explained in the following
slides.
Scale up structure
Settings for each zone
Settings for each zone - Once a fine scale model is inserted into this
interface, the bottom panel is populated with the vertical layering
scheme of the fine model. You must then do the required edits to
produce a coarser vertical layering. Select the settings with great care
to make sure that important features of the fine model are captured,
such as a sealing layer.
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Upscaling 155
In this panel, you also specify the zonation of the coarse grid. It is
possible to combine two zones in the fine grid into one zone in the
coarse grid. To do so, delete one of the rows in the table. Then, insert
the correct top and bottom horizon on the remaining zones by selecting
them in the Input pane and dropping them into the table by using the
blue arrow. For each zone, you must select the type of zone division;
proportional, follow base, follow top, or fractions. Finally, specify the
number of layers or layer thickness within each zone.
After the grid is built, and before the properties are upscaled, the grid
geometry should be checked. Cells which deviate considerably from
orthogonal, have small volume cells next to large volume cells and
badly distorted cells, can have a negative impact on the simulation. If
errors are encountered as a result of poor grid geometry, the simulation
time may increase considerably or may not complete at all.
Use the simulation report to identify problems related to cell geometry.
Cells which cause problems can be set as inactive (ACTNUM=0). If
problems are severe, the grid should be rebuilt.
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Cell angles
Cell angles - Where faults have been set as I or J trends, the grid may
become distorted and cells deviate considerably from being orthogonal.
Compute the geometrical property Cell Angle and use the property filter
to identify cells with angles that are far off from 90 degrees. The values
calculated are angles representing the maximum deviation from 90
degrees at each corner. As a rule of thumb, values less than 15 are
good for simulation. Higher values can result in errors when used in a
typical five-point difference scheme. However, distorted cells may not
be so important in regions that are not significant for flow (e.g. inactive
cells or aquifer regions).
Create 1D filters - To get a better view of where a property takes on
values in a particular range, right-click on the property and select
Create 1D filter. Use the sliders to specify the values you want to filter
out. The new filter is stored in the Filter folder of the Input pane.
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Remember to select
Create new property if you
are running the
Geometrical Modeling
process to create several
new properties. Petrel will,
by default, select to
overwrite an existing
property.
Upscaling 157
Cell inside-out
Cells close to faults may become so distorted that they sometimes can
turn inside out, where one axis is pushed through a different face.
These generally do not visualize well, but can be isolated by using the
property filter to remove the cells which deviate from 0 (normal). The
cell inside-out check just gives a flag to indicate errors. If it is zero
everywhere, the grid is OK.
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Upscaling 159
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Upscaling 161
4. Click Apply.
5. Go to the Input pane. Note that you can turn the filter on and
off from the Filters folder. Save the project.
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Upscaling
Workflow
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Upscaling 163
Scale up properties
Select the property or the folder of
properties to scale up by leftclicking in the Models pane.
Click the blue arrow in the Scale
up properties process dialog to
drop in the selected property.
You need to select the properties to scale up. You can select any
property from a Properties folder on the Models pane, not only from
the grid that was used for the structural upscaling. Multiple properties
can be scaled up in one run.
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Scale up properties
Expand the fine grid inside the Scale up
properties process dialog.
You can scale up many properties in one go.
Once you have selected the properties to scale up, a folder for each
input grid is add to the process dialog. To access the settings for each
property, you need to expand the folder for the 3D grid, and then
left-click the property.
The coarse grid cells to populate can also be restricted by enabling the
Upscale to filtered cells only option. This will restrict upscaling to
those output grid cells, which are included in the currently active filter.
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Upscaling 165
Scale up properties
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Scale up properties
Averaging methods
For all continuous properties, select between the methods:
Arithmetic mean - Used for additive properties such as
porosity, saturation, and net/gross. x a =
1 n
xi
n i =1
Upscaling 167
i =1
xr =
xi .
1 n 2
xi
n i =1 .
xr =
1 n p
xi
n i =1
168 Upscaling
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Algorithm
Upscaling 169
Note that harmonic mean gives more cells with low values than
arithmetic mean does. Therefore, harmonic mean is commonly used to
upscale permeability for which it is important to capture cells with low
values.
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Exercise Workflow
Exercise Data
In this exercise, continue to use the dataset from the previous exercise.
Scale up properties
Exercise steps
1. Make sure the Upscaled[U] 3D grid you created is active
(bold).
2. Open the Scale up properties process which is located
under Upscaling in the Processes pane.
3. You need to specify which properties to scale up. Select
Permeability and Porosity from the Properties folder of
Fine grid in the Models pane and drop them into the process
dialog by clicking the blue arrow.
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Upscaling 171
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Upscaling 173
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4. When you work with histograms, note that you can toggle
between comparing the number of cells or percentage of cells
by clicking the Use percentage in Y-axis button
in the
function bar. It is useful to compare percentage of cells when
you compare values from the fine grid with values in the
coarse grid.
5. Also you can select to volume weight the cells you are viewing
by pressing the Weight histogram with volume button
.
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Upscaling 175
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Summary
In this module we have upscaled a model from geological scale to a
simulation grid. First, we did the coarsening in the horizontal direction
using the Pillar gridding process. Next, we specified the layering of
the coarse model using the fine grid layers as input. Using
Geometrical modeling, we checked the coarse grid for poorly shaped
and small cells. Finally, properties were scaled up to the coarse grid
from the fine grid.
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Upscaling 177
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To better model fluid flow behavior, local grid refinements allow for a
finer resolution of parts of the 3D grid. Transmissibility between the
local grids and the global model are computed automatically by
ECLIPSE/FrontSim. The properties of the cells in the refined grid cells
can be inherited from the global grid or specified explicitly for the
refined cells.
The Make local grids process is available from the Corner point
gridding folder in the Processes pane. Local grids are defined using
wells, surfaces, and polygons as input.
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Host cells
Select the sources:
Wells: Make a refinement around the
well.
Polygons: Make a refinement inside
the polygon.
Surfaces: Make refinements above or
below.
Click the blue arrow to add sources to
the gridding process.
Refinement Method
Select a source or folder of sources in the
source list, and then select refinement
method.
Cartesian : Give number of fine cells inside
each coarse cell
Cartesian Gradual : The coarse cells are
refined gradually. Finest resolution in the
middle. Give number of levels.
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Zone filter: You can select which zones should be included for grid
refinement. This selection is also used when Grid separate zones is
selected. Similarly, you can use the Segment filter to only generate
grid refinements inside some of the segments.
Grid separate zones: Non-gradual refinement methods only. Select
this if you want to create separate local grid sets for each zone.
Use active filter: Select this if you want to restrict the local grids to
the host grid cells that are currently displayed.
No extension
Extended in K
When local grids are exported to the ECLIPSE simulators, they are
decomposed into cuboids (in I,J,K). You can reduce the number of
cuboids by extending a host cell set in any, or all of the I, J or K grid
directions. This will generate larger host cell sets, but fewer cuboids in
their decompositions. You must choose between these issues so that it
generates an acceptable simulation.
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Choose this option for a selected well if you want to restrict the active
source to open wellgrid connections only (for example, perforations
and open-hole sections).
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To change settings:
Select a source
Deselect Use default
Specify individual settings
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The two images above illustrate that a local grid cell gets the same
property value as the coarse cell. This does not apply for geometrical
properties such as cell volume or cell angle.
Upscale properties
If the Use property filter option
is on, Petrel will only upscale
onto the grids that are visible.
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Grid coarsening
1.
2.
3.
Use polygon
Select generation method Coarsen
Specify settings
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LGR - Export
1.
2.
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Import a polygon
Exercise steps
1. Right-click in the Input pane and select Import(on tree) and
import the file ImportData>Local grid>LGRpolygon. Make sure
the file type General lines/points (ASCII) is selected.
2. Click OK in the dialog.
3. In the Input data dialog: select Generic boundary polygon
as Line type, then click OK. The polygon appears at the
bottom of the Input pane.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Producers folder. Select the wells P03, P04, and P05 and drop
them into the process dialog by clicking the blue arrow .
Click the polygon you imported (in the Input pane) and drop it
into the process dialog by clicking the blue arrow .
Select the Polygons folder in the Make local grids process
dialog.
Select the method Cartesian Dx, Dy, Dz and set Dx/Dy to
100. Set Dz to 10.
Select the Wells folder in the Make local grids process
dialog. Select the Cartesian Gradual Nx, Ny, Nz method.
Enter a refinement of 3x3x1 and type in 2 Levels for the wells.
Select a Source influence distance of 600.
12. Open a 3D window and display the wells, the polygon you
imported, and the porosity property from the upscaled grid.
Select to show the grid lines by clicking the Show/hide grid
lines button
in the function bar.
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16. Select well P05 in the Source name list of the process dialog
and then deselect the Use default check box. Now, you can
adjust the settings for this particular oil producer. Change the
method to Cartesian Nx, Ny, Nz and the Source influence
distance to 500.
17. Click OK to generate the local grid set.
Exercise steps
1. In the Models pane, under the active 3D grid, you will now
have a folder called Local grids.
2. Expand the Local grids folder. Right-click on Local grid set 1
and select Settings. Change the name on the Info tab to
Wells and Polygon.
3. Click on different properties in the model; note that the local
grids have inherited the host cell properties, with the exception
of geometric properties and simulation results. Geometrical
properties must be computed for the local grid cells, and
simulated properties are only available if the simulation was
run with local grid refinements.
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7. In the Target cells part of the dialog, select the check box in
front of Upscale to filtered cells only.
Lesson 2 Aquifers
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Make a folder of
aquifers in order to use
multiple aquifers in the
simulation run. The Define
simulation case process
has only one place for
aquifer input.
Make aquifer
Choose to create a new aquifer or edit an
existing aquifer.
Select type of aquifer model
Numerical
Carter Tracy
Fetkovich
Constant flux
Constant pressure gas
Constant pressure/head water
Rainfall
Each aquifer model is stored in the
Aquifers folder on the Models pane
under the parent grid.
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Connections
Select model.
Enter area of interest:
Use the Make/edit polygons
process to define the boundary
polygon.
First, specify which model to use. Then, specify the area that should be
influenced by the aquifer. This is done by supplying a closed polygon.
The polygon can be made using the Make/edit polygons process.
You can drop in multiple polygons defining the connection areas of
interest. Each of the polygons have individual settings for creating a
unique drive direction for each area of interest.
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Fault edges
connection
Bottom up
connection
After the area of interest is specified, you must select the drive
direction and the vertical extent.
If Bottom up is selected, the aquifer is connected to the bottom edge
at the bottom of the reservoir for all cells within the area of interest. In
addition, it is possible to specify the vertical extent.
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Aquifer modeling
Numerical
You can select to use between one to five cells to model a numerical
aquifer. To be able to include a numerical aquifer, Petrel needs the same
number of grid cells that are undefined (for example, outside the grid) or
have zero volume, porosity, or ACTNUM value. These cells cannot be
part of a local grid set.
The properties of the aquifer grid cells are set on the Cell settings tab,
hence, the properties of the grid cells that are used to model the aquifer
do not depend on the position those cells have in the 3D grid.
If the numerical aquifer is modeled using one cell, it is the properties of
this single cell that is used to represent the aquifer. All cells with a
connection to the aquifer is consequently given boundary conditions
depending on those properties. If more than one cell is used, all cells
with connections to the aquifer are given boundary conditions using the
properties of aquifer cell number one, while aquifer cell number one is
attached to aquifer cell number two, and so on.
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Make aquifer
Properties tab
The different aquifer models require different input. Refer to the Online
Help manual for details.
Exercises Aquifers
In this exercise, we will add an aquifer to see whether a better match
can be achieved.
Exercise Workflow
Use the Make/edit polygons process to draw a polygon that
specifies the area that is influenced by the aquifer
Use the Make aquifer process to add an aquifer to the model
Exercise Data
In this exercise, continue to use the project from the previous exercise.
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Add an aquifer
Exercise steps
1. Open a 2D window and display one of the horizons along with
the faults of your upscaled grid from the Models pane.
2. Activate the Make/edit polygons process from Utilities
folder in the Processes pane.
3. Use the Start new set of polygons (deactivate old) tool
. Draw a polygon which encloses the eastern part of the
model. Use the Close selected polygon
tool to close the
polygon.
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16. Go to the Models pane, you will find newly created aquifer
under the Upscaled grid > Aquifer folder. Toggle the new
aquifer on. The cell faces connected to the aquifer are
displayed in the 3D Window.
17. Now go back to the Make aquifer process, and deselect the
directions between E and S in the compass (see picture
below), then click Apply. Only the cell faces in the greyed
parts of the compass are taken into account for the aquifer
connection. This allows you to filter out the unwished aquifer
cell connections.
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Summary
The Make aquifer process was used to model the presence of water
at the edge of the reservoir. How to use The Make local grids
process, which allows you to refine the simulation grid, was also
demonstrated.
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Module 7 - History
development strategies
Introduction
In this module, you will learn how to set up a development strategy
based on imported observed data. We will also look at how to import
the historically observed production data.
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of Petrel is required.
Learning Objectives
Import observed data
View observed data in a function window
Make a history strategy
View line data
Optional: Use the History match analysis tool to view results
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Sensitivity runs are used to identify which properties have the greatest
effect on the simulation results.
Tuning runs are used to modify the properties of the model to improve
the match between simulated results and the actual production history.
History-Prediction
History:
Prediction:
The simulator needs the well paths (deviation surveys) in order to know
where the wells are located in the simulation model.
The well bore history is a record of the location and dates of
perforations, squeezes, plugs, hydraulic fractures, etc. Normally, this
information is put into an events file that is read into Petrel.
The production history, or vol file, can be exported from OFM or Finder
and imported into Petrel.
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On the Data tab, you need to specify the type of data in each of the
columns of the file you are importing. In the illustration, column three
contains the bottom hole pressure (BHP).
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Once the observed data vectors are imported, they can be viewed in a
function window. To display observed data, you must select a vector (for
example, oil rate), a well, and the observed dataset on the Results
pane.
User interface
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Use defaults
A history strategy
Two rules are added:
Reporting frequency
History rate control
History strategy
Edit default rules
Drop in the
observed
data
Edit control
modes
Edit time
stepping
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Data averaging
The imported data is averaged over the report step length selected in
the Make development strategy process. Plot the observed data and
the development strategy to see how the averaged data matches the
observed data.
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Exercise steps
1. Open the Define simulation case process and select to
create new case and give it name, Basic.
2. Change the grid from Simple to Upscaled. Make sure the
Simulator is set to ECLIPSE 100.
3. Go to the Grid tab. Make sure you insert the properties you
want to use for simulation. Expand Upscaled grid [U] under
Models pane. Open the Properties folder and drop
Permeability and Porosity into the Grid tab. To be able to
use the blue arrow, you have to select the check box in front of
it
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Five types of
geometry files can be
created for simulation:
.OPF most flexible, incl.
curved faults, binary
.GRID incl. curved faults,
binary
.EGRID straight line faults,
binary
.GRDECL straight line
faults, ASCII
.GSG incl. curved faults,
binary
2. Go to the Grid tab. Drop in the local grid set (Wells and
Polygon) from the Models pane.
3. Click Apply to save the changes, and Run to run the case.
224 History development strategies
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6. Select the Aquifer (Carter Tracy) from the Models pane and
drop it into the process dialog.
7. Click Apply to save the changes and Run to run the case.
The next lesson will focus on viewing line data.
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Plotting data
Open a New function
window
Select line data and
identifier from the Results
pane
Select case from the Cases
pane
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1. Go to the settings
for Function 1 (of
Function
window 1) in the
Windows pane
or,
double-click on a
line.
2. Adjust settings
under the Plot tab.
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Results pane
Categorize results
Right-click on Dynamic data and
select Categorize results.
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Results pane
Filter results
The Results pane can contain a large number of vectors. If you only
want to list vectors that contain data for a specific well or a particular
simulation case you can right-click this subject and select Filter
results tree.
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Results pane
Right-click the Dynamic data folder and select Export to export line
vectors. In the Export dialog that opens, you must specify a file name
and format. The only format available is Petrel Summary Data where
the columns are separated by tabs.
In the next dialog that opens, you can make a selection of result
vectors, identifiers, and cases for export.
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Plot window
A plot window can be used to
combine several view-ports.
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3D Viewing
Summary data
1. Display relevant wells from the Input pane.
2. Go to settings for Dynamic data.
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The user can display summary data, for example Oil production rate in
3D and 2D windows. The summary vector can be displayed as a disc,
stack, bar or sphere and the size represent the magnitude of the vector.
The display can be animated through time.
Bubble maps
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3D Viewing
Streamlines
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3D Viewing
Streamline filters
Use the Startwell or
Endwell filters to view
streamlines from/to
particular wells.
The Startwell filter is useful for displaying all of the wells that are
supported by an injector. Similarly, the Endwell filter is used to display
all of the injectors that support one producer.
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4. You can now edit the line and point styles by using the bottom
right part of the settings panel. Select a line with of 8 pt, and
click Apply to see the change.
6. Deselect Auto line styles and then change the color of one of
the simulation cases. Click Apply. The corresponding line
changes color in the active function window, but the simulation
case still has the same color on its settings panel.
7. Select the Axis tab of the Settings panel for the function
window, then select the Annotation sub-tab.
Plot window
It is possible to combine several view-ports in one plot window.
Exercise steps
1. Open a New plot window.
2. Click the New object in window
icon and select New
function viewport.
3. Click and drag to insert the new function viewport.
4. Select one of your cases in the Cases pane. Select Oil and
Water production rate from the Dynamic results data
folder on the Results pane. Select Field in the Identifier
folder.
5. Click the New object in window
button again, but this
time select New map viewport.
238 History development strategies
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Match values are computed for all wells with observed data. In the
expression on the slide:
M is the match value that will be reported
N is the number of points used to compute M, that is the number of
time steps in the simulation or the number of observed data points. You
select which of those to use in the History match analysis process
dialog.
S is the simulated value. S is a vector containing the simulated value
for a specific well at each point in time. Hence, S is a vector of length
N.
O is the observed value, that is, O is a vector containing the observed
value for a specific well at each point in time. O has length N.
s is a normalization parameter that can be used to make sure all the
match values are in the same order of magnitude.
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Remember, that since the water cut is the ratio of water to liquid
hydrocarbons produced in a well, it will always have values between
zero and one. Therefore, a well with a large production is not
distinguished from a well with a small production. Consequently, it is
more reliable to use rates when computing the history match data.
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Remember, the expression for the match value M given in slide 4. The
number N is determined by the sample frequency. If Observed
frequency is chosen, the simulated data is compared to the observed
data only when observed data is available. Consequently, N is the
number of samples of the observed data. The simulated data will be
sampled backwards. That is, at a time where there is observed data this
value will be compared to the first simulated value backwards in time.
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Zero data filtering should be turned on for the rates that were used to
set the rules in the Development strategy process. If one of those
rates is zero for a well, you would get a perfect match only because the
well is closed for flow.
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In the settings panel for the History match set, you can set the
Threshold limits and the Equality number. Updating these values does
not require re-sampling of the data, it only changes the appearance of
the plots.
Threshold: The settings are used to visualize match results in the
qualitative mode. All vectors with a match value lower than Min will
be reported as Match. All vectors with a match value greater than
Max will be reported as Poor. Note that the size of the parameters
Min and Max must be chosen depending on how you select to
normalize the match.
Equality+/-:The number you enter here is used to visualize the
difference between two cases. Vectors with a match value less than
this number will be displayed as being equal.
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A bubble map
shows the match
statistic for one or
more vectors at
each well.
Here, the well
P04 has the worst
oil production
match.
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Switch on Case
compare mode
Select vectors and
wells in the Results
pane.
Select two cases to
compare in the
Cases pane.
In the above illustration, two cases are compared. The values are
lumped into three categories: Case 1 is displayed as better, equal, or
worse than Case 2.
Function window
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Function window
Cross plot two vectors
To make a crossplot:
1. Use the right mouse to select which vector to plot on the
x-axis. Then select a second vector for the y-axis.
2. Select the cases you want to compare in the Cases pane.
A trend to the origin indicates both matches improve together, while a
trend to the ends of the axes indicates improving one match worsens
the other. You can crossplot two wells in a similar way.
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Function window
In the illustration, you can see the match values for a single vector,
water production rate, for all wells in several cases. In this example,
the user has selected to give the best match the color green and the
worst match the color red. The remaining matches are in black.
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7. If you do not see the wells, click the View all in viewport
button .
8. Open the settings for History match statistics by rightclicking the folder and then selecting Settings.
9. Go to the Map window tab and select the radio button
Quantitative.
10. Still on the Map window tab, select the check box Enable
bubble plots. Click Apply.
11. Go to the General tab and click
to change the range of the
color legend. In the dialog that opens, click Max
and Min
to get the range of your pressure match vector. Click
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Apply. Notice how well P01 has the poorest match in bottom
hole pressure.
12. Turn off the Bottom hole pressure, and select to view the
Oil production rate instead.
13. Switch to Qualitative mode in the Map tab of the Settings
panel for the History match statistics, then click Apply.
14. Open the settings for your New match set and enter the
threshold for the match values that should be considered good
and bad. Select Min =0.1 and Max=3. You should now see a
qualitative match of the oil production rates. Notice that well
P04 has a poor match in oil production rate.
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7. You should now see that the Aquifer case has the best match
for most of the wells.
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Summary
In this module, you learned how to use the Make development
strategy process to set up a simulation case using observed well data
as input. You also learned how to import observed data. Finally, it was
demonstrated how to use the History match analysis process to
compare simulated results to observed data.
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When you import a well header, make sure to select the correct file
format. In the import dialog that appears, notice that there is a capture
of the file you are importing at the bottom. View the data in the file
capture, and fill in the column number for the x and y coordinate and the
depth data into the Columns part of the dialog.
To import well header data:
Right-click the Wells folder and select Import(on selection)
from the drop-down menu
Select Well heads (ASCII)(*.*) as the file format
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A well created by
Create well (vertical well) or
imported into Petrel using
well deviation format is
created by the minimum
curvature interpolation
method. This method is very
different from the advanced
drilling trajectory algorithm
available in Well path
design, both in objective and
mathematics.
Well Engineering 265
To import branching wells, you need to use the Multiple well paths/
deviations file format. Notice that if Well B is branching off from Well
A, then it needs to be named Well A%Well B on the file you are
importing.
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The algorithm will attempt to design a well that passes through all of
the design points with a curvature which is smaller than the requested
upper dog leg severity (DLS) set by the user. This is done by using a
series of straight sections and curves of the requested DLS.
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It is also possible to
first create a polygon (that
can consist of several
straight line segments joined
together), create a vertical
section along the polygon,
display data on the section
and then digitize.
There are several ways of digitizing the well path, depending on the
available data.
Digitize on a General intersection (GI) - You can create a GI
and position it in the place where you want to digitize the new
path. Any type of data can be displayed on the intersection. It
is possible to perform detailed editing at any time, for instance,
if you do not want your well along a straight line.
Digitize on a filtered property - Use the value filter in the
property filter to filter on, for example, high porosity values,
and use the zone filter to view the different zone(s) you want.
Digitize in 3D view and attach the digitized points to the cells
that are left after filtering.
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Well type
Simple
Side
track
Stand
alone
You have the possibility to extend the proposed well trajectory to the
surface by selecting one of the Advanced algorithm options:
Simple : The well head is assumed to be vertical above the
uppermost design point.
Standalone : The well head, KB and MD need to be provided by
the user.
Side track : User must specify the main well to which Petrel will
connect proposed trajectory.
The Simulation trajectory algorithm is available only for imported wells
from simulation deck. The algorithm joins the design points with
straight lines.
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3C
3B
3A
3. Move vector arrow (turns yellow). This will not move the
node but changes the curvature (A)
1
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3A
4. Look at the file capture at the bottom of the import dialog and
enter the correct column number for X, Y, and TVD.
276 Well Engineering
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.
278 Well Engineering
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Be aware of vertical
exaggeration, which by
default is set to 5. You may
want to change Z-scale to 2
from Petrel Tool bar.
7. Expand the Filter folder on the Input pane. Then, expand the
User sub-folder in which your new filter is stored. Select the
check box in front of it to turn it on or off.
8. Next, click once on the Define simulation case in the
Simulation folder in the Processes pane making it the active
process. This enables the property function toolbar to the right
of the 3D window which we will use.
9. Use the Display the cells with same K button and the
property player buttons to move through the grid in K layers. In
this way, when you digitize on the grid, you can move through
the reservoir. You can also use the I- and J-direction filters
10. Turn on all existing wells from the Input pane, to avoid
collisions.
This is one way out of many to set up the 3D window ready for
digitizing new well trajectories.
Exercise steps
1. Alternatively, you can use a General intersection as a target
when digitizing the well trajectory in combination with the
saturation property.
2. Go to the Input pane and turn off the User filter for saturation
you have made in the previous exercise Oil saturation (SOIL)
1 - Aquifer. Deselect filtering along K-direction as well.
3. Insert a new General intersection by right-clicking the
Intersection folder located in the Models pane under
Upscaled grid. Next, select Insert general intersection
4. Use the Manipulate plane button
and the general
intersection player toolbar to move the general intersection
into the location you want to digitize the well.
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It is often easier to
delete a well point, or the
entire well, and start the
well design again, than to
spend time adjusting and
fixing.
To resize, select or
move the well design points
you will have to either turn
off the general intersection
plane or move the plane
slightly.
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.
2. Click the Open project button
in the Background
project part of the dialog that opens.
5. Click the left arrow to copy the well into your project.
6. Close the Reference project tool, and save your project.
7. Display the well you just copied.
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Shifting offset
a) Multilaterals
b) Limiting surfaces as constrain
c) Collision detection
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The algorithm will place a well through the target body, honoring the
constraint given by the user. The topology of the selected target area
(body) can lead to multilateral solution. On the process dialog, you can
allow for laterals and also limit their lengths.
You can select to constrain the well(s) target points between an upper
and a lower surface. Notice that you cannot use a horizon from the 3D
grid, only surfaces from the Input pane are accepted as input. If the
same surface is inserted for both Upper and Lower, Petrel will shift
the well target points to that surface. Alternatively, you can enter the
maximum and the minimum depth where you want the well path to be
placed in between.
It is possible to shift the wells in the X and Y direction relative to the
input target by entering the desired offset. Notice that by doing so, the
resulting wells may not hit the input target.
If a collision is
detected, a warning message
will be logged.
Laterals
design
Laterals
design
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Laterals design
You need to supply the depth (reference MD) that the first new lateral
should branch off from the mother bore. Either drop in a surface, in
which case the reference MD is calculated as the intersection of the
main well with that surface. Or else, enter the depth (in TVD).
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Laterals design
On the Laterals template tab, you can select the laterals type : Fork or
Fishbone. There are several settings for both templates:
Offset MD This value will define the starting point MD of the
first lateral and is an offset to the reference MD provided on
the general tab.
Spacing specify the distance (MD) between the starting points
of two consecutive laterals.
Relative azimuth is the angle between the first target point of
the lateral and the starting point of the main well. In cases
where there are more then one lateral, the first will use the
relative azimuth, the second will use the opposite of the
relative azimuth and so on.
Use the Advanced settings if you want to use different settings for
different laterals to the same main well.
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Laterals design
3. The part of the reservoir that has high oil saturation and only
one producer is now displayed.
4. Right-click Oil saturation (SOIL) and select Convert
simulation results to grid properties. Click OK in the dialog
that opens up.
5. Go to the Models pane. Under the Upscaled grid you will
find the AQUIFER folder (name of the case/ run from which
the property originated).
6. Expand the AQUIFER folder and find the SOIL[0] [Feb
01.2009] property. Right-click and select Calculator.
7. In the Calculator window, select to Use filter. The filter that
is applied is the same as the ones applied in the active 3D
window, hence, in this case, we will only compute a property
for Segment 4.
8. Use the Attach new to template drop-down menu to select
the General discrete template.
9. Enter P11_target=, then left-click the SOIL property in the
Select property variable pane to obtain the expression as
shown in the illustration below.
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7. Click Make run. Find the new Optimized wells folder in the
Input pane and visualize the new wells in your 3D window.
The reference MD is
the MD value of the input
well that corresponds to the
TVD given as input to the
process. You can left-click
the main well in a 3D
window at which point
where you want the first
lateral to branch off. The
depth value is then reported
in the status bar.
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Well manager
Well manager is a tool
that displays and
allows to edit well data
in a spreadsheet
Well attributes:
Default attributes
User attributes
Check shots
Well log
Well completions
The Well manager gives you an overview of all wells in your project. It
allows you to sort and filter on well names.
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From the Settings dialog of a well, you can select to create a well
report that can be handed over to the driller. You can either create a
report that tells you all the exits and entries of every zone, or you could
enter the spreadsheet for the well and get a listing of the well points,
with different types of attributes.
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Also on the Settings dialog for the wells, you can select to add
synthetic well tops to the active well tops folder at the positions where
your new wells intersects the horizons of your 3D grid. Those can be
useful later when placing completion items.
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There are many options in Petrel to quality check and report the
resulting well path. Both the dog leg severity and the error propagation
cone can be displayed along the well path. It is also possible to make
synthetic logs from grid properties and to view properties on a vertical
well section along the well path. The designed wells can be reviewed
and edited in a spreadsheet.
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Synthetic logs
1. Open the Make logs tab in the settings for
the new well and select a property.
Click the Make logs button.
2. Click the Make logs button.
3. Open the Style settings for the property
from the Global well log, and select the
Draw log as 3D pipe option.
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2B
1
2A
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Exercise steps
1. Right-click on the Wells folder in the Input pane and select
Well manager from the drop-down menu. The well manager
window opens.
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2. Hover the mouse pointer over the icons at the top toolbar to
get a tool tip for what functionality they provide. Try a few of
them. Warning: .
3. Click on the Show button
to get a drop-down
menu with attributes that you can view. Deselect the default
attributes and select to show Well completions.
4. Next to the Show button is a Filter button
. This filters
the Well manager based on any saved searches defined in
your project. See the tip for more information.
5. Show the default attributes again in the well manager, and
click on the Edit points button
at the bottom
of the well manager window. Select to edit the total depth TD
(MD), and notice that the column now has a white background
and the values can now be edited.
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There are two ways of computing the inflow to wells with ECLIPSE;
namely the standard and multi-segment well model. The multisegment well model is a special extension to ECLIPSE.
The following items are exported to ECLIPSE only if they are used with
multi-segmented wells settings - Inflow control devices (ICDs), Flow
control valves (FCVs), Gas lift valve, Gauges, and Pumps. The
Heater can only be used with ECLIPSE 300.
The standard well models treat the entire well bore as a single entity,
with constant or averaged fluid properties throughout the well. Such
models neglect pressure drops due to friction and inter-phase slip. This
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Completion items
Input pane
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To insert a new completion item, select one of the icons in the Function
bar (Perforation, Casing, Liner...), and left-click in the Completions
track of the well section window. You are prompted with a dialog in
which you need to specify the start date for the new item. Once you
have entered a date and closed the dialog box, the new item is added.
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By clicking the Toggle flow path display button in the function bar,
you can turn on a flow path display.
Completions manager
Completions
You can view and edit completion items in a tabular view. To do so,
either right-click the Global completions folder and select
Completions manager, or click the Open completions manager
button in the Well completion design process dialog. To sort the
data, simply left-click one of the column headings. To reverse the order,
click once more.
To organize the completions data in this tabular view, you have several
options. You can grab a column header and drag it into the position you
like. Alternatively, you can grab a column header into the dark grey area
to group data by that column. Use the Columns drop-down menu to
select which columns to display.
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Completions manager
Equipment tab
On the Equipment tab, you can define the equipment settings that can
be used by several completion items in the project. For each equipment
type, you must assign a name, outer diameter (OD), inner diameter (ID),
inner roughness (IR), and outer roughness (OR). By clicking the
Columns tab, you can add additional columns to specify more settings,
such as drift diameter.
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You can also edit the Completion data by opening the settings panel.
You can do so by either right-clicking the completion item in the Input
pane, or by right-clicking it in the well section window and then
selecting Settings from the drop-down menu.
On the settings panel for Casings, Tubings, Pumps, Chokes, Gas lift
valves, and Inflow valves, you can select which equipment setting you
want to assign.
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Settings
Perforations
Give a depth
directly or relative
to a well
The connected
cells within the
perforation will
be reported as
single entry
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Depth interval
Remember, for a designed well, you can make artificial well tops at the
position where the well penetrates one of the horizons in the 3D grid.
This is further explained in the Well path design lesson.
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Event shifting
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You can use the Operations tab on the Well completions design
process dialog to edit existing items or to add new completions.
One way to modify existing items is by changing the radius. New items
can be added either for the whole well, or according to a well log.
Discrete well logs with the correct template must be used as input for
Petrel to understand which intervals to complete with which equipment.
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Event data can be imported from file. Select between the formats Well
event data to import perforations, stimulations and work-overs, and
Well tubing data to import casings and tubings. You can also import
completion logs and then use the Operations tab on the Well
completion design process dialog to convert them into completion
items.
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Notice that if you are only importing perforations, you should select the
check box Add casing to all wells with events. Otherwise, you will
add perforation to a well which is open hole by default, and it will then
be treated as open hole.
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The previous slide shows the format of an events file with information
on which data is required. For instance, if the well has been perforated,
the event file should contain the top and bottom depth of the
perforation. Petrel will translate the depth of events into the I, J, and K
cell location, and the simulator will calculate the transmissibility
between the well and the cell.
Completion items
Time player
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Exercise Data
In this exercise, you will continue the project you have been working on
in the previous modules and exercises.
Exercise steps - Define equipment
1. Open the Completions manager dialog. You can access the
Completions manager by right-clicking on the Global
completions folder and selecting it from drop-down menu.
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6. Next, select the check box in front the Well tops folder to
display the well tops.
7. Activate the Well completion design process in the Well
engineering folder on the Processes pane by clicking it
once. The function toolbar appears with icons (tools) relevant
to the completion design process.
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2. You can now click and drag the casing base up and down in
the well section window.
3. Right-click inside the casing in the completion track and select
Settings from the drop down menu. This opens the settings
window for the casing.
4. In the settings window, go to the Properties tab.
5. Use the Equipment name drop-down menu to assign the
New equipment to this well.
6. Select well P08 in the Input pane and drop it into the Bot.
MD(m) field of the Properties tab. Then, type 0 in the field to
the left to case the well all the way to the bottom. Click OK
and observe how the casing is extended all the way to the
bottom of the well.
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representing the top of the reservoir. Petrel will ask for the
start date for the perforation type in 2007-01-01 and click
OK.
3. Display porosity from the upscaled grid along with the
completion track. Drag the perforation to a depth with good
porosity. You can also extend the perforation using the
up-and-down cursor when hovering over the perforation at the
very edge (top or bottom).
4. We will place the perforation relative to the nearest well top.
Open up the Completions folder for the well P08 in the Input
pane, right-click Perforation and select Place completions
relative nearest top from the drop-down menu.
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The completion items are added to the wells in a sub folder named
Completions. Expand this folder to see which completions exist for the
well.
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5. Go to the Global well logs folder and rename the new log to
Perf.
6. Open a well section window, accept to create a new well
section template 3.
7. From the Input pane, expand the Global completions folder
select Casing and Perforation. From the Global well logs
select to view Perf.
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8. Select to display well P09. You will see the Perf log that you
just imported. Go to the Models pane and select to view
porosity from the upscaled grid.
9. Open the Well completion design process, select the
operation Create simple completions.
10. Drop the P09 well into the Wells field.
11. Change the date to 01/01/2012.
12. Select the options Create casing and Whole well.
13. Select the option Create perforation and From log. Drop in
the Perf log you imported.
14. Deselect the options Create liner and Create completion
string.
15. Click Apply to create the completions. Observe the new
completion items in the well section window.
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Summary
In this section you learned how to add and import wells to the project.
You first inserted a simple, vertical well, then looked into the process of
digitizing well traces. Finally you learned how to place well into targets
given as a discrete grid property automatically. Once the wells are in
place in the project, they need to be completed. You learned how to use
Petrel to add completions to the simulation case. We also looked into
how to edit and manage different completion items both using the Well
section window and the Completions manager.
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Module 9 - Prediction
strategies
Introduction
In this module, how to make prediction development strategies will be
covered. It is also demonstrated how to use the Keyword editor to
include features of ECLIPSE that are not yet available through the Petrel
user interface.
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of Petrel is required.
Learning Objectives
In this module you will learn how to:
Use the development strategy process
Insert and modify rules to an existing development strategy
Make a prediction strategy
Use restart runs to continue a simulation
Use the Keyword editor to modify cases
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History-Prediction
History:
Prediction:
Make a strategy
Use the toolbar to:
Add times
Add wells
Add rules
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Default strategies
The Use presets drop-down menu offers four template strategies.
Note that these are intended as starting points for creating a strategy,
and in most cases they require further editing in order to work.
History strategy: Utilizes the first observed data set that is
listed in the Global observed data folder. All wells in the
project are added to the strategy. In many cases, no further
editing is required to make a strategy for reproducing reservoir
volume rates for all wells with observed data.
Empty prediction strategy: This will give you a blank
strategy, the same as when the process is opened for the first
time.
Prediction depletion strategy: This sets up a field for
production with no injection. All wells are added to the
strategy and placed under production group control. You must
set field group production target, and start and end dates. It is
recommended to set the minimum bottom hole pressure, and
optionally, the maximum rate limits.
Prediction water flood strategy: This sets up a field for
production with water injection. Group and well rules are
setup for group production control and full voidage
replacement. Petrel cannot detect which wells are producers
and which are injectors. Therefore, you must drag producers to
the PROD folder, and injectors to the INJ folder. In addition,
you must set the field group production target and start and
end dates. It is recommended to set bottom hole pressure
limits, and optionally, maximum rate limits on both producers
and injectors.
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Add times
You can add new times to the strategy, and then add new wells or new
rules to existing wells from that time.
Add wells
You add a new well to the project by selecting it on the Input pane and
clicking the blue arrow in the Make development strategy process
dialog. Similarly, you can add a folder of wells.
338 Prediction Strategies
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Add wells
Linked folders
Folders of wells are used to apply the same rule to numerous wells at a
time. There are two types of folders:
1. Linked folders are added by dropping a wells folder from
the Input pane into the process dialog. The content is
synchronized with the Input pane you cannot edit those
folders within the Make development strategy process, only
delete the whole folder. This means that if you add a well to
the folder on the Input pane, it will be included the next time
the development strategy is exported to the simulator, without
you having to rerun the process.
2. User folders are added by clicking on the Add a new user
defined folder button on the tool bar, and wells are added to
the folders by dropping in the well from the Input pane, or by
copy/paste or drag/drop within the strategy tree in the process
window.
To delete a well or a user folder of wells from the strategy tree, simply
select it in the strategy tree and click the Delete key.
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Rules provide the simulator control parameters, and can generate one
or more keywords.
You can add rules with the Open Add rules dialog button from the
toolbar. This opens the rule selector dialog in which you can select one
or more rules from a folder, adding them to the strategy tree. Right-click
on the rules folder in the rule selector dialog to select alternative
categorizations of the rules selector tree.
The rule selector only shows rules valid for the current strategy type
history or prediction and the currently enabled simulator(s). These
choices are made by using the options at the top of the Make
development strategy process dialog. Once a rule is added to the
strategy, select it and it appears in the rule table. Enter numeric values,
and select between the choices from the drop-down menus. Note that
there are two types of blue arrows for dropping in. The conventional
arrow is used just like the normal Petrel drop arrows and drop in data
from the Input pane observed data, well flow performance (VFP)
tables, etc. The other arrow is used to drop items from within the
strategy tree, such as wells, well folders and groups.
Tabular rules
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Rules
Validation
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Inactive or invalid
rules will not be written to
the simulation dataset when
a case is exported.
The validation status and the icons are updated when you click Apply
or OK, or for the active rule when you click Validate active rule.
Select the report validation check box to have all validation messages
copied to the Petrel message log once Apply or OK have been clicked.
Note that a valid rule will not necessarily create a valid simulation. For
example, many rules have several optional parameters and the
simulator requires at least one of these to be set, but Petrel does not
enforce this. Future versions of Petrel will enhance the validation logic.
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Group control
Groups are used to tell the simulator how to control several wells at a
time. Often, a group will correspond to a physical structure in the field,
like a platform or a manifold but it might as well just be a logical
grouping for example, all the wells producing from Zone 2.
Petrel automatically adds wells to the default (first) group when they
are added to the development strategy. You can then add groups using
the Add new group button, and organize wells into groups by dragging
and dropping between groups.
To rename a group, select the group, right-click it and select Rename.
It is important to distinguish between well folders and groups:
Well folders can be dropped in Wells parameters of rules.
When exporting to the simulator, Petrel exports the rule to the
simulator for every well in the folder. For example: set each
well in a folder to produce 1,000 bbl/day.
Groups can be dropped in Groups parameters of rules. Upon
exporting to the simulator, Petrel exports the rule to the
simulator once for the group. The simulator works out how to
apportion the rule to the members of the group. For example,
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Groups
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You can copy and paste a development strategy on the Input pane and
then open the copy in the Make development strategy process to
quickly recreate a similar strategy.
Restart runs
Cell
Saturations &
Pressures
recorded
History Period
(Base Run)
Prediction Period
(Restart Run)
Time
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Restart runs
1. Right-click on case that
has been run, and select
Insert restart case.
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11. Click on the Well water injection control rule. Check that
the INJ FOLDER is dropped into the Wells field and that
Control mode is set to Group control. Also, enter a Bottom
hole pressure limit of 400 bar.
12. Finally, click on the Reporting frequency rule and select to
report every sixth month.
13. Click Apply to save the development strategy.
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10. Name the new folder All producers, then drag and drop the
Producers and the Imported folders into it.
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15. Left-click the Well water injection control rule and drop the
Injectors folder into the Wells drop-field. Select Group
control as control mode.
16. Left-click on the Well rate production control rule. Drop in the
All producers folder into the Wells drop-field, select
Reservoir rate as the Control mode, then type in a oil rate
of 10000 m3/d.
17. Right-click the new Well rate production control rule in the
Rules folder and select Convert to tabular rule from the
drop-down menu.
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18. In the tabular rule, change the Reservoir volume rate for
wells P02, P05, P08, and P09 to 20000 m3/d.
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Keyword editor
Some functionality is
not yet available from
the Petrel user
interface and must
be accessed by
manually inserting
keywords.
In some cases,
Petrel generates a
keyword but the
user want to do
manual editing, e.g.,
conversion of
ECLIPSE to Petrel
project.
There are still some ECLIPSE and FRONTSIM functionalities that cannot
be accessed through the Petrel user interface and hence the required
keywords are not exported by Petrel. In such case, it is possible to add
and edit the keyword as user keyword via the Editor.
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Keyword editor
Examples are:
Thermal simulations
Simulator tuning
Output additional summary
vectors
As an example, you can use the Keyword editor to report the elapsed
time of a simulation run.
Keyword editor
The Keyword editor is accessed from:
Advanced tab of the Define simulation
case process, or
Cases pane. Right click a case and
select Editor
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Keyword editor
Sort by section
Sort by section:
Keywords listed to the right
belong to the
ECLIPSE/FrontSim section
selected to the left
Keyword editor
Sort by include file
Sort by include files:
the list on the left side
shows the include files
that can be edited
When Sort by include files is selected, the left side of the Keyword
editor shows the include files that can be edited. Double-click a file to
open it in an editor.
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Keyword editor
Inserting keywords
The list on the right hand
side contains all keywords
for the highlighted section
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Keyword editor
Editing keywords
Keyword editor
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Petrel tags keywords and files to indicate how the keyword was
created. The keywords are displayed in red, blue or black:
Blue: a Petrel generated keyword which is part of a file that
can be edited by the user.
Black: a keyword that has been edited/inserted by the user.
Petrel is not allowed to overwrite it, even if the settings are
changed from the Petrel user interface.
Red: a file which is generated by Petrel that cannot be edited
by the user. Petrel will overwrite the contents of this file
regardless of whether the keywords contained in the file are
marked as black or blue. In addition, section head keywords
are shown in red.
When Petrel creates a keyword it adds the following comment
-- Generated : Petrel
This indicates that Petrel will overwrite this file and not preserve
any changes made by the user. If you remove this comment, Petrel
will not do any changes to the keyword it contains even if new
input is given from the Petrel user interface.
--!!! Generated file. Any edits to this file will be lost on next export
from Petrel.
This indicates that Petrel will overwrite this file and not preserve any
changes made by the user. If you remove this comment, Petrel will not
do any changes to the keyword it contains even if new input is given
from the Petrel user interface.
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Keyword editor
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You will notice that if you make a new simulation case by opening an
existing case in the Define simulation case process and selecting
Create new case, then all keywords that were inserted manually are
lost. To make a new case containing all the new keywords, select the
case on the Cases pane and press CTRL and C/CTRL and V to copy/
paste it. The copy can then be opened in the Define simulation case
process for further edits.
Keyword documentation
Right-click any keyword in the
tree and select Documentation.
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Assuming all the files have a common root name and are in the same
directory, Petrel will identify them for loading.
Petrel will, by default, assume that the imported files have the unit
system selected in the project settings. If you attempt to load a
simulation case with data from another unit system, Petrel will warn
you and ask whether you want to change the project units to match the
incoming data. If you select to change the unit system, data that is
already in the project will not be converted. Hence, it is only when you
are importing a case into a new, empty project that you should select to
change the unit system. Note that Petrel cannot do unit conversion after
import.
If you click on Continue, then:
The grid geometry and 3D properties imported into Petrel will
be converted into project units
Summary line graphs imported into Petrel will be displayed in
project units
The keyword data will remain in the original units
Reservoir Engineering
Customize units
If you run the ECLIPSE case again from Petrel and load its results, the
results will be converted to project units.
Similarly, if you are creating cases within Petrel, you can customize the
units in the Project > Project Settings > Units to be different in the
simulator to the project units. Working in this mode will cause Petrel to
convert keyword data on export, and results on load, between the
simulator and the project units. You should be careful when you are
working in a mixed unit mode! It is very easy to get confused and make
mistakes.
CAUTION: These
settings only apply on import
and export. Changing the
units in the templates or in
the Project Settings after you
have imported the data have
no effect on the numbers, it
simply changes the display
label.
Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Engineering
Keyword editor
Summary vectors
To report other summary vectors than the ones listed on the Report tab
of the Define simulation case process, you can use the Keyword
editor:
Select the SUMMARY section in the left part of the Keyword
editor
Select the vector you want to report in the list on the right side
Check the syntax of the keyword in the manual if necessary
Click the Insert button and edit the keyword in the editor that
opens
Reservoir Engineering
Keyword editor
Reservoir Engineering
10. Click OK. You will be prompted with a question asking whether
you want to change the project coordinate system to match the
import data. Click Change. The ECLIPSE file is loaded into
Petrel.
11. Select to use NULL as coordinate system if prompted.
12. Save the project to the folder containing the BRILLIG data.
Exercise steps
1. Right-click the BRILLIG case on the Cases pane and select
Editor to open the Keyword editor.
2. Expand the GRID section. Locate the NOGGF keyword. Rightclick it and select Documentation to get an explanation of
the keyword and any associated parameters.
3. Close the documentation and remove the keyword from the
case by selecting it and clicking the Remove button.
4. Click on Apply to save the changes.
5. Select Sort by include files in the Keyword editor.
Reservoir Engineering
6. In the Keyword editor, scroll down the left hand side and
highlight a keyword inside the SCHEDULE file (BRILLIG_SCH.
INC).
7. Select the INCLUDE keyword from the right hand side and
insert it in the left hand side by clicking Insert.
8. Enter the VFPI.TXT file in the INCLUDE file. The file contains
VFP tables for your wells. Save and close the text file.
9. Click on OK to save the changes and to close the Keyword
editor.
10. Save the project.
Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Engineering
Summary
How to set up prediction development strategies in Petrel has been
covered in this module. How to add additional rules and organizing the
wells into groups or folders of wells was covered. We have also
covered the use of the Keyword editor to enable options that are not
yet available inside the graphical user interface in Petrel.
Reservoir Engineering
Appendix 1 - Advanced
Workflows
Dual
porosity
Dual permeability
Dual
porosity
Dual permeability
Fluids exist in two
interconnected systems.
Simulator approximation
Reality
Reservoir Engineering
Sector modeling
Sector modeling allows you to simulate a portion of a reservoir - the
region of interest - using boundary conditions extracted from a
(previously run) full field model. This is useful when planning an infill
drill well, designing a complex completion or matching a wells
performance to observed behavior. The sector model simulation will run
much faster than the full field model.
There are two distinct workflows for sector modeling. The main
difference is whether the regions used to identify the region of interest
are defined before or after the full field run is performed.
Regions defined before running the full field model allow the boundary
conditions to be captured by the simulator at every time step during the
full field run, and results in a more accurate sector model simulation.
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To define a region, you can use the Geometrical modeling tool. In this
example, a region around well P03 is created.
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Sector modeling
Insert a sector model
Once the simulation has run and the results are loaded, a new folder is
added to the Models pane. This folder is named Sector modeling and
contains the boundary condition that was captured at the boundary of
the region that was used as input.
To insert a sector model, right-click on the full field model in the Cases
pane and select Insert sector model. A new case is then added to the
Cases pane. You can open the case in the Define simulation case
process to supply the boundary condition.
Reservoir Engineering
Sector modeling
Run a sector model
Hysteresis
Hysteresis
Hysteresis: When the curve used to determine the rock properties is a function of the
history of the rock and a function of the direction of the change in the saturation.
Reservoir Engineering
Hysteresis
Select drainage relative
permeability curves and imbibitions
relative permeability curves in the
Functions tab.
Drop in saturation functions from
the Input pane.
For cases with the water saturation increasing: Imbibition curves should
be used.
When (in a grid block) the saturation of water increases and then the
saturation of gas increases Hysteresis should be used.
You supply two saturation function tables for the simulation case.
Reservoir Engineering
Case management
Remote job submission
It is possible to submit jobs
from Petrel to a Linux/Unix
computer.
To do so you must:
Install support for remote
simulation
Configure Petrel for remote
job submission
Define queues in Petrel
Reservoir Engineering
Index
B
Based on input data, 155
Base surface, 52
Binary
grid data, 118
Symbols
Bitlock, 40
3D grid
skeleton grid, defined, 49
defined, 14
3D viewing, 123
1D filters, 124
creating intersection window, 128
how to apply filters, 129
how to make filters using a Histogram window, 131
how to use I, J, and K filters, 131
how to view data on an intersection plane, 133
inserting intersections, 128
multi-value probe, 134
results viewing, 129
ternary property,
user filters, 126
well filters, 126
+/- Sign, 27
A
Active item, 26
Advanced tab
selecting formats, 118
Algorithms
for discrete properties, 168
in scale up properties, 166
Aquifers, 195. See
alsoMake aquifers;
adding, 203
Averaging (cell count)
in scale up properties, 166
Averaging methods
in scale up properties, 167
Averaging (volume-weighted)
in scale up properties, 166
by manual settings, 72
dead oil, 72
default models, 72
dry gas, 72
gas properties, 73
heavy oil+gas, 72
how to plot, 83
importing a keyword fluid model, 83
importing fluid models, 81
initial conditions, 75
light oil+gas, 72
make contacts, 77
making a table with initial conditions, 76
oil properties, 74
separator conditions, 72
specifying fluid phase, 72
using a spreadsheet to model the variation with depth, 78
Bold Item, 26
Boundary
in pillar gridding, defined, 141
Boundary for the Pillar grid
defined, 14
Branching wells
importing, 266
Bubble plots
for observed data, development strategies and simulation
data, 234
Bubble point line, 68
Bubble point pressure, 78
Index 383
Capillary pressure, 95
Dead oil, 72
Critical point, 68
384 Index
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Directional averaging
in scale up permeability, 167
Directions
defined, 14
Discontinuous surface, 52
Dongle, 40
Dry gas, 72
Dual porosity dual permeability systems, 375
E
Eclipse
importing keyword files, 81
remote job submission, 382
Empty prediction strategy
defined, 337
zone filter, 53
Flow-based upscaling
in scale up permability, 167
Flow paths
turning on display, 311
Fluid models ; See alsoMake fluid model
assigning separate to regions, 112
compositional model, 70
making, 69
Fluids
specifying fluids phase in black oil models, 72
Equality+/-, 251
Follow base, 54
Equilibration, 113
Follow top, 54
Equipment tab
defining settings, 313
Formats
Erosional surfaces, 52
Fractions, 54
Event data
FrontSim
F
Fault
defined, 14
Fault filter
defined, 53
Faults
assigning transmissibility multiplier, 58
excluding in pillar gridding, 146
how to insert into grid, 57
how to make a simulation fault, 61
in pillar gridding, defined, 141
inserting into grid, 56
Filters
defined, 14
fault filter, 53
how to make filters using a Histogram window, 131
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G
Gas properties, 73
General intersections
creating intersection window, 128
inserting, 128
viewing data on an intersection plane, 133
General surface, 52
General tab
used in black oil models, 72
Grayed-out area, 28
Index 385
Grids
creatings grids without faults, 48
how to make a simple grid, 48, 59
Skeleton grid, defined, 49
Grid separate zones
in local grid refinements, 184
H
Heavy oil+gas, 72
Help manual. SeeOnline help manual
Histogram window
defined, 15
History matching, 208
crossplotting two vectors, 254
how to compare cases in a map window, 260
how to run history match analysis, 256
how to view match data in a function window, 259
how to view match data in a map window, 257
match values in map window, 252
normalization, 248
results viewing, 248
sampling, 246
settings, 245
setting threshold and equality, 251
single vector versus case number, 255
statistics settings, 254
viewing data in a function window, 249
viewing data in a map window, 249
zero data filtering, 248
History strategies, 209
adding a rule to limit the production pressures, 222
defined, , 337
defining a history case, 217
defining and running simulation cases, 223
editing default rules, 215
how to create, 213
how to import observed data, 217
how to make a history development strategy, 217
how to visualize the observed data, 219
plotting data, 226
viewing the development strategy data, 221
History tab, 34
386 Index
I
Icons
used in this manual, 13
Importing
a polygon, 190
branching wells, 266
fluid models, 81
rock physics functions, 97
well header, 264
well path deviation, , 276
well path / deviation file, 265
Info tab, 34
Initial conditions tab, 75
Initializing the model
3D initial properties, 116
by equilibration, 113
methods for, 110
model, 108
with fluid and rock physics functions, 120
Input pane, 25, 26
defined, 15
Insert horizons, 50
Interface, 41
Intersection
defined, 15
Intersection window
defined, 15
Irreducible saturations, 94
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L
Layering, 51
follow base, 54
follow top, 54
fractions, 54
process, 54
proportional, 54
settings for scale up structure, 155
Layers
defined, 15
LGR
defined, 15
Licenses, 40
Light oil+gas, 72
Liner, 306
Line styles
settings for dynamic data, 227
Local grid refinement
defined, 15
Local grid refinements, 47, 180, 195
defined by polygons, 181
defined by surfaces, 181
defined by wells, 181
extending host cell along I, J, K, 184
grid separate zones, 184
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M
Make aquifers, 195
adding an aquifer, 203
creating new or edit existing, 196
drive direction and vertical extent, 198
properties tab, 202
specifying the model to use, 197
Make contacts, 77
procedure, 77
Make fluid model, 66
importing a keyword fluid model, 83
Make Horizons, 51
process defined, 51
Make rock physics functions, 88
capillary pressure, 95
corey correlations, 92
how to make, 100
how to make a saturation function, 98
importing, 97
irreducible saturations, 94
plotting, 97
Reviewing the data, 102
rock compaction function, 89
saturation function, 91
spreadsheets, 95
Make simple grid, 48
Make zones
process defined, 51
Index 387
Map window
defined, 15
Menu bar,
defined, 15
Model
defined, 16
N
Nodes
defined, 16
Notes
comments tab, 34
O
Objects
history, 34
renaming, 34
settings, 33
Observed data
bubble plots, 234
change the line style in function windows, 236
importing, 210
viewing in a function window, 212
Oil properties, 74
Online Help Manual, 41
Opening
projects, 39
Phase diagrams, 68
Phase pressures
computing, 114
Pillar gridding
boundary, defined, 141
cell size, 144
changing the grid orientation, 151
coarsening the grid, 148
concept, 140
defined, 16
excluding faults, 146
faults, defined, 141
geometry and formats, 147
results, 147
segments, defined, 141
settings, 142
throughput problems,
trends, defined, 141
Pillars
defined, 16
Plotting
fluid model, 83
observed data versus the development strategy, 215
rock physics functions, 97
Plot window
combining view-ports in one plot window, 238
Plug, 307
Polygons
Panes
cases pane, 26, 27
input pane, 25, 26
models pane, 25, 26
processes pane, 25, 28
results pane, 25, 27
templates pane, 25
388 Index
defined, 16
importing, 190
in local grid refinements, 181
in make aquifer, 197
Pore volume
setting minimum, 119
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Relative permeability
curve for oil-water, 94
Pressure
entering at separator conditions, 72
Processes pane, 25, 28
defined, 16
Project settings, 31
Properties
entering for gas, 73
for gas, 73
for oil, 74
multi-value probe, 134
Scaling up, 163
Proportional layering, 54
Q
Qualitative mode, 250
Quality checking
in scale up structure, 160
of the coarse grid, 156
Quantitative mode, 250
Reservoir Engineering
S
Saturation
by equilibration, 115
Saturation function, 91
how to make, 98
Saving
projects, 39
Scale up. See
alsoUpscaling
Simulators
selecting, 108
Skeleton
defined, 17
Skeleton grid, 147
Spreadsheet
for wells, 297
Spreadsheets
for rock physics functions, 95
to model variation with depth in black oil models, 78
Squeeze, 306
Startwell filter, , 236
Statistics tab, 35
Select/pick mode, 37
Status bar
defined, 17
Stimulation, 306
Separator conditions, 72
Strategies
Settings
for layering in zones, 155
for objects, 33
for pillar gridding, 142
for project, 31
for rock compaction function, 90
style tab, 33
Simulation case
define simulation case, 108
importing an existing case, 363
managing, 366
remote job submission, 382
results viewing, 129
units, 364
Simulation grid
defined, 17
making, 139
Simulations
bubble plots for simulation data, 234
change the line style for simulated data in function windows,
236
development strategies, 208
viewing data on streamlines, 241
390 Index
T
Table
setting up for initial conditions, 76
Temperature
entering at separator conditions, 72
Templates
changing, 34
defined, 17
Templates pane, 25
defined, 17
Terminology
used in this manual, 13
Threshold, 251
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Time units, 32
Title bar
Water cut
defined, 17
defined, 244
Toolbar
defined, 17
Trajectories, 270
Transmissibilities tab, 119
Transmissibility multiplier
assigning to fault, 58
defined, 17
Trends
defined, 17
in pillar gridding, defined, 141
Tuning runs, 209
U
Uncertainty workflow editor, 29
Units
for time in Petrel, 32
Upscaling, 153
Use active filter
in local grid refinements, 184
User interface, 24, 41
V
Value filter
how to use, 162
Vertical coarsening
upscaling, 153
Vertical subdivision, 51
two methods for simulation grid, 155
Vertical well
how to make, 278
Vertical well intersection
inserting, 302
View Mode, 37
Visualization
windows for, 29
Visualization windows, 36
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Weighting
defined, 17
Well bore history, 209
Well completion design, 306
editing completion data, 314
editing completion items, 310
editing existing and adding new completions, 319
how to define equipment, 323
how to edit casing, 326
how to import well completion events, 328
how to insert casing, 324
how to insert perforation, 326
how to make completions using the operations tab, 331
importing event data, 320
inserting a new completion item, 310
organizing data, 312
placing items at depth, 315
quality check, 330
Well data
how to import, 276
importing a well header, 264
importing well path / deviation file, 265
Well filters, 126
Well header
importing, 264
Well manager, 267, 303
Well path
digitizing, 272
importing, 265
Well path design, 267, 286
editing, 275
inserting vertical well intersection, 302
intersection with horizons, 303
making a new vertical well, 268
process, 269
Index 391
Z
Zonation, 155
Zone filter
defined, 53
in local grid refinements, 184
Zones
defined, 18
make zones process, 51
392 Index
Reservoir Engineering