Tetraform 8 Anglais

TETRA
Theoretical training
version 8.0
P. MINOT
ETELM
__________________________________________________
tetraform
ETELM
theoretical TETRA training
copyright
page 1
INTRODUCTION
This training is mainly provided to engineers and technicians with some knowledge of radio
technologies. It is based upon TETRA norm from ETSI with a lot of official documents which
overcome this one in case of difference.
Basic documents :
ETS 300 392 - 2 TETRA V + D air interface
ETS 300 392 1 TETRA general network design
th
This document is periodically updated and this version is the 7 which takes into account
comments and technology progress.
Your comments will be wellcomed for the next version
ETELM
copyright
page 2
ETELM
copyright
page 3
1. GLOSSAIRE
AACH
aloha access channel
AL
advanced link
BER
bit error rate
BL
basic link
BNCH
broadcast network channel
BS
base station
BSC
base station controler
BSCH
broadcast signaling channel
C_Plane common plane
CLCH common linearisation channel
CMCE circuit mode control entity
DPSK differential phase shift keying
DMA
frequency domain access
ISI
Inter System Interface
LA
location area
LLC
logical link chanel
LS
line station
MAC
medium access control
MCC
mobile country code
MCCH
main signaling channel
MER
message error rate
MLE
mobility link management
MNC
mobile network code
MS
mobile station
PEI
peripheral equipment interface
SAP
service access point
SCH
signaling channel
SCCH
secondary signaling channel
SSI
short subscriber identit
STCH
stealing channel
SW
switch
TCH
trafic channel
TCH/7.2,TCH/4.8,TCH/2.4
TDMA
time domain access
TEI
TETRA equipement identity
U_Plane user plane
ETELM
copyright
page 4
2. RADIO FEATURES
2.1. COMPARISON WITH ANALOG RADIO - COVERAGE

In a general point of view, any digital radio caracteristic is more squarred as for analog radio ; this is due to
threhold effects involved in a lot of digital process.
In that way, link quality with digital radio (GSM,TETRA,DECT,..) is quiet the same whatever be the signal to
noise ratio if this ratio is larger than a threhold under this threhold, link quality drops down drastically.
It is possible to perform audio quality measurement in laboratory, through a digital and an analog radio link,
according to S/N.
One notes:
With good S/N.value, the subjective quality of a digital radio transmission is a little lower than the
quality for an analog one that is because digital technologies involve speech compression which
slightly decreases quality
As soon as the S/N decreases, the quality of an analog radio trensmission decreases while the
digital remains constant
Near from a threhold, digital quality falls downs while analog stay audible, even with a lot of noise.
Below the threhold digital link is broken
Subjective quality
5/5
Digital radio
SQUELCH
4/5
3/5
2/5
Analog radio
1/5
0
Noise/Signal
Such measurement is made in laboratory with S/N simulation. Situation is not exactly the same with real
conditions : a radio transmitter is installed in a fixed location and a mobile radio receiver go away from this
transmitter. The S/N decreases with increasing the distance between the radio equipments but another
ETELM
copyright
page 5
effect influences the quality : multipath propagation. When measuring the RF field received by the mobile,
one may find fluctuations and separates.
A mean value of the RF field which is the same as the only effect of the S/N
A fine value which fluctuates rapidly with dropouts
These dropouts are not regular, as for their positions, as for their depth. This may be expressed only with
statistics with the probability for a dropout and a probability for the depth of such dropouts ; these probabilities
are related while the probability of large depth dropout ( more than 30 dB) is low and probability of small
dropout ( less than 3 dB) is very high.
Dropouts are moving according to time and location that is, even in a fixed place, their are RF field
variations.
RSSI
Digital radio
5/5
UNSTABLE
SQUELCH
4/5
3/5
2/5
1/5
Analog radio
0
Distance from
transmitter
This fluctuation have different effect over analog or digital radio : with analog radio, the effect is the same as
a S/N fluctuation ; with digital radio, the S/N fluctuation could be with no effect as soon as the RF field do not
reach the threhold level. These effects may be different according to the different time constants involved in
the digital equipments; near from the threhold, the system may switch between two states ( on state link on
and one state link off according to the time constants.
Rafly, the threhold with fading is 8 to 12 dB upon the S/N threhold this difference is the difference between
the static sensitivity and the dynamic sensitivity.
As result, the radio coverage around a fixed base station is expressed according to statistics the probability
to get a radio link with two ratio:
Coverage percentage during time
Coverage percentage around an area.
In that way a 90/90 coverage is the area in which the radipo link is achieved at 90% of the point around a
location and during 90% of the time.
Obviously a 99/99 coverage is more difficult to achieve than a 90/90 and involves more base stations.
As result of the threhold effect for digital radio, coverage map are with two colors: black and white (link is OK
or not) while, with analog radio, coverage is full colored, each color for an link quality (mainly subjective audio
quality).
Practically, it is often better to provide analog coverage measurments as digital ones, while, with digital,
nothing is known about margins and its impossible to predict the effect of any change (antena gain,..) the
main problem is to evaluate the digital scale fro the analog one, that is to correlate an analog radio field with
the digital threhold. This is achieved with link budget..
ETELM
copyright
page 6
2.2. LINK BUDGET, TRANSMITTED POWER

2.2.1. transmitter
TETRA uses TDMA technology, that is a communication uses only a part of the time on the radio channel :
exactly of this time ( 4 communications may be simultaneously provided through a TETRA channel)
Terminal equipments transmits with burst only during of the time. As consequence, the crest power of a
TETRA terminal is different from the mean power : exactly 6 dB difference.
For a base station providing simultaneaously 4 communications, it is always transmitting and the crest power
is the same as the mean power.
TETRA normalizes classes according to the maximum mean power
classe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
BS
Power watts
40
25
15
10
6,3
4
2,5
1,6
1
0,6
Power dBm
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
classe
1
2
3
4
MS
power watts power dBm
30
45
10
40
3
35
1
30
During normal operation, the transmitted power from a mobile station could be reduced below the maximum
for there is a regulation method which allows to automatically reduce power when a mobile is close to the
base station.
2.2.2. receiver
TETRA uses 25 KHz bandwich channel. For such BW, with ambiant temperature, the thermal noise is -133
dBm
Static sensitivity for receivers are, according to TETRA norm:
-112 dBm for MS
-115 dBm for BS
Dynamic sensitivity for receivers are, according to TETRA norm:
-103dBm for MS
-106 dBm for BS
According to TETRA modulation caracteristics, signal upon noise ratio must be higher than about 12 dB to
achieve low error rates ie a perfect base station cant have a static sensitivity down to 121 dBm. In
practice, - 188 dBm is reached, that is a global noise factor of 3 dB for the base station (what is excellent)
while the TETRA norm admit up to 6 dB of signal to noise ratio.
In most cases, good sensitivity is not used while the noise received from an antena is much higher than the
therotical white gaussian noise. In urban area, the noise level with 25 KHz bandwith is higher than 120
dBm, du to industrial noises and radio noises from surrounding transmitters.
ETELM
copyright
page 7
2.2.3. Link budget

The link budget indicates the max propagation attenuation, taken into account all system parameters.
Following table is a typical example:
Tx power
Tx coupling
duplexor
Cable + connectors
Tx Antenna gain
Body effect
Radiated power
Body effect
Rx antena gain
Cable + connectors
duplexor
Dynamic sensitivity
Max propagation
attenuation
downlink
Infra to mobile
Infra to handy
40 dBm
40 dBm
- 4 dB
- 4 dB
- 1 dB
- 1 dB
- 2 dB
- 2 dB
+ 5 dB
+ 5 dB
38 dBm
38 dBm
- 10 dB
3 dB
0 dB
- 103 dBm
- 103 dBm
144 dB
131 dB
uplink
Mobile to infra
Handy to infra
34 dBm
30 dBm
+ 3 dB
0 dB
- 10 dB
37 dBm
20 dBm
5 dB
5 dB
- 2 dB
- 2 dB
- 1 dB
- 1 dB
- 106 dBm
- 106 dBm
145 dB
128 dB
With digital radio procedure, a radio terminal cant receive a transmitted signal from infrastructure if it is not
registered to this infrastructure as important consequence, the radio link is achieve only if and only if
the uplink and the downlink are right.
It does not matter to increase infrastructure radiated power above the level which balance uplink and
downlink budgets. (the only effect of such increase is to increase interference probability).
The only parameters which influence the balance are:
The difference between mobile and infrastructure Tx power
The 3 dB difference of sensitivity between mobiles and infrastructure
The Tx coupling loss in the infrastructure (in cas where several TETRA carriers are used on the
same antena)
Typically, the coverage is mainly limited by uplink with handportables.
As information element, the following diagram indicates typical propagation attenuation
ETELM
copyright
page 8
dB
FREE SPACE ATTENUATION

450 MHz
120
110
100
90
80
0
10
15
dB
20
25
30 m
Km
50 m
100 m
30 m
Static budbet
150
30
50 m
Dynamic budget
100 m
140
130
120
110
100
Rural area
ATTENUATION / 400 MHz

According to antena high
90
Suburban area
(mobile antena : 1,5 m)
80
0
ETELM
10
15
20
25
copyright
30
page 9
Km
2.2.4. OPTICAL COVERAGE

With flat terrain, coverage may be limited by optical coverage, due to earth radius ; it is usefull to remember
the following formula :
d = 2, 5 ( h1 + h2 )
d max coverage radius, kilometers
h1 et h2 hight of infra and mobile antena, meters
example : 30 meters pylon for BS and 1 meter for handportable : max distance : 16 Km
2.3. MULTIPROPAGATION, TERRAIN PROFILE

As indicated, propagation caracteristics are mainly influenced by multipath propagation with reflexions and
diffractions. This is of the most importance if one may consider the percentage of time when an handy is with
direct view from the infrastructure antena during normal operation : only a few percentage. So, these effects
could be benefit if one know how to manage it.
Theoretical models may be set up by considering there are an infinity of path possibilities from one antena to
another : each path is caracterized by a delay ( the time for transmission ) and an attenuation.
Delay T1, attenuation A1
Direct path
Tx
Rx
Delay T2, attenuation A2
Relative levels
0 dB
Discrete model
Direct
path
Continuous model
T1
T2
delay
Direct
path
ETELM
copyright
page 10
Two model types are used :

- discrete model : paths are with limited number, each of them is caracterized by a delay and an
attenuation
- continuous model: there are an infinity of path and caracterisation is made by the enveloppe of the
density of paths.
First model use dis the RAYLEIGH one which involve an infinity of particules in th espace. Each particule may
reflect the signal at any moment with a fixed probability and the density particules is constant over the space.
Tx
Rx
Spatial model
Surface model
Other models are used which are better suited to usual radio transmission : for these models, reflecting
particules are mainly on the ground surrounding antenas
In order to qualify equipments and process, TETRA norm defines 6 different typical situations with discrete
models:
MODEL
path
static
rural
Typical urban
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
4
Difficult urban
Hilly terrain
experimental
Relative delay
(microseconds)
0
0
0
5
0
5
0
15
0
11,6
73,2
99,3
Relative level
(dB)
0
0
0
-22,3
0
-3,6
0
-8,6
0
0
-10,2
-16
speed
static ( v= 0)
RICE
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
CLASS
Delays must be appreciated by comparison to the baud rate : one effect of relative delays is to receive
different symbols transmitted from different times. As result, symbols may overlap. TETRA symbols are
transmitted wit 19 Kbaud that is about 50 microseconds time intervals; that means with experimental
model, up to 3 symbols may overlap.
TETRA norm classes equiment quality according to their ability to support different multipath model :
class B : equipments which support static and rural conditions
ETELM
copyright
page 11
class A : equipment supporting hilly terrain and urban difficult conditions

class E : equipment supporting extreme condition (experimental model) these equipment
include, in general, a special multipath propagation filter)
2.4. MULTIPATH PROPAGATION AND ANTENAS

2.4.1. antena gain (for remember)
A theoretical antena radiates uniformly radio power in the space. A real antena only radiates power in a part
of the space ; antena gain is the ratio between the RF field received in some place and the Rf field receved
iwhen the antena is replace by an ideal antena.
In that case, an antena radiating only in half of the space is with 3 dB gain.
The reference antena is the vertical dipole one which radiates power uniformaly all around but which do not
radiates on the axis. This antena is with 2.5 dB gain.
An antena gain may be expressed :
- Either by comparison to ideal antena: it is the gain written dB
- Or by comparisaon with dipole antena : it is written dBi
.. there are 2.5 dB difference between these two gains
antena gains are identical for Tx and Rx.
2.4.2. multipath and contrast

the question is : is it possible to use directional antenas to improve signal quality with multipath propagation.
Thet is: is it possible to improve the ratio level between direct path and reflected path with such antenas ?
With spatial model ( Rayleigh), it is clear that a directional antena improve this ration by eliminating a lot of
refelected signals.
Contrast between direct signal

and refelected signal is
improved by eliminating paths
outside the antena cone
ETELM
copyright
page 12
With surface model, such improvement is not possible by using antena gain ont the infrastructure but
improvement may be achieved with antena gain on the mobile unfortunatly such gain is not supported by
handy which are not held vertically.
Contrast direct path/reflected paths is not

improved while the antena directivity is
not sufficient to separate the mobile from
the surrounding area
ETELM
Contrast direct path/reflected paths is

improved by using antena with gain on the
mobile ( no possibility for handy)
copyright
page 13
2.5. DOPPLER
Mobile speed is included in multipath propagation models while effects are mixed.
With free space, the received frequency by a mobile is affected by speed :
Fd = F0 v cos /c
with
v cos = radius speed of the mobile

c light speed
F0 central frequency
Typical value is 100Hz shift for 92 Km/h speed

With multipath propagation, effect could be worst while the direct path may shift the Rx frequency in one way
and the reflected path may shift it in the other way.
mobile
speed
Tx
As result, the received spectrum spreads around the central frequency (both sides). The shape of such
spread is according to multipath model; with Rayleigh model the spectrum is given by:
2 -1/4
1/ (1 - x )
with x = ( f - Fd) / F0
frequency
F0 - Fd
ETELM
F0
F0+Fd
copyright
page 14
2.6. SAME CHANNEL INTERFERENCE FREQUENCY REUSE

When a mobile receives signals from several different base stations transmitting on the same frequency, the
effect is different according to the modulation used.
- With analog AM modulation, the disturbance is directly related to the relative levels of the different
signals.
- With analog FM or PM modulation, there is a capture effect and one signal is completly rubbout by
the second if it is received with a level higher than the other added to a fixed level. Unfortunatly, as
levels fluctuates with multipath propagation, the gap between signal level must be increased.
- With digital radio as TETRA, there is also a capture effect and the level difference is 19 dB:
One must not that diagnostics of interferences for TETRA sytems are more complex than with analog while
the only effect is a link failure ( with analog, one may ear disturbance ).
2.7. WIDE BAND TETRA NOISE

Wide band noise cant be filtered with passive components for mobiles.
TETRA norm restricts the wide band noise according to following table : :
Distance from the
carrier
100 to 250 KHz
250 to 500 KHz
500 KHz to band limit
Outside band
1 Watt mobiles
3 Watts mobiles
-75 dBc
-80 dBc
-80 dBc
-100 dBc
-78 dBc
-83 dBc
-85 dBc
-100 dBc
10 Watts mobiles
and base stations
- 80 dBc
- 85 dBc
- 90 dBc
- 100 dBc
2.7.1. wide band noise transmitted by base stations

Wide band noise is transmitted from any transmitter as as a noise decreasing far from the nominal
frequency.
The wide band noise transmitted by base station may disturb surrounding radio equipments and also its own
base station receiver. In general, the duplex spacing between Tx and Rx of a base staion is 10 MHz. In order
not to disturb Rx base station sensitivity, the wide band noise measured with Bw 25 KHz at 10MHz of the Tx
frequency must be less than 125dBm. In case of standard output power of 40 dBm, that means the wide
band noise at 10 MHz must be below 165 dBm the nominal level; what is impossible to reach with active
components.
The only way to reduce such noise is to use passive filtering at the output of the power amplifier with duplexor
and/or cavities.
2.7.2. Wide band noise transmitted by mobiles

For mobiles, the Rx sensitivity cant be reduced by the wide band noise from its own Tx for mobiles are never
transmitting and receiving at the same time ( pseudo duplex mode see dedicated chapter).
A problem could be with other mobiles: when a mobile is very close from a base station, its wide band noise
may be received on the Rx frequency of this base station with a level higher than the received signal
transmitted by another mobile located far from the base station.
ETELM
copyright
page 15
BS
Wide band noise transmitted by

mobile M1 close to the base
station could be higher than the
normal signal received from
mobile M2 far from the base
station
M1
M2
There are two ways to avoid such problem :
- Transmitted power regulation
By decreasing transmitted power from near mobiles, one decreases also the wide band noise transmitted
from these mobiles.
Power regulation could be effective down to 15 dB for mobiles near from a base station;
Transmission time sharing from mobiles
But for ALOHA, mobiles never transmit simultaneously (neither usefull signal nor wide band noise) that
means theoretically their is no wide band interference ; unfortunatly, mobiles cant stop immediatly
transmitting power from a time slot to adjacent ones.
TETRA norm limits transmitted power :
in adjacent time slots to 40 dBc down to nominal power
in no active time slots : down to 70dBc from nominal power.
ETELM
copyright
page 16
2.8. INTERMODULATION
By comparing to analog radio systems, intermodulation problem are identicals, but with two differences :
The threhold effect typical from digital radio : a small intermodulation (down to the threhold) has
exactly no effect, while a higher one breaks the link.
TETRA linearity requirements are very strong and intermodulation probability is lower than with
analog.
At the starting point, intermodulation is generated par any non linear component receiving several different
high level signals; typically, a non linear component receiving frequencies f1 and f2 produces any frequency
of the form:
p*f1 + q f2
p and q real positive or negative number.
Remember there are 3 different intermodulation types with different effects:
Receiver intermodualtion : by receiving different high level signals, a non linear receiver produces
intermodulation frequencies. Such receiver could be a mobile one near from a radio site with several
analog or digital base stations (in that case the disturbance is limited in an area close to the radio
site) or a receiver of any radio site equipment with generalized effect.
To avoid such problem, for radio site equipment, a passive filter connected at the input of the
disturbed radio site equipment is powerfull.
Tx
Rx
Tx
Intermodulation made by external component : any non linear component near from several
transmitters may produces intermodulation ; as example an old can is a perfect diode with
metal/oxide junction. It produces intermodulations frequency which may be received close to this can
Such intermodulation is detected in a very small area ( max 50 meters from the can); it could be bad
when base station receiver antenas are close to such metal/oxyde junction.
In that case, introducing a passive filter connected to the disturbed receiver has no effect.
Tx
Rx
Tx
ETELM
copyright
page 17
Transmitters intermodualtion : a Tx antena receives the signal transmitted by others antenas

connected to other transmitters : in that case, this signal comes down to the power amplifier. This last
is perfectly non linear for such backward signal ; it produces intermodulation frequencies which are
fed forward to the antena ; this last is made to send away such signal. Finally, it is like the preceding
can but with a very large area of disturbance.
the way to prevent such effect is to use a circulator connected at the output of the power amplifier.
Tx
Rx
Tx
With TETRA equipment, a circulator is often directly integrated inside the equipment (what was not
with analog) and the problem is naturally solved in most cases.
ETELM
copyright
page 18
2.9. CELLULAR ORGANISATION

Coverage management of a whole area is different according to frequency reuse :
Without frequency reuse, one search minimum of radio sites, only according to radio link budgets
and coverage. The number of base stations on each radio site is according to the expected traffic
for these sites
With frequency reuse, the optimum is not the same for one must take into account interferences
between radio sites using the same frequencies; cellular model is used.
A cellular model is based upon pattern : a pattern is equal to the number of cells using different frequencies.
Traditionnally, cells are drawn as hexagons.
G
B
D
G
E
A
F
C
B
C
B
B
D
G
E
A
G
D
A
F
C
7 cells pattern
C
B
D
Topology rules indicates there are only specific pattern possibilities: only ones are: 3, 4, 7, 9,12, 13,16 ,19 21
,25 ... cellules
Cellular organisation is made with following requirements :

A mobile must receive a base station in a cell with a minimum of level
A mobile must not receive another base station in another cell using the same frequency with a
level higher than the preceeding minus 19 dB
A base station must receive a mobile in its cell with a minimum level
A base station must not receive a mobile in another cell using the same frequency with a level
higher than the preceding one minus 19 dB
...these four requirements are taken into acount with following results :
Terrain type
90%
11,5 / 7
5,5 / 7
5 / 7
rural
suburban
urban
Coverage percentage
95%
9,5 / 7
5 / 9
4 / 9
99%
6 / 13
3 / 16
2,5 / 16
Optimum cell radius (Km) / pattern
( source : TWENTE University )
ETELM
copyright
page 19
By comparison, typical coverage without frequency reuse :
Terrain type
rural
suburban
Fixed mobile
22
13
Moving mobile
16
10
Fixed handy
8
5
Moving handy
6
4
Typical coverage radius (Km) / 400 MHz, base station antena 30m
2.10. HERTZIAN EFFICIENCY

TETRA uses 2 frequencies with 25 KHz band (each of them) to provide 4 duplex communications. Following
table compares spectrum efficiency of different radio systems :
SYSTEM
TETRA
PMR simplex
TETRAPOL
PMR
GSM 2+
GSM
ETELM
Communication number per 100

KHz spectrum
8
8
4 ou 5 according to version
4
4
2
copyright
page 20
2.11. RADIO LINK BETWEEN MOBILE AND BASE STATION

Any mobile, at any moment is managed by one radio site. Mobile must register to this base station and then
the established link is monitored as long as the mobile do not register to another base station.
The monitoring is made according to several parameters :
2.11.1. MOBILE Tx POWER REGULATION
2.11.1.1.max Tx power allowed in a cell

Any radio site broadcasts an indication ( MAX_POWER_CELL) of the max power to be use in its cell. This
information is recorded in the mobile which must never exceed.
2.11.1.2.forward Tx power regulation

Any radio site broadcasts an indication (ACCESS_LEVEL) of its own Tx power and a regulation parameter :
access level
Base station Tx power

- coupling, duplexor and coax loss
+ Tx antena gain
- Rx antena gain
+ wanted Rx level by the base station
Radiated power
Regulation parameter
From this parameter and from the measured received level by the mobile, this mobile is able to adjust its
own Tx power (which must never exceed MAX_POWER_CELL
In a practical way, when one increase the ACCESS_LEVEL parameter of a base station, all the registered
mobile increase their power.
2.11.1.3.Loop Tx power regulation

When a mobile is received by a base station, this one measures the received level and may send to this
mobile an order to increase or decrease the mobile Tx power.
Such regulation may be used only during communication.
This method is not so efficient than the forward Tx power regulation while it is unable to adjust the mobile Tx
power at the begining of any exchange.
2.11.2. COLOR CODE

Each radio cell have a specific color code. This code is broadcasted by the base station (in clear mode) and
all payload data transmitted by this base station are encoded with this color code.
Any mobile records the color code when registering to the base station and use it to decode usefull data. In
case when the code is false, it is detected by the mobile which breaks the radio link.
This protection ensures a mobile will not change base station link with radio interferences.
Such protection is powerfull not only against far carriers transmission but also against intermodulations. As
consequence, it is recommended to program different color codes for any radio site, even if they don(t use
the same frequencies.
ETELM
copyright
page 21
La qualit de la liaison est mesure en permanence avec un paramtre appel C qui prend en compte le
niveau de champ recu par le mobile et le niveau minimal de rception dclar dans la cellule ( voir
paragraphe mobilit mesure de la qualit de liaison).
2.11.3. PROPAGATION TIME MONITORING

Mobile transmissions are timed from signal received from the base station. As soon as the mobile go far
away from the base station, it receives signal with a delay and transmits with this delay. The transmitted
signal from mobile is also delayed of the same amount when coming back to the base station. Total delay is
measured by the base station and distance between base station and mobile is evaluated; when exceeding a
certain amount, the base station breaks the link.
Tx infra
Rx mobile
2T
T
Tx mobile
T
Rx infra
The maximum delay is a parameter which is set up in order to avoid transmission overlaps for different
mobiles ; it is around 250 microseconds, what means about 30 Km.
As consequence, one must take care when using equipments which may introduce some delay as
repeaters. One have to remember the delay of a bandwith limited equipment is not directly related to this
bandwith but to the shape between the bandpass and the bandstop frequencies (slope of the filter). Following
table indicates theoretical limits:
Band pass to bandstop frequency

30 KHz
80 KHz
200 KHz
2 MHz
ETELM
Delay
33 s
12 s
5 s
0,5 s
copyright
page 22
2.12. SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION

In general, synchronous transmission is not used with TETRA ; however, the norm indicates this possibility.
In any case, it is interesting to have a look over this technology while synchronous features are involved when
using peripheral TETRA equipments like repeaters.
At the first, synchronous transmission is looked as for analog.
2.12.1. CARRIERS EFFECT

A mobile viewing two transmitters receives two sets of signals for a first approach, one dont care about
multipath propagation and only direct signals are taken into account and the two transmitters are with exactly
the same frequency.
If one of these signal is received with a high level compared to the other, there is a capture effect and the
lowest signal is completly ignored for TETRA, its the same. Areas where could be interference are located
when distances to the two transmitters are in the same range.
In these area, there are maxima and minima of signals maxima are quiet stable while minima are tight and
fluctuating. Result is a map with interference hyperbole as Fresnel optical interferences.
If now, we add a litle shift between the frequency of the two transmitters, the preceeding hyperboles moves
from one transmitter to the other with a constant speed related to the frequency shift.
If now, we use same center frequencies for the two transmitters and if we add a phase noise, hyperboles are
moving ramdomly, with a speed related to the spectrum of the phase noise.
ETELM
copyright
page 23
ETELM
copyright
page 24
2.12.2. MODULATION EFFECT

One suppose there is no carrier effect as example, mobile is located in an area where there is a maxima of
signals with two perfectly synchronized transmitters.
If modulating signals for the two transmitters are completly independant, no signal could be demodulated by
the mobile receiver. If the two modulating signals are from the same source, demodulated signal from the
mobile is only affected by the relative delay between the two paths. Delay is the sum of the radio delay from
transmitters to mobile and of the delay for the modulating signal to reach the transmitters (transmitters are
supposed exactly the same)
With analog modulation ( phase or frequency modulation) the audio response curve is the same
as a comb filter : minima are equally spaced according to the delay difference.
With digital modulation, symbols overlap and the eye close when the delay difference increase
2.12.3. TETRA MODULATION

TETRA modulation is a diffferential phase one and, according to preceeding remarks, effects may be easily
understood :
Capture effect will be amplified with the threhold effect
A frequency shift have simlilar effect as a Doppler with mobile moving
The transmitters phase noise is equivalent as a S/N decreasing
Modulation effect will be identical as the multipath one.
As result, synchronous transmission have the same effect, for TETRA, as a difficult terrain profile
with an increase of the mobile speed.
ETELM
copyright
page 25
ETELM
copyright
page 26
2.13. DIVERSITY
Diversity is to use several different receivers and to select, at any moment, the best demodulated signal.
ANALOG
DIGITAL
receiver 1
receiver 1
Burst
decoder
receiver 2
receiver 2
Burst
decoder
receiver 3
receiver 3
Burs
decoder
Min error
number in
the decoded
bursts
best S/N
With analog, the diversity system selects at any moment the best S/N ratio selection is not synchronized).
With digital, the diversity is a bloc diversity that is each receiver decodes a burst and, thanks to error
detection code embedded to TETRA norm, they evaluate the decoded burst quality. Selection is made
synchroneously, for each burst.
If the receivers are fed with the same signal, the only difference could be with the thermal noise of the
receivers (these noises are uncorrelated ). But in that case, there is exactly no improvement because the
selection of the best demodulated signal is made over long period ( a burst) and, statistically, over such time,
there is no difference between receivers ( they are supposed to be of the same quality).
Radio signals connected to receivers must be different and there are several ways to get such signals.
Space diversity : different antenas are connected to receivers. With such arrangement, no
improvement could be expected from the thermal noise for the same reasons as previously
mentionned. Improvement may be achieved with multipath propagation: during a burst, propagation
conditions could be different from one antena to others an it may change from one burst to another.
This asumption could be true if and only if antena are not close. Space diversity may give
improvement only if antenas are separated minimum ten time the wavelength. Improvement
may reach up to 6 dB with 3 ways diversity and 4 dB with 2 ways such improvements are measured
with standard receivers; improvement are lower if decoders are equipped with efficient multipath
propagation filters.
Polarisation diversity: antena use different polarisation. The improvement is because with reflexions,
the radio signal polarisation may be rotated. This method is efficient in area with a lot of multipath
propagation ( indoor, dense urban, industrial,..) but not fitted for rural or suburban areas.
Sector diversity: each of the antenas takes a part of the space to be covered. That is in place of
omnirectional antenas, one use directional one, each of them with different azimuth. The
improvement is made because, directive antenas have more gain than omnidirectional ( with the
same horizontal pattern). The improvement is equal to the antena gain difference.
Diversity may improve base station sensitivity, what is important with handportables while link budget
difference is important for such radio terminals
ETELM
copyright
page 27
2.14. BASE STATIONS COUPLING

Tx coulping must be achieved when several base stations must share the same antena(s).
By comparison to analog systems, TETRA coupling is simplified while 1 TETRA carrier multiplexes 4
channels.
2.14.1. Rx coupling
Rx coupling is made with low noise preamplifier with several outputs. In case when one use a low noise
amplifier with only one output, a splitter must be added. The low noise amplifier must have more gain than
the loss of the spiltter (in ordre not to decrease the S/N)
The low noise amplifier is often with selective band in order to minimize interferences and intermodulation.
When using diversity, one must use one low noise amplifier with multiple outputs per antena.
filter
filter
filter
Low noise
Multiple
outputs
Low noise
Multiple
outputs
Low noise
Multiple
outputs
BASE
STATION
BASE
STATION
ETELM
copyright
page 28
2.14.2. Tx COUPLING
Tx coupling before using a common power amplifier must be avoided for no power amplifier is linear enough
to meet the spectral specifications.
Tx coupling is achieved either with hybrid or by cavities. Both solutions have advantages and disavantages
according to following table:
Loss 2 Tx
2 Tx
4 Tx
8 Tx
Channel spacing
tuning
Wide band noise & spurious
cost
volume
HYBRID COUPLING
HYBRIDS
3 dB
6 dB
9 dB
No requirements
no
Not rejected
low
low
Tx 1
CAVITIES
2.8 dB
3.3 dB
4 dB
> 300 KHz
Yes ( but for autotune)
rejected
high
high
Hybrid
Hybrid
Tx 2
Tx 3
Hybrid
Tx 4
CAVITIES COUPLING
Tx 1
cavity
Tx 2
cavity
Tx 3
cavity
Tx 4
cavity
With cavities coupling, circulators are used in order to prevent a signal comes back to a power
amplifier. The selectivity of a cavity is according to its size; with big cavities, selectivity is better
and frequencies spacing may be reduced.
ETELM
copyright
page 29
CAVITIES COUPLING
A (dB)
F
F1
F2
F3
If frequencies spacing F is too low, the attenuation A introduces a coupling loss while the
signal transmitted from power amplifier F2 comes back to power amplifier F1 and is
dissipated in the circulator.
ETELM
copyright
page 30
2.15. TETRA and CONFINED AREAS

Radio propagation in confined areas are complexe and several radiating equipments must be used
( antena(s) and/or leaky coax)
Technologies for indoor TETRA are similar as for indoor analog but for followings :
Equipment linearity
Transit time
Gain control
In another hand, diversity was in general not used extensivly with analog; for TETRA, diversity offers a large
help to solve main problems.
2.15.1. leaky feeders

There exist two types of leaky coax :
Constant loss cables: they are mostly used. Loss is linear with length. The holes density is constant
and the cable may be cut at any length. With such cable, transmitted signal is high leveled near from
the begining of the coax and low at the opposite side. Reciproqually, a radio terminal is received with
high level near from one end of the coax and with low level at the opposite.
With such cable, the practical length is in the range 600 / 1200 meters for one section; by connecting
base station at the middle of a section to two leaky cable, the total length is in the range 1200/2400
meters.
Progressive loss cable: the holes density is not constant and the coax is optimized for a fixed length.
As result, the transmitted signal is constant all along the total length of the cable. Practical maximum
length are longer than with constant loss cable; in the range 900/1800 meters.
These cables are more expansive and cant be cut at any length; for these reasons, there are not
intensivly used. However for TETRA, the main advantage is that a radio terminal is received by a
base station with the same level all along the cable that is important for linearity and saturation
problem.
Leaky cables may be used for Tx and Rx separatly or for both Tx/Rx by using standard duplexors.
Tx
Tx
Rx
Duplexor or
hybrid
Rx
SEPARATE CABLES
UNIQUE CABLE
Several methods exist to provide a whole leaky system from leaky cables sections..
ETELM
copyright
page 31
2.15.2. Methods using repeaters

A base station is connected at the end of the whole system ; it is connected to different leaky cable sections
according to a linear organisation with links parralel to the leaky cable. Links could be directly RF links or with
optical fibers by using optical / RF converters.
:
For downlink, splitters are used to fed each leaky coax cable with similar RF level.
For uplink, hybrids are used to fed the base station with the summ of the received RF signals
Such organisations may used amplifiers to compensate link loss
Tx
DOWNLINK
BASE
STATION
1.
Rx
UPLINK
1.
This architecture may be used to share the leaky coax cable with several different radio systems (GSM,
TETRA, analog,..) in that case, repeaters/amplifiers must be broadband ( with noise and saturation problems)
or made from different narrowband equipments connected in parralel form through filters.
One of the main disavantage of this method is with uplink. The summ of all signals from different sections
increase drastically the noise and the S/N is reduced. The second disavantage for TETRA is that equipments
connected in a serial form leads to add non linearities and as result, to increase intermodulation probabilities.
Another problem could be with the transit time through a lot of equipments wich could be not compatible with
TETRA requirements.
ETELM
copyright
page 32
2.15.3. Methods with diversity
Several receivers are used, each of them being connected to a cable section. This is exactly as for outdoor
diversity and the uplink is drastically improved :
No S/N degradation by adding different Rx signals
No transit time problem
No linearity problem with added equipments
Tx
Rx1
Rx2
RF or optical
links
Rx3
BASE STATION
2.15.4. MIXTE COVERAGE INDOOR / OUTDOOR

A common requirement is to get an outdoor coverage with indoor coverage in the building where the base
station is installed.
Indoor area may be covered with antenna r leaky feeders, it may also be covered with optical repeaters
connected to antenna or leaky feeders.
The most common way is to get indoor and outdoor circuits in parallel way according to:
Outdoor antenar
BS
duplexor
spiltter
indoor
Sometimes, one uses splitters/combiners to separate the balance power between indoor and
outdoor to the balance of the sensitivity between indoor and outdoor.
ETELM
copyright
page 33
Antenne
outdoor
spiltter
duplexeur
hybride
duplexeur
BS
Systme indoor
These simple arrangements are with low performances:*

loss of outdoor sensitivity: the loss is minimum 3 dB du to the Rx coupling
Industrial noises disturtance: the indoor antenna system is often very close from industrial
equipments and may pick up a lot of disturbances, mainly non constant. The sensitivity is decreased,
especially for outdoor
Sensitivity loss by overload: indorr radiating system may be very close from handportables (sometime
less than one meter); in that case, the received level uplink is very high; as result, adjacent time slots
of the time slot where the handportable is transmitting are interfering with outdoor allocated time slot.
As result, the outdoor sensitivity is decreased.
Overlap coverage area: there are always transition areas where there are both indoor and outdoor
coverage (typical example is door to enter into metro). In these areas, a transmitted signal from a
terminal is received by two ways; by using a combiner, these two signals are added and there may be
some nul as result there are specific points in the overlapping coverage area where there is no
coverage.
By using diversity, all preceding problems are solved:
Antenne
outdoor
spiltter
duplexeur
BS
Rx1
Rx2
ETELM
duplexeur
copyright
Systme indoor
page 34
As there is no hybrid coupling device, there are no sensitivity loss of 3 dB

Industial noises received from indoor radiating system have no effect on outdoor received signals
Overload by close transmitting handportable from the indoor radiating system has only effect on
oindoor coverage, not on outdoor
In overlap indoor outdoor coverage areas, there are no signal cancellation for adding signals with
different phases.
2.16. HERTZIAN REPEATER (using the same carrier)

The first rule to apply for repater installation is to avoid a loop between antenas. A minimum margin of 10 dB
must be provided in order to prevent reflexions with moving obstacles.
Repeater gain < antenna coupling 10 dB
.. for each of the transmission ways
reflector
Metallic wall
To base(s)
stations
To area
repeater
There are two types of repeaters :

Wide band repeaters/ these repeaters are more sensitive to noise and non linearity problem;
especially in case when several different carriers are used
Channelised repeaters which are selective for a specific TETRA carrier: thes repeaters are not
sensitive to noise and non linearity but they have a long transit time and several of them must be
used in case of several carriers
ETELM
copyright
page 35
2.16.1. NOISE FROM A REPEATER

In some case, using a repeater may decrease the base station sensitivity.
The noise level at the input of a repeater is in the same range as the input of the base station.
This noise, is amplified by the repeater gain and by the antena gain, then reduced by the propagation. At the
total if this noise is higher than the input noise of the base station, these last is with decreased sensitivity.
Base
station
repeater
mobile
GR
Repeater gain
GA
antena gain
A
propagation loss
GR + GA < A
ETELM
copyright
page 36
2.16.2. VARIABLE GAIN REPEATER, CAG

Such equipments are commonly used for analog systems ; they must be absolutly rejected for TETRA.
For a repeater may receive quasi simultaneously different signals transmitted from different mobiles (TDMA)
In case when one of these mobile is closed from the repeater and another far away, the automatic gain
control will regulate according to the high level and the low level signal from the second mobile will be
completly in the noise. Typically a repeater with CAG will provide good result for one communication in its cell
and cant transmit the other communications.
Far mobile
Rx 120 dBm
CAG regulation
level
temps
Near mobile
Rx 30 dBm
One may imagine to adapt the CAG with a fast time constant in order to be able to change quickly from one
time slot to another ; unfortunatly, fast time constant affects drastically the TETRA modulation at the begining
of a burst and the receiver cant recover the right modulation.
ETELM
copyright
page 37
2.16.3. REPEATER GAIN EFFECTS

When installing a repeater, one have to tune two gains : the uplink one and the downlink one. These gains
are limited to avoid RF loops and base station sensitivity decrease ; down to these maximum levels, one
have to select right value to achieve good performance level.
The uplink gain is the most critical: the main problem is with linearity : when an handportable is close to the
antena repeater, the Rx signal amplified by the repeater uplink gain exceeds the maximum output power
delivered by the repeater. As example, suppose a handportable transmitting 1 Watt with a distance of 5
meters from the antena; it will be received at 20 dBm ; if the repeater is tune with 70 dB gain, that means, it
must deliver + 50 dBm ( 100 watts) at the opposite output.
Low gain restrict this close area but restrict also the area covered by the repeater.
Operational area
No coverage
repeater
Low gain
No operation
Operational area
No coverage
repeater
Medium gain
RF LOOP
rpteur
High gain
2.16.4. SELECTIVITY
.If repeaters are wide band, they are sensitive to linearity problem as soon as there are several TETRA
carriers in the other hand, if they are selectiv, they have a transit time wich could be incompatible with
propagation time requirement for TETRA
ETELM
copyright
page 38
2.16.5. UPLINK OVERLAP FOR AREAS WITH REPEATERS

Whatever be the antena positions, thre always exists an area where a mobile may reach the base station
either directly or through the repeater ; in that case, the base station receives two signals, one directly, the
other transmitted by the reapter with another level and with some delay. This is exactly the same as for
multipropagation model and the base station may decode if it is with a good multipropagation filter.
The same for downlink : there are always areas where mobiles may receive both signals from the base
station and from the repeater.
Overlap areas are not exactly the same for uplink and downlink: they change according to the repeater gains
(uplink and downlink).
2.16.1. DOWNLINK OVERLAP FOR AREAS WITH REPEATERS

The overlap area between indoor and outdoor coverage is not exactly the same for uplink and down link; that
is RF powers and repeater gains are different.More the signal transmitted by a repeater is strong and more
the overlap area downlink goes far away from this repeater.
In this area, it is like a multipropagation process while the two ways ends to the MS receiver with different
phase and amplitude. The difference from the uplink is that MS are often with a lower multipropagation class.
As result, the overlap is more difficult with downlink than with uplink.
2.17. REPEATERS WITH DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES

Such repeater are commonly used with analog radio systems. The main advantage of it are beczause the RF
loop is completly ignored.
F1
F2
F3
F4
Repeaters with
frequency change
UNFORTUNATLY, THESE REPEATERS CANT BE USED WITH TETRA for, carriers are
numbered from a basic frequency and the infrastructure indicates a frequency to mobiles with such numbers.
With a hardware frequency change, a mobile is unable to recover the good channel.
ETELM
copyright
page 39
2.18. TETRA2 : RADIO FEATURES

First of all, TETRA2 is with several version according to the channel bandwith; TETRA2 offers higher baud
rate but the sensitivity of mobiles and base station decreases according to the increase of speed: as
example, the dynamic sensitivity is according to following table:
Bit rate Kb/s

Dynamic
MS
sensitivity
dBm
BS
TETRA1
/4 DPSK
36
-103
TETRA2
/8 DPSK
54
- 97
- 106
- 103
25 KHz BW
TETRA2
4-QAM
38,4
- 111
- 108
TETRA2
16 QAM
76,2
- 103
TETRA2
64 QAM
115,2
- 98
TETRA2
4 QAM
153,6
- 102
- 106
- 101
- 105
100 KHz BW
TETRA2
TETRA2
16 QAM
64 QAM
307,2
460,8
- 97
- 92
- 100
- 95
In another hand, the transmitted power are equivalent for TETRA1 and TETRA2; as consequence, the
number of radio sites must be multiplied by 2 or 3 to reach higher bit rate with the same coverage. In that
way, moving from TETRA1 to TETRA2 cant be considered as a simple software upgrade while the whole
network architecture is altered.
Rafly, TETRA2 means minimum twice the radio site number
ETELM
copyright
page 40
3. MODULATION AND SPECTRUM FEATURES
3.1. MODULATION and THREHOLD EFFECT

La modulation de phase correspond llaboration du signal :
s(t) = A sin ( t + (t))
reprsente la porteuse
(t) reprsente le signal de modulation
.. par la suite, seul le signal de modulation (t) sera pris en compte.
TETRA modulation is a differential phase shift one with +/-45 and +/-135 degres jumps.
Each modulation symbol represents two bit. The symbol rate (baud) is half the bit rate (bit/sec.)
36 Kbit / seconde
18 K baud (Ksymboles/sec.)
each symbol may have 4 values (00, 01, 10 and 11), each of them being associated with a phase jump value.
01
00
+135
(t)
+45
Preceeding
symbol
-45
-135
11
10
Phasis evaluated with absolute values may be 0, 45, 90, 135, 180 , 225 ,315 degres
When separating symbols in an alternate way (odd and even), one find each odd symbol is with 0, 90, 180 &
270 degres while even symbols are with 45, 135,225 & 315 degres.
ETELM
copyright
page 41
Odd symbols
Even symbols
Special modulation : some binary sequence are with specific modulations :

:
sequence 0000... phasis increases 45 each symbol ; that means a fter 8 symbols correspondaing
to 8/18 milliseconds it turns one round. At the final it is a frequency shift of exactly 1/8 of the
frequency symbol that is + 2,25 KHz
sequence 101010.. the frequency shift is reversed from preceeding case, that is 2,25 KHz
sequence 010101.. the shift is 135 for each symbol, after 8 symbo ls, the phase turned 3 rounds.
The spectrum is made with two lines: the one at + 2,25 KHz, the second at 6,75 KHz
sequence 11111 : two lines : the first at 2,25KHz and the second at + 6,75 KHz
differential shift keying modulation have a very good theoretical BER versus S/N ratio drawn on the
following shematic.
BER
10-1
-2
10
10-3
10-4
-5
10
10-6
S/B
2
10
12
dB
An overlook to modulation diagram gives indication about thehold effects : a receiver recover the phasis of
the input signal ; if the clock is well regenerated, it must take decision of the transmitted symbol according to
the phasis sampled according to this clock. The received phasis is equal to the transmit phasis added to an
error function of the perturbations. If this error is less than 45 the receiver always make the good choice.
Threhold effects are related to perturbations wich may affect the phasis by more than 45 degres.
Consequently, one may consider that a disturbance will have no effect as soon as its amplitude is less than
the circle of radius r on the following schematic :
ETELM
copyright
page 42
disturbance
B
Phasis of the
transmitted symbol
Usefull signal
circle
Phasis of the preceeding

symbol
that is a threhold value r equal 0,76 R. The threhold effect is abrupt with sinus disturber, when the
disturber is 3 dB below the signal. With a white noise, the threhold effet is not so abrupt.
A similar overlook may evaluate the frequency effects : in case when the carrier is continuously shifted from
the nominal value, the phasis is increased by for each symbol ; that means as soon as threhold Une
approche similaire donne lordre de grandeur du seuil pour un dcalage is less than 45 degre, there is no
effect for the receiver. At the final, the system may accept frequency shift up to 2,25 KHz ; above this value it
is not possible to decode the signal.
.
Phasis of the
transmitted symbol
Usefull signal
circle
Preceeding symbol phasis

R
The maximum frequency shift is 45 degres per symbol, that is +/- 2,25 KHz
ETELM
copyright
page 43
3.2. PHASE PATH, SPECTRUM

At significant modulation times , the phasis must be with predefined values according to symbols to be
transmitted. Between these samples, phasis values are not taken into account for demodulation but they
directly influence the spectrum of the signal. Three path possibilities for phase path between symbols are
looked:
A phase jump exactly at the middle time between symbols (red line)
A linear path of the phasis between symbols (blue line)
A smoothed path of the phasis between symbols (green line)
3/4
/2
/4
-/4
-/2
-3/4
The spectrum for these different three cases are shown below :
KHz
- 12,5
-19
12,5
F0
19
Obviously, spectrum are evaluated and/or measured with ramdomized symbol source any periodic symbol
source must be avoided.
ETELM
copyright
page 44
According to the phase path, the spectrum is very different and more the path is smoothed , more the
spectrum is limited.
Smoothing is realized by evaluating the path not only from the nearest known phase points but also from
adjacent phase points and adjacent from adjacen and so on that is according to the number of symbols
taken into account; its named the horizon
Sprectrum requirement for TETRA leads to an horizon of about 14.
In order to smooth the phase path, one need not to use constant amplitude modulation, what is shown
below :
A max
A min
In order to get a smoothed phase path, one need not to use constant amplitude : modulation is said to be with
non constant enveloppe ( analog FM or PM modulation are with constant enveloppe).
ETELM
copyright
page 45
3.3. FILTERING, FILTERS HORIZON

Filtering allows signal smoothing in order to achieve spectrum purity. For TETRA, the allowed bandwith is 25
KHz. The usefull spectrum is about 18KHz, that is the spectrum vanish in less than 3,5 KHz around the
edges.
There is a theoretical relation between the slope of the spectrum and the transit time of the signal through th
filter. Aprroximativly, the transit time is the invers of the bandwith of the corner of the filter.
FILTER FREQUENCY RESPONSE
FILTER IMPULSE RESPONSE
frquency
F
T = 1 / F
The transit time may be expressed with symbol period as unit that is the number of symbols. Result is
named the horizon of the filter ; it is the total number of symbols one may take into account to calculate the
exact modulation shape around the symbol placed in the middle.
.
FILTER HORIZON
Symbol clock
Symbols
Partial impulse
responses
Shift register
A1(t)
A2(t)
A3(t)
multipliers
An(t)
output
In another hand, when the slope of a filter is high, the phase delay variation in the band increases and the
transmission is altered for digital transmission. For TETRA the horizon must be above 9 for spectrum purity
and below 17 for in band propagation delay variations.
ETELM
copyright
page 46
Transmit filter is used to adjust the signal bandwith ; for receiver, one must also reduce the band to the
usefull part. According to the adapted filter theory, the best receiver filter has a frequency response identical
to the signal spectrum to be decoded. As, for transmission, one may consider the modulation source with an
infinite spectrum bandwith (compared to allowed signal bandwith of 25 KHz) the usefull spectrum is identical
to the response of the transmitter filter (same impulse response).
Finally, transmiter filter and receiver filter are identical. The complete transmission through these two filters
must be very close from the rectangular form.
SYMBOLS
Transmiter
filter
Receiver
filter
Demodulator /
decoder
Phase path
evaluation
Transmitted
signal
Tx FILTER = Rx FILTER =
frquence
As consequence, the phase path evaluation cant be directly from the transmitted signal E. A measuring
instrument must integrate a receiver filter to recover signal R.
TETRA filter requirements are very difficult to obtain with analog filters; only digital filtering technologies may
be used. Nevertheless, analog filtering must also be used to select the frequency band (pre filtering for digital
filters cant reject frequencies far from the useful band.
.
Analog
prefilter
ETELM
A/N
converter
Digital
filter
copyright
Demodulator /
decoder
page 47
3.4. MODULATION ACCURACY

Its possible to display the signal phase on an ascilloscope as example X is fed by the signal and Y by the
same signal with 90 phase shift ( phase shift of 9 0 over the whole frequency band). Phase paths are
crossing at the significant points 0,45, 90, 135 , 180, 225, 270 and 315 on the circle. More, t hese
points must be reached at instant exactly spaced with symbol period. These meeting points may be easily
displayed by turning on the whenelt of the oscillosce at these moments.
This is a measuring method for digital transmission: it shows the global quality of the signal : any default
degrading transmission degades the constellation display:
Thermal noise
Phase noise
Group delay
Frequency response
...
For diagnostic, this display could also be of some help for some potential default have typical view: as
ewample, a phase noise on an oscillator implies points around the cros points but always located on the
circle.
The quality is evaluated with the distance between points and reference points (related to the circle radius)
with three quantities:
The mean value of the measured distances, related to the frequency shift
The rms value of the measured distances
The peak value of the measured distance
DISPLAY BY
SUPERPOSITION
OVER ONE
POINT
MODULATION
ACURACY
Peak limit
ETELM
copyright
page 48
3.5. INTERFERENCE WITH ADJACENT CHANNELS (Analog and

Tetra channels)
For analog channels, interferences between adjacent channels are evaluated with the spectrum, by
measuring relative levels at the limit between the channels.
For TETRA channels, interferences are evaluated with the message error rate (MER) induced in the ajacent
channel.
It is not possible to establish a direct relation between the relative levels measured with the sprectrum and the
message error rate, for the message error rate is according to the shape of the transmitted spectrum in the
adjacent channel (and not only according to the relative level at the edges of the channels).
Consequently, it is not possible to qualify interferences when a Tetra channel is adjacent from an analog one.
That is the reason why National regulation rules do not mix TETRA channels and analog channels in the
same band : TETRA channels are allocated in a sub band and this sub band is spaced from others by a
guard. The guard is, in general 12,5 KHz or 6,25 KHz that is the reason why TETRA channels in a band
may be declared shifted of +/- 6,25 KHz or +/- 12,5 KHz from nominal frequencies.
GARDE
TETRA CHANNEL
ANALOG
CHANNEL
TETRA CHANNEL
60 dB
70 dB
25 KHz
25 KHz
12,5 KHz
6,25 KHz
ETELM
copyright
page 49
3.6. TETRA MODULATOR

There are several ways to make a TETRA modulation only few of them ay reach the severe requirements
of the norm. From one end, symbols are digitally generated while the output must be an analog modulated
signal. Digital to analog conversion may be achieved at different point of the modulator.
Many of the process use IQ modulator which may be implemented either digitally or with analog technologies.
They implement the trigonometric formula :
Sin ( t + ) = Sin t Cos + Cos t Sin
I,Q modulator
I
FILTER
SYMBOLS
90 phase
shifter
FILTER
Sin t
Cos t
As previously mentionned, analog filters are difficult to implement. Consequently, filters are implemented with
digital technologies and the digital to analog conversion may be implemented before or after the IQ
modulator. Advantages and disavantages are summarized in the following table:
CNA numbers
CNA sampling frequency
IQ modulator
Spectrum purity
CNA before modulator
CNA after modulator
2
low
analog
Sensitivity to the modulator
(balance between ways)
1
high
digital
No balance problem for the
modulator
There are also another way with only one CNA conversion after modulator and only one of the two digital
filters.
In any case, it is not possible to get after modulator (analog or digital) a signal with high frequency carrier:
- with analog modulator because of the low spectrum purity at the output of the modulator
- with digital modulator because of the CNA technology limits.
..as result, the signal is synthesized with an intermediate frequency carrier and one must use up converter to
get RF signal.
ETELM
copyright
page 50
3.7. TETRA DEMODULATOR

As for modulation, there are several ways to implement a TETRA demodulator. As for modulator, TETRA RF
requirements are severe and it is difficult to use a direct demodulation ( Zero Intermediary Frequency) and a
down converter can be used used to demodulate a lower frequency carrier signal.
Demodulator itself is complex and can be achieved only by digital technologies. Analog to digital conversion
must be used and, as for modulation, there are two ways to implement it: either after an IQ demodulator or
directly on an IF frequency.
When conversion is after IQ modulator, two CAN must be used and the sampling is performed at the same
time for both CAN
When conversion is direct from IF, only one CAN is used with sampling ticks shifted as drawn on the
following shematic :
I,Q
I,Q
I,Q
Demodulation with IQ modulator and two CAN
I Q
T/4
I,Q
-Q
3T/4
I Q
-Q
Direct demodulation from IF with one CAN
Before evaluating the phase of the signal for symbol recovery, the signal must be processed to achieve
multipath propagation filtering.
Following steps are used :
Record all the samples of a paquet
Find out synchronisation sequence by autocorrelation between the signal and the signa
representative this synchronisation sequence. This allows to exactly recover the middle of the
paquet
Analyse the spectrum of the signal with a window aroud the synchro sequence.
Compare this spectrum to the ideal spectrum of the synchronisation sequence; the difference is
repreentative of the channel impuse response from the transmitter to the receiver at time the
paquet is transmitted
Calculate the filter which have an impulse response reversed from the preceeding one
Apply this filter to all the samples of the paquet (with a correlation function).
Evaluate the mean period symbol rate
Measure the signal phase at any symbol period.
This process is more complex for there are several different synchronisation sequences for TETRA and there
are two types of paquet: full time slot paquets and half time slot paquet.
ETELM
copyright
page 51
3.8. UP and DOWN CONVERTER

If used, up and down converter are classical ; nevertheless, special care must be provided about local
oscillators phase noise ( such requirements do not exist with analog PMR) and intermodulation (especially
with mixers).
Note that, for TETRA all signals must be synchronised that involves all local oscillators must be
synchronised to a common clock.
3.9. LINEARITY
Non constant envelop modulation as TETRA needs very good amplitude linearity characteristics ;
Any non linearity involves spectral spurious response
One of the main effect of non linearity is looked with the spectrum around the useful spectrum : there are
typical increase level symetrical from the center frequency, in the adjacent channels.
ADJACENT CHANNELS
TETRA CHANNEL
ADJACENT CHANNELS
SHOULDERS ORDER 3
SHOULDERS ORDER 5
frequency
25 KHz
50 KHz
75 KHz
There are several shoulders type :

Shoulders of order 3: the level of these shoulders in quiet constant over 12,5 KHz adjacent above
and below 12,5 KHz from the center frequency
Shoulders of order 5: the level of these shoulders is quiet constant over 12,5 KHz adjacent above
and below 50KHz from the center frequency ( shoulders order 5 are often below the ground noise
level)
ETELM
copyright
page 52
Shoulders are made by a non linear element. By changing the level at the input of such element:
Main signal changes 1 dB for any 1 dB input level change
Shoulders order 3 change 3 dB for any 1 dB input level change ( that is the relative level to the main
changes of 2 dB for 1 dB input change)
Shoulders order 5 change 5 dB for any 1 dB input level change ( that is the relative level to the main
changes of 4 dB for 1 dB input change)
Care must be provided for such measurement while the measuring instrument is often not linear enough
displayed shoulders may be sometime the fact of the measuring instrument. It is very simple to know if
shoulders are from equipment or from measuring instrument: by inserting a standart 3 dB attenuator at the
input of the measuring instrument:
If shoulders order 3 decrease 3 dB, shoulders are from equipment
If shoulders order 3 descrease 9 dB, shoulders are from measuring instrument.
Obviously, linearity problems mainly affect power amplifiers; no standart amplifiers as they are used for
analog PMR are suitable for TETRA linearity requirements. Different methods and arrangements of these
method are used to reach these requirements:
Amplifier with very high compression point ( IP1 & IP3)
Clas A amplifier : unfortunatly these amplifier are with very low efficiency ( theoretically maximum
27% and tupically 15 %) and a lot of power is dissipated
Feed forward technology : a compensation signal is added to the usefull signal at the output of
the amplifier.
Cartesian loop : a compensation signal is added to th usefull signal at the input of the amplifier ;
this signal is evaluated according to the input signal and some compensation rules which are
evaluated during learning time slots : during this time slots, a typical and known signal is used and
the output signal from the amplifier is measured. Learning time slots are also used by some
terminals they are named CLCH ( Common Linearisation channel).
ETELM
copyright
page 53
4. PAQUET FEATURES
4.1. TDMA and PAQUET

TDMA technology (time domain access) divides time into time slots : TETRA divides by 4 ( GSM divides by 8)
Each time slot may have a paquet which represents a message. For downlink ( infrastructure to mobiles)
these paquets are transmitted on the one RF carrier by the same base station ( but for the case of carrier
shared by several base stations) there is a continuous transmission from the base station and the paquets
are linked. For uplink (mobiles to infrastructure), paquets are transmitted by different mobiles.
Time slots are numbered from 1 to 4 and uplink time slots numbering is shifted by 2 from the downlink.
downlink
3
time
uplink
As example, a paquet may carry a part of an audio message and, if all time slots are allocated to different
communications, there are 4 simultaneous communications transmitted by the same base station over one
RF carrier.
Uplink carrier is different from downlink one and these carriers are spaced by a constant frequency value :
the duplex spacing ( 10 MHz for European TETRA bands)
In most case mobile transmits and receives in one of the 4 time slots; nevertheless, some mobiles may use
simultaneously several adjacent time slots on the same carrier: its the multislot feature which is mainly used
for high data transfert requirements.
Paquets are structured into frames, subframes and hyperframes according to following diagram.
ETELM
copyright
page 54
1 hyperframe = 60 multiframes = 61,2 seconds

time
1 multiframe = 18 frames = 1,02 second
18
Control frame
1 frame = 4 Timeslots = 57 ms
1 timeslot = 510 bit = 14,16ms

1
509 510
255 256
1 subslot = 7,1 msec.

1
255
1 symbol = 2 bit = 56 microsec.
ETELM
copyright
page 55
4.2. PAQUETS TYPES and STRUCTURE

There are 6 paquets types :
1 timeslot = 255 symbols (510 bit) = 14,176 millisec.
continuous synchronisation downlink paquet

12 2
80
120
38
block 1
Frequency
correction
216t block 2
or PA linarisation
30
Broadcast
bloc
synchro
10
Continuous donlink standart paquet

12 2
216 bit
14
22
16
216
bit
10
synchro
Discontinuous downlink synchronisation paquet

10 2
80
38
120 block 1
Correction
frquence
216 block 2
ou linarisation du PA
30
Broadcast
bloc
synchro
2 2
Standart discontinuous downlink paquet

10 2 2
216 bit
14
22
16
216 bit
2 2
synchro
Standart uplink paquet

34
216 bit
22
216 bit
14
15
synchro
Half uplink paquet

Subslot 1 = 255 bit
34
84
30
84
Subslot 2 = 255 bit
15
34
synchro
Ramping and
linarisation
PA
ETELM
84
30
84
synchro
traine
traine
copyright
page 56
Garde
There are characteristic field :

Synchronisation sequences ( grey colored)
Scrambled bit fields ( light grey colored)
ramping and guard fields ( very light grey)
...etc.
4.2.1. Paquet synchronisation

With analog radio, the synchronisation sequence is at the head of the paquet and decoders where with two
operation modes : one searching mode (for synchronisation recovery) and one tracking mode (for
demodulation).
As previously mentionned, TETRA signal process is more complex and it is not possible to use such real
time searching mode and tracking mode ; the whole paquet is stored and, after complete receive, the signal
process may start. In that way, the synchonisation sequence may be implemented anywhere in the paquet.
As, from the received synchronisation signal, some parameters of the transmission are evaluated ( the
implulse response of the channel), it is better to get the synchronisation sequence exactly in the middle of the
paquet for minimizing fluctuation effect of these parameters during the paquet transmission.
Several different synchronisation sequences are used :
A 38 bit sequences ( 19 symbols) for downlink synchronisation paquets
Three 22 bit (11 symbols) different sequences for standart paquets
A 30 bit sequences (15 symboles) for half paquets.
4.2.2. Ramping and linearisation fields

These fields are used at the beginning and at the end of discontinuous paquets ; RF transmitted power is set
up and down during the transmission of these data.
Power up must be shorter than the ramping time and power down shorter than the guard time. More, power
up and down transcient must be according to a specified form in order to prevent spectrum disturbances.
ramping
guard
time
paquet
4.2.3. Phase adjust field

According to modulation method, the RF signal phase change from one time to another is sensitive to the
transmitted symbols during this time. That means the phase after a paquet is sensitive to the paquet content,
what increase the level of the spectrum near from the center frequency (instead of the optimum flat
characteristic).
In order to prevent this effect, symbols are added to the data paquet which are evaluated in order to get a
phase at the end of the paquet always the same as at the begining of it plus 45.
ETELM
copyright
page 57
Consequently, the global RF phase increase of 45 e ach 14 milliseconds (time slots duration) that is 360
every 112 milliseconds which correspond to a frequency shift of 8,9 Hertz from the nominal carrier. This
shifted value must be taken into account if accurate frequency measurements are provided for calibration.
Each phase adjust field is one symbol (2 bits) and there are two of such field : one at the begining of the
paquet, one at the end.
4.2.4. Scrambled and non scrambled fields

Most of the data fields in a paquet are scambled with the color code affected to the radio site which transmits
the paquet.
Nevertheless some fields are not scrambled especially the data fields concerning broadcasted informations
while they indicate the color code itself.
4.2.5. Frequency correction field

This field is made from 64 bit set to zero it involves a pur sinus signal shifted + 2,25 KHz from the nominal
RF frequency ( see preceeding chapter modulation ). It allows a receiver to exactly tune its master clock.
This signal is placed between two short sequences corresponding to pur RF sinus signals shifted 6.25 KHz
from the nominal carrier.
4.2.6. Tail bit

These symbols take place at the begining and at the end of an uplink paquet ; they are with fixed 4 bits and
are used to prevent transcient effect and transit time effect in the filters.
ETELM
copyright
page 58
4.3. CODING
4.3.1. Coding theory summary
Encoding consists in adding redudancy bit to a message in order to protect it and to get the possibility to
detect and/or to correct transmission errors as soon as there are not too much of such errors.
There are two types of codes :
Bloc codes : for a message of fixed n bit, k bit are added the places where are inserted these
redudant bit is not of importance while its always possible to reorder the bit.
Convolutional codes : redudant bit are periodically inserted into a continuous data stream.
TETRA only use bloc codes.
Let a bloc code with n usefull bit and k redundant bit this code is named a n,k one.
n
n+k
There are 2 possibilities of usefull messages and 2 possibilities of received messages (in case of very
high transmission disturbance) .
n+k
n
From these 2 possibilities, only 2 correspond to non altered messages. One may look all possible
messages as a cloud in a space an non altered messages as some points in this cloud. The distance
between two messages is equal to the number of bit which are different between this two messages. When
they are only few transmission errors, the distance between the received message and the original one is
small; when the eroor number increase, the distance increase.
When receiving an altered message, one selects the real message nearest from this message in the cloud
that is the ammowed message with minimum distance from the received one.
The code distance is the minimum distance between two authorized messages.
A code is a perfect one if the distance between any of the authorized messages ic constant.
There are only few perfect codes; nevertheless, there are codes which are close from the optimum; they are
named quasi perfect.
Code distance is directly related to the capability of detection and correction of the code according to
following table :
Code distance
2
3
4
5
6
7
....
Perfect codes, if they exist are with :

k
N+k+1=2
k
3 (N + k )+ 1 = 2
k
6 (N + k )+ 1 = 2
..
k+1
e (e + 1) (N + k + 1) = 2
ETELM
Detection capacity
Correction capacity
(error number)
(error number)
1
2
3
4
5
6
...
0
1
1
2
2
3
..
for 1 error correction capability

for 2 errors correction capability
for 3 errors correction capability
for e errors correction capability
copyright
page 59
N
1 error correction
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2 errors correction
1
4*
11
26
57
120
247
502
1013
2036
4083
3 errors correction
1
5
15
35
57
128,
331
671
1353
4 errors correction
4
14
34
76
160
330
670
5 errors correction
5
17
42
92
193
397
9
25
58
125
261
* Hamming code
Code efficiency is the ratio between usefull data and transmitted data that is : = N / ( N + K)
4.3.2. Residual error rate

Let BER as the bit error rate of a transmission channel. As soon as this rate is low, the mean error number on
a message is ( Poisson rule) : (N+K) BER
The n,k code allows to correct maximum e error if the error number is larger than this value, there is a
residual error rate after decoding.
As consequence, a code may be looked as an error rate divider but never as an error rate canceller. By
using a code, one decreases the transmission error rate by a factor which is linear with the distance code
and inverse linear with message length ( the bit number n).
MER
MER WITHOUT CODING
Code distance / number of bit to be encoded
d/n
MER WITH CODING

S/N
When the number of corrected errors increases, the confidence level in the resulting message decreases ; in
a practical way, in order to keep a sufficient confidence level, one rejects messages with an error number
approaching the code limit.
ETELM
copyright
page 60
4.3.3. TETRA CODES

The choice of a code is dependant of the desired confidence level for transmitted informations.
In order to optimise a transmission system, different codes are used according to the data field to protect.
In that way, TETRA uses a large number of differrent code according to the information type to be
transmitted.
Following table gives indications about these codes with :
The number of bit to encode (n)
The number of transmitted bit (n+k)
Factor d/n
The code type
:
AACH
BSCH
TCH2.4
TCH 4.8
TCH 7.2
2,4Kb/s
data
4,8 Kb/s data
7,2 Kb/s
data
60
120
1
144
432
2
288
432
0,5
432
432
0
Iformation
Network
for a mobile broadcaste
access a
d
channel
information
n
n+k
d/n
K1->k1 +16
Reed Muller
RPC
+puncturing
entrelacement
scrambling
FCS
14
30
1,14
SCH/HD
BNCH
STCH
SCH/HU
Signaling informations
124
216
0,75
92
168
0,82
268
432
0,61
( )
( )
(option en mode de
base,
intgr en mode
avanc)
Four code types are used :

The Reed Muller code : it is a linear one (it uses only XOR operaions) ; it is used only for the
AACH channel which carry autorisation for a mobile to transmit over the air interface.
The code K1 -> K1 + 16 : it is also a linear code which add 16 bit whatever the message length.
The puncturing code : it is also a linear code which add redudancy and scrambles the
messages.
Interleaving : it does not add any redudancy but scrambles bit over several messages which
allows to spread the effect of burst of error ( a code is efficient if errors are spreaded over the
whole message).
The scrambling : its the color code used to distinguish Le scrambling est un brassage fonction du
coloriage de chaque station de base
ETELM
SCH/F
copyright
page 61
4.4. SPEECH CODING

A very special coding way is used for the audio. The audio source is according to standart telephone quality
that is sampled at 8 KHz with 8 bit per sample ( with A or law compression) ; the global source rate is 64
Kbit/sec. The vocoder transform it into blocs of 137 bit every 30 millisec., that corresponds to a rate of 4,567
bit/sec.
4.4.1. Vocoder
General architecture of the vocoder (generator part) is as followed :
Long term prediction
Filter parameters
weighting
Preceding
excitation
Exciting pulse
period (pitch)
Adaptative
table
+
index
High
speech
pass filter
and
scaling
Short term
prediction filter
Algebraic
table
Grey colored areas correspond to parameters transmitted over the TETRA channel.
4.4.1.1.SHORT TERM FILTER
This filter is defined with 10 points, it is evaluated every 30 milliseconds that is, for a 30 millisec. Window, it
samples a 300-3300 Hz signal with 333 Hz spacing ( equivalent to a 100 Hz sampling )
frequency
333 Hz
Curves are received every 30 millisec. are smoothed from one to another and the real response of the filter is
modified every half frame ( 15 millisec.)
.
ETELM
copyright
page 62
finally, the ten parameters for any 30 milliseconds period are within 26 bit.
30 milliseconds
30 milliseconds
4.4.1.2.LONG TERM PREDICTION

This process evaluates the frequency of the exciting pulses which are fed to the short term filter ; it is made
with two steps :
selection (upon 30 millisec that is 240 samples) of the best exciting frequency from the following
possibilities :
56 to 100 Hz with 11 Hz accuracy 11 Hz ( 66 possibilities)
101 200 Hz with 11 Hz accuracy (132 possibilities)
205 400 Hz, with 33 Hz accuracy (48 possibilities)
there are 256 possibilities encoded into 8 bit
fine evaluation over 7,5 milliseconfs of the frequency around the frequency as evaluated in the
first step. The result is express as a distance between the corse and the fine frequencies its
encoded into 5 bit.
4.4.1.3.ALGEBRAIC TABLE
Algebraic table synthesis method uses predefined pulse configurations as exciter. Each of these
configurations corresponds to a typical sound familar to the ear they are named
patrons and are typical from a language and/or an accentuation.
TETRA vocoder uses 8 pulses configurations. The exact time position of these pulses are selected in the
following table.
Table parameter
Pulse with amplitude + 1,414
Pulse with amplitude - 1

Pulse with amplitude + 1
Pulse with amplitude - 1
global sign
Global shift
TOTAL
Pulse position (note)

0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30
,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,5
8,
2,10,18,26,34,42,50,58
4,12,20,28,36,44,52, (60)
6,14,22,30,38,42,54, (62)
( reverse the 4 pulses)
(shift 1 all positions)
Bit number
5
3
3
3
1
1
16
Note : les parenthses signifient que limpulsion peut tre dcale dans la sous trame suivante.
Evaluation is made every 7,5 milliseconds, that is every 60 samples.
ETELM
copyright
page 63
Before encoding, the input signal must be free of dc component and must be scaled in order to avoid any
overflow ; it is made with a high pass filter and a limitor/compressor.
4.4.2. transmitted informations

Following table gives informations to be transmitted :
PARAMETERS
30 milliseconds frame (240 samples)
Short term filter

Excitation
Algebraic code
gain
Total
TOTAL per
frame
subframe 1
subframe 2
subframe 3
subframe 4
8
16
6
5
16
6
5
16
6
5
16
6
26
23
64
24
137
When translated to standart telephone PCM form, one have to translate clocks while TETRA and PCM clocks
are differents they must be tied together (same synchronisation) to avoid drift problems according to:
1 multiframe = 18 time slot = 17 x 480 PCM samples 17 x 2 x 30 millisec. (for 2,048 Mb/s
based PCM)
As frame 18 is preserved for signalisation, a time compression of 17/18 must be introduced for encoding
and a time expansion of 18/17 must be introduced for decoding ; as consequence, there must be a minimum
of 18/2 frame delay each time an audio signal pass through the TETRA world.
All informations to be transmitted do not present the same importance. This is measured by subjective
evaluation of the audio quality level when introducing artificial errors affecting one of theses informations.
Such experimental research can separate three classes of informations :
classe 0 : it concerns 51 of the 137 bit which are the less sensitive
classe 1 : it concerns 56 of the 137 bit
classe 2 : it concerns 30 of the 137 bit which are the most sensitive
each of these classes is encoded by different codes with different error protection capacity. In another hand,
during normal trafic (no signaling during audio), encoding is performed directly over two adjacent frames, that
is over 2* 137 bit corresponding to 60 milliseconds.
The 2 x 30 bit in the class 2 are scrambled with RPC coding and a 7 bit CRC is added with an
overall parity bit. 4 tail bit are added and the 72 bit are encoded with a convolutional code with
18/8 rate.
The 2 x 56 bit in the class 1 are encoded with a convolutional code of 2/2 rate
The 2x 51 bit in the class 0 are transmitted without code
Finally, there are :
class 0
2 x 51
class 1
( 2 x 56 ) 3 / 2
class 2
( 2 x 30 + 8 + 4 ) 18 / 8
= 432 bit
... soit de quoi remplir un time slot - cest dire quen une trame de 14,16 millisecondes, on transmet 60
eme
millisecondes de parole, lajustage de dbit tant ralis par la 18
trame.
ETELM
copyright
page 64
4.4.3. PROCESS AND TRANSMISSION TIME

Audio transmission is not uniform while it is made over 17 frames for 18 frames period. There must be a
buffer with a minimum delay of 18/2 frames. Other delays are added :
Analyse time over an audio frame of 2 x 30 = 60 millisecondes
Time for windowing about 5 milliseconds
Process time for compression and encoding
Time to decode a TETRA time slot about 10 milliseconds
Process time for audio synthesis
.. finally, the end to end transit time is minimum 100 milliseconds; it may reach 200 milliseconds.
4.4.4. COMPARISON with GSM VOVODER

Following table gives indications about both vocoders :
Analyse horizon
Parameters number
Ratio PCM bit / vocoder bit
Number of transmitted bit
Number of transmitted bit /
number of vocoder bit
Transmission rate
ETELM
GSM full rate

20 millisec.
260
4,92
456
1,75
GSM half rate

20 millisec.
TETRA
30 millisec.
137
14,01
432
3,15
22,8 Kb/s
11,4 Kb/s
14,4 Kb/s
copyright
page 65
5. AIR INTERFACE EXCHANGES

There are two types of links used for TETRA : basic link and advance link.
5.1. BASIC LINK

There are two types of basic exchanges :
Non acknowledged data transmission
acknowledged data transmission
normal exchanges for these types of transmission are drawn below :
LLC A
Air
interface
LLC B
LLC A
BL_UDATA
Air
interface
LLC B
BL_DATA
BL_ACK
Non acknowleged data transmission
acknowledged data transmission
For acknowleged data transmission, the procedure is classical with a time out for retry in case when no
acknowlege is received:
LLC A
Air
interface
LLC B
BL_DATA
Time out
BL_DATA
BL_ACK
Time out
BL_DATA
BL_ACK
ETELM
copyright
page 66
This procedure do not protect transmission against multiple transmission in case of loss of acknowledge
messages.
For downlink, the base station sequentially sends messages to different mobiles in the time slots according to
rules indicated in the next chapter (association of physical logical channels to physical channels).
For uplink, there are two types of exchanges, as for any radio system:
Uplink messages sollicitated by the infrastructure: typically its an acknowledge or a response from
the mobile
Uplink messages non sollicitated by the infrastructure.
Sollicitated messages are transmitted during a time slot which is preserved for the designated mobile that
is, the infrastructure allows only one designated mobile to use the time slot.
Non sollicitated messages are sent by mobiles during window opportunities indicated by the infrastructure.
Several mobiles may transmit in the same opportunity and there are collisions; collisions are managed with
ALOHA.
5.1.1. ASSOCIATION
TETRA basic link integrates a specific powerfull feature: the association: by this mean, a mobile with a
pending message (waiting for an opportunity for sending the message to the infrastructure) and receiving
another message from infrastructure with a preserved time slot for acknowledge may associate the
acknowledge and the pending message in the same preserved time slot.
Si la donne devant tre transmise par lexpditeur arrive trop tard, elle est traite comme une donne
acquitter normalement (partie infrieure du diagramme ci-aprs) :
BS
Air
interface
MS
Unsollicitated message
Message to send to the mobile

BL_ADATA
Waiting for an
opportunity
BL_ACK + DATA
Preserved
time slot
ETELM
copyright
page 67
5.1.2. Granting delay

Preserved time slots are managed by infrastructure. In a normal way, a preserved time slot for a mobile is
declared by infrastructure in the next frame after the transmission of the message to the mobile.
With granting delay, this preserved time slot is shifted with a delay corresponding to a number of frames
which may be programmed.
BS
Air
interface
MS

BL_ADATA
Normal preserved
time slot
Granting delay
ACK
preserved time slot
with granting delay
The interest of such possibility is with polling: the message sent from infrastructure to a mobile is a request to
an application process in the mobile. Sometime the application process could be long and, the response time
may be more than one frame ( the transmission times between transmission level and application level must
be included); in that case, the preserved time slot is lost to carry the response and this last must be
transmitted in the next ALOHA opportunity that is with delay and possibility of collision with another mobile
message.
With granting delay, the application process have more time and the preserved time slot is not lost.
ETELM
copyright
page 68
Air
BS
interface
MS
Without granting
delay, the response is
missed for the
preserved time slot

BL_ADATA
request
Granting delay
Application
response
ACK + RESPONSE
5.2. ADVANCED LINK

Advanced is mainly used for long messages exchanges which must be fragmented into several blocs to
exactly fill up the time slots.
Its a full duplex procedure much more efficient than any half duplex procedure : blocs are transmitted in the
same time than acknowledges what mean any bloc may be transmitted before receiving acknowledge of
preceeding ones.
This procedure have three steps:
Opening the advanced mode
Data exchanges with trafic regulation if necessary
Closing the advanced link
When an advanced link is open between a mobile and the infrastructure, messages may be exchanged in
both directions.
5.2.1. opening advanced link

opening advanced link is a negociation between the mobile and the infrastructure. Some parameters define
the quality of service and the process complexity ; during negociation, both party agree these parameters
according to their possibilities.
Requesting advanced link is from one party which indicates the desired service quality (AL_SETUP
message); if the other party cant accept it, it makes a proposal with a reduced quality of service; this new
proposal is used as a request acknowledge but if it refuse in that case it refuses with an AL-DISC message.
ETELM
copyright
page 69
LLC A
Request with Qos service quality
Air
interface
LLC B
AL_SETUP
Qos is accepted or a lower
Qos is proposed
Advanced link is open with specified Qos
5.2.2. advanced link exchanges

once the advanced link is opened, both party may transmit their messages in an asynchronous way.
Only one tyransmission way is taken into account in the following in order to simplify schematics.
Data to be transmitted are divided into segments and any segment is transmitted with two indications :
end of segment ( noted F)
request of acknowledge(s) ( noted A)
the sender may ask for acknowledge(s) at any moment ; the acknowledge message includes a list of the
received blocs ( with bitmap format) and, if necessary, a list of received segments.
ETELM
copyright
page 70
LLC A
Segment 2
Air
interface
LLC B
Segment 1
AL_DATA 1.1
2.3 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
AL_DATA 1.2
A request acknowledge
AL_DATA 1.3 _ AR
AL_ACK
A starts segment 2 transmission

Before receiving the whole
Segment 1 acknowledge
AL_DATA 1.4_FINAL
Segment 1
1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
AL_DATA 2.1
AL_DATA 2.2
AL_DATA 2.3_FINAL_AR
Segment 2
AL_ACK
2.3 2.2 2.1
An overall check is used with FCS code (as optionaly used in basic link) this encoding is made for each
segment.
Retry process in cas of missing bloc(s) is managed according to the maximum blocs number allowed to be
transmitted in advance, that is without acknowledge receipt. (it is one of the parameters indicated with service
quality).
ETELM
copyright
page 71
Interface
air
LLC A
Segment 3
Segment 2
LLC B
Segment 1
AL_DATA 1.1
3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
AL_DATA 1.2
AL_DATA 1.3
bloc 1.3 is not received

AL_DATA 1.4
AL_DATA 1.5_AR
A request an intermediate acknowledge

ACK 1.3
B answer 1.3 not received

A retry bloc 1.3 transmission and go on with
indication this bloc is the end of segment 1
AL_DATA 1.3
AL_DATA 1.6 F
AL_DATA 2.1
A go on with segment 2
AL_DATA 2.2
AL_DATA 2.3
A indicates 2.4 is the end of the segment

And ask for an acknowledge
AL_DATA 2.4_F_A
ACK 1.3,1.6, 2F
Segment 2
2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1
B answers 1.3 et 1.6 are missing and

segment 2 transmission is complete
AL_DATA 1.3
A transmits again 1.3 et 1.6

and ask for acknowledge
AL_DATA 1.6_F_A
A cant go on with segment 3 while

With negociation, anticipate
Have limited to 2 the segment number.
ETELM
copyright
page 72
ACK 1.3
AL_DATA 1.3
Segment 1
ACK 1F
A acknowledge the whole segment 1

Transmission and transmit segment 3
1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
AL_DATA 3.1
any bloc in segment 3 is correct but

the final FCS control is false
AL_DATA 3.1
A transmits an end of segment 3 indication

And request an acknowledge
AL_DATA 3.4_F_A
ACK 3
AL_DATA 3.1
B answer segment 3 FCS is false
AL_DATA 3.1
A transmits again the whole segment 3

AL_DATA 3.1
AL_DATA 3.4_F_A
Segment 3
2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1
ACK 3 F
ETELM
copyright
page 73
5.2.3. Trafic regulation

At any moment during an advanced link cession, any party may ask for a temporary stop of transmission ; its
made with a AL_RNR message similar to an acknowledge.
As an acknowledge, this message may indicate missing blocs.
Transmission is resumed when the party requesting the temporary stop transmit a normal acknowledge
message.
Interface
air
LLC A
LLC B
AL_DATA
AL_DATA _AR
AL_RNR
AL_ACK
AL_FINAL _ AR
AL_ACK
5.2.4. Closing advanced link

At any moment, any party may break the advanced link cession by transmitting a AL_DISC message. This
break is immediate, even if transmitted data may bel lost.
Disconnect message is automatically sent in case when a party detects any connection disturbance with no
received messages..
ETELM
copyright
page 74
6. CHANNELS
With FDMA, channels are intuitive ; they are associated with the radio frequencies and, at any moment, any
equipment is attached to one and only one channel while they cant work on different frequencies at the same
time.
With TDMA, its more complex while an equipment on a RF channel may transmit different types of
information at the macroscopic level.
6.1. TETRA CHANNELS

Two types of channels are separated :
Physical channels : they are associated to time slots a physical channel is a link between points
access points whatever be the informations transmitted over it.
Logical channels : they are associated to different information types a logical channel
corresponds to a trafic type, whatever be the transmission link
Logical channels are carried by physical channels.
There are 4 physical channels per TETRA carrier, while there are 4 time slots per carrier.
Channel x
carrier 1
Channel y
carrier 2
Channel z
LOGICAL CHANNELS
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
Air interface
Physical channel bit rate is constant while logical channel bit rate is variable, according to :
The requested bit rate from application(s)
The share of the carrying physical channel by other(s) logical channels
The transmit mode of base station
... the last point is due to the possibility to use base stations not only with continuous transmission but also
with pulsed transmission.
ETELM
copyright
page 75
Some logical channels are only one way (infrastructure to mobiles or mobile to infrastructure) others are
both way.
6.2. TETRA PHYSICAL CHANNELS

There are three types of physical channels :
Les canaux physiques TETRA sont classs en trois groupes :
Trafic channels
Control channels
Non allocated channels
6.2.1. Trafic channels

These channels carry either speech or data exchanged with circuit mode or data exchanged with IP packet
mode.
Trafic channels are :
TCH/S : trafic channel carrying speech
TCH/7.2 : trafic channel used for a circuit mode data communication at 7,2 Kb/s
TCH/4.8: trafic channel used for a circuit mode data communication at 4.8Kb/s
TCH/2.4: trafic channel used for a circuit mode data communication at 2.4 Kb/s
In most cases, trafic channels are used point to point that is with selective mode
For speech communications, trafic channels use time slots according to following table :
Communication type
Mobile / mobile
Duplex monosite
half duplex monosite
Duplex multisite
halfduplex multisite
Mobile / tlphone
duplex
Group (half duplex)
Monosite
multisite
Number of used time slots

2
1
2
2
1
1
1 par site
6.2.2. Control channels

Control channels carry signalisations which are CCC (common control channels) which are with several
forms :
MCCH (main control channel) there is one and only one MCCH per radio site this channel is associated
to only one and only one of the frequencies used on any radio site (the main channel). Generally, this
channel is supported by time slots 1 of frames 1 up to 18. When a mobile comes to a radio site, first, it
search the MCCH of this radio site
SCCH ( secondary control channel) it is a signaling channel used mobiles designated by the
infrastructure. If an SCCH is used, a mobile arriving on a radio site request a registration on the MCCH
and the infrastructure may sent it to the SCCH.
ETELM
copyright
page 76
SCCH are used when the trafic on the MCCH exceeds its capacity. Management of SCCH is performed
by infrastructure it is not normalized. There are mainly three different methods.
Fixed mode : the mobile fleets are allocated to MCCH and SCCH(s) according to a fixed table
Load regulation: the number of SCCH is fixed and the infrastructure manages allocations in
order to get equal trafic on these channels
Dynamic regulation: if the trafic increases above a fixed level for MCCH and SCCH,
infrastructure automatically open a new SCCH and closes it if the trafic decreases.
ASCCH (associated control channel) it is a temporary signaling channel used to extend a MCCH or a
SCCH. A SCCH must be on the same frequency as the channe lit extends. It is used in case of expected
long transmission with a specific mobile : the exchange starts on the MCCH or SCCH and go on the
ASCCH allocated by the infrastructure.
6.2.3. Non allocated channels

Non allocated channels may be used to broadcast some informations.
6.2.4. physical channels allocation on time slots

physical channels are mapped to time slots according to rules:
only one MCCH per radio site, on the main channel
MCCH is always on time slot 1
SCCH are always on the main channels
ASCCH must be on the same frequency as the channel they extend.
TIME SLOT
1
MCCH
carrier 1
3
SCCH
carrier 2
ASCCH
TCH
SITE A
TCH
carrier 3
TCH
carrier 4
MCCH
carrier 5
TCH
TCH
SSCCH
TCH
TCH
ASCCH
SITE B
TCH
TCH
Allocation example at one moment.
ETELM
copyright
page 77
A radio site may have several main carriers with several MCCH in that case, it is considered as multiple
radio sites physically implemented at the same place.
carrier 1
MCCH
carrier 2
MCCH
SCCH
SCCH
TCH
SCCH
TCH
SITE C
At the same place
SITE D
6.3. LOGICAL CHANNELS

Each logical channel carry specific information types and is transmitted over physical channels. Mapping of
logical channels to physical channels is specified.
6.3.1. Different logical channels

Following lists the logical channels
BCCH (broadcast common channel) these channels carry general information to all surrounding
mobiles ; they are only used in one way (infrastructure to mobiles) and there are two such channels :
BNCH (broadcast network channel) : broadcasted informations over this channel are :
Main channel frequency of the radio site ( supporting MCCH)
The number of SCCH in use
The maximum allowed transmit power from mobile in the cell
(MAX_PW_CELL)
The minimum RF received level by mobile to request registration
(Rx_LEVEL_MIN)
The encrytion identification
The descrition of time slots used in case of base station time sharing
the parameters used for ALOHA
the network identity (MCC, MNC)
the description of neighbour cells
the late entry function
BSCH (broadcast synchronisation channel) : infrastructure broadcasts informations
needed to synchronise mobiles with :
The color code
The time slot, frame and multiframe number
The detailes about offered services by the radio site
Sharing mode parameters (in case of base stations time sharing)
Registration requested or not
Deregistration requested or not
Indication if the cell is a preferred one
Possibility of minimum mode
Roaming possibility
Handover possibility
Speech service available or not
Circuit mode data service available or not
CONP mode data available or not
ETELM
copyright
page 78
SCLNP mode data available or not

Encryption
advanced link
Floowing information are also broadcasted when requested by a mobile :
changement de cellule
level threholds for cell change (fast and slow)
hysteresis for cell change (fast and slow)
cell trafic load
TETRA calendar
Neighbour cells informations
Main frequencies and extension

Rx level min
Max power cell
User class allowed
Service details
Information about time sharing
LCH (linearisation channel) these are not exactly signaling channels while they do not carry
informations ; they correspond to time slots allocated by the infrastructure for mobile linearisation.
During these time slots, mobiles may transmit for in order to get correction parameters for future
linearisation.
SCH (signaling channel) : they are signaling channels from differnt types :
SCH/F bidirectional signaling channel using full time slots
SCH/HD downlink signaling packet using half time slots
SCH/HU uplink signaling packet using half time slots
AACH (access assigned channel) this channe lis only use downlink ; it describes allocation for the
next time slots if a time slot is allocated to ALOHA, it indicates ALOHA parameters to be used. This
channel is separated into 2 sub channels:
FAACH (fast AACH) carried by frames 1 to 17
SAACH (slow AACH) carried by frame 18
STCH (stealing channel) this specific channe lis used to transmit signalisations during a
communication it is only used on allocated time slots and signaling data are mixed to speech data.
ETELM
copyright
page 79
6.3.2. Mapping logical channels into physical channels

The mapping is given with the three following tables which indicate, for each of the three physical channels
(trafic, control and non allocated), the logical channels which may be mapped.
.
PHYSICAL TRAFIC CHANNEL

frame
downlink
uplink
Bloc 1
1 to 17
18
frame
1 to18
trame
1 to 17
bloc 2
bloc 1
TCH
STCH + TCH
STCH + STCH
SCH/F
SCH/HD
SCH/HD
BSCH
SCH/HD
SCH/HD
BNCH
bloc 2
TCH
STCH + TCH
STCH + STCH
SCH/F
SCH/HU
SCH/HU
CLCH
SCH/HU
NON ALLOCATED PHYSICAL CHANNEL

downlink
uplink
Bloc 1
bloc 2
bloc 1
SCH/HD
SCH/HD
CLCH
BSCH
BNCH
bloc 2
PHYSICAL CONTROL CHANNEL

downlink
uplink
Bloc 1
bloc 2
bloc 1
bloc 2
SCH/F
SCH/F
SCH/HD
SCH/HD
SCH/HU
SCH/HU
CLCH
SCH/HU
18
multiframe
timeslot
frame 18
downlink bloc 1
(MT)mod4=1
downlink bloc 1
BNCH
CLCH
BSCH
downlink bloc 2
uplink t
BSCH
downlink bloc 2
uplink
(MT)mod4=2
BNCH
CLCH
BSCH
downlink bloc 1
(MT)mod4=3
downlink bloc 2
BNCH
CLCH
uplink
downlink bloc 1
(MT)mod4=4
downlink bloc 2
BSCH
BNCH
uplink
ETELM
CLCH
copyright
page 80
RAMDOM ACCESS PROTOCOL

As for any radio system, there are two types of uplink trafic :
trafic invited by infrastructure
speech or circuit mode data trafic
acknowledges
response to an infrastructure request
trafic non invited by the infrastructure, that unsollicitated trafic which is decided by mobiles,
Unsollicitated trafic needs more ressources than the same usefull trafic in case when it is sollicitated (rafly
three time more) and one always attempts to reduce it ; as example : the case when a mobile decided to
transmit a long data file to the infrastructure : instead of transmitting these data during an opportunity, the
mobile transmits only the begining of the datas with a request for transmitting the remainder; the
infrastructure take into account the request and polls the mobile to extract the missing data; the effect is that
the unsollicitated trafic is reduced and the majority of the uplink trafic is carried with sollicitated mode.
Obviously, there are internal threholds in the system and when trafic optimisation is critical, one must know
these threholds.
Unsollicitated trafic may interfer while several mobiles may transmit in the same time; unsollicitated trafic is
strictly restricted during opportunities which are time slot(s) preseved for this purpose.
During such opportunity, several mobiles may transmit simultaneously and, in that case, one or several of
these messages are lost. Such failures implie that the mobile will retry during other opportunities; if retry rules
are defined according to a deterministic method, the same mobiles may interfer again and again. Only a
ramdomized method may avoid such cumulative situation: it is the ALOHA process.
6.3.3. Access classes

Four mobiles types may be defined for aloha process ; they are noted A,B,C & D
Each of these classes have different rules and parameters for parameters and the infrastructure may define
opportunity for one or several or all of these classes.
That allows to give highest access priorities according to the fleets.
6.3.4. class indication by infrastructure

ramdom acces are only with half time slots and the infrastructure declares opportunities from one of these
possibilies :
access preserved for one mobile ( used for sollicitated trafic) noted X on the following diagram.
Or access reserved for type A mobiles
Or access reserved for type B mobiles
Or access reserved for type C mobiles
Or access reserved for type D mobiles
1 slot
A
B
Example of opportunities declared by infrastructure
ETELM
copyright
page 81
6.3.5. RANDOM ACCES PROCESS

Any unsollicitated requests from mobiles are transmitted in half time slots reserved for the class
corresponding to the mobiles. A mobile with a pending request see several of such opportunities during time
and selects one of them to transmit.
In order to minimize cumulative interferences, retries from a mobile are made after a delay measured in time
slots ; this delay is ramdomized by selection (by the mobile) of a number in the range 1 up to n, n is a
parameter indicated by the infrastructure ; this parameter is of the most importance :
If n is large, the interference probability decrease but the mean time to transmit the message from
a mobile to the infrastructure is long.
If n is small, the mean time to transmit is shorter but the interference probability increases.
This parameter is broadcasted by the infrastructure for the different mobile classes. Infrastructure may
optimise global performance by evaluation of the unsollicitated trafic:
In case when this trafic is low, n is decreased
In case of high unsollicitated trafic, infrastructure broadcast a larger valur for n
This process is used for retries; for the first attempt, there are two methods :
Direct acces for the first try and ramdom process for retries
Ramdom process for the first try and for retries
Infrastructure decides the mode to be used for each of the 4 classes and broadcasts these informations with
n.
Following diagram shows the process for a class A mobile which received an information with allowed direct
access for the first try and a ramdom parameter of 4 corresponding to selection of a number between 1 and
4. (opportunities for the class A mobiles are noted with grey color)
Req
Req
Time out
Request
from user or
API
Selection of one of these 4

opportunities
First retry
First attempt
6.4. MULTISLOTS CHANNELS

With preceeding modes, a mobile always uses one time slot per frame. With multislots a mobile may use
several of the 4 time slots in a frame that means multislots uses always the same carrier.
The multislots may be used only if the mobile and the infrastructure offer such feature:
The mobile must be with fast switching (see mobile operating mode) and with the capability to
manage multislot trafic
The infrastructure must be able to allocate multislots for a mobile in the same frame and must be
able to manage the corresponding trafic.
It must be noted that the full multislot capacity (the four times slots of a carrier allocated to the same mobile)
does offer an unbalanced downlink and uplink trafic capacity; duplex protocoles cant be used and the global
capacity may be drastically reduced.
ETELM
copyright
page 82
7. BASE STATIONS OPERATING MODES

Base stations (BS) may be used according to different modes in order to fit to different conditions from the
large coverage-low trafic density up to the urban low coverage-high trafic density.
7.1. NORMAL MODE

This mode is the most used an is the reference one.
Each radio site have a main carrier witch supports the Main Control Channel on time slot 1; transmission of
this signal is continuous. Times slots 2 up to 4 are dynamically allocated as trafic channels according to trafic
requests (audio and data).
In case when the MCCH may be overloaded with large expected uplink trafic for data transmission (mobile
requesting long data uplink transmission), the BS may temporary allocate a trafic channel for this
transmission; it is an ASCCH channel. At the end of the transmission, the ASCCH is automatically closed.
When there is a circuit mode data transmissions request, the mobile and the infrastructure negociate the
transfert rate and the quality of service for both party may have different capabilities. Time slot(s) for trafic
channel are allocated by the infrastructure according to the agreed parameters. As example, if the mobile
request multislot transmission, infrastructure may allocate several time slots if it is able to manage it and if
other trafics allow such capacity reduction at this moment.
Base station in iddle state
MCCH
MCCH TCH1
TCH2
MCCH ASCCH TCH
MCCH
MCCH
TCH1
TCH 2x ....
TCH 3x ...
Base station with two trafic channels (audio or

data circuit mode)
Base station with temporary signaling extension
Base station with one trafic channe land a two

slots data transmission channel
Base station with one 3 time slots data
transmission channel
MCCH carries registration trafic, signaling trafic, roaming and hand over trafic, broadcast trafic and SDS.
In case when the MCCH trafic is too high, it is possible to use SCCH (secondary control channel(s)) to unload
the MCCH. SCCH are with times slots 2 up to 4 and the SCCH allocation is dynamically managed by the BS.
A time slot allocated to SCCH is not available for trafic channels.
ETELM
copyright
page 83
7.2. EXTENDED MODE

Extended mode is used when there are several radio carriers on the same radio site.
One of these carrier is declared as the main one and other are working in extended mode on different
carriers.
The main carrier supports the MCCH any mobile coming into the radio site area try to register on this
MCCH channel.
During signalisation exchange between a mobile and the infrastructure, a trafic channel may be allocated as
trafic channel on other carriers. Time slots of the non main carriers are as extension of the time slots of the
main carrier.
Carrier 1
MCCH
SCCH
TCH
TCH 4x...
Carrier 2
Carrier 3
Radio site with 3 carriers and supporting

- a 4 slots data communication
- three audio communications
TCH
In the preceeding example, one notes that a full carrier with the 4 time slots may be allocated for a data
transmission.
7.3. MINIMUM MODE

Minimum mode may be used for single carrier radio site : In case when the 3 trafic channels are allocated
and there is a request for another communication, the base station may temporary allocate the MCCH as a
trafic channel.
When the minimum mode is in use, the signaling capacity of the radio site is drastically reduced but null while
some signaling capacity remain with the 18 frame (what was not with MPT system minimum mode).
Le mode minimum permet daffecter les 4 time slot dune station de base devant normalement supporter le
ETELM
MCCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
Base station with 3 allocated trafic

channe and entering the minimum
mode for a 4th communication
copyright
page 84
7.4. FREQUENCY SHARING MODE

This mode is identical as this used with some FDMA systems. One (or several) carriers may be used on any
radio site.
At one moment, the shared frequency is used by one and only by one of the radio sites : allocation of this
frequency is made by according to the trafic request over radio sites.
Every radio site must be equipped with a minimum of one carrier (one main channel supporting the MCCH
per radio site) and is equipped with a carrier equipment which may be used or in iddle state.
SITE A
BS
carrier 1
BS
Carrier 4
SITE B
Sharing carrier 4
SITE C
BS
Carrier 2
BS
Carrier 4
BS
Carrier 3
BS
Carrier 4
ETELM
copyright
page 85
7.5. TIME SHARING MODE

This mode may be implemented only with TDMA system as TETRA. Several radio sites use simultaneously
the same carrier :
The MCCH is shared by all the radio sites : each of them use some prealocated time slots of the
MCCH and no other base station may use it at the same time.
Trafic channels are dynamically allocated over radio sites according to the trafic requests.
Rotating MCCH over radio site is not completly periodic and one of the radio site is with a privilege.
Time sharing may be achieved over 2,4,6,8,12,18,24 or 36 base stations.
Frame 18 is always preserved for the privileged base station.
This mose is espacially suitable for large coverage and low trafic density networks. It allows to use only one
carrier for the whole network and it may allocate imidiatly a part or all of the radio ressources to one base
station. The capacity of the whole network is limitated to 3 time slots over the whole network.
= MCCH
BS1
BS2
BS3
BS1
TCH
BS7
BS4
TCH
BS7
BS5
TCH
BS7
Trafic allocated over BS 7
Example of time sharing over 24 base stations with one audio communication.
Time sharing mode may be extended by considering non interfering base station. As the frequency may be
reused by far base station, it is possible to set groups of non interefering base stations and to rotate the
allocation of the frequency over these groups. At one time, the freqency is used by all the base stations in the
same group. By this mean, it is possible to get a nationwide coverage with only one carrier.
ETELM
copyright
page 86
7.6. OPERATION MODES SELECTION

Choosing modes of operation of the base stations is part of the architectural choice of networks; a large
number of factors determine these choices and any solution is often case. Nevertheless, two General
settings are more decisive: traffic density to support the number of available channels.. of course, these
parameters are linked and cannot make networks high-density traffic with a low number of channels;
Conversely, it would be expensive (and yet easy) perform a network low-density traffic with many channels.
After the diagram below shows different areas of application of the various possible solutions::
Channels
number
Extended mode
Frequency sharing
Minimum mode
Time sharing
Trafic density
Compatibility modes between them must be considered on a case by case; typically, minimum mode hardly
co-exists with other modes of operation synchronous mode is mlangeable in the following cases:
time share: Yes for part time slot frequency-sharing: very little interest
mode extended: interest if only part of the BS extension are mounted in synchronous mode
minimum: very little interest
ETELM
copyright
page 87
8. MOBILES OPERATION MODE
8.1. IDLE MODE

The mobile is registered but don't transaction with infrastructure. In this mode, the mobile listening the
MCCH or another signaling channel that it has been designated the mobile must also be able to monitor the
neighboring cells.
8.2. SIGNALING and PACKET MODE

8.2.1. SIGNALING AND PACKET MODE ON A COMMON CHANNEL
The mobile is in this mode when it is on channel MCCH (main common Control CHannel) and not involved in
an audio or data communication
8.2.2. SIGNALING AND PACKET MODE ON A SECONDARY COMMON

CHANNEL
The mobile is in this mode when it has been redirected to a secondary signalling channel which is dedicated
to him or reserved for a part of the MS Park which he is a member for some types of transmission by the BS
(example: transmissions of data packet mode).
8.2.3. SIGNALING AND PACKET MODE ON AN ASSOCIATED CHANNEL

The mobile goes into this mode when the BS has allocated a channel to a transaction mode circuit, and has
no traffic exchange on this channel frames. A channel with exchanges of signalling in absence of traffic for
frame numbers ranging from 1 to 17 Tetra frames circuit mode is called FACCH (Fast Associated Control
CHannel) channel. A channel with frames signage for Tetra 18 frame number circuit mode is called channel
SACCH (Slow Associated Control CHannel).
8.2.4. SIGNALING AND PACKET MODE HALF SLOT / FULL SLOT

A mobile mode "Incoming packet" Half Slot makes signalling block on one of the two as timeslots uplink
channel under the supervision of the BS. A mobile "Incoming packet" Full Slot mode emits signalling blocks
on any of the uplink channel under the supervision of the BS timeslot. The Exchange diagram below shall be
established with the following configuration: La BS is configured in MCCH only (normal mode) is the MS@a
mobile mode "signalling and package" on the MCCH (he is a signaling message to transmit to the BS) are
@b and @c mobile Idle state (they listen to the MCCH)
ETELM
copyright
page 88
Downlink ( BS => MS )
Uplink ( MS => BS )
SCH TX and ALOHA allocation on sub

slot 1.1 and allocation of sub slot 1.2
for MS@b response
3.1
3
4.1
4.2
1.1
1.2
Random Access use by MS@a

MS@b response
2.1
2.2
Response to MS@a and allocation

slot 1 for MS@c response
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
MS@c response
2.1
2.2
3.1
1
3.2
4.1
4.2
8.3. TRAFIC MODE OPERATION

8.3.1. NORMAL TRAFIC MODE
The BS has allocated to the mobile channel for a voice transaction or data circuit mode. Logical channel used
must be the TCH channel for voice frames or data exchanged on Tetra 1 frames to 18 circuit mode. 18
Frames are exclusive to the beacon frames.
8.3.2. PREMPTIF TRAFIC MODE

The mobile works the same way as a normal "traffic" mode. There besides the possibility to issue or receive
on Tetra 1 frames to 17 normally dedicated to the traffic signal blocks (blocks traffic are replaced by signalling
by the entity issuing blocks and are therefore lost). The logical channel associated with a block warning
issued or received instead a block traffic is called STCH (CHannel STealing).
ETELM
copyright
page 89
BS(MCCH timeslot 1)
Downlink ( TX )
MN4
FN1
FN2
FN3
FN4
FN5
FN6
FN7
FN8
FN9
FN10
FN11
FN12
FN13
FN14
FN15
FN16
FN17
FN18
MN5
FN1ETELM
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
Uplink ( RX )
Mode Traffic
MS monoslot
Uplink ( TX )
ALOHA
Demande de mise en com TCH duplex
1
1
2
2
FN1
Avis de traitement d'appel
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
Assignation de mise en com TCH
FN2
3
3
Timeslot 2 downlink et uplink
4
4
1
1
Acquittement par premtion STCH
2
2
+ dbut d'mission TCH ( half slot )
FN3
3
3
Bloc TCH downlink ( Full slot )
4
4
1
1
Bloc TCH uplink ( Full slot )
2
2
FN4
3
3
Bloc TCH downlink ( Full slot )
4
4
1
1
Bloc TCH uplink ( Full slot )
2
2
FN5
3
3
4
4
1
1
:
2
2
FN6
3
3
4
4
:
1
1
2
2
FN7
3
:
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
FN8
3
3
TCH Half slot + premption STCH Dw
4
4
1
1
TCH Half slot + preemtion STCH Up
2
2
FN9
3
3
TCH Full slot Dw
4
4
1
1
TCH Full slot Up
2
2
FN10
3
3
:
4
4
1
1
2
2
FN11
:
3
3
4
4
1
1
:
2
2
FN12
3
3
:
4
4
1
1
2
2
:
FN13
3
3
4
4
:
1
1
2
2
FN14
3
3
:
4
4
1
1
2
2
:
FN15
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
FN16
3
3
TCH Full slot Dw
4
4
1
1
TCH Full slot Up
2
2
FN17
3
3
Opportunit de signalisation ACCH
4
4
downlink
1 Opportunit de signalisation ACCH uplink 1
2
2
FN18
3
3
4
4
theoretical
TETRA training
copyright
MN4
FN1
FN2
FN3
FN4
FN5
FN6
FN7
FN8
FN9
FN10
FN11
FN12
FN13
FN14
FN15
FN16
FN17
FN18
Downlink ( RX )
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
pageFN1
902
FN1
FN2
FN3
FN4
FN5
FN6
FN7
FN8
FN9
FN10
FN11
FN12
FN13
FN14
FN15
FN16
FN17
FN18
MN5
8.4. HALF / FULL DUPLEX OPERATION

There are two types of mobile: Mobile does that in half duplex mobile operating in full-duplex... this distinction
relates to the physical possibilities of hardware, they is not directly related to functional opportunities
8.4.1. HALF DUPLEX OPERATION

There are two types of mobile: Mobile does that in half duplex mobile operating in full-duplex... this distinction
relates to the physical possibilities of hardware, they is not directly related to functional opportunities:
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
UPLINK
1
Rx
Rx
Rx
DOWNLINK
1
Rx to Tx
switching time
Tx to Rx
switching time
With this arrangement, mobile half duplex are therefore capable of carrying out in full duplex, both signs for
voice traffic exchanges or data circuit mode. It belongs to the infrastructure (who knows if a mobile is half or
full-duplex) do not transmit data to a mobile during the slot where he is supposed to be broadcast and during
the adjacent slot.
8.4.2. FULL DUPLEX MOBILE

These mobile are able to make and receive simultaneously; previous restrictions do their shall not apply and
they may issue on several contiguous slots.
ETELM
copyright
page 91
8.4.3. SLOW and FAST SWITCHING

In the previous case, the mobile is switches emission receipt and vice versa, with a full slot between emission
periods and periods of receipt time: is the slow switching. Some mobile are able to switch issue receipt and
vice versa in a time virtually nil; they are then able to send and receive in adjacent slot time.
Tx
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
8.4.4. CHANNEL CHANGE

Another strong constraint standard imposes on mobile (half or full-duplex) you can change the frequency
channel in less than a slot (11 milliseconds). This feature allows a mobile respond after a channel, change
order in the same slot held that where he had received this order, account flows offset.
8.5. MULTISLOT OPERATION

It is possible to 'group' several TETRA slot for a same chemistry between the infrasrtucture and a mobile
time. This function allows you to have a transmission rate multiplied. Association of time slot can be on the
same carrier. Multislot is possible in various conditions, according to mobile capabilities:
Mobile with duplexor
These mobiles integrates a real duplexor and separate Tx and Rx circuits; they may transmit and r
eceive in the same time and there is no limitation to implement multislots.
Mobiles with fast switching
These mobiles may transmit and receive in consecutive time slots
One may
Transmit over two time slots and receive over the two others
Transmit over one time slot and receive over three time slots with unbalanced duplex
procedure
Transmit over three time slots and receivre over one time slot with unbalanced duplex
procedure
Transmit and receive over up to four time slots with half duplex procedure
Mobiles with slow switching
These mobiles cant offer multislots with duplex procedure
Example:
ETELM
copyright
page 92
Tx
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
3 Time slot Multislot downlink with a false duplex mobile: there is more than one time slot
available on the way back (uplink)
ETELM
copyright
page 93
8.6. ENERGY SAVING MODE

This mode of operation enables the motive of asleep for a long time to save his power; it is based on an
appointment to wake up: when he is in power saving mode, a mobile lulls n time slot and wakes up to receive
a particular slot time. This mode of operation is for instance a MCCH or a SCCH mobile, it assumes that the
mobile calendar remains synchronized during sleep. This mode of operation is negotiated between the
mobile and infrastructure: the mobile makes a request to enter into this mode and infrastructure responds it
with a group of power-saving, and a starting point; seven groups of economies modes are defined
:
Economy group
Sleeping time
EG1
EG2
EG3
EG4
EG5
Sleeping frames
number
1
2
5
8
17
EG6
EG7
71
359
4 seconds
20,5 seconds
57 millisec.
114 millisec.
285 millisec.
456 millisec.
1 second
remarks
corresponds to the minimum

base stations mode
Minimum mode divided by 4
Minimum mode divided by 20
When a mobile cell exchange energy saving mode, it can keep this economy, view with the same
characteristics, provided that it ensures the proper alignment of its calendar with that of its new cell
(sync time slot numbering of frames and multitrames); this alignment should be automated where all
cells in a single LA must be synchronized. Low power mode is immediately stopped in the following
cases:
mobile is returned on a different signaling channel
mobile receives a call to one any of its addresses (individual or group) or a transfer of
data (advanced link) to start
the mobile wants to transmit a mobile signal changes
Mobile returns to power saving mode in the following cases
it is on the MCCH
it has nothing more to transmit
ETELM
copyright
page 94
8.7. DIRECT MODE (DMO)

Direct mode allows mobile devices to communicate with each other, without going through an infrastructure.
Direct mode is not supported by all TETRA terminals. Some terminals have mode 'dual watch' for which they
work mode DMO while continuing to listen to any signal from the infrastructure; they are thus able to answer
a call transmitted by the infrastructure while they were placed in DMO mode.
DMO uses one frequency (not a couple) with 25 KHz width
8.7.1. MAIN PRINCIPLE

DMO mode uses similar exchanges as for TMP but one terminal acts as a base station; it is the master: it
broadcast its own rhythm (especially its frame period) and all other terminals must synchronise to it.
A DMO chanel may support up to 2 duplex communications (noted A and B) or 4 half duplex communications
.
Tx A
Tx A
CHANEL A
duplex
Rx A
Rx A
Tx B
CHANEL B
duplex
Tx A
Rx A
Tx B
Rx B
Tx B
Rx B
Rx B
8.7.2. DMO REPEATER

The DMO repeaters to relay a communication on a time slot TETRA, between two terminals in
communication DMO. In General, a DMO Repeater can operate only on a single communication both
(repetition of a single time slot). This function is supported by some mobile.
ETELM
copyright
page 95
8.7.3. DMO / TMO GATEWAY

TMO/DMO gateway to relay communication between TETRA (TMO mode) infrastructure and other mobile;
typically, this is a mobile mounted on to a vehicle which relay to a portable scales of this mobile without
sufficient coverage of infrastructure. This function is performed on a single communication both.
ETELM
copyright
page 96
9. NETWORKS ARCHITECTURE
9.1. RADIO ARCHITECTURE

Previously, modes of operation of the BS mentioned depending on the density of traffic in a
network, another important aspect concerns the distribution of BS, which is intimately linked to the
previous appearance.
9.1.1. HIGH DENSITY TRAFIC NETWORK
Many radio channels are necessary; it is spread. The question arises of whether it is better to have many
sites of short-range or a lesser number of sites, each with many more BS and more far-reaching. A first
approach of this aspect was effected under the single corner optimization "density" over the air on one
channel, without taking into account all factors whose effects are listed below:
TETRA NETWORK WITH HIGH TRAFIC DENSITY
Hertzian density
(spectrum optimisation)
roaming
Multisite open channel without
synchronous operation
Multisite open channel with
synchronous operation
Security in case of radio site failure
capacity of significant mobilization of
resources at a given point
Antena coupling
Fixed link costs
Logistic cost
Infrastructure cost
Large number of small sites
Small number of large radio sites
High by reusing frequencies with

limited power cells
Large number (disavantage)
Very low efficiency
low
Low number (advazntage)
Low efficiency
efficient
efficient
high
low
low
high
no
high
high
Very difficult
low
low
identical
There are also add "quantization" effect of to TETRA:, in case of strong global traffic density, it is almost
unnecessary to decrease the size of the cells below that three or four communications by site, amount that
corresponds to an elementary BS traffic density. Of course, for sites to multiple BS, they work in extended
mode.
ETELM
copyright
page 97
9.1.2. THREE ANTENNAS COMPROMISE FOR GIGH DENSITY TRAFIC

This provision is to bring together, in a single site, three sites normally infrastructure equipment almost
independent and to connect them to a directive antenna opening on the third space. This solution has many
advantages, and even if it is not always optimal, it is never far from these optima. GSM also deliberately
systmatis this provision.
With an ideal sharing space on three antennas, these antennas gain increases the scope of the
site of a factor in (3 and total number of infrastructure equipment is the same).
EQUAL AREAS
This three antennas provision offers the following features:

Spectrum efficiency: almost as optimal as the solution to many small sites
roaming: almost as interesting that large sites because the path of mobiles is rarely a circle
centered on site
security site equipment failure: less bad than for large capacity radio sites
mobilization at a given point : means
antenna coupling: no if the total number of carriers remains less than three
open channel with synchronous: advantageous but without interest
open channel without synchronous: disadvantageous (characteristic without consequence for the
GSM but important for TETRA)
ETELM
copyright
page 98
9.1.3. LOW DENSITY TRAFIC NETWORKS

Low traffic density networks are quite frequent, especially in the area where it is important to ensure coverage
throughout the territory - even in the most remote locations - even to what site equipment does routes no
communication security during its entire life. Of course, for this type of network, it is not question to have a
cellular approach and it will always seek to minimize the number of sites by choosing the best places (those
providing maximum coverage). The problem therefore appears differently and is sought primarily to increase
coverage of sites and then find a process to minimize the number of channels.Avec TETRA, laugmentation
des performances dun site passe par le diversit rception pour amliorer la liaison montante et par
laugmentation de puissance rayonne pour amliorer la liaison descendante.
Found a model three - or four - antennas that shows strong similarity with the system to three antennas and
three cases of high-density traffic; base stations devices is substantially identical:
three receivers: they are instance on three separate frequencies for the case of high density and
fitted in diversity on the same frequency for the case of low traffic density
three transmitters (or the equivalent of three transmitters) instance on separate frequencies for
the case of heavy traffic densities and coupled low densities of traffic on the same channel for the
case.
For these networks with low traffic density, TETRA architectures provide an essential characteristic by ad hoc
radio resource mobilization capacity: indeed, having a BS in a place to offer capacity mobilization of 4
communications here need - analog or similar (TETRAPOLE,..) must be increased by four investment
infrastructure to provide the same result.
.
9.2. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF A TETRA NETWORK

The TETRA standard does not architecture network or sub sets infrastructure: it gives a TETRA network
interface specifications (air, interface with an external network interface...). The network architecture and the
cut in as functional sets is the responsibility of the master of industrial.
Other
TETRA
networks
Air Interface
ISI
AI
RESEAU TETRA
MS
No standard inside
PEI
(mobile)
RTCP
PABX
LI
LS
Listening
interface
Wired
station
NORMALISE
ETELM
copyright
page 99
Inside a TETRA network, there are large functional equipments

Base stations
Base station controlers
switch
dispatching
administration

There are no standard between these equipments.
Common architectures can be classified into three categories::

Centralized with dedicated links: a central switch is connected to ase stations through structured
links (dedicated links): it can be doubled for redundancy
Centralized with IP links: a central switch pilots bases stations through an IP networks the switch
may be doubled at any point of the IP network
architecture that have no switch.
site
radio
site
radio
site
radio
site
radio
site
radio
site
radio
site radio
Sw
NMS
NMS
Sw
site radio
site
radio
IP network
IP network
PABX
PSTN
IP network
PABX
PSTN
dispatch
gateway
dispatch
serveur
PABX
PSTN
serveur
dispatch
NMS
serveur
CENTRALISED
1 Switch
liens
Dedicated
vers sites
linksstructurs
to radio
sites
IP CENTRALISED
> = 1 Switch
IP links to radio sites
NON
CENTRALIZED
0 Switch
IP links to radio sites
9.2.1. NON CENTRALIZED NETWORKS (FULL IP)

Radio sites are able to directly manage communications; they communicate through the IP network.
Interfaces with other systems (PBX,..) are performed through gateways connected anywhere on the IP
network.
With this architecture, when a site collects information (enrollment, appeal,), he knows not priori where route,
it passes therefore to all sites. Each site and receives all information submitted by all other sites and retains
those concerning mobile are registered on this site.
This architecture is very flexible and allows to trivialize any device. On the other hand, it imposes a limitation:
indeed, incoming traffic on a site is directly linked to traffic total network, not only traffic actually handled by
this site; therefore, this traffic increases very quickly, if the network believes, even if the number of mobile
ETELM
copyright
page 100
managed by site remains constant. Given the limited transmission links capacity to sites, and given the
limited capacity of inbound traffic real-time processing, this type of network is in practice restricted to 8,
exceptionally 16 sites
..
Non
concerned
site
radio
site
radio
Non
concerned
site
radio
Incoming trafic is not
related to the radio trafic
managed on the site but
related to the whole trafic
of the network
site
radio
IP network
9.2.2. CENTRALIZED NETWORKS WITH DEDICATED LINKS
These networks are made up of a central switch connected to the various radio through dedicated links
(digital links to Nx64Kb/s in General) sites.
This architecture is much more rigid than previous architecture but it is not a limitation to the size of the
network; switch serves as the 'filter' and only transmit to a radio single traffic required to this site.
9.2.3. CENTRALIZED IP NETWORKS

This architecture is obtained by replacing dedicated between switch and radio architecture centrally by links
IP site links. Traffic between switch and radio site is selective for each site and there is no limitation of
capacity linked to decentralized networks.
With this provision, the switch can be placed anywhere on the IP network. Can even have multiple switch
different address - radio site seeking to be 'logger' on a switch with a preferential order. That this provision of
benefits, include:
Securing by redundancy: multiple switch are placed on the network; normally, radio sites located on
the preferential switch - he's taking hand' network; failure of this switch, it stops responding and radio
sites will stay on the second preferred site. Redundancy is automatically provided with the advantage
to have the switch in remote places (which is not directly possible with dedicated link architecture to
be pla to the side of the 'normal' switch redundancy switch).
Auto split network in several under independent networks in the event of IP network failure
Normally, all traffic from a site is addressed to the current switch on the network, and if necessary is switch
forwards traffic to one or more other sites.
ETELM
copyright
page 101
B
site
radio
site
radio
site
radio
serveur
dispatch
IP NETWORK
recorder
Mobile/dispatching
communication
PABX
PSTN
SWITCH
A frequent provision is to route traffic between devices involved in a communication directly: switch manages
communications and, at the beginning of each, it gives the address of the other each equipment or other
equipment to the or which traffic should directly be dispatched during the entire communication.
ETELM
copyright
page 102
B
site
radio
site
radio
site
radio
serveur
dispatch
IP NETWORK
recorder
AT the beginning of the

communication, the switch
gives indication for direct
routing between radio sites
PABX
PSTN
SWITCH
This provision allows theoretically reduce total traffic on the IP network.

In practice, this method is very effective for point-to-point communications.. but very bad for multipoint
communications; in fact, instead of reducing traffic, it increase proportionately to the square of the number
of devices concerned. Thus, in professional networks, there are many group involving multiple sites and/or
communications must be saved and/or communications for which one or more items dispatching should be
listening in third party communications.
9.2.4. REDUNDANCY WITH CENTRALIZED NETWORKS

Looking at where full redundancy with duplicate units here. In the case of a structured links network, several
SW may be used in redundancy on the network with or without switching links, depending on the organization
network.
In link, the SW can be placed at any location on the network; a single SW is master on the network. The
system works as follows:
- Each SW IP network broadcasts a message indicating priority level living.
Each BS and each device connected to the network selects the active SW on the network and with
the highest priority
each of these registers on the SW equipment that it has selected.
Thus, to make a master SW, simply assign a higher priority.
This arrangement allows you to build networks that can be split in as independent networks in the case of
network failure IP; these networks are 'autocicatrisant' where they replenished automatically of IP network
reconnection
ETELM
copyright
page 103
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
Links switching
SW
A
SW
A
SW
B
STAR NETWORK
SW
B
DAISY CHAIN NETWORK

No requirement for links switching
REDUNDANCY WITH DEDICATED LINKS
BS
BS
BS
BS
IP network
other
equipements
SW
A
SW
B
SW A broadcasts an information indicating it has the highest priority.

Equipments receiving informations from SW A and SW B register to SWA.
REDUNDANCY WITH IP LINKS
ETELM
copyright
page 104
BS
BS
BS
BS
IP network
Other
equipments
SW
A
SW
B
In case when IP network is spreaded into two parts, the network automatically is
divided into two independant TETRA networks, each of them controlled by a SW.
Split and healing with IP links
ETELM
copyright
page 105
9.3. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE

Software architecture provides different levels of processing and distribution of tasks. This architecture is
frozen by the standard, detailed rules for the implementation of this architecture are completely free.
9.3.1. LEVELS STACK

The diagram on the following page shows this architecture and stacking features. There are the first three
levels: for an OSI pyramid with :
Physical layer with modiulation, filtering, ramping,.. functions
Layer 2 divided into two sub layers
MAC layer with two parts :
lower MAC with coding, scrambling, interleaving, encryption,..
upper MAC which mainly manages time slot allocations
lower LLC layer including basib link and advanced link
layer 3 divided into two sub layers :
lower layer 3 inclusding data transfer management, registration , internal
ressources management and configuration information broadcasting.
Upper layer 3 including mobility management and specific protocols to external
interfaces (circuit or packet oriented).
Between these layers, there are the following software interfaces::
Physical interface dic=vided into two sub interface :
TP_SAP which corresponds to data interface
TPC_SAP which corresponds to control interface (frequency, power,..)
Interface between layer 2 and layer 3 with 3 junctions :
A junction dedicated to signaling with mobiles
A junction dedicated to information broadcast
A control junction
Interface to external systems via different junctions
Two other important interfaces are :
U-PLANE junction which corresponds to audio compressed signals
C-PLANE junction which corresponds to any signaling
ETELM
copyright
page 106
ETELM
copyright
page 107
9.3.2. MAPPING FUNCTION TO PHYSICAL EQUIPMENTS

As already mentioned, functions in different devices implementation choice is completely free; the following
diagram gives an idea of the different possible options:
TNX
C_PLANE
TLX..
U_PLANE
TMX....
TMV..
TP..
antenna
SW
ETELM
BSC
BS
copyright
page 108
9.4. FIXED LINKS ARCHITECTURE

Except in the case of automatic relay networks, infrastructure equipment are usually interrelated by digital
links (for analog transmission media presence, should place all necessary to return to the previous case
modem); there are two types of links:
'Structured' links for which data are arranged to the queue and whose good throughput is equal to the
on line data rate
'Unstructured' links (IP type) in which data are transmitted as they arise and which must be with data
rate much more than this strictly required
Of course, when a duct in a limited throughput (case of the air interface), should be to structured link;
however, when a duct is not limited in throughput, it processing equipment prefer to use an informal mode for
exchanging messages.
Links between BS or BSC and switch is in the air interface extension are naturally willing to be treated rather
structured while links between switch and dispatching or data processing centre will be instead of
unstructured type. This arrangement is not rigid, but often is an arrangement of land availability because radio
sites placed in point above are not equipped with high-speed lines (links are therefore created - or leased with the lowest rates possible) while central equipment (switch, dispatching, processing center) often enjoy an
environment of high-speed networks.
Dedicated link
Non dedicated link (IP,UDP)
Radio
site
Radio
site
Radio
site
Network
mangement
PABX
IP network
Radio
site
Switch
IP network
API
PABX
API
dispatch
dispatch
Full IP
Mixed : dedicated links to base

stations and IP for other
equipments
Any arrangement is therefore permitted, provided that it complies with a few basic rules, in particular that do
not pass in structured (IP) on a low flow - duct so if average throughput required between two devices is
substantially equal to the capacity of the link, the IP transmission organization is to outlaw.
ETELM
copyright
page 109
9.4.1. DATA RATE

The throughput should be is function junction deported by this link. Reported to the pyramid of
treatments, we see that this rate is 36 KB/s at the TP junction; roughly there is a minimum of next
to junctions TMX, TLX and this rate rises gently for superior junctions. If the string includes the
voice decompressors, this rate rises dramatically (256 Kbps + signaling)
vocodeur
300
rate
Kb/s
Rate for 4 channels
( 1 TETRA channe)
36
TP
TMV
TMX
TLX +
U_PLANE
C_PLANE +
U_PLANE
C_PLANE +
MIC
Lower throughput point must be chosen preferentially to deal with the longer lines and many - that is to say
either rows SW - BS or SW - BSC lines.
The above mentioned rates are average rates should take account of the fact that Crete throughput may be
markedly higher based on multiplexing used to route 4 routes of a BS; indeed, the more delicate constraint
concerns long signs towards data transmission: anticipated longer packets are 2 Kbytes; two cases are then
to consider :
either signage uses a fixed time manner with the voice multiplexed duct, therefore uses a rate well
below the speed of the link: in this case, there is no discomfort to the voice but the packet
transmission is very long - unnecessarily long if there's no voice communication.
Example: 64 Kbps link is divided into 4 x 8 Kbps for the voice and 32 Kbps for signalling: package
provides 250 milliseconds for transmission
Either signage uses the full flow of the link and, in this case, the voice might be greatly
embarrassed.
Example: 64 Kbps link is used in full flow; the packet does more than 125 milliseconds for passed
- but, during this time, 2400 bit voice will have been lost or need to be buffered.
Either link uses a duct structured with a statistical multiplexing giving priority to the voice and, in
this case, none of the previous two disadvantages is fear and can even reduce the throughput of
the link
Either link is informal and, in this case the link rate should be considerably higher than the
average flow to allow routing of long data along with the voice.
ETELM
copyright
page 110
9.4.2. MULTIPLEX OF SEVERAL BASE STATION ON A DEDICATED LINK

When used with BSC, they are number one by radio site and control, each of them, all these BS on their site.
Traffic on the link between a BSC and switch to which it is attached is substantially equivalent to the sum of
the BS from trades; indeed, only inter BS on the same site traffic would be to subtract traffic between this site
and switch - but the link must be sized for the highest traffic, i.e. for traffic type PABX / mobile, and the rule
will apply (on the other hand, it is often desirable to pass traffic on the switch, monosite do for listening
purposes).
The sizing of the link between a site and switch to which it is attached is therefore independent of the
presence of a BSC. Functionally, this link is the equivalent of a multiplex each BS traffic and architecture is a
star.
On certain sections, this multiplex can resume traffic to another site. Hardware architecture is a string but
functional architecture is a star.
Site A
BS
SWITCH
BS
Site B
BS
BS
BS
BS
Ex : 2Mb/s
Physical architecture : daisy chain
Site A
BS
BS
Site B
BS
BS
BS
BS
SWITCH
Functional architecture : star
ETELM
copyright
page 111
9.4.3. DEDICATED LINKS SECURISATION

There are two types of secure connections:
security by a permanent
security emergency link failover
Securing by failover proceeds by binding the link rescue (manual or automatic) switching. Failover causes the
connection with all the effects that this may cause more or less long outage (cut communication,...).
However, this solution may be very interesting in the following cases:le lien principal est cher
linvestissement et peu cher lexploitation
link main is reliable
emergency link is inexpensive investment and expensive operation.
In these circumstances, binding is quiesced little frequently a dear link; the more typical case is a wireless
beam rescued by digital dial (type ISDN).
Permanent security is to have two links in parallel continuous. In this case, information are issued
simultaneously on the two links at both ends and received one of the two links: there is a function
'And' l ' issue and a function "Or" delivery.
AND
OR
Link A
Extrmity 1
Extrmity 2
AND
OR
Link B
9.4.4. RING NETWORK

Ring networks consist of a reboucle Garland; this Loopback provides redundancy allowing overcome the
failure of any of the links in the link of the Garland. Functionally, the system reverts to have a star with each
virtual link BS/Switch by almost opposite paths security architecture.
Site 1
Site 2
OR
AND
BS
SWITCH
AND
OR
Site 4
This architecture is very specific problems regarding the synchronization of sites by links
ETELM
copyright
page 112
9.5. CLOCK ARCHITECTURE - SYNCHRONISATION

9.5.1. TETRA CLOCKS STACK
The following table shows the hierarchy of clocks used in TETRA system; it is particularly interesting to
evaluate opportunities for synchronization with other systems using different signals.
SIGNAL
binary
symbol
time slot
frame
multiframe
frequency
36 K
18 K
70,5 Hz
17,64 Hz
0,98 Hz
period
27 microsec.
55,55 microsec.
14,2 millisec.
56,7 millisec
1,02 sec..
division
Total division
2
255
4
18
2
510
2040
36720
hyperframe
0,016 Hz
61,2 seconds
60
2.203.200
remarks
priod =
17 x 480 x 125 microsec.
Related to 8KHz PCM clock
9.5.2. SYNCHRONISATION REQUIREMENTS

The standard application required that all sub sets a TETRA network infrastructure work synchronously. This
requirement is in fact not always necessary in all cases and the need for synchronization depends on the use
and configuration of the network. The study of these requirements can understand and apprehend any (and
very common) clock problems on the ground.
There are three types of synchronization:
radio synchronization flow information
carriers synchronization (sync low-level)
synchronization of calendars (synchro high-level)
The following table gives the requirements for each type of synchronization on the air interface according to
different types of use
BS with synchronous
transmission
No BS connection
trafic
TCH/F
Between TCH/x
BS
ou
signaling
SW/BS
hand-over
Carriers
synchronisation
Low level
synchronisation
High level
synchronisation
.. Thus, a synchronization default may have no effect in some contexts operating
ETELM
copyright
page 113
9.5.3. SYNCHRONISATION VECTORS

TETRA - network equipment BS, BSC and SW should be synchronized between them; to do this, they must
hold their local clock to an external signal that can come either from a link that their are connected, or a
similar external reference for all such as GPS however clock, all synchronizations are not possible and the
following table shows the most common opportunities:
Radio carriers
synchronisation
oui
oui
oui
non
GPS clock
V11 link
E1 link
IP link
Data rate
synchronisation
difficile
oui
oui
non
Calendars
synchronisation
oui
oui
oui
difficile
9.5.4. SYNCHRONISATION THROUGH DEDICATED LINK

Links connect either switch between them, the switch and the BS or BSC; they contribute actively to the
synchronization process. There are two types of structured links:
links which impose their clocks (typical V11 link)
the links are transparent to clocks most of E1 links (but not any of them)
H1
B1
H2
B2
H1
B1
2 Mb/s G703
H2
B2
Transparent clocks
H
B1
H
B2
V11/X24 imposed clocks
B1
H
B2
These two types of links are also found using modem on analog line - must be particularly wary of 'imposed
clock' mode because, in this case, it is one of the two modem driver link - its accuracy is largely insufficient
local clock.
It is possible to make a transparent link from a link on which clock is imposed by the operator by a specific
technique to as use potential throughput and regenerate each end receipt, the clock as it is issued at the
other end (type G703) clocks
ETELM
copyright
page 114
Ho
H < Ho
H reconstitue
B
.... only one transmission way is drawn
.... This technique remains fragile and often leads to the phase jitter whose effects can be devastating,
especially for synchronizing radio carriers.
... in total, there are three types of links (link transparent to clocks, link to imposed clocks and link with
regenerated clocks) for digital interfaces between TETRA subsets.
9.5.4.1.NON SYNCHRONISATION LINK EFFECT

Either two digital links to close but not synchronized clocks:
H1
B
H2
FIFO
Interconnection equipment may have a memory buffer on the binary path (memory type FIFO). This memory
allows you to collect related variations debit clocks H1 and H2; however, the problem remains around if the
average flow of these clocks is not strictly identical: at a time, it will miss a bit, either have a bit too. For
example, binary transmission will corrupt exactly equal to the offset average of H1 and H2 clocks pace,
regardless of the length of the FIFO.
In some cases, this deterioration has no significance. It is for the transmission of signs which are not
permanent, and the issue is directly rhythmed by the clock output. In the case of permanent binary
transmission (data circuit-based transmission) should therefore errors at a rate exactly equal to the average
relative offset of clocks. In the case of the voice transmission, an average relative offset also produces errors
that result in any noises more or less important; however, it is possible to significantly reduce these effects by
the implementation of justificatio techniquesn :
positive justification: there is a sample speech too: it deletes and, possibly, on smooth adjacent
samples;
negative justification, it creates a further sample interpolating with adjacent samples.
This technique allows you to connect digital telephone connections arriving so non-synchronized on a TETRA
network; however, the operation is not guaranteed for transmission of data or signage.
ETELM
copyright
page 115
9.5.4.2.DEDICATED LINKS SYNCHRONISATION

The previous considerations show that it is necessary to synchronize all links a TETRA network between
them:
either by using links already synchronized between them
either by use of links to higher throughput and clock recovery
Thus, a single link V11 is used in a network, if him to drive across the network. If two links transfix are used
on a network, they must be synchronized between them. Typically, wireline operators "snap" their transfix
links to a very stable and very precise national clock; in this case, all transfix links are synchronized between
them and any can be referenced; attention however to transfix links "of campaign" carried out by the
commissioning of two modem to broadband on an analog line, without any connection with the national
network: this type of line may be satisfactory for simple wholly inadequate but it needs for a
telecommunication network.
Links in G703 are usually no problem in fact render to an end the clock it provides them to another. Particular
attention must still be increased use of certain types of top-level multiplexing.
The following diagram gives an example of network with all its links and its vectors synchronization:
SW 1
Site B
V11
Site A
microwave
2Mb/s
Href
E1 2Mb/s
SW 2
V11
Site C
Href
9.5.5. GPS SYNCHRONISATION

A GPS receiver to sattellite (s), is a fixed rate of 1 second with the order of 100-nanosecond precision
provides; it provides also a calendar (usually in the form of a series - NMEA protocol or owner message)
information giving GMT time. This information is sufficient to ensure the synchronization of TETRA sites.
9.5.5.1.LOW LEVEL SYNCHRONISATION

Marking the second signal is directly usable to enslave a TETRA base station reference oscillator; this signal
accuracy being 10 - 7 (100 nanoseconds per second) is compatible with tolerance sought on the radio
bearer.
The main problem occurs when the GPS receiver is more satellites (what happens regularly to anywhere on
the globe, even if the antenna is very clear) - coverage should be while the drift of the oscillator site remains
within the limits during the duration of a 'hole' coverage (this time may be more than a few minutes).
ETELM
copyright
page 116
9.5.5.2.HIGH LEVEL SYNCHRONISATION
GPS calendar is rythm to 1 second, while the TETRA calendar is rythm 1,02 seconds - which leads to a
few difficulties.
The period of coincidence weft / second is 17 seconds corresponding to 300 frames however, a
resynchonisation frames is not sufficient to the extent where TETRA full calendar maintained by mobile and
infrastructure account until the hypertrame A hypertrame includes 60 x 18 = 1.080 frames
Coincidence hypertrame/second period is of 306 seconds (5 minutes 06 seconds) or 50 hypertrames
equivalent to 300 multitrames or 5,400 frames.
Resynchronization GPS cannot intervene at best only every 5 minutes.
ETELM
copyright
page 117
9.6. DATA BASE ARCHITECTURE

The structure and the functions associated with databases will be separate presentations (see chapters),
what matters here is the General description, location of the databases and trade between these ba flows
9.6.1. DATA BASE CONTENT

The master database on a network is that of subscribers of the network (fixed, mobile terminals,
dispatching,..). This database includes the following:
Terminal identities
Personnal identity
Identity of assignd and atteched groups
Terminal characteristics
simplex/duplex
mono/multi slot
mono/multi carriers
audio equipment
end to end encryption
circuit mode data
SCLNP data
CONP data
Air interface encryption
linarisation with carrier change
multi channel TETRA
advanced link
minimum mode
signaling over specific carrier
version of TETRA standard
..
rights allowed to the terminal
allowed area
call types and called parties allowed
allowed services and parameters of these services
...
Messages for the terminal
Audio messages
Data messages
Current status of the terminal
Network and Radio site localisation
Current status (idle, communication,..)
.....
ETELM
copyright
page 118
The identities of the terminal include its own identity, its membership to different groups, its assigned
identity...
The identities of the terminal include its own identity, its membership to different groups, its assigned
identity... by the operator but declared by the terminal him even at the time of its inclusion.
The rights of the terminal cover areas where he can make and receive calls, the call type it can send or
receive, correspondents types with which he can talk...
The courier terminal cover its voice and its 'data' message.
The terminal State covers its geographical location (location on a site) and its State power (communication,
pending,...)
The TETRA standard contains no indication on the establishment of these databases.
A given mobile may be listed that in one of the databases to the same network (outside); this database is
called attachment for this terminal database
9.6.2. VISITOR AND FOREIGN MOBILES

The standard does not directly difference between mobile visitor and mobile foreign; normally :
a visitor mobile is a mobile managed by the same operator but that changes network relative to its
original - or as network network according to the organisation of the operator.
a foreign mobile is a mobile managed by another operator.
Standard speaks of mobile visitor: a visitor mobile is a mobile not listed in the database of the network or the
sub network when it flies on this network or this under network; this introduction does that by going to view
the database where is listed mobile; thus, standard makes no distinction depending on the need to fetch
these data in the same structure (same operator, directly interconnected networks) or in another structure
.
This difference appears as an operator uses a centralized database or distributed databases.
9.6.3. VISITORS AND FOREIGN MOBILE DATA BASE

When a mobile fits in an area where it is unknown, the system will search for information about this
Subscriber in a place, in the same network or another network and recreates a temporary local database for
this mobile - is the visitor (or foreign) database. This temporary database will be destroyed when the mobile
permanently leaves the area.
During all the time where the mobile is visitor in an area, its visitor database will be updated; it is also
important that its original database is kept aware of some changes; there is therefore exchanges between the
original database and the database temporary visitor, these exchanges are shown schematically below:
ETELM
copyright
page 119
VDB
VISITORS DATA
BASE
HDB
HOME DATA BASE
Transmitted by
mobile
From operator
Transmitted by
mobile
caracteristics
identities
caracteristics
rights
identities
rights
status
messages
status
TRAFIC
Several arrangements can simplify (or complicate) mechanisms regarding visitor databases or foreign:
to priori confidence: the network receive a visitor or a foreigner agrees immediately if it meets
certain criteria, without waiting to have the database attach this mobile response elements
authentication: this mechanism (described in the following paragraphs) can be applied to mobile
to mobile visitors residents; it allows you to verify the exact identity of mobile.
default rights: rights allocated to mobile visitors - and foreign - let alone are not necessarily the
same as those in its original network
ETELM
copyright
page 120
9.6.4. DATA BASE LOCATION

As already mentioned, the standard leaves freedom of establishment of databases; there are two main
degrees of freedom in the choice:
the presence of a parent database unique on a network or multiple distributed databases
the ability to recreate locally, at BSC or BS girls database to reduce access time and to ensure a
gradient loses the link mode.
For a network with a single switch, the mother database is unique and directly connected to the switch; only
freedom is in use or not of daughter databases in the BS or BSC.
The presence of girls databases does not really decrease volume traded on the link between the SW
supporting the mother database, and the BSC or the BS that supports the daughter database; indeed:
without the daughter database, any relative to the mobile transaction involves an inquiry and/or an
update of the mother database
with the daugtherl, the mother DB database must be updated with any transaction regarding the
mobile.
Furthermore, with fall nack mode, the presence of a local daugther database is interesting that during the
moments following link; for some time beyond cut, daughter database often becomes very lapse.
Finally, the presence of a daughter database does not solve the problem of visitors in fall back mode (and
then they will be very many), should therefore adopt a strategy for these mobile (of type to priori trust).
Therefore, the presence of a daughter database is really interesting by gains access times it can get.
For multiswitch networks, it is possible only with a single database system connected to a switch determined;
in this case, reducing access time, it is almost necessary daughter databases in each switch, either in each
BSC yet; this kind of provision is therefore unusable for large networks. The alternative is to have a database
switch, and attach each mobile subscriber to one and only one of these databases.
ETELM
copyright
page 121
9.7. NETWORKS WITHOUT LINKS AND SWITCH

Base stations may be available in version 'automatic relay' no ncssitant or switch links; they route of mobile
traffic / mobile or mobile / basic radio. They have the following characteristics:
No need for synchronisation
Presence of an internal database (Elementary)
These relays can be extended with special radio which can offer dispatching function and can relay telephone
communications ; this last feature is made possible by establishing duplex link with the mobile - that is to say
that they occupy 2 channels (2 time slot) for a duplex communication with mobile while one channel is
sufficient for the same communication phone in case of a network with link and switch.
RTCP
PEI
data
TETRA radio
terminal
Automatic
TETRA relay
MOBILE
FIXED radio
dispatching
Fixed radio base is made up around a standard radio equipped standard junction PEI terminal.
Complete networking from several automatic relay is possible, but such networks are always performance
significantly lower than those obtained with the same number of base stations connected to a switch.
In General, these networks use a separate by relay bearer (while in analog, it is common to use several relay
on the same frequency); possible utilization of time between the relay share mode however would circumvent
this restriction (at the cost of technical stunts not envisaged today).
In the case of using a separate carrier by relay networks, it is necessary to have basic radio in relays,
including a terminal by carrier: it is not possible to have a single orderable Terminal frequency because it
must be able to work simultaneously on multiple frequencies. Radio databases become real capable to
routethe communication and maintain their own databases switch.
RTCP
PEI
data
PEI
PEI
TETRA radio
terminal
TETRA radio
terminal
Antenna coupling
TETRA radio
terminal
dispatching
ETELM
copyright
page 122
9.8. RADIO SITE FALL BACK MODE

When TETRA site, normally connected to a switch is isolated due to cut the link, it may enter fall back mode
to continue to route local traffic.
It is necessary however to use this capability with great care - see delete in some cases, the cure is worse
than the disease.
N isolated radio site may offer following services :
Accept or refuse mobile registration
Call between mobiles and/or groups under its coverage area
Messages between mobiles and/or groups under its coverage area

If the rest of the network is still operational, mobile have interest to seek to register on fully operational rather
than on the sites in fall back mode in order to take benefit from the whole offered services this is specially
sensitive for communication with between mobiles and dispatch stations when they are out of the radio site
coverage
In order to prevent such situation, radio site in fall back mode must broadcast an information indicating the
fall back mode to mobiles able to register on another radio site. Some terminals do not process this
information.
The second problem with fall back mode occurs at the time of the reconnection of the site on his switch and
update the database at this time. Thus, in the case of a mobile registered on a radio site in fall back mode
and coming back to a fully operative radio site, the local database of the site in fall back mode have an
information about the mobile registration which is not the same as in the general network data base.
A way to avhas the information that mobile is responsible then only the General database has switch contrary
information (oid such a problem is to perform registration request over the whole mobile fleet after any fall
back mode.
ETELM
copyright
page 123
10. DISPATCHING
10.1. DEFINITION and ROLE of a DISPATCHING

A dispatch is a set of fixed operator positions managing communications with the mobile fleets. The
dispatching may:
Receive calls from mobiles
issuing calls to a mobile or mobile group
listen / intercept calls

allow calls
merge several communications
manage ambiance listening
assign dynamic groups
.
Own dispatch functions cover all respect to the distribution tasks between operators dispatch positions; these
functions are not seen from the network attached to the dispatching,When a mobile calls its dispatching, he
does not know the operator positions to be reached
In some simple networks, dispatching is integrated in the transmission network; in more complex cases, and
for a better trivialization equipment interfaces and devices, dispatching is functionally and physically
separated from th transmission network..
10.2. CENTRALISED AND NON CENTRALIZED ARCHITECTURE

The oldest of the dispatching architecture includes a central switch connected to any dispatch station in a star
way. This unit provides the distribution of tasks between operators,; operators workstations have little
autonomy and their rights are directed from the control unit (distinction between station controller and
Headquarters,..).
The networking architecture have no central switch and possibilities of each dispatch station is defined by a
set of soft parameters and by some access control peocess.
Signaling and voice are transmitted on the LAN, generally
Voice is transmitted with UDP
Signaling is transmitted with TCP/IP
ETELM
copyright
page 124
Star architcture
Radio SWITCH
Dispatching switch
Non centralized architecture
Radio SWITCH
LAN
ETELM
copyright
page 125
Non centralized architecture is with a lot of advantages :

Equipments are standard (with reduced price)
Configuration is easily changed
Dispatch station may be remotely used by using standard LAN technologies
MMI (man machine interface) may be optimized to merge communication functions ith other
applications (example of AVL display and the possibility to perform a call by mobile designation
on the map)

Tasks distribution between dispatch stations is made by a unique software loaded into each dispatch station.
Specialisation is obtained by using passwords ; in some case, rights may be transmitted from one dispatch
station to another.
Dispatch stations may manage other applications in the same time and the software architecture is as follow :
IP
VOIP
Audio
Interface
Sound
board
MICRO, LS
ETELM
API
Application
Application
TETRA
signaling
Signaling
Interface
MMI
SCREEN, KEYBOARD, MOUSE,,
copyright
page 126
10.3. VOICE OVER IP and TETRA

There are many methods of transmission of voice over IP; each of these methods must choose formats
Exchange audio blocks between two possibilities:
Voice transmitted with the TETRA compressed form
Voice transitted with linear form as PCM
.. other format are avoided in order to avoid to use several different CODEC.
Transmission with compressed TETRA form has the advantage of reducing the size of exchanges on the
local network; however, it implies the presence of a TETRA vocoder in each workstation.
Transmission with uncompressed form is much more gourmet in exchanges on the local network, however, it
is easiest to implement and offer greater opportunities for both conferences - in fact, these methods are
implemented by summons devices and broadcast which necessarily working on not compressed formats.
Unlike other types of data transmission over LAN, transmission of voice over IP does not suffer delays or
significant loss rate, under penalty of a rapid degradation of the intelligibility of the signal; accordingly and
figure (transmission as compressed or uncompressed) in all cases, the voice should be a priority, which can
be obtained by one or more of the following methods:
Oversizing the LAN
Limitation for long data exchanges over the same LAN as used by audio
Use of the preserve bandwith technology
Use of a separate LAN for audio
ETELM
copyright
page 127
11. EXCHANGES OVER OTHER INTERFACES
11.1. ISI INTERFACE

The ISI (Inter System Interface) interface defines the connection between two TETRA networks; the scope of
this interface is very broad as it can apply between any communication network.
ISI interface is with 3 levels
Level 1 defines services independently from any implementation
Level 2 defines functional possibilities and exchanges flows
Level 3 defines signaling protocol
11.1.1. ISI OFFERED SERVICES

11.1.1.1.MOBILES ROAMING
In General, a mobile attached to a particular SW (home SW) and registered as a visitor to another (previous
visited SW) switch to change the cell and register on a third (visited SW) SW.)
Home SW
HDB
ISI
ISI
Previous visited SW
aVDB
New visited SW
nVDB
When a mobile roams from one network to another, following exchanges are transmitted over ISI :
Registration request from the new visited SW to the home SW (exactly the home data base)
Response from the home data base with indication about:
Allowed services for this mobile
Authentification parameters
Attached ans assigned groups
Upgrade of the home data base localisation indication
Cancel the registration on the previous visited SW
ETELM
copyright
page 128
11.1.1.2.INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP COMMUNICATIONS

With TETRA, group communications are automatically supported by base stations where at least one mobile
of the group is registered. The group is declared in a network (home network for the group) - the switch of
this ntwork manages the group communication even if there are no more mobiles of this group under its
control (all mobiles have migrated).
Thus, there are three SW types:
The SW manging the communication (home SW fotr the group)
The SW initiating the communication and involved in this communocation
The SW(s) involved in the communication without being the initiator
Home SW
Manages the
communication
ISI
Initiator SW
(and involved)
ISI
ISI
ISI
Involved SW
Involved SW
Involved SW
For individual calls, there are only two involved SW
11.1.2. ISI ADRESS AND ROUTING PROCESSI

Any message tranmitted over an ISI interface must have a SW as the destination adress
Messages sent to a home SW are routed by any transit SW according to a predefined routing
table
Messages sent to a visited SW different from the home SW have an adress wich is the location of
the mobile in its home data base.
ETELM
copyright
page 129
11.2. LINE INTERFACE

This interface is defined in the TETRA standard; it uses dedicated wired link between SW and dispatch
station.
Unfortunatly, most of the dispatch stations are now connected with IP and the line interface is not used.
11.3. PABX PSTN INTERFACE

These interfaces are the telephone standard ones (S0,T0,T2,..) Call establishment from mobile to telephone
(PABX or PSTN) and call establishement from PABX to mobile is without any difficulty. In the case of PSTN
to mobile, it could be more complex with two different cases.
PSTN connection is achieved either directly or through a PABX and direct arrival selection is
available: one public phone number is allocated for any of the TETRA mobiles. Call establishement is
direct.
PSTN connection is achieved through a PABX but there is no direct arrival selection available: in that
case, telephone to mobile calls are with two steps: first step, the PABX is called with a public phone
number over the PSTN and when the connection is established, the number of the called mobile is
dialed.
11.4. DATA TRANSMISSION INTERFACES

Several data interfaces are defined by the TETRA standard. However, all these interfaces are with dedicated
link between the SW and the data serveur. Now, one prefer to use IP technologies and all these interfacs are
not in use.
ETELM
copyright
page 130
11.5. PEI INTERFACE

11.5.1. GENERAL PRESENTATION
The PEI interface (Peripheral Equipment Interface) is used to connect radio mobiles to on board
application(s). throught this interface one may :
Send and receive data messages SDS and/or packet data
Send and receive data in circuit mode
Transmit, receive and manage voice calls
Access to general information from mobile (example : radio status, registration status, RSSI,..)
The main goals with PEI are
To offer a standard on board interface between any mobile and any application.
To minimize the communication functions to be achieved by the API
To be compatible with most of other equivalent systems (GSM, mobitex,..)
Physical interface is a serial one, similar to V24 and V28 and without trafic control (hardware as RTS/CTS
or software as Xon/Xoff). It is with 3 wires only.
Three protocol types are supported :
TETRA PEI
AT Commands
Dcircuit mode
SDS
Radio configuration
radio informations
ETELM
Packet data
IP version 4
IP version 6
ISO CLNS
X 25
Remote control
Audio communication control
SDS
Radio configuration
Radio informations
Supplementary services
Circuit mode data transmission
copyright
page 131
11.5.2. PHYSICAL INTERFACE

The port is a 3 wires with a 9 or 25 connector sub-D type or with a RJ11/RJ45.one
Circuit
number
103
102
104
101
signal
Tx data
masse
Rx data
earth
(if available)
abrviation
TxD
SG
RxD
PG
sub-D
9
25
4
points points ples
3
2
1
5
7
2
2
3
3
screen screen
+1
RJ11/RJ45
6
ples
2
3
4
8
ples
3
4
5
10
ples
4
5
6
As default set up, the format for transmission is asynchronous, 8 bit, 1 start, 1 stop, LSB first.
The data rate could be up to 64 Kb/s
When power on, data rate must be 9600 b/s. rate change may be programmed from this basis or an
automatic rate detector may be used.
11.5.3. COMMAND and DATA MODE

At any given time, the junction between the mobile and the terminal is either in command mode, or in data
mode:
Command mode: the mobile transmits and receives commands. Two sub modes are
distinguished according to if the ris or not an on going communication with the mobile.
Data mode : the mobile transmits and receives usefull data with two sub modes :
Transparent data sub mode ( typical for circuit mode)
PPP sub mode (packet protocole) data are recorded in a FIFO inside the mobile
for radio transmission and received data from radio are sent to the terminal with
packet format
Switching from command mode to data mode is made by transmission, from the terminal of ATA, ATD or
ATO commands
Switching from data mode to command mode is made by sending, from the terminal a break sequence or, if
managed, by puting off the DTR control signal.
ETELM
copyright
page 132
11.5.4. AT COMMANDS
AT commands are mostly used with wired modem ; they are according to V25 standard ; they are also used
by GSM
There are two types of commands
Normal commands as described in V25 spec.
Extended commands as decribed in V25 ter spec. Extended commandes are noted with a + signa
t the beginning of the command.
Extended commands are transmitted from terminal to radio mobile and may access to three types of
functions :
+CMDi = xx : write command number i with parameterx xxx
+CMDi = ? : test of command number ide la commande numro i ; ce test est utilis pour
connatre le format, le type et la plage des paramtres prendre en compte
+CMDi ?
: read parameters of commands numer i
example of command line:

ATCMD1 CMD2 = 12 ; + CMD1 ; + CMD2=,,15 : + CMD2 ? ; + CMD2= ? <CR>
Header of the
command line
Set
parameter
Extended
command
Parameter
may be
ommitted
Read command
to get the
parameters
Test of the
command
end
responses :
<CR><LF>+CMD2 :3,0,15,TETRA<CR><LF>
Response to the command +CMD2 ? ;parameters in ASCII form are admitted
<CR><LF>+CMD2 : (0-3),(0-1),(0-12,15),(TETRA,IRA) <CR><LF>

Response to the command +CMD2= ? ; it indicates the range of possible values for
any parameter
<CR><LF>OK<CR><LF>
Final result
ETELM
copyright
page 133
BASIC AT COMMAND
COMMAND
Mandatory/
Option
TETRA USE
Z(value)
&F(value)
I(value)
D(x,x,x..)
T
P
A
H(value)
0(value)
S0 = (value)
M
M
O
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
S3 = (value)
S4 = (value)
S5 = (value)
S6 = (value)
S7 = (value)
S8 = (value)
S10 = (value)
L (value)
M (value)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Reset the terminal and use of the default parameters

Defult parameters as factory ones
Specific information request
Call request (dialing a list of numbers)
To dual frequencies dailing, non used
To pulse dailing not used
Response to a call
Hook when called
Give order to the terminal to switch into data mode, value = 0
Number to ring tones befire hook. Value = 0 indicates that there
is no automatic response
Command line end
Header for a response
Line header
pause not used
May be ignored
May be ignored
May be ignored
Not used
Not used
EXTENDED AT COMMANDS
COMMAND
+IPR = (value)
+ICF = (format, parity)
+ IFC = (by TE, by MT)
+ILRR = (value)
+GMI
ou +CGMI
+ GMM
ou + CGMM
+GMR
ou + CGMR
+GSN
ou + CGSN
+GOI
+GCAP
+GCI = (T.35)
+CSCS = (value)
+CSTI = (value)
+CBSI = (circuit(encrytion,
communication type)
ETELM
Mandatory/
Optionnel
TETRA USE
O
O
O
O
M
Data rate 0 = automatic detect

Character format : 3,3 = 8 bit, 1 stop, no parity
Flow regulation on junction
Give the mode to set up the rate
Ask for radio terminal manufacturer identification
Ask for radio terminal model identification
Ask for radio terminal version identification
Ask for radio terminal serial number
O
M
O
Ask parameters of X208 standard used

Ask for radio terminal possibility in this case, response is : +CTETRA
Set country code to be used
Set alphabet to be used
Set adress type to be used, associated with a D command for dialing.
Value = 0 short TETRA numberi address
= 1 TETRA identity (SSI)
= 2 full TETRA identity (TSI)
= 3 external identity
Set, after daililng, characteristics of the requested communication
circuit = 0 doded audio (preserve for future)
= 1 : audio ao non protected data7,2 Kb/s
copyright
page 134
+CDCC = (value)
+CEER
+CSDS = (service)
+CNMI =
(mode(my(bm(ds(bfr)))
+CMGS =
(da,toa,oa,length,<CR>)
+CMGL
+CMGD = (index)
+CMGR = (index)
+CNUM
+CREG
M
M
M
M
M
+CPAS
+CBC
+CSQ
+WS45 = (n)
ETELM
= 2 : 4,8 Kb/s interleaving 1

= 5 : 2,4 Kb/s, interleaving 1
encrytion = 0 no end to end encryption
= 1 ens to ens encryption
Communication type
= 0 point to point
= 1 point to multipoint
Set the requested capacity as for cicuit mode or for datq packet mode.
When this command is issued as test, the response is the radio terminal
capacity
Value = 0 : 1 time slot
= 1 : 2 time slot
= 2 : 3 time slot
= 3 : 4 time slot
This is a request to the radio terminal, for the reason of the last fail to call
- returned test must not exceed 2048 caracters and must not contain
0<CR> ou OK<CR> sequence.
Set (or inform) available SDS services
= 0 SDS
= 1 precoded status messages
= 128..specific, proprietary
Indicates how to receive messages
= 0, write into a buffer and erase eldest messages in case of
overflow
= 1 :reject new messages in case of terminal link failure
= 2 :route to the terminal if the link to the terminal is available and, if
not, write into buffer
= 3 : directly route to the terminal
Send a message
da : destination adress
toa adress type
oa message
length
Request received messages list
Reset messages writen into index
Read messages writen into index and erase it
Request TETRA mobile number
With test , this command gives information about mobile registration.
With command, it allows or not mobile registration
Request mobile status, as response :
= 0 mobile ready
= 1 mobile non ready to receive order from the radio terminal
= 2 non known status
= 3 ringed mobile (but ready to accept orders)
= 4 mobile involved in a communication but ready to receive orders
= 5 idle
Request battery load indication
Ask for radio link rrssi ; as response
:
0 - 113 dBm or less
1 - 111 dBm
2.. 30 -109 -50 dBm
31 - 51 dBm or more
99 not known
ber :
0 < 0,01 %
1 from 0,01 to 0,1 %
2 from 0,1 to 0,5 %
3 from 0,5 to 1%
4 from 1 to 2%
5 from 2 to 4 %
6 from 4 to 8 %
7 > 8%
Select data mode
0 character transparent mode
4 point to point protocol
copyright
page 135
11.5.5. PPP MODE (Point to Point Protocol)
In order to simplify data transmission over PEI, a driver may be developped to be used by software people
non TETRA and/or PEI familiar.
It is according to following schematic ::
PL_OPEN req
PL_OPEN conf
PL_CLOSE req
PEIapplication
PL_CLOSE ind
PL_TEST req
PEI
Interface
Driver PPP
PL_TEST ind
PL_REPORT ind
PL_UNITDATA req
PL_UNITDATA ind
Different internal parameters to the driver are used to adapt it to several cases
Internet Protocol version 4
Van Jacobson Compressed TCP/IP
Van Jacobson Uncompressed TCP/IP
IP6 Header Compression
Internet Protocol version 6
Internet Protocol Control Protocol
IPv6 Control Protocol
Link Control Protocol
TETRA Network Protocol type 1
TNP1 Control Protocol
ETELM
copyright
page 136
12. ADRESS / NUMBERING
TETRA does offer large adress different facilities.
12.1. GENERAL TETRA ADRESS

This is the complete adress of a TETRA mobile equipment it is unique, named TSI, as following :
TOTAL 48 bit
MCC
Country code
10 bit
MNC
Network code
14 bit
SSI
Short adress
24 bit
ITSI : individual adress

ATSI : assigned adress
GTSI : group adress
USSI : visitor adress
(mixed as wanted by operator)
3 digit
CCTT X121
France = 208
( 0D0 hexa)
Individual adress names a unique mobile

Group adress names a set of mobiles which have common features group adress may be
static that is fixed inside a mobile or dynamic, that is downloaded from infrastructure. A
mobile may be with any group number at the same time.
Assigned adress is an individual adress which is downloaded from the infrastructure to the mobile.
Visitor adress is an assigned adress to a mobile coming from another network and accepted in
the network.
Exchanges over air interface are according to following schematic :
ETELM
copyright
page 137
Infrastructure
mobile
@ ITSI, ASSI, (v)ASSI, USSI

(preference )
@ ISSI, ASSI, GSSI, USSI
Only for initial registration
12.2. COUNTRY CODE

These codes have been defined internationally by UIT which is from United Nation
GREECE
NETHERLAND
BELGIUM
FRANCE
MONACO
ANDORA
SPAIN
HUNGARY
BOSNIE
CROATIE
YOUGOSLAVIE
ITALY
VATICAN
ROMANIA
SWITZERLAND
TCHEQUE (rpublique)
SLOVAQUE (rpublique)
AUSTRALIA
UK
DENMARK
SUEDE
NORVEGE
FINLAND
LITUANIA (rpublique)
LATVIA
ESTONIE
RUSSIA
UKRAINE
BELARUS (rpublique)
MOLDOVA (rpublique)
POLAND
DEUTCHLAND
GIBRALTAR
PORTUGAL
LUXEMBOURG
IRLAND
ETELM
202
204
206
208
212
213
214
216
218
219
220
222
225
226
228
230
231
232
234
238
240
242
244
246
247
248
250
255
257
259
260
262
266
268
270
272
JAMAIQUE
GUADELOUPE
BARBADE
ANTIGUA et BARBUDA
CAYMAN (iles)
VIERGES/BRITANNIQUES (les)
BERMUDE
GRENADE
MONTSERRAT
SAINT KITTS ET NEVIS
SAINTE LUCIE
SAINT VINCENT
ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES
ARUBA
BAHAMAS
ANGUILLA
DOMINIQUE
CUBA
DOMINICAINE (rpublique)
HAITI (rpublique)
TRINITE et TOBAGO
TURKS et CAICOS (les)
AZERBADJAN
AZAKSTAN
INDIA
PAKISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
SRI LANKA
MYANMAR (Birmanie)
LIBAN
JORDANIA
SYRIE
IRAQ
KOWEIT
ARABIE SAOUDITE
YEMEN (rpublique)
copyright
338
340
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
363
364
365
366
368
370
372
374
376
400
401
404
410
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
page 138
ICELAND
ALBANIE
MALTE
CHIPRE (rpublique)
GEORGIE
ARMENIA
BULGARIA
TURQUIE
FEROE
GROENLAND
SAINT MARIN (rpublique)
SLOVENIE (rpublique)
MACEDOINE
LIECHTENSTEIN
CANADA
ST PIERRE et MIQUELON
UNITED STATES
PORTO RICO
VIERGES/AMERICAINES (les)
MEXIQUE
CHINA (Rpublique)
TAIWAN, Chine
COREE (Rp.Dm.Pop. de)
BANGLADESH
MALDIVES (Rpublique)
COREE (Rpublique)
MALAISIA
AUSTRALIA
INDONESIA (Rpublique)
PHILIPPINES (Rpublique)
THAILANDE
SINGAPOUR (Rpublique)
BRUNEI
NEW ZELAND
GUAM
NAURU (rpublique)
PAPOUASIE NOUVELLE GUINEE
TONGA
SALOMON
VANUATU (rpublique)
FIDJI (Rpublique)
WALLIS et FUTUNA
SAMOA-AMERICAINES
NOUVELLE CALEDONIE
POLYNESIE FRANCAISE
COOK (les)
SAMOA AMERICAINES
MICRONESIE
EGYPTE
ALGERIA
MAROCO
TUNISIE
LIBIA
GAMBIE (Rpublique)
SENEGAL
MAURITANIE
MALI
GUINEE
ETELM
274
276
278
280
282
283
284
286
288
290
292
293
294
295
302
308
310
330
332
334
460
466
467
470
472
480
502
505
510
515
520
525
528
530
534
535
536
537
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
OMAN
EMIRATES
ISRAEL
BAHREIN
QATAR
MONGOLIE
NEPAL
EMIRATS ARABES UNIS (Abu-Dhabi)
EMIRATS ARABES UNIS (Dubai)
IRAN
OUBEKISTAN
TADJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
JAPON
COREE (rpublique)
VIET NAM
HONGKONG
MACAU
CAMBODGE
LAOS
GUINEE EQUATORIALE
REPUBLIQUE GABONESE
CONGO (Rpublique)
ZAIRE (Rpublique)
ANGOLA (Rpublique)
GUINEE BISSAU (Rpublique)
SEYCHELLES (Rpublique)
SOUDAN (Rpublique)
RWANDA
ETHIOPIE
SOMALIE
DJIBOUTI (Rpublique)
KENYA (Rpublique)
TANZANIE
OUGANDA (Rpublique)
BURUNDI (Rpublique)
MOZAMBIQUE (Rpublique)
ZAMBIE (Rpublique)
MADAGASCAR (Rpublique)
REUNION
ZIMBABWE (Rpublique)
NAMIBIE (Rpublique)
MALAWI
LESOTHO
BOTSWANA (Rpublique)
SWAZILAND
COMORES
AFRIQUE DU SUD (Rpublique)
BELIZE
GUATEMALA
LE SALVADOR (Rpublique)
HONDURAS (Rpublique)
NICARAGUA
COSTA RICA
PANAMA (Rpublique)
PEROU
ARGENTINE
BRAZIL
CHILIE
COLOMBIE(Rpublique)
copyright
422
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
434
436
438
440
450
452
453
455
456
457
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
702
704
706
708
710
712
714
716
722
724
730
732
page 139
COTE DIVOIRE
BURKINA FASO
NIGER (rpublique)
TOGO (Rpublique)
BENIN (Rpulique)
MAURITANIE (Rpublique)
LIBERIA (Rpublique)
SIERRA LEONE
GHANA
NIGERIA (Rp. Fdrale)
CHAD (Rpublique)
REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE
CAMEROUN (Rpublique)
CAP-VERT (Rpublique)
SAO TOME-ET-PRINCIPE (R.D )
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
VENEZUELA (Rpublique)
BOLIVIE (Rpublique)
GUYANE
EQUAYEUR
GUYANE (Dpart, Franais)
PARAGUAY (Rpublique)
SURINAME (Rpublique)
URUGUAY
734
736
738
740
742
744
746
748
12.3. TETRA GROUPS

A group is a set of TETRA equipments each of them with a different individual adress.
A group is associated to a set of characteristics defining its way to use.
A group may include different TETRA terminal types : as example, a group may include handportables and
some dispatch stations.
While group characteristics are with wide range and a lot of possibilities, it is of the most importance to use
the right words, as defined in the norm, not to be confused.
It is possible and usefull in some case- to define different groups with the same terminals set. By this way,
one may perform a group call to the same parties with different call characteristics according the called
number.
Example : the same set of 10 handportables corresponds to group 23 and group 123. The 123
group is declared with a lower priority and 23 with a higher one. A calling party may select the call
priority to the same user group by selecting 23 or 123.
Affected group : a Tetra terminal may be affected simultaneously to several groups. Such equipment is
open to communication when receiving a call to any of the affected group.
Static group : a group wich is fixed programmed inside the equipment.
.
Dynamic group : a group wich is dowloaded inside the Tetra terminal by the infrastructure. Downloading
dynamic groups is performed by the infrastructure when the group is created, deleted or modified and when a
terminal is turned on.
By this way, if some chage have been made during the iddle state of a terminal, this last is automatically
updated when it registers.
Dynamic groups may be created, modified or deleted by an external application connected to the network.
Such application may run over a dispatch station or any more complex application.
.
Typical example of dynamic groups :
Set up a group of users for a specific mission ; the mission is generally time limited.
Urban transport: a bus as affected to a transport line. The line is declared as a dynamic group what is
used to perform calls to any bus affected to this line in case of some need.
Airport : a plane is affected to a flight number. Many people are working around the affected plane
before take off and after landing. These mobiles and handportables are affected to the flight number,
what is conveneient to manage the flight.
ETELM
copyright
page 140
Closed group : a closed group is a group which may be called only by terminals owning to this group. A
special mention is made for telephone and a group may be closed to tel and open to other users (in that
case, the group may be reached from any Tetra terminal but not from a telephone set).
Open group : contrary of closed group.

Attached group : each terminal have, at any moment one and only one attached group. This group is
one of the affected group (static or dynamic be carefull, some terminal do not support dynamic group for
attachment).
The attached group (some time named default group) is used to issue a call from the terminal when it is not
involved in any other communication, only by depressing the PTT.
When a terminal belonging to several groups (affected groups) and receive a call to one of this
groups, it is opened and may transmit by depressing its PTT.
When a terminal (not involved in a communication) dials a group number and depress its PTT, the
call is performed to the selected group.
When a terminal not involved in a communication depress its PTT without numbering, its
automatically performs a group call to its attached group.
Attachment is very usefull for a lot of users. That allows to a group of terminals to communicate between
them only by depressing the PTT, as for talky walky. They believe to be alone on the radio channel (in fact,
the radio channel is dynamically allocated by the infrastructure).
There are several ways to attach a group to a terminal.
Attached group is selected manually by the user in the list of its affected group.
Attached group is downloaded by infrastrucure upon directives issued by an external application
and/or by a dispatcher.
When the attached group is selected by the terminal itself, infrastructure must be aware of this selection in
order to update its data base and the application data base). This function is automatically achieved by the
terminal with automatic transmission of the selected attached group to the infrastructure each time there is a
change.
Scanned group : a terminal may be affected to several different groups, it may receive a call to one of
this groups when involved in another communication. If the group is scanned, the terminal is aware of this
new incoming call. Infrastructure manages the scanning by transmistting the call on each ongoing
communication involving a terminal belonging to the scanned group.
Priority scanned group : a scanned group is declared with a priority level. When a terminal involved in
a communication receives a scanned group call, it automatically switches to the incoming communication if
the scanned group is with a higher pririty than the ongoing one.
Acknowlege group :when the infrastructure transmits an acknowlege group call, it monitors the
terminals wich have been joined and makes a report. This is achieved by a special procedure wich polls
terminals during the begining of the communication , without any indication to the terminals.
Group with priority over individual : when a terminal involved in an individual communication (with
another terminal or with telephone) receives a group call with hihger pririty over individual, it automatically
releases the individual communication and enters the group one.
Group without priority over individual : when a terminal involved in a group without priority over
individual receives an incoming individual call, it automatically leaves the group communication (but dont
release it if it is not the owner) and enters the individual one.
Group without priority over individual : in that case, the incoming call does not release the
ongoing communication.
.
ETELM
copyright
page 141
Listening group : it is a defined set of terminals wich are systematically opened for listening any
predefined communications. If the listening group is defined to monitor individual call, the infrastructure
manage the individual communication and open a second group one to transmit to the listerner group audio
exchange during the individual communication .
Dispatcher group dispatching: A set of dispatch stations managing the same fleet is named
dispatching. There could be several dispatching connected to the same Tetra network (example police
dispatching and fire brigades dispatching).
Each dispatch station is with its one and unique adresse. The dispatching have also an address wich is a
group address similar to mobile group address.
By this way, a mobile may reach either a selected dispatch station or the dispatching in that second case,
all dispatch stations belongin to the dispatching receive the call and the first of it hanging up takes the
preseance over the communication; the incoming call is then automatically rub out of other dispatch stations.
.
.
12.4. VISITORS
Visitors are radio terminals owning to another TETRA network (in general a distant one without radio
coverage overlapping) and used on the network.
The other Tetra network is with a different MCC/MNC code. the case of Tetra subnetworks sharing the
same MCC/MNC code is different and is described in another .
Obviously a visitor can be accepted only if it has been previously agreed between the management of the two
networks.
An accepted visitor may transmit and receive calls and data.
With limitation, groups may be also visitors groups.
For being a visitor, a radio terminal must:
- Be programmed with signaling frequency channels of the visited network
- Be programmed with MCC/MNC code of the visited network
- Support the visitor functions
A visitor cant use its own adress on a visited network. For the two networks have different numbering plans
and, without care, it same address may be used by the different networks. In order to solve this problem,
following process is used:
- When a visitor wants to register on the visited network, it transmits its full adress with indication of its
originated MCC/MNC code.
- The visited network check if the terminal may be or not accepted.
- If accepted, the visited infrastructure download into the terminal a specific visitor adress wich is a
unique one, from a dedicated range of it own adressing plan.
- Any further exchanges between the visitor and the visited infrastructure refers to the allocated visitor
address.
- Any incoming call to the visitor is translated into the corresponding visitor adress by the infrastructure.
- The visitor user never know its visitor adress and always refer to the numbering plan of its origin
network numbering plan.
12.5. OTHER TETRA ADRESSES

12.5.1. SHORT NUMBER (SNA)
Short numbers are with 10 bit instead of the 24 bit of a SSI.
ETELM
copyright
page 142
This possibility is out of interest whilen any mobile have its own and specific short number memory, very easy
to use.
Nevertheless, there is a big interest to preserve short number addresses for data serveurs connected to
TETRA networks. By using such address, each message may take benefit of 14 bit more for payload that
increase data transmission efficiency from mobile to data serveur and from data serveur to mobile.
- See also supplementary services
12.5.2. COMPLETE IDENTITY (TEI)

This is the serial number of the equipment it is unique and made as follow :
TOTAL 60 bit - 15 digit

Agreement
code
TAC
6 digit
Manufacturer
code
Serial number
preserve
2 digit
6 digit
1 digit
Given by th
regulator
12.5.3. BASE STATION IDENTITY

This identity is with the color code allocated to the radio site ; it made with 30 bits according to :
TOTAL 30 bit
MCC
Country code
10 bit
ETELM
MNC
Network code
14 bit
Color code
6 bit
copyright
page 143
12.5.4. EVENT LABEL ADRESS

This adress mode is mainly used for mobile polling. The polling party (data serveur) transmits requests with
SDS to a mobile named by its standard SSI adress associated with a request number 10 bit length, managed
by the data serveur (the event label).
The polled mobile sends back its response the event label reference instead of its own expeditor adress.
At the total, question are longer over the air interface ( by adding the event label information) but reponses
are shorter while expeditor addresses are replaced by events labels that is downlink traffic is increased
while uplink is decreased.
12.6. ADRESSES DOWNLOADING AND UPLOADING

The infrastructure may assign individual adresses (ASSI) and also group adresses through the set of
following procedures :
12.6.1. ADDING AN ADRESS GROUP

The infrastructure maya dd one or several group adresses to a given mobile ; this last may accept or refuse
such modification with an indication in its response.
MOBILE
Air
interface
BS
Data base
Add to the list

add @ITSI, GSSI
Accepted or
rejected
ETELM
Accepted or
rejected
copyright
page 144
12.6.2. GROUP ADRESS SUPPRESS

This is the reverse from the preceding procedure but the mobile cant refuse such suppression.
MOBILE
Air
Interface
BS
Data base
Suppress from the

list
suppress @ITSI,
GSSIs
accept
Suppress ack
A similar prodedure is used to suppress all group adresses inside a given mobile, without any list of these
groups.
At any time, the infrastructure may ask to a mobile its group list.
MOBILE
Air
Interface
Data base
BS
List request
request @ITSI
List of the
groups
ETELM
List of the
groups
copyright
page 145
12.7. ADRESS FIELD TRANSMISSION

SSI adress (24 bit). It indicates a called party in the same network
SSI adress + extension adress (24 bit), the etension may indicate another network
SSI adress + extension adress (24 bit), + external number (24 bit), the external number may
indicate a phone number
Short number address (SNA 10 bit) this address is one affected to a specific equipment of the
network.
12.8. NUMBERING
Adressing plan and numbering plan are different : numberig plan is what is seen by a user and there is an
equipment to locally translate a number to an adress.
An numbering plan used in a network may be different for any equipment of this network while the adress
plan is unique.
As there are many different telecom networks, it is impossible to normalize numbering plans ; nevertheless,
it is recommended to use some common principles for any user may not be completly disturbed by using
different networks. These recommandations have been issued by ETSI for any telecom system (not only
TETRA).
12.8.1. HEADER NUMBER

From a mobile, one may often reach several different networks. In that case, it is recommended the network
will be designated by the first digit dialed on the keyboard.
That limits the number of networks reachable from a terminal by 10 what is sufficient for a normal user.
When a terminal equipment may reach only one network, the header number may be ommitted.
12.8.2. NUMBERING IN ITS OWN NETWORK

Such numbering restricts to SSI the used adresses on the TETRAair interface (for calling and called parties).
These adresses are 24 bit long, which could be expressed a a number from 0 up to 16 777 215 that means
more than 7 digits. It is recommended to never exceed 7 digits for the user.
As result, number in the range 10.000.000 to 16.777.215 cant be ued by an operator.
12.8.2.1.PREDEFINED SHORT ADRESS

The mobile have a SSI number with 7 digits named : DT1 DT2 DT3 DT4 DT5 DT6 DT7.
The mobile have a recorded 7 digit number in its awn memory, named: DF1 DF2 DF3 DF4 DF5 DF6 DF7.
When a user dial number on its keyboard, the dialed number is mixed with the predefined number to form the
called address as follow:
ETELM
copyright
page 146
predefined number recorded

inside the terminalinal
DF1 DF2 DF3 DF4 DF5 DF6 DF7

D1
D2
D3
DF1 DF2 DF3 DF4 D1
D2
D3
number dailed by the operator
SSI adress
Decimal/binary
converter
SSI 24 bit
Called adress
Th number of digit to be dialed by the operator may be fixed or free or variable inside given range.
If the predefined number is 000000000, the process is the same as the zro left insert process.
12.8.2.2.RELATIVE SHORT ADRESS

This procedure is the same as the previous one but the predefined number is exactly the SSI adress of the
mobile.
Mobile number
DT1 DT2 DT3 DT1 DT5 DT6 DT7

D2
D3
DT1 DT2 DT3 DT4 DT5 D2
D3
Dialed number
Called number
Decimal/binary
converter
Called adress
SSI 24 bit
12.8.2.3.INTERNAL SHORT NUMBERS

This used the internzal table of a terminal which is recorded by the operator to design shortly some full
numbers frequently used.
Downloading and uploading such agenda from and to a terminal is not specified by TETRA.
ETELM
copyright
page 147
12.8.3. NUMBERING OUTSIDE THE NETWORK

A mbile which want to call a party not in the same TETRA network must issue the call with the full ITSI adress
by using the extension fiels (MNI = MCC + MNC,= 24 bit )
12.8.3.1.PREDEFINED NETWORK
The called network must be programmed inside the terminal (no manual input)
Predefined network
code (MCC,MNC)
D3
Decimal/binary
converter
Extension field
Called SSI 24 bit
12.8.3.2.NETWORK SELECTED BY THE USER

In this mode, the numbering plan must include an exact number N of digit to be dialed to designate the called
party inside its network. Following rules apply :
SSI Called party is made with predefined adress method
The 4 digit at the left to the firs N dialed digit are used as MNC
Other digits, if they exist, are used as MCC
D1
Cointry code
(MCC)
D2
D3
D4
Network code
(MNC)
D5
D6
D7
D7
Decimal/binary
converter
Extension field
ETELM
Called SSI 24 bit
copyright
page 148
12.8.4. SHORT NUMBER ADRESSING

10 bit short number adress may be used by TETRA (see supplementary services). Selection of one of these
adress may be made with dialing 3 digits.
When a mobile using such facility registers as a visitor in another network, it may ask for doxnloading the
short number adress table of its own network in the visited network; for its temporary use.
12.8.5. EXTERNAL CALLS
12.8.5.1.NORMAL PABX CALL

The PABX is declared with a specific SSI identity inside the network of it it is connected.
This identity is programed inside the terminal and the call is as follow :
D1
MCC
D23 D24
PABX adress in the

network
MNC
Extension field
Called SSI 24 bit
External number
(24 lments)
12.8.5.2.INTEGRATED PABX CALL

Several PBX nay be interconnected together to form a unique phone network and there are several
connection between different TETRA equipments and different PABX.
TEL. NETWORK
PABX
PABX
connection
connection
PABX
connection
TETRA
TETRA
TETRA
equipment
equipment
equipment
TETRA NETWORK
ETELM
copyright
page 149
In that configuration, it is possible to route directly a call to the TEL. network by using the special SSI code:
16 777 184
This is outside the 7digit range.
The so interconnected PABX are named E164 compatible
12.8.5.3.CALL TO ISDN NETWORK

It is the same principle as previously but the special SSI number Le principe est le mme que prcdemment
mais le numro particulier est alors :
16 777 185 (galement inaccessible par numrotation 7 chiffres).
ETELM
copyright
page 150
12.8.6. VPN (VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK)

VPN functions allows to different fleet to share the network and to be managed independently from other
fleets.
VPN implies :
The numbering plan may be splitted into different subranges
Each subrange may be managed independently
Each subrange have a unique prefix (in general the lowest address of the subrange)
Subrange prefix mut not been known by users
9.999.999
3.999
fleet 3
Prfixe 3
3.000
Any segment may include

Dispatch stations
Dispatch groups
Radio mobiles
Static groups
Dynamic groups
Data serveurs
Tel.sets
.
2.999
fleet 2
Prfixe 2
2.000
1.999
fleet 1
Prfixe 1
1.000
999
Example: VPN with constant subrange of 1000 numbers
On the air interface, full addresses with subrange prefix are used; in order prefix are not seen by users,
terminals must
Hide the prefix
Add the prefix for any outgoing call
All terminals on the market have not these possibilities wich have to be programmed inside the terminal.
.
Relative adressing process may be used to implement VPN ; this process is as follow :
The terminal have its own 7 digits individual adress
When the user dial a number on its keyboard, the terminal automatically add a prefix wich is the first
digit of the individual adress, missing to reach the full 7 digit.
ETELM
copyright
page 151
Example :
3
Terminal number
Number dialed by the operator ( 3 digits)
Number transmitted by the terminal
12.8.7. DIRECT MODE NUMBERING

Direct mode calls are only if the frequency is known by both party. Frequency selection maybe coupled to a
numbering plan.
Direct mode numbering is identical as the general one ; however, there are some restriction according to
following table.
numbering
MS / MS call
Inside the network

.... predefined short
Relative short
To a predefined network
Inside the visited network
To a designated network
Call through
Call through
type 1 repeater type 2 repeater
Call throught
DMO gateway
Short number adressing

PABX network
ISDN network
ETELM
copyright
page 152
13. REGISTRATION, AUTHENTIFICATION
13.1. REGISTRATION
13.1.1. IMPLICITE REGISTRATION
A network may be set in order not to need registration (network with one site as example). Thid characteristic
is broadcasted by infrastructure.
13.1.2. MULTIPLE REGISTRATION

In that case, the infrastructure do not erase old registration during a predefined period or forever. The
infrastructure keeps memory of any cells where a mobile have been located. This function is specific for one
operator.
13.1.3. NORMAL REGISTRATION

This procedure is trigerred by the mobile when it changes from one cell to another or when it is powered on.
The registration request message is transmitted with ISSI address. The infrastructure may accept or reject
the request.
MOBILE
Air
Interface
BS
Data base
registration @ISSI
Location update
reject
accept
Registration
accepted
ETELM
copyright
page 153
13.1.4. REGISTRATION WITH ASSIGNMENT

The infrastructure may take benefit of the registration of a mobile to download an assigned adress (ASSI) to
this mobile.
MOBILE
Air interface
BS
Data base
registration@ISSI
Update location
Registration accepted
and ASSI downloaded
Accept + ASSI
13.1.5. FOREIGN REGISTRATION

The registration request from a foreign mobile is immediatly recognized with the USSI adress inside this
request.
MOBILE
Air interface
BS
Visitors data
base
Home Data
base
registration @USSI
Location update
Parameters
request
rejet
reject
reject
rejet
Accept +
parameters
Registration
accepted
+ assignations
v(ASSI) et vGSSI)
ETELM
copyright
page 154
13.2. DEREGISTRATION
Infrastructure may ask to mobile to deregister when they are powered off or when they change their adentity
(mobLe rseau peut demander aux mobiles de se dsinscrire lorsquils changent didentit (individuelle ou de
groupe) oile and/or group). This characteristic is broadcasted by infrastructure.
Deregistration is a one way procedure and is not decured by ack.
MOBILE
Air interface
BS
Data base
Detach@ITSI
update
Deregistration is used by infrastructure to speed up call forward on non reachable or no response

forwarding is directly provided without waiting for mobile response.
13.3. ACTIVATION / DESACTIVATION

The infrastructure may, at any time, put a mobile in an inoperative mode for a temporary time or definitivly.
It also may reactivate a mobile which have been teporary descativated.
A mobile definitively desctivated cant be reactivated (return to an autorised center)
All these procedure are one way:
MOBILE
Air Interface
BS
Data base
Temporary
desctivation
dsactivation
ractivation
ractivation
Permanent
Dsactivation
permanente
ETELM
Permanent
dsactivation
permanente
copyright
page 155
13.4. AUTHENTIFICATION
Authentification is a check procedure of the mobile equipment; it is absolutly not related to any operator
authentification.
This procedure request to the mobile to transmit its complete serial number (TEI).
Furthermore, authentification may be used for encryption, it permits in this case to transmit secondary
encryption key to the mobile.
13.4.1. SIMPLE AUTHENTIFICATION

Authetification procedure may be triggered, at any miment by infrastructure.
MOBILE
Air interface
BS
Autehntification
request
Data base
Autentification
request
Serial number
Response with
serial number
13.4.2. AUTHENTIFICATION WITH REGISTRATION

Authentification process may be joined to any of the registration procedures.
MOBILE
Air interface
Registration request
@ISSI
Authentification
request
Serial number
Registration
accepted
ETELM
BS
Data base
Localisation update
Authentification
request
Authentification
response
accept
copyright
page 156
For visitor mobiles, the complete procedure is as follow :
MOBILE
Air interface
BS
registration @USSI
assign v(ASSI))
Registration
@v(ASSI),ITSI
Visitor data
base
Home data
base
Location update
Adress assignment
v(ASSI)
Location update
Authentification
request
Authentification
request
Request
parameters
Parameters and
TEI
Serial number
Authentification
response
Location update
Registration
accepted
Registration accepted +
assign v(ASSI), v(GSSI)
ETELM
copyright
page 157
14. AUDIO AND CIRCUIT MODE SERVICES
14.1. INTRA NETWORK SELECTIVE CALL

14.1.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Selective communications aretwo ways, point to point betxeen a calling party and a called party.
Communication may be achieved with duplex mode or with half duplex mode this mode is negociated
between infrastructure and the terminals. The mode must be half duplex if only one of these party ask for it.
Communication may or may not be encrypted.
Calling party or called party may break the communication.
During the communication, a transmitting terminal may also transmit data without any audio disturbance, by
using the STCH.
Contrary to analog radio, infrastructure may transmit data to the mobile even if its last is transmitting
especially, the infrastructure may stop mobile transmission.
Selective communications may be established :
Either with direct mode : a short ring is broadcasted on the called mobile and the communication
is immidiatly achieved that is the calling party may speak and he is listened by the called party.
Or with hook mode: the called party is ringed until the called operator kook (by depressing th
green key) or until the calling party breaks the request or by time out.
ETELM
copyright
page 158
14.1.2. MONOSITE CALL , DIRECT MODE WITHOUT FREQUENCY CHANGE:
time
calling
Tx
Rx
U_SETUP
1
2
D_CALL_PROC
4
1
4
1
4
1
L2_ACK
4
1
D_CONNECT
3
STCH mac-data
2
3
U_CONNECT
4
D_SETUP
1
4
1
4
1
D_CONNECT
4
1
2
3
L2_ACK
3
1
Channel
assignement
D_INFO
230 ms
4
1
called
Tx
Rx
3
100 ms
BS
Rx
Tx
2
3
2
3
STCH nul
late
4
1
TCH
early
TCH
Procedure is th same for audio call or for circuit mode data call, as follow :
Calling mobile transmits the call request with an ALOHA access, on the MCCH ( or on the SCCH
if previously assigned) - message U_SETUP, half a time slot
Infrastructure responds with an acknowledge (D_CALL PROCEDING) and, simultaneously sends
the call to the called mobile over the last radio site where the called mobile have been registered
Called mobile is ringed and trasmits an acknowledge (U_CONNECT)
Inffrastructure transmits to both parties, a message indicating to go on communication on an
allocated time slot.
Each party transmits back an acknowledge on the assigned channel (assigned time slot) 2 time
slot with the example
Infrastructure transmits to the calling party a message indicating the begining of the
communication on he allocated channel
Calling mobile transmits the audio signal just after transmission of a signaling stealing message
(STCH)
Infrastructure repeats preceeding messages to the called party
ETELM
copyright
page 159
For a cicuit mode data call, the channel assignment may be achieved :
Either early : in that case, the channel assignment is indicated with messages D_SETUP et
D_CALL _PROCEDING
Or late: the channel assignement is indicated inside the D_CONNECT message
For an audio call, channel assignement is made only in late form
.. in any case, a mobile receiving a channel assignment must immediatly connect on the indicated channel.
Any call establishement indicates a maximum time allowed for this communication. After this time out, any
mobile must come back to the common signaling channel.in the idle state.
14.1.3. SELECTIVE CALL, DIRECT WITH FREQUENCY CHANGE

The procedure is identical to the preceeding one but a linearisation phasis is introduced for both parties.
time
calling
BS
U_SETUP
100 ms
called
1
2
1
2
D_CALL_PROC
D_INFO
2
U_CONNECT
4
1
230 ms
D_CONNECT
Channel
change
CLCH
4
3
D_CONNECT
TCH
STCH mac-data
L2_ACK
2
3
D_SETUP
STCH nul
TCH
ETELM
copyright
page 160
14.1.4. MONOSITE CALL, HOOK MODE WITHOUT FREQUENCY CHANGE
Procedur eis as follow :
calling
infrastructure
called
Chnnel assignment
U_SETUP
D_SETUP
D_CALL_PROC
U_ALERT
early
D_ALERT
ring
Autres
messages
Autres
messages
normal
U_CONNECT
D_CONNECT
hook
late
D_CONNECT
For data transmission circuit mode, channel assignment may be

Early when the call request is received
Or normal , during the time the called party is ringed
Or late when the called party hook
For audio communication, channel assignment must be with late mode.
ETELM
copyright
page 161
14.2. INDIVIDUAL CALLS BETWEEN DIFFERENT NETWORKS

Communications between different networks may hapen as soon as the callin party and the called party are
nor under the same radio network with different situations :
Calling and called parties decalred in the same network
The calling party is under its own network coverage and the called party is a visitor of
another network
The called party is under its own network coverage and the calleing party is a visitor of
another network
The calling party and the called party are under the coverage of two different visited
networks.
Calling and called parties are not declared in the same network
Calling and called parties are under their home network coverage
Calling or called party are visitors on different networks.
From the mobile side, the call establishment procedure is exactly the same as this provided for calls in the
same network from the infrastructure side, process is different.
Following general principles are used :
The switch of the network where is located the calling party is the manager of the communication.
The communication control is transferred to another switch in case when the calling party
changes to another network.
Call establishment is managed according to localisation data recorded in the database of the
called party and not according to visitor data base indications.
14.2.1. BASIC PROCESS

Any mobile have its own data base inthe network where it is declared. One important information of this data
base is the last location where the mobile have been registered. This information is updated only y switchs of
any connected network when it accepts a registration of this mobile.
The switch of a calling party takes into account the network reference of the called party (MCC and MNC of
the called party) Then there are two ways to proceed:
The forward method
The rerouting method
ETELM
copyright
page 162
14.2.2. REROUTING CALL PROCESS

The initiating switch sends the call request to the home network of the called party.
The home data base location (last location) of the called party is interrogated.
If the called party is located in its home network, the call request is immediately routed to the last radio site of
this network.
If the called party is located to another network, the home switch rejects the call request from the initiating
switch with an indication of the new location of the called party.
The initiating switch may send a new call request directly to the designated network.
SW B
(called party
home data
base)
SW A
(originating SW )
SW C
(Called SW)
A calling
B called
the procedure is as follow:

B
Home SW
MS B
A
SW
MS A
Home SW
MS A
SETUP req ind
MIGRATION req ind
SETUP req ind

RELEASE resp conf
RELEASE req ind
INFORM 1 req ind
INFORM 1 resp conf
ETELM
copyright
page 163
C
SW
MS B
14.2.1. FORWARD CALL PROCESS

The initiating switch sends the call request to the home network of the called party.
The home data base location (last location) of the called party is interrogated.
If the called party is located in its home network, the call request is immediately routed to the last radio site of
this network.
If the called party is located to another network, the home switch reroutes the call request to the switch of the
network where is located the called party.
SW B
SW A
(originating SW )
(called party
home data
base)
SW C
(Called SW)
A calling
B called
14.2.2. TROMBONE DETECTION

Trombone situation is this one when the called mobile is visitor inside the network of the calling party..
The procedure makes a loop for the database of the called party send back an information from the calling
network indicating it is a visitor of its own.
When the calling network receives a trombone indication as reponse, it looks its own visitor database to
recover the location ( radio site) of the called party and broadcasts the call on this site.
This procedure avoids a communication over a loop with wasting link ressources and possibly degrading the
quality of services (transmission time,..).
ETELM
copyright
page 164
14.3. GROUP CALLS INSIDE A NETWORK

A group communication is bidirectionnal, point to multipoint between a calling party and severals called
prarties. Calling and called parties may be a TETRA terminal, a dispatch station and, in some case a
telephone set. The group may mix these different types of parties.
Group members share a common predefined number which is the group number and which is used to
performe the group call.
A terminal (radio or wired) may be assigned to a group :
Statiically and permanent (programmed inside terminal or with a SIM card + declaration in the
infrastructure administration)
Dynamically by an authorized operator
The group call is realized with the only group adress (GSSI) and there are no response from mobiles. The
procedure is optimized in order to minimize callestablishement time.
When mobiles are with different cell coverages, the call is performed only on radio site where mobiles owning
to the group are registered and only on these sites. This process avoids to allocate frequencies over radio
sites when it is not necessary.
If the group includes wired terminals, call establishement for these equipments may be longer than for radio
(typicall 500 milliseconds for radio equipments) especiallly in case of a phone set with hook time.
Any group communication have a unique owner. At the begininf, the owner is the initiator of the
communication (the calling party) then he may transfert its right to another group member involved in the
communication.
Only the owner of a group communication may break it but the system by time out.
A group communication need only one trafic channel per involved radio site.
Group communications are with half duplex and involved parties must use the PTT command to talk. In case
of a wired equipment, the PTT command may be implemented or omitted in this last case, the
communication is achieves with half duplex mode with radio terminals and duplex mode with wired terminals.
Group communications may or may not be crypted.
There are several different group call types :
Normal group call : the call is directly broadcasted.
Acknwolege group call: after the call is broadcasted, the infrastructure polls each of the group
member to know if they have been reached; the polling is made during communication without any
information to the mobile operators.
Acknowlege group call with conformation : this is an acknowlege group call as but the call is really
established only if some conditions are fullfilled about the mobile responses.
Group call and acknowlege group call procedure are according to following schematic (dot lines are for
acknowledge group calls) :
ETELM
copyright
page 165
calling
infrastructure
called
Channel
assignment
U_SETUP
D_SETUP
early
D_CALL_PROC
D_CONNECT
late
D_INFO
D_INFO
U_INFO
Channel assignment may be early or late for group circuit mode data call but only withe late mode for audio
group call.
14.3.1. PTT MANAGEMENT

PTT command is used for any half duplex communication (selective audio or circuit mode data call, group
audio or circuit data call). The PTT command does not directly put the radio terminal in transmit mode it is a
request to the infrastructure to get the permission to transmit. At any time, the nfrastructure allows only one
terminal to transmit that ensures there are never several mobiles simultaneously transmitting and
interfering themselves.
This reqiuest is transmitted with a U_TX DEMAND message; at the beginning of the communication, this
request may be directly transmitted with the call request.
When the infrastructure allows a mobile for transmission, it sends a D_TX GRANTED message to this mobile
which responds with a D_INFO message.
Generally, the infrastructure allows immediately transmission permission if nobody is transmitting when the
request is received.
If the request is received when another mobile is transmitting, the infrastructure may :
Either reject the request with a specific indication in the D_TX GRANTED message
or records this request in a file, waiting for the end of the ongoing transmission this is the queuing
mode in that case, the mobile must not resend the request before being authorized.
The infrastructure may, at any moment, ask to a transmitting mobile to stop this transmission with a
D_TX_WAIT message.
A mobile may request a high priority request to transmit with a U_TXDEMAND message with a specified
priority level ; The infrastructaure may or not, according to different priorities, stop the ongoing transmission
and grant the Tx permission to the new mobile. Such process is generally longer than the process to grant
th
the Tx permission in nomal way while, the U_TXDEMAND message is transmitted only during the 18 frame.
When a mobile stops transmission, it sends a U_TX_CEASED message ; this message is resent to other
mobiles with a D_TX_CEASED message this last message may be ommitted in case when the infrastructure
directly allow another mobile to transmit.if he was in the waiting list.
ETELM
copyright
page 166
Mobile A
infra
Mobile B
Channel
assignment
(audio)
Channel
assignment
(circuit data)
U_TX CEASED
D_TX CEASED
D_TX CEASED
U_TXDEMAND
D_INFO
D_TX GRANTED
U_TXDEMAND
(prioritaire)
D_TXGRANTED
D_TX INTERUPT
Any transmission authorization from infrastructure is with a maximum time and any authorizes mobile may
stop its transmission at the end o this time and send a U_TX CEASED message.
Channel allocation is permanent for circuit data mode group communication but may be broken for audio
group communication.
ETELM
copyright
page 167
14.3.2. END OF COMMUNICATION
14.3.2.1.END OF COMMUNICATION FROM MOBILE

For a selective call, any of the involved parties (calling and called) may break the communication. For group
communication, only the owner of the communication may break it.
infrastructure
A Mobile
Channel
assignment
B Mobile
U_DISCONNECT
D_DISCONNECT
D_RELEASE
U_RELEASE
May be allocated to
another
communication
14.3.2.2.END OF COMMUNICATION FROM INFRASTRUCTURE

The infrastructure may break a communication at any moment such process may be triggered when
receiveing a highest priority call request without radio ressources available or by a time out.
This end is initiated by issuing a D_RELEASE message indicating the reason of the break.
ETELM
copyright
page 168
14.3.3. TRUNKING AND QUASI TRUNKING MODES

Trunking mode with group communications may be used in order to get a little more simultaneous
communication than available trafic channels by taking benefit of the blanks during some half duplex
communications.
Statistically, it has been demonstrated that about 20% of time is wasted during half duplex communications
that is time without anybody pressing its PTT.
Such trunking is achieved by very late allocation of the trafic channel that is to allocate only when the T xis
granted to one mobile. With this process, there is a risk in case when no channel is available just at the time
a Tx is requested from a mobile.
This mode must be used only in case of radio site with large number of channels to take benefit of the
statistic effects :Theoretical gain may reach 20% only if there is a minimum of 5 trafic channels
simultaneously used with half duplex audio communications ; these statistics are very dependant upon the
user behavior.
In order to minimize risk with trunking mode, one may use the quasi trunking mode; it is a trunking mode
but with a dead time added after each of PTT release : the communication is broken only after this time out.
Mobile A
infrastructure
Mobile B
Channel
assignment
U_TX CEASED
D_TX CEASED
D_TX CEASED
U_TXDEMAND
D_INFO
D_TX GRANTED
U_TX CEASED
D_TX CEASED
D_TX CEASED
Hold time
QUASI
TRUNKING
D_TX CEASED
D_TX CEASED
U_TXDEMAND
D_INFO
ETELM
D_TX GRANTED
copyright
page 169
After sending the D_TX CEASED message from infrastructure, if there is no mobile asking for transmission
after the hold time, the infrastructure transmits a second D_TX CEASED message with indication of
ressource release.
14.3.4. BROADCAST CALL

Broadcast calls are one way group call that is only the calling party may transmit and called mobiles cant
respond.
These communications are strictly identical as normal group communications, the transmission restriction is
managed by mobiles.
14.3.5. OPEN CHANNEL CALL

Open channels call are managed as normal group call by infrastructure ; for mobiles, the difference is
because each time the PTT command is depressed while the mobile is not involved in a call, a call set up is
automatically requested by this mobile for the attached group.
As call establishement is short, there is, for a user, no significant difference between normal PTT during the
communication with the attached group and the attached group call or call again as result, if ressources are
enough, the user working on its attached group feels to use a dedicated channel as per analog radio.
14.4. INTER NETWORKS GROUP CALL

A group call is an inter networks group call as soon as one or more mobiles belonging to the group is visitor
of a network.
One separates:
The network where one mobile is initiating the communication (originating SW)
The network where the group is declared (Home SW)
The network(s) where mobile(s) belonging to the group are visitor(s) (participating SW)
.. with all possible combinations :
The originating SW may be the home SW
The originating SW may also be a participating SW (the calling mobile is visitor of a network where
other mobiles belonging to the group are also visitors)
The home SW may not be a participating SW ( all mobiles belonging to the group are out of the
home network).
The home network may be a partivcipating network
Participating networks may be only originating and / or home network(s).
Furthrmore, it is possible to merge several groups declared in different networks this case is out of this
scope.
ETELM
copyright
page 170
SW C
(Called SW)
SW B
(Group Home
data base)
SW A
(originating SW )
appel
SW C
(Called SW)
calling
called
14.4.1. BASIC PROCESS

It is the home SW which manages the communication, even if it is not participating.
(this is different from selective call ) the management includes the call establishment, the PTT
manngement and the call release.
In case when the calling party is migrating to another network, there is no change of manging SW.
14.4.2. PARTIAL GROUP

When a group call is requested, the home SW of this group make a list of any network involved ( any network
where one ore more groups members are registered).and to transmit the call request to these networks.
It may be that some of these networks are overloaded and/or they do not allow, at this moment, ressource
allocation for an external request in that case, some of the mobiles belonging to the group cant be joined.
This is a partial group.
According to the network, a partial group may be accpted or rejected that is, if it is rejected, the group
communication is refused if all the group member cant be joined.
As a network may be overloaded during limited time, it may transmit an information to the requesting network
indicating there is some delay. The communication may be established without this network then extended as
soon as tressources are available.
ETELM
copyright
page 171
15. MOBILITY
15.1. DIFFERENT CELL CHANGE CASES

There are two mobility types :
Mobility with network change (migrating)
Mobility inside a network with cell change (roaming/hand over)
A mobile normally registerd on a cell permanently evaluates the possibility to go with another cell of the same
network ; in case when it does not find any signaling TETRA channel of this network , it looks for other
networks in order to register as a visitor.
There are different cases of cell change :
Non declared reselection: the mobile is not involved in a communication or in a specific
procedure at the time it changes cell.
Non annouced reselection : the mobile does not need (or cant) to declare the change before
this change example a mobile listening a group communication
Type 3 annouced reselection : the mobile is not multislot and have not the possibility to listen to
signaling channels when it is on a trafic channel ; the mobile is obliged to break the
communication to listen signaling channels and to reselect a cell. After reselection, it request to
the infrastructure to resume the communication.
Type 2 annouced reeselection : the mobile is with multislot and may reselect during a
communication. The infrastructure cant directly and shortly switch a communication from a TCH
of one site to another TCH on another site.
Type 1 annouced reselection: it is the perfect hand over : the mobile select another cell and ask
to the infrastructure for a change with new cell indication. The infrastructure switchs the
communication on the new cell without any interrupt.
Any mobile must support minimum :
Non declared reselection
Non annouced reselection
Type 3 annouced reselection
.. type 1 and 2 are option for mobiles.
The infrastructur does not know the reselection modes supported by a mobile. Mobiles know reselection
modes supported by infrastructure thanks to the broadcasted messages. They also know the surrounding
cells of the cell where they are registered with the broadcasted messages. It must only reselect a cell wich is
indicated in the broadcasted messages.
ETELM
copyright
page 172
Reselection mode choice is made by the mobile according to following schematic :
partial
no
Neighbour cells
knowlege
Initial selection
no
yes
Radio link broken
Informations about
neighbouring cells
List of valid cells and
the best cell identified
wich is different from
the registration cell
Non annouced
reselection
yes
no
Open with a
selective audio or
circuit data
communication
Non declared
reselection
no
selective
yes
Type 1 or 2
annouced
reselection
Neighbouring cells
scanned
yes
Radio link broken
Selective or group
call establishment
group
Non annouced
reselection
Is terminal allowed
for transmission
no
yes
no
yes
Type 3
annouced
reselection
The selected
neighour cell is
checked
yes
Reslection
non annonce
no
Type 3
annouced
reselection
Type 1 or 2
annouced
reselection
ETELM
copyright
page 173
15.1.1. NON DECLARED RESELECTION

Following phases are successivly activated:
The mobile declares internaly that it is not possible to transmit or receive signalisations.
If no neighbouring cell is selected, it starts scanning to get one.
The mobile select a cell only after checking any scanning possibility
The mobile switchs over the MCCH of the selected cell
If the selected cell requests registration, the mobile registers to this new cell
If registration is refused, the mobile request a registration to another cell of the list; if it is the end
of this list, it restarts from the first and stops any on going transaction.
If it is accepted by a cell or if no registration is required, the mobile declares signaling link with
infrastructure on operation.
15.1.2. NON ANNOUCED RESELECTION

Non annouced reselection is always triggered by radio link failure, either during a communication or when the
mobile do not get all informations about surrounding cells.
At the first, the process is identical as for non declared reselection. Then, after reselection success (by
registration in the new cell) the mobile transmits immediatly a request to restore the communication
previously stopped with indication of the cell wich is just leaved (MCC,MNC,LA)
The infrastructure is theoretically able to recover the communication and to switch it over the new cell.
In case of success the mobile is informed on the signaling channel of the new cell and receives the
information about the channel assigned by the infrastructure on the new cell to resume the communication.
As soon as the reselection is effective, a mobile may resume any data transmission (but circuit data
communication) by retransmitting any transaction wich is not acknowlege.
15.1.3. TYPE 3 ANNOUCED RESELECTION

Type 3 reselection could be only with two conditions :
A neighbour cell have been selected from the list of declared neighbour cell broadcasted by
infrasructure
The radio link with present cell may be used even with low level signals
The mobile transmits first to the infrastructure a message indicating its intention to change. The infrastructure
send back either an order for immediate change or an order to wait. In this last case, the mobile wait for a
change message. If this order is not received after a fixed time or if the radio link is broken during this time
the mobile makes the change.
Then, the proces, is identical as non annouced reselection (registration to the new cell and request for call
restoration).

Type 1 and 2 are requested by the mobile with same form; it is the infrastructure which choices between type
1 or 2 reselection.
Type 2 is selected if infrastructure does not support or cant achieve type 1 reselection. In that case, the
infrastructure responds Type 1 is not possible and the reselection will be of type 3
ETELM
copyright
page 174

The mobile is able to listen neigbouring cells wich have been declared by infrastructure (broadcasted
informations on the present cell) and to select one of them with right service level, right radio link quality and
right capacity to register the mobile.
When the link quality with the present cell is decreasing, lower than the expected qlink quality with the
selected cell and sufficient to exchange signalisations, the mobiles transmits a cell change request with the
indication of the selected cell.
The infrastructure acknowledge the request and manage the change with time slot assignment over the new
cell. When all is ready, the infrastructure tr
ansmits to the mobile an order to change to the new cell with
the channel assignment. The mobile immediately change frequency and time slot and recover exactly its
communication on this channel.
15.1.2. RESELECTION DURING HALF DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS

For hal duplex communication, the mobile prefer to reselect a cell not during transmission but just after the
PTT is released.
15.2. MOBILE MECANISMS FOR RESELECTION

15.2.1. SCANNING
The scanning is used to evaluate the radio link quality with a base station ; it could be achieved according to
one of the three following mode :
15.2.1.1.FOREGROUND MODE
The mobile, in idle state on a cell :
Changes frequency to listen neighbour cell
Synchronises and decodes BNCH if no BNCH is received after 5 seconds, back to the origin
channel.
Measures radio field (RSSI) and evaluates C2
Back to the original channel
15.2.1.2.BACKGROUND MODE :
Ths mode is used when the mobile wants to evaluate the link quality with a neigbouring cell and, without
breaking the link with the present cell.
The mobile looks for synchronization and perform field measurement as for foreground mode. It decodes
BSCH and BNCH to evaluate C2 parameter.
The mobile must record any information about the TETRA calendar for each of the listened cell in order to be
able to synchronise immediatly in case of cell change and to speed up the whole scanning process to update
all the C parameters every 10 seconds.
ETELM
copyright
page 175
15.2.1.3.INTERRUPT MODE
This mode is identical as the foreground but the mobile is involved in a communication over the present cell
and must interupt it to evalaute the C parameter of an adjacent cell.
15.2.2. MONITORING
Monitoring is a continuous evaluation of the links to cells designated as neighbour of the present cell.
Procedure is according to background mode and a measure is declared as valid with minimum 10 seconds.
15.2.3. RANKING
The ranking is the permanent ipdate of the list of the neigbouring cells broadcasted by present cell.
15.2.4. LINK QUALITY MEASUREMENT

At any time, following parameters are broadcasted by each cell ;
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN : minimum level to be received by a mobile in a cell
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CELL : maximum power allowed for mobile transmission in the cell
From these parameters, a mobile permanently evaluate the C quantity according to :
C = RRSI - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN - Max ( 0, MS_TXPWR_MAX_CELL - PMS)

... PMS is the maximum RF power the mobile may transmit.
This C parameter evaluates the margin gain (in dB) of the link, corrected by the power margin of the mobile.
The C parameter is noted :
C1 for the present cell
C2 for the best neigbouring cell
If RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN and MS_TXPWR_MAX_CELL parameters are unknown for a cell, the mobile takes
the value of these parameters in the present cell.
ETELM
copyright
page 176
15.2.5. MOBILITY PARAMETERS

A lot of parameters are taken into account by a mobile for cell reselection. Four of them describe reselection
thresholds in conjunction with RX_LEVEL_MIN.
Two types of reselection are to be considered :
A fast reselection wich allows to reselect a new cell in case of fast loss of the radio link with the
present cell (reselection is necessary)
A slow reselection wich allows a mobile to select the best cell (reslection is not necessary but
optimises the process)
Fast reselection is with 3 conditions:
Link quality with present cell, evaluated with C1 parameter, goes down to a level
(FAST_RESELECT_THREHOLD) during 5 seconds
Link quality with new cell, evaluated with C2 parameter, is higher than a level added to an hysteresis
(FAST_RESELECT_THREHOLD + FAST_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS)
No cell reselection occurred during the past 15 seconds
Slow reselection is with 3 conditions:
Link quality with present cell, as evaluated by C1, goes down to a level
(SLOW_RESELECT_THREHOLD_ABOVE FAST + FAST_RESELECT_THREHOLD) during 5
seconds
Link quality with the new cell, as evaluated by C2, is higher than the quality of the link with the
present cell C1 added to a certain quantity :( SLOW_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS)
No cell reselection occurred during the past 15 seconds
The four parameters FAST_RESELECT_THREHOLD, FAST_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS,
SLOW_RESELECT_THREHOLD_ABOVE FAST, SLOW_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS are in a range of 30
dB with 2 dB steps.
ETELM
copyright
page 177
RSSI
RSSI received on the present cell
dorigine
RSSI received on the new cell
FAST_RESELECT_THREHOLD
+ FAST_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS
FAST_RESELECT_THREHOL
D
RX_LEVEL _MIN of present cell

RX_LEVEL_MIN of new cell
FAST RESELECTION
RSSI
RSSI received on the new cell
RSSI received on the present cell

dorigine
SLOW_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS
+ RX_LEVEL_MIN
SLOW_RESELECT_THREHOL
D
Niveau min Rx cellule dorigine
RX_LEVEL_MIN
Niveau min Rx nouvelle cellule
SLOW RESELECTION
ETELM
copyright
page 178
15.3. CELL CHANGE WITHOUT CALL RESTORATION

When a mobile is not involved in a communication, there is no circuit restoration. The mobile reqiests
registration on the new selected cell the process is different according to if the cells belong to the same
network or not.
When the two cells are in the same network, this network only update its data base (update of the mobiole
location) home data base if the mobile belongs to the network and visitor data base in the contrary; il this
last case, the cell change is not notified to the mobiles home data base.
When the new cell is in another network, two cases are separated :
The new cell is in the home network of the mobile that is the mobile come back to its home
network. In that case, there is only an update of the home data base.
The new cell in not in the home network ; severals options are possible :
Acceptance by the home network : the home network is interconnected with the
new network and this last ask to the home network if it may or not accept the
mobile.
Acceptance with authentification : this case is identical to the preceding one but
before clearance, the home network request an authentification procedure.
A priori confidence : the networks are interconnected, the new network accepts
the mobile without clearance from the home network but update the home
network about the mobile location. Later, if the home network refuse the
migration, it transmits a request to the new network to reject the mobile.
Programmed confidence : the networks are not interconnected or the link
between the network is broken and the new network accept or reject the mobile
according to a predefined table and or some predefined rules takinf into account
any parameter as :
Contracts cetween operators
Preserved cell for visitors and residents
Restriction when the new network is overloaded
...
ETELM
copyright
page 179
15.4. CELL CHANGE DURING INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATION

15.4.1. ROAMING WITH CIRCUIT RESTORATION
The mobile was involved in an individual communication before the cell change. In that case, there is always
a nregistration of the mobile on the new cell but with type 1 annouced reselection procedure.
15.4.2. MIGRATING WITH CIRCUIT RESTORATION

The mobile was involved in an individual communication before the cell and the network change ; there is
registration of the mobile on the new cell of the new network : after this procedure, the restoration is achieved
according to one of the two following possibiliites
15.4.2.1.FORWARD MODE RESTORATION
MOBILE A
When mobile B migrates from network 2

to network 3, the network 2 set up a
connexion to bound ntworks 1 and 3
SW 1
SW 3
SW 2
V
MOBILE B
ETELM
copyright
page 180
15.4.2.2.REROUTING MODE RESTORATION
MOBILE A
When mobile B migrates from network 2

to network 3, the network 1 set up a
circuit to network 3 and release the
connexion with network 2
SW 1
SW 2
SW 3
V
MOBILE B
15.4.2.3.TROMBONE DETECTION
During forward mode migration, there could be some trombone. Such situations must be avoided and any
network must detect theses situations. When its detected, a rerouting procedure must be achieved to solve
the problem.
ETELM
copyright
page 181
15.5. CELL CHANGE DURING GROUP COMMUNICATION

When a mobile belonging to a group and involved ina communication of this group changes cell, the
infrastructure must perform the communication continuity for this mobile, whatever this obile is transmitting or
receiving and whatever this mobile is or not the master of the communication.
15.5.1. ROAMING OF A RESIDENT DURING A GROUP COMMUNICATION

When the mobile and the group are resident of the network, the process is as follow :
If the new cell was previously involved in the group communication ( that is there is a minimum 1
other mobile of the group in the area of the wew cell) the infrastructure must route the mobile to
the same channel as previously used.
If the new cell was not involved in the group communication, the infrastructure must open a
channel for this communication on this new channel and routes the mobile to it.
In any case, the infrastructure must look if there is one mobile of the group left in the cell leaved n
by the mobile if there is no more mobile belonging to the group in this cell, the channel allocated
on thi cell must be released.
15.5.2. ROAMING OF A VISITOR DURING GROUP COMMUNICATION

The visitor is with an assigned adress and the group is also with a visitor assigne group adress. The roaming
is achieved by the network exactly as in the previous case of resident roaming, only by taking into account
visitor addresses instead of resident addresses.
15.5.3. MIGRATING OF A MOBILE DURING GROUP COMMUNICATION

The home swith of the group manages the cell change and indicates the change to the new network.
If this new network was previously involved in the same communication, it manages itself the extension on
a new cell (if necessary)
If this network was not previously invoved in the communication, it must set up the connexion with the new
cell.
The network wich is leaved by the mobile must check if there is one remaining mobile of the group in its area
if no, it must release all connexions related to the communication.
ETELM
copyright
page 182
16. SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

About thirty supplementary services are normalized ; each of the mis fully described and there may be
interferences between these services. TETRA standard lists some of these interferences but this list in non
exhaustive.
All these services are with general commin requirements:
The infrastructure must broadcasted, on request, if a service is or not available.
The operator of the network may activate or desactivate any service
The infrastructure must indicate reasons when it rejects service request from a mobile.
Any service (all telecom services and not only TETRA services) must be looked through three different points
of view for any comparison and/or evaluation.
Authorized user(s) they manage the service by seting up
Parameters of the invoked service
Rules to know if a mobile may be beneficiary or affected by the service
Beneficiary user(s) they may invoke the service
Affected user(s)
Example 1 : ambiance listening
Authorized defines who, when and what condition one may listen a mobile
Beneficiary are people authorized to liste other mobiles
Affected are listened mobiles
Exemple 2 : call forward
Authorized user defines the calls to be forwarded
Beneficiary users are the called party the call of hi mis forwarded
Affected user is the user who receives the forwarded call
The second example is well suited to understand the importance of such classification: if, as example, one
equipment is specified
authorized users = operator
Beneficiary users = mobiles
Affected users = mobiles
that means
A mobile cant program himself the forward party
A dispatch station cant be forwarded
A mobile cant be forwarded to dispatch station
A mobile cant be forwarded to telephone
..
ETELM
copyright
page 183
16.1. LIST SEARCH CALL

This service allows to set up a list of terminals with some order who may be called for a special purpose.
When the service is invoked, the infrastructure looks for the first terminal of the list and call him; without
response, it calls the second and so on..
Authorized users may create, delete and modify the list.
List declaration is with the number (adress) associated to the list and the terminal adresses.
In case when no terminal from the list may be reached, the infrastructure sends back a service reject to the
ucalling party with the reason of it (all terminals busy as example).
A list cant include a dynamic group
A list cant be inconditionally forwarded
A list search call may include some area restriction in that case, only mobiles of the list registered in the
designated radio area are called.
A list search call may with premptive priority
The list search call may be restricted according to the calling party but cant be restricted according to called
parties.
ETELM
copyright
page 184
16.2. CALL DIVERSION

Call diversion allows a user involved in a communication to call a third party ; all the parties enter into a group
ommunication.
The third party may be any :( mobile, dispatch station, telephone set, group) restrictions may be implemented
specifically and are not defined in the norm.
In a selective call, call diversion may be triggered by the calling or by the called party. The party who performs
the call diversion is the owner of the group communication.
In a group call, call diversion may be triggered by the owner of this communication.
Following table describe all situations:
second call
Indicvidual call
Group call
appel de groupe
acquitt
Broadcast group
call
Original call
Individual call
Group call
Acknowlege
group call
Group call
Acknowlege
group call
Non allowed
Group call
Group call
Group call
Non allowed
Acknowlege
group call
Acknowlege
group call
Group call
Acknowlege
group call
Non allowed
Braodcast group
call
Broadcast group
call
Group call
Broadcast group
call
Broadcast group
c
At the begining of the communication after call diversion, a signal is broadcasted to users to inform them
another party enters the communication.
16.3. INCONDITIONAL CALL FORWARD

This service activated for a terminal equipment automatically routes any incoming call to this termina to
another terminal.
The terminal who is beneficiary of this service keeps any of its facilities to issue calls.
16.4. CALL FORWARD ON BUSY

This service is identical as previous one but the call forward is performed only if the called party is
busy.(involved in another communication).
16.5. CALL FORWARD ON NO RESPONSE

The call is forwarded only if the called party do not hook after a fixed time in hook mode call.
ETELM
copyright
page 185
16.6. CALL FORWARD ON NON REACHABLE

The call is forwarded if the called party is not registered on the network or if there is no radio link between the
infrastructure and the terminal.
This service is theoretically only for mobile terminals while wired terminal are always reachable.
The called terminal may issue another call but, in this case, that means the radio link is recovered that is the
terminal is reachable.
16.1. VOICE MESSAGING

In many cases, call forwar on busy, no reply and not reachable are programmed to a voice messaging as
for the GSM.
Usage of it is simple and it implies SDS messages to prevent any user about the number of pending
messages.
16.2. CALL AUTHORIZED BY DISPATCHER

This service allows a dispatcher to check and to establish communications between two parties who are
normally non authorized to call themself.
Autorisation may take into account any parameter as :
Calling profile
Type of calls
Called party
Areas
.
If a mobile to mobile call involves two different authorisations (one for the calling party and one for the called
party) with two different dispatchers, only one of these autorisation must be performed by the system.
When a dispatcher authorizes a communication, this autorisation may apply if the called party is forwarded to
a third party.
Preemptive priority calls must not be concerned by autorisation.
Autorisation by dispatcher cancels any incoming or outgoing restriction for a terminal.
ETELM
copyright
page 186
16.3. INCOMING CALL BARING

This service do not allow calls according to different characteristics wich may be :
Any of the incoming call for a mobile
Any of the incoming call from outside of the network
Any call from a list of identified users
Any call from a list of identified networks
Any incoming group call
..
16.4. OUTGOING CALL BARING

This service is the inverse from the preceding ; it forbids call from a user according to the call type :
Either any party
Either call outside of the network
Either call to PSTN
Either call using defined intersystem links
Either call outside of a fleet
Either call outside of a defined area
Either some call with defined characteristics (as example circuit mode data call)
Either call to defined terminald or groups
...
16.5. CALL REPORT

When a selective call cant be established for any reason, the call report service gives an indication to the
calling party with two possibilities :
If the called barty cant be reached for it is busy, the call report service invoked by the calling party
triggers transmission of the missed call indication to the called party as soon as it is free and
before a fixed amount of time.
If the called party cant be reached because the infrasctructure does not reach it, the call report
service invoked by the calling party triggers the transmission of the missed call indication as soon
as the called party will be again active on the network before a fixed amount of time.
ETELM
copyright
page 187
16.6. SECOND CALL

This service displays on a terminal (radio or wired) the incoming calls when this terminal is already involved in
another communication. The terminal may
Either ignore the second call
Or reject this second call
Or accept this second call
The second call indication is displayed durin a maximum predefined time, it includes the priority level of this
second call and the procedure is different according to the on going communication type.
16.6.1. CALLED PARTY INVOLVED ON A SELECTIVE COMMUNICATION

If the called paty ends its communication during the time the second call is displayed, this second call is
automatically processed as normally from the end of the first communication.
The called party may also put the first call in a hold state.
16.6.2. CALLED PARTY INVOLVED IN A GROUP COMMUNICATION WICH HAS

NOT BEEN INITIATED BY HIM
The called party may leave the group communication to answer the second call ; the group communication is
not altered for other group members.
16.6.3. :CALLED PARTY INVOLVED IN A GROUP COMMUNICATION INITIATED

BY HIM
In that case, if the called partywant to access to the second call, he must first either release the group
communication, or transfert the control of it to another group member.
16.6.4. CALLING PARTY IN THE SAME GROUP

The situation when the called party and the calling party are in the same group and a second call is issued
betwenn then, that means either the calling party had not been reached by the group call. In that case the late
entry service must apply or the calling party wants to have a selective communication out of the ongoing
group communication.
For this reason and in case when the infrastructure does not know exactly the group members, the second
call service must be processed by infrastructure.
16.6.5. SECOND CALL IGNORED BY THE CALLED PARTY

After the fixed time to display the second call indication and without callin party acceptance, the display is
suppressed and the calling party is informed of the reject.
16.6.6. SECOND CALL REJECTED

.. same effect as previous case.
ETELM
copyright
page 188
16.6.7. LACK OF RESSOURCE

If the called party accepts the second call while there is not enough ressource to establish the
communication, an error message is displayed on the called terminal wich may accepta gain this second call
during all the time the second call is displayed.
16.7. CALLING LINE IDENTIFICATION PRESE NTATION

This service displays the identity of the calling party on the called terminal with sufficient accuracy in order the
called party may call back the calling party.
16.8. CONNECTED LINE IDENTIFICATION PRESENTATION

This service displays the identity of the real called party on the calling terminal wxhile the connected party
may be different from the called party in case of call forward as example). This indication must be accurate
enough to perform another call.
16.9. CALLING/CONNECTED LINE IDENTIFICATION RESTRICTION

This service do not allow the two preceding services (red list).
16.10.ADVICE OF CHARGE
Charging may be very complex especially with group communication and charging rules are out of the
scope of TETRA standard.
In case when charging is achieved by any way, the advice of charge service displays according to case:
An indication at the end of the communication
An indication during the communication
An indication when the call is established
ETELM
copyright
page 189
16.11.CALL HOLD
Communication hold is achieved by this service, for individual or group calls.wich have not been initiated by
this terminal.
Maximum number of calls hols by a terminal is fixed by the system.
16.11.1.INDIVIDUAL CALL HOLD

The call hold may be from the calling or the called party; the effects are :
A release of the ressources occupied by the on going communication
A display, on the non invoking call hold terminal, of an indication of this hold.
When a communication is hold, any of the two parties may release this communication by the normal
procedure.
Both parties of an hold communication are considered as busy from the infrastructure.
When a user have hold several communication, he may resume it selectivly if the infrastructure have no
ressource at this moment, it indicates it and the communication remains on hold ; it may be resumed later.
16.11.2.MULTIPOINT CALL HOLD

Only the owner of a multipoint communication may invoke the call hold for this communication.
Parties involved in this communication are informed of the call hold and they may go on communication
without the owner of the communication.
The party invoking the call haold is considered as busy from the infrastructure and hem ay issue any other
call.
The infrastructure go on managing the multipoint communication as if i twas not on hold.
When a terminal in a call hold is called with a higher priority call ; the communication on hold is released for
this terminal and the new communication is established. this is for selective calls and group calls.
16.12.CALL COMPLETION ON BUSY SUBSCRIBER

When a calling party A try to reach a party B wich is busy, he may invoke the call completion on busy
subscriber service. As soon as the called party is clear, the infrastructure automatically call both party.
This service is time limited.
If the called party B is forwarded to C, and if C is busy, the infrastructure waits for the first call release (from B
or C) to perform the service.
If the original communication have an area restriction and if party B goes out of the allowed area during the
waiting time, the completion is cancelled and the calling party is informed.
ETELM
copyright
page 190
16.13.CALL COMPLETION ON NO REPLY

This service triggers periodically a call to the non replying terminal during a time limited period or until there is
a reply.
Parameters of this service are the period time and the maximum time for this service; they are fixed in the
infrastructure.
16.14.SHORT NUMBER ADRESSING

This service is related to short adresses of the network; it is not related to any short number used inside any
terminal equipment.
Authorized users may define this service with:
The list of the short number adresses on the network
For each short adress, the list of supplementary services available.
For each short address, the list of beneficiary usersles adresses abrges du rseau
16.15.PRIORITY CALL
Each call request includes a prority level. There are 8 priority level (one have to add 8 more priorities with
premptive level).
The priority is used when call request are store in the waiting list (so priorities have no effect if the network is
unloaded). It is also displayed on the called terminal(s).
The infrastructure may correct priorities according to its own rules.
16.16.CALL RETENTION PRIORITY

Any TETRA communication have a priority information named CRV. It is used in case of lack of ressources
to know what communication must be released to set up a premptive priority call.
In case when CRV are equal, the eldest communication is released first.
Aythorized user(s) may assign CRV to some users or user groups.
16.17.PREEMPTIVE PRIORITY CALL

This service is only used in case when the network have not enough ressources. It releases the lowest CRV
communication (the eldest of them if there are many) in order to get ressources for a highest priority request
call.
Premptive priority call may be transmitted by a mobile, even if it is not registered on the network.
The called party is included in the call request.
If the called party is already involved in a selective call :
If the on going communication is with a highest priority, the new request is rejected
ETELM
copyright
page 191
In the contrary, an preemptive priority indication is displayed to the called party and an
alarm is transmitted to other parties involved in the ongoing communication
After a fixed time (from 0 to 10 seconds) the ongoing communication is released and the
highesqt priority communication is established.
If the called party is already involved in a group communication :
If he is not the owner of the communication, he is only isolated from the group and the
highest priority communication is established while other group members may go on their
communication (but if it have not been prempted in case of lack of ressource).
If he is the owner of the communication, this communication is released.
16.18.DISCRETE LISTENING
Discrete listening offers the possibility to benficiary user(s) to listen some communications woyhout ny
indication to the listened users.
As option, the listener may be authorized to enter into a listened communicztion and to break it.
This service needs:
Listened groups must be clearly defined
Anciliary functions reltive to come into a communication and to release it must be clearly dfined
Beneficiary user(s) must be clearly defined
Listener must be registered and authentified
Listener must invoke the service and indicate when they live it.
16.19.AMBIANCE LISTENING
A control point (CP) may control a terminal (MS or LS) with a special communication type, without any
action from this terminal.
Ambiance listening does not restrict any of the possibilities of the terminal to send or to receive a call.
A mobile may be set in ambiance listening if it is already involved in a call.
Any audio call or any packet data request from a terminal in ambiance listening mode cancels this mode.
If the terminal is already in ambiance listening (from another benficiary user) the invoking party receives a
busy indication and, according to the network, may join or not the on going ambiance listening. in this case,
an indication is sent to others listeners.
This service may b used only by some designed and authentified people. In a lot of case, the service may be
activated for one terminal only after a distress call from this user.
ETELM
copyright
page 192
16.20.TALKING PARTY IDENTIFICATION

This service allows to know, at any moment during a group communication who is speaking.
The talking party identity is transmitted with PTT signaling.
For individual calls, the talking party is always the calling party.
In case when the call is forwarded, the talking party identity is the identity of the terminal really depressing its
PTT.
Talking party identification is not active for user(s) beneficiary of the calling/connected line identification
restriction service.
16.21.AREA SELECTION
This service allows the authorized user(s) to define, for any mobile/and or group the area where they may
take benefit of the TETRA services.
One may define, as example:
Any TETRA network
The home network
The visited network(s)
The cell
The cell and the adjacent cells
A specific area

A call under area selection may be submitted to dispatcher authorization.
16.22.LATE ENTRY
By this service, the infrastructure periodically transmits group call when they are active. This signaling is
transmitted over commonsignaling channels in order to reach mobiles not in a trafic channel.
A mobile belonging to a group may be out of coverage or powered off or involved in another communication
during a call establishment for this group. When the mobile is again ready to receive the call (power on or
moving to a coverage area or communication release), it automatically joins the group communication as
soon as this last is not finished.
This service is defined for any group with
The group identity
The period of recall
16.23.TRANSFER OF CONTROL
Any group communication have one and only one owner ; this last have unique rights as this to release the
communication.
ETELM
copyright
page 193
At the first, the owner of a group communication is the initiator of this communication (calling party) the
owner may transfer his rights to another group member involved in the communication by the service
transfert of control.
The transfer is realized with indication of the new owner identity; the infrastructure may accept or reject the
transfer; in case of acceptance, the transfer is notified to both parties.
According to the network, charge transfer may or may not be with transfer of control.
16.24.DYNAMIC GROUP ASSIGNMENT

An authorized user may create, edit or suppress a group from any party (individual terminals, group,..) and
use a group adress to name it.
Short number adresses and lists (for least search call) cant be included in a dynamic group.
After any creation, mofification or deletion of a dynamic group, any group member is informed about it.
Dynamic group cant be included in a list for search list calls.
Dynamic assignements are individually notified for each of the concerned terminals: if the terminal is
reachable at the time of the modification, it is immediatly updated ; if it is non reachable at this moment, the
infrastructure wait for the next registration of this terminal to inform it.
ETELM
copyright
page 194
16.25.INTERFERENCES BETWEEN SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Lis search call

Include call
Call forward unconditional
Cll forward on busy
Call forward on no reply
Call forward on not reachable
Call authorized by dispatcher
Barring of incoming calls
Barring of outgoing calls
Call report
Second call
Callinfg line identification
Conected line identificzation
Calling/connected line
identification restriction
Call hold
Call completion on busy
subscriber
Call completion on no reply
Short number adress
Priority call
Preemptivr priority call
Advice of charge
Discrete listening
Ambiance listening
Talking party identification
Are selection
Late entry
Transfer of control
Dynamic group assignment
Call retention priority
ETELM
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
copyright
0
0
0
0
page 195
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
17. DATA SERVICES

TETRA standard V+ D defines three types ofdata transmissions :
Cicuit mode data

IP packet mode data
Short Data Sercice (SDS)
17.1. CIRCUIT MODE

17.1.1. DESCRIPTION
With this mode, the infrastructure set up a link from one point to another point or to other points by allocating
radio ressources during the whole time of the data communication. The resource allocation is allocated after
negociation between infrastructure and terminals as for an audio call.
17.1.2. AVAILABLE DATA RATES

Available data rates for circuits mode are ;
Protected mode without interleaving :
7.2 kbit/s 14.2 kbit/s 21.6 kbit/s and 28.8 kbit/s
Low protection with short interleaving:
4.8 kbit/s 9.6 kbit/s 14.4 kbit/s and 19.2 kbit/s
High protection with short interleaving:
2.4 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s 7.2 kbit/s et 9.6 kbit/s
Low protection with medium interleaving :
High protection with medium interleaving
Low protection long interleaving
High protection and long interleaving
Following table indicates the time slot number required indifferent cases :
Data rate ( kbit/s )
Timeslot number
( 1 carrier )
7.2 non protected
14.4 non protected
21.6 non protected
28.8 non protected
4.8 low protection short interleaving
ETELM
Interleaving length
( number of slots )
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
copyright
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
page 196

2.4 high protection short interleaving
4.8 low protection medium interleaving
2.4 high protection medium interleaving
4.8 low protection long interleaving t long
9.6 low protection interleaving long
14.4 low rotection long interleaving
19.2 low protection long interleaving
2.4 high protection long interleaving
9.6 high protection long entrelacement
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
When a circuit mode call request is received with a given data rate, according to available ressources and
calling and called party declared possibilities, the infrastructure may :
Either set up the communication with required data rate
Or refuse the communication
Or set up a communication with a different data rate :
for unprotected data
If the requested data rate was 28.8kbit/s, the infrastructure may offer 21.6 kbit/s
or 14.4 kbit/s or 7.2 kbit/s
If the required data rate was 21.6kbit/s, the infrastructure may offer 14.4 kbit/s or
7.2 kbit/s
If the required data rate was 14.4kbit/s,the infrastructure l'infra may offer 7.2
kbit/s
for data with low protection
If the required data rate was 19.2kbit/s, the infrastructure may offerr 14.4 kbit/s ou
9.6 kbit/s or 4.8 kbit/s
If the required data rate was 14.4 kbit/s, the infrastructure may offer 9.6 kbit/s ou
4.8 kbit/s
If the required data rate was 9.6 kbit/s, the infrastucture may offer 4.8 kbit/s
If the long interleaving was required, the infrastructure may offer medium or short
interleaving
If the medium interleaving was required, the infrastructure may offer short
interleaving
for data with high protection :
If the required data rate was 9.6kbit/s, the infrastructure may offer 7.2 kbit/s ou
4.8 kbit/s ou encore 2.4 kbit/s
If the required data rate was 7.2 kbit/s, the infrastructure may offer 4.8 kbit/s ou
2.4 kbit/s
If the required data rate was 4.8 kbit/s, the infrastructure may offer 2.4 kbit/s
If the long interleaving was required, the infrastructure may offer medium or short
interleaving
If the medium interleaving was required, the infrastructure may offer short
interleaving
ETELM
copyright
page 197
17.2. SDS DATA

17.2.1. Description
SDS (Short Data Service) offer following services
Transmission and reception of short individual messages

Transmission and reception of short group messages
Transmission and reception of short user defined messages (status)
Transmission and reception of short user dfined messages (status)
17.2.2. CAPACITY
There are 4 SDS classes
Type 1 SDS : fixed length 16 bit
Type 4 SDS : variable length from 0 to 2047 bit
Blocs representative of SDS are exchanged over common signaling channels or, trafic channels if one party
ins involved in a communication (audio or data).
When SDS are transmitted over MCCH or SCCH, the number of time slot needed is according to following
table :
SDS type 1 ( 16 useful bit)

DOWNLINK
1 half slot
8 slots
1 half slot
1 half slot
+ 8 slots
UPLINK
ALOHA access
ALOHA access
Preserved access
17.2.3. FLASH MESSAGES

Normal SDS messages received by a terminal are stored in the memory of this terminal and an indication is
displayed on the home page to show any pending message in the memory.
In some case, it is useful not to store the received SDS message but to display it directly: it is the flash
message. These are transmitted exactly as a standart SDS but with one bit difference in the header.
Flash message are automatically erased with an action from the user.
Flash messages are well suited to MMI with real time functionalities.
ETELM
copyright
page 198
17.3. PACKET DATA MODE
17.3.1. DESCRIPTION
Packet data are exchanged over the air interface on logical signaling channels.
There are three types of packet data sevices :
" Connection Oriented Packet Data Service " - CONP
" Connectionless Packet Data Service " - SCLNP
" Packet IP "
CONP is a service wich transfer X25 packet data from a source node to a destination node by using the
ISO8348/8878/8208 protocol. It set up and release dynamically logical connections or virtual circuits between
users.
SCLNP transfer a data packet from a source node to a destination node without circuit connection. It may be
used either with FULL mode ( data transfer + all other specific TETRA facilities),or in SLIM mode ( data
transfer + some specific TETRA facilities).
SCLNP offers up to 2048 bytes transfer with specific facilities :
priority ( SLIM andt FULL )
under adressing ( SLIM and FULL )
datation ( FULL only )
broadcast ( FULL only under operator control )
area selection ( FULL only under operator control )
packet recording ( FULL only under operator control )
CONP an SCLNP are now rarely used, compared to IP packet data mode.
17.3.2. PACKET IP DATA MODE

Packet IP data mode offers direct exchange of packet as usually used by softwares between mobiles or
between a mobile and serveur(s) directly connected to the infrastucture.
An IP packet is transmitted according to :
The transaction is initialised by infrastructure over a common signaling channel (MCCH or SCCH).
This initial procedure is realized with opening an advanced link over a physical channel selected by
the infrastructure.
The packet is transmitted with advanced link
The packet is transmitted with or without two types of compression
Header compression
Data compression
When there is no more packet to transmit, - and after some time out the advanced link is
desctivated.
IP packet transmission is realized in circuit mode with the high efficiency of the advance link.
TETRA standard distinguish different mobile classes according to their possibilities to handle IP packet mode
in the same time as other facilities.
A parallel : the mobile may simultaneously offer IP packet data mode and circuit mode and SDS
transmission ; it accepts circuit mode and SDS when it is in the REAY state.
B alterned : the mobile cant manage circuit mode and IP packet data mode in the same time. It
may accept SDS transmissions and circuit mode establishment signaling when it is in the READY
state but it cant start itself the circuit mode.
ETELM
copyright
page 199
C IP dual mode : the mobile cant support call establishment circuit mode signalisations ( and
circuit mode itself) when it is in packet mode ( status READY) nevertheless, it may accepts SDS
data.
D IP dual mode restricted : the mobile cant accept any SDS or circuit data call set up signalisation
when it is in packet data mode, status READY
E IP and SDS only: the mobile do not support circuit mode
F IP only
17.4. INTEFACES TO TERMINALS

Access from a terminal is through the standard PEI interface (Peripheric Equipment Interface ).
Between a central equipment and a mobile terminal, following protocols are available:
17.4.1. DATA SERVICE ACCESS FOR CIRCUIT MODE AND SDS

Terminal
Equipement
Terminal
Mobile
Application
AT Commands
Other levels
V24
V24
CMCE
MLE
AI 2
AI 1
RT
The protocol is based upon AT commands..such protocol is also intensively used between a terminal
equipment and a wired modem; irt is also used with GSM, what offers some compatibility level with
applications developed for GSM.
ETELM
copyright
page 200
17.4.2. PACKET DATA SERVICE ACCESS :

Equipement
Terminal
Terminal
Mobile
IP Signalisation + Relayage ou SCLNP
ou X25PLP
Convergence
MLE
PEI DLL
AI 2
( PPP )
IP or SCLNP or X25PLP
PEI DLL
( PPP )
V24
V24
AI 1
R1
PPP : specifique point to point protocol

IP : Internet Protocol
ETELM
copyright
page 201
18. ENCRYPTION
Enccryption itself is a very simple process wich transform a binary stream to another one with same length
according to an algoritm and a key. The key management is often more difficult to handle.
There several types of algoritm and keys are either private (one identical key between users) or public (two
keys per subscriber : one public for transmission and one private for reception).
18.1. END TO END ENCRYPTION

The whole link betwenn two users is protected ; encryption is done inside terminal equipments (radio or
wired).
compressor
SW
compressor
BS
Air interface encryption

End to end encryption
End to end encrypotion is difficult to implement with audio compressor while an audio signal must be
encrypted after the compressor and not before.
Encryption defined with TETRA standard deals only with air interface ; end to end encryption may be realized
according to IEE standard.
ETELM
copyright
page 202
18.2. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE KEYS

There are two types of keys for encryption:
18.2.1. PRIVATE KEYS

Private keys are simple and efficient : users who want to exchange information confidentially share the same
key wich is used to encode and to decode messages. The key may be specific to an equipment or from an
user authentification or from a SIM card.
The same key is used from encoding and decoding data.
Keys may be different according to communication type. Group communications may be protected with
different keys qccording to the group and these keys are different from keys used for selective
communications.
Group keys must be downloaded to an equipment in case when it is remotely assigned to a group and after
check of its own individual key.
18.2.2. PUBLIC KEYS

These keys are more complex ; they are used only since a short time. The priciple is as follow :
Each user have two different keys : one for encryption, wich is public and one for decoding wich is private.
The public key is known everywhere and anybody who want to transmit confidentially a message to
somebody get the public key of the destination user and encrypt data with this key.
The destination user is the only one to know the reverse key of the preceeding and useit to decode the
message.
It is not possible to find the reverse key from the orginal one.
Public key KP
Inverse key (private)
ALGORITHM
ALGORITHM
table
Cl dduite Kd
decryption
encryption
Message to
transmit
Encrypted message
Message as original
Public keys are not used by TETRA standart - only private keys process are defined
ETELM
copyright
page 203
18.3. AIR INTERFACE ENCRYPTION

Air interface encryption is realized by combining, bit to bit, data to be encrypted and a encrytion sequence
wich is made from a KSG ( Key Stream Generator) ; Such process dont use any memory effect, what avoid
error propagation (sensitivity for radio link).
Encryption is made at the higher MAC level; it affects any signaling and audio message but dont affect
headers and adresses.
18.3.1. KEY STREAM GENERATOR

The key stream generator is with an algoritm, a key and an initial value ; it produces n bit per time slot named
KSS(0), KSS(1), .. KSS(n-1), the largest value for n is 432, it is obtained for TCH 7.2 non protected channel.
Bit generated by the key stream generator are added modulo 2(exclusive or) with data.
If the number of bit to be encrypted is less than the number of bit generated by the KSG, remaining bit from
the KSG are not used.
Information about channel allocation are not encryted same for fill bit.
Following diagram show the process for a full time slot encrytion and for half time slot encryption.
MAC
header
TM-SDU1
MAC
header
TM-SDU1
Fill bit
Fill bit
KSS1
KSS2
KSS1(0)
clear
encrypted
KSS2(0)
clear
Time slot n
encrypted
Time slot n + 1
FULL TIME SLOT ENCRYPTION
ETELM
copyright
page 204
MAC TM-SDU1
header
MAC TM-SDU1
header
Fill bit
KSS2
KSS1
KSS2(0)
KSS1(0)
clear
encrypted
Fill bit
clear
encrypted
Time slot n
HALF TIME SLOT ENCRYTION

Process is the same for downlink as for uplink
18.3.2. NUMBER AND PARAMETERS FOR KSG

Different key stream generators may be used. TETRA standart makes provision for 16 : 8 for standart
algoritm and 8 for propriatary ones.
Initial value (noted IV) must be periodically changed in order to avoid replay technologies ; it contains 29 bit
noted IV(0).... IV(28) according to frame number and following rules :
The first two bit are same as time slot number (0 to 3)
following 5 bit are same as frame number (1 to 18)
following 6 bit are multiframe number (1 to 60)
following 15 bit are hyperframe extension number ( 0 to 32767)
last bit is equal to 0 for downlink and 1 for uplink
encryption may be according to :
key
Encrytion stream
KSG
Initial value
Clear text
ETELM
copyright
Encrypted text
page 205
18.3.3. KEYS
Several different keys are used according to trafic type. Information about the key in use are transmitted in
clear form in the MAC header.
SCK key (secondary key) : at a given time, a switch have one and only one SCK key wich is used for any non
selectiv trafic and for selectiv trafic to non authentified mobiles.
DCK key (drivated) :it is used with any uplink trafic and for any selective downlink trafic to authentified users
MGCK key (group modified) : it is specific for each group and is used to encryt any trafic of this group ; it is
made from two keys :
GCK key (group) specific for each group
CCK key (common) spcific for each radio site
18.3.4. ENCRYTION TYPE

Several types of encryption level are distinguished :
type 1 : no encrytion. Authentification but terminal identities are verified during registration
type 2 : encrytion with SCK key
type 3 : authentification procedure is used and DCK keys are exchanged between terminal and infrastructure
during this procedure.
Thanks to this key, a terminal may find the common key (CCK) and, from it, find MGCK key for each of the
groups it belongs.
Whatever be the encrytion level, distress calls are without authentification.
18.4. AUTHENTIFICATION OF A USER BY INFRASTRUCTURE

The key stream generator uses an algoritm A and a key K
key K
Algorithm A
Authentification is a procedure wich allow to a party to check if the other party share the same key as itself.
This procedure must be realized without transmission of the key itself and and realized in order to avoid
replay that is a record by an intruder of the data exchanges and a replay of it without knowlege of the
content of these data.
Authentification is realized by transmitting a non encrypted bit stream. This bit stream is encrypted by the
terminal to be authentified and sent back.
By comparing the two stream, the nitiating party knows if the key used by the relote terminal is the same as
its own.
ETELM
copyright
page 206
Random stream
K
By extension of this procedure, it is possible to transmit, in the same time as authentification, a derived key
(noted DK)
Ramdom stream S1
K
Ramdom stream S2
DK
DK
=
Authentification check if a remote terminal share the same key ; this last may be
Either hard programmed inside the terminal
Or programmed on a SIM card
Or elaborated from a dialing
Or elaborated from a PIN code
Or any combination of these methods
ETELM
copyright
page 207
18.4.1. AUTHENTIFICATION OF AN INFRASTRUCTURE FROM A TERMINAL

A terminal may check if the infrastructure where it is registerd is the right one (and not an infrastructure
controlled by enemy) that is achieved by an authentificaztion process wich is the reverse as the preceding
one.
18.4.2. MUTUAL AUTHENTIFICATION

Authentification of the terminal by the infrastructure and authentification of the infrastructure by the terminal
may be performy the infrastructure or by the terminal.
A derived key DK is transmitted during this double process.
ETELM
copyright
page 208

Tetraform 8 Anglais

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tetraform 8 Anglais

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TETRA

theoretical TETRA training

Your comments will be wellcomed for the next version

theoretical TETRA training

theoretical TETRA training

theoretical TETRA training

2.1. COMPARISON WITH ANALOG RADIO - COVERAGE

theoretical TETRA training

theoretical TETRA training

2.2. LINK BUDGET, TRANSMITTED POWER

theoretical TETRA training

2.2.3. Link budget

theoretical TETRA training

FREE SPACE ATTENUATION

ATTENUATION / 400 MHz

(mobile antena : 1,5 m)

theoretical TETRA training

2.2.4. OPTICAL COVERAGE

2.3. MULTIPROPAGATION, TERRAIN PROFILE

Delay T1, attenuation A1

theoretical TETRA training

Two model types are used :

theoretical TETRA training

class A : equipment supporting hilly terrain and urban difficult conditions

2.4. MULTIPATH PROPAGATION AND ANTENAS

2.4.2. multipath and contrast

Contrast between direct signal

theoretical TETRA training

Contrast direct path/reflected paths is not

theoretical TETRA training

Contrast direct path/reflected paths is

v cos = radius speed of the mobile

Typical value is 100Hz shift for 92 Km/h speed

theoretical TETRA training

2.6. SAME CHANNEL INTERFERENCE FREQUENCY REUSE

2.7. WIDE BAND TETRA NOISE

2.7.1. wide band noise transmitted by base stations

2.7.2. Wide band noise transmitted by mobiles

theoretical TETRA training

Wide band noise transmitted by

Transmission time sharing from mobiles

theoretical TETRA training

theoretical TETRA training

Transmitters intermodualtion : a Tx antena receives the signal transmitted by others antenas

theoretical TETRA training

2.9. CELLULAR ORGANISATION

Cellular organisation is made with following requirements :

Optimum cell radius (Km) / pattern

( source : TWENTE University )

theoretical TETRA training

By comparison, typical coverage without frequency reuse :

2.10. HERTZIAN EFFICIENCY

Communication number per 100

theoretical TETRA training

2.11. RADIO LINK BETWEEN MOBILE AND BASE STATION

2.11.1. MOBILE Tx POWER REGULATION

2.11.1.1.max Tx power allowed in a cell

2.11.1.2.forward Tx power regulation

Base station Tx power

2.11.1.3.Loop Tx power regulation

2.11.2. COLOR CODE

theoretical TETRA training

2.11.3. PROPAGATION TIME MONITORING