Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I.
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Insulated overlap
c.
b. un-insulated overlap
d. none of the above.
Earth pit value resistance is measures in which type of meter
a. Insulation megger
c. Earth megger
volt
meter
b.
d. Am meter
Insulation value resistance of a cable is measures in which type of
meter
a. Clip on meter
c. Lux meter
b. Insulation megger
d. Earth megger
How many neutrals earth pits are there for one transformer in a
sub-station
a. One
c. Two
b. Three
d. Four
Minimum how many earth pits are there in a 11 KVsub-station
a. Four
c. Six
b. Eight
d. Ten
Schedule maintenance for CLS panel is done
a.
b.
Weekly
Monthly
c.
d.
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Fortnightly
Yearly
c )
( b
b )
( c
14)
15)
16)
a. plate type
c. strip type
b. pipe type
d. none of the above
Which type fire extinguisher is used for electrical fire
c.
d.
Water
Co2 & dry powder
Foam
None of the above
Watts
KW
Kilowatts
KWH
Kilowatt Hour
KVA
KVAR
H.P.
Horse Power
A.H.
Ampere Hours
P.F.
Power Factor
R.P.M.
10
O.H.
Over Head
11
L.T.
Low Tension
12
H.T.
High Tension
13
E.H.T.
14
C/S
15
A.C.
Alternating current
16
D.C.
Direct current
17
C.L.S.
18
A.T.
Auxillary Transformer
19
L.E.D.
20
E.M.F.
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10 Ohms
a.
b.
II.
d.
6 Ohms
( c
b )
( b
21
P.D.
Potential difference
22
M.D.B.
23
S.D.B.
Sub-Distribution Board
24
C.B.
Circuit Breaker
25
D.B.
Distribution Board
26
M.C.B.
27
A.C.B.
28
O.C.B.
29
C.F.L.
30
F.T.
Flourosent Lamp
31
M.H.
Metal Halide
32
S.V.
Sodium Vapour
33
I.C.
Incandecent
34
U.P.S.
35
L.T.U.G
36
P.V.C.
37
H.R.C.
III.
1)
The process of removing heat from low temperature level and rejecting at high
temperature is called. REFRIGERATION.
Any substances for change of its state at constant temperature absorbs/give up heat is
called LATENT HEAT.
The sum of sensible heat and latent heat of substance in process is called ENTHALPY.
The latent heat of fusing ice is 144 BTU/LB.
The unit of refrigeration is TON OF REFREGIRATION 12000 Btu/Hr or 3023.98
K.Cal/Hr.
The temperature measured by ordinary thermometer is called SENSIBLE HEAT.
What is the boiling point of water 100 C at Atmospheric Pressure
AT what temperature water starts freezing_ 0 C. at Atmospheric Pressure
The unit of heat is BTU OR K.CAL
RMPU means ROOF MOUNTED PACKAGE AC UNIT
The setting of HP cutout in RMPU coaches is 415 psi.
The setting of LP cutout in under slung coaches is 35 psi.
The boiling point of refrigerant R22_ -40.8 C.
The boiling point of refrigerant R12. 29.8 C.
Artificial respiration is required to the person met with electrical accident.
The rating of alternator in TL coaches is 4.5 KW.
The latent heat of evaporation IS THE HEAT REQUIRED TO CHANGE THE LIQUID INTO
VAPOUR.
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IV.
64)
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66)
Ans True
13) If a man touches a live wire, he gets SHOCK. /electrocuted. (True or false)
Ans True
14) The width of alternator pulley of 4.5 KW 110V is 140mm. (True or false)
Ans False
15) Shorting of power diode test to be conducted at full load. (True or false)
Ans True
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Switch gear in every quarter and the motor & pump section every half yearly.
Starters are DOL starter, star delta starter, Auto T/F starter.
8) What are the hydraulic data required for designing a pump capacity?
Ans: Following are the hydraulic data required for designing the pump capacity
a. The depth of the Bore or well (suction height/ below ground level)
b. The delivery light.
c. The yield of the Borewell.
d. The horizontal distance of the pumping from bore well where planned to deliver.
9) What is BHP, How do you calculate the BHP of pump BHP-> Brake horse power?
Ans The following formula is used for calculating the BHP capacity of the pump.
Q H/4500 = in horse power
i.e., P = Discharge in Liters/minute
H= Head in Meters
10) What do you mean by energy conservation? why it is required and how it can be done?
Ans Energy conservation means saving of Electricity without fore going its utility.
Conservation is required in present scenario of growing demand of power, depleting of
natural resources and increase of and lack of Proportional, global worming
Conservation can be achieved by many methods some of the growing supply of power.
a.
Use of star rated equipments like AC, methods geysers, Pumps, fans etc.
b. Provision CFL/.T5 in place of IC lamps.
c.
By using non conventional sources of energy by reducing consumption of
conventional sources of energy.
d. Switching OFF of lights/Fans when not required.
e.
Use of solar water heater.
f.
Use of solar plants.
g.
Use of 70% & 30%.
h. Use of segregation timers for water wderse high mast lights pumps.
i.
Use of APFC panels
j.
Use of copper wiring inplace of Aluminum wiring.
11) What are the test and measuring instrument required in an Electrical depots?
Ans. Following are the test and measuring instruments required in an Electrical depots.
a. Test lamp
b. Line Tester
c. Continuity tester
d. Volt meter
e. Ammeter
f. Earth megger
g. Megger
h. Lux meter
i. Power analyzer
j. Infrared thermometer
12) What are the schedule maintenance to be carried out OH mains & UG Cables?
Ans. Following are the schedule to be maintained of HO mains and UG cables.
a. OH mains Every Half yearly
b. UG.Cables Every Yearly.
During those schedules, for OH, Guarding condition of insulators, sag in OH line are to be
checked for UG cables, cables are to be beggared for their IR values.
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Wire Cut
Switch
Erect
Dismantle
41)
Ans
42)
Ans.
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The oil condition should be tested and if dielectric strength is lower than
specified, oil should be filtered While taking oil samples normal precautions should
be followed.
All insulating parts should be thoroughly cleaned to remove all traces of carbon
which may remain after the oil has been drained from the tank.
Check the tripping of the breaker through devices which will have to function on
fault or overload.
Check indicating devices such as mechanical on and off indication, as an incorrect
indication may at some times lead to a fatal accident.
Check auxiliary switches for cleanliness and contact making.
Arc control devices should be checked and dismantled, if any carbon or metallic
deposits are found these should be removed.
Consider the utilization of daylight and the effect of the surrounding dcor
(i) Efficient light Source
The need is clearly, to use the type of lamp which gives the maximum amount of light
(lumens) for each watt of electrical energy consumed, consistent with the colour rendering and
other needs of the installation. For lighting, the commonly used light sources are incandescent,
fluorescent lamps, T5 fluorescent lamps, CFL, high pressure mercury (HPMV), metal halide
lamps and high pressure sodium vapour (SON) lamps, and the the LED lamps.
The high pressure sodium vapour lamp is undoubtedly a very efficient light source. This
high efficacy lamp is ideal for all applications where colour rendition is not important.. But due to
poor colour rendering index , they are being replaced by high luminous efficacy metal halide
lamps except in general road highways and some rail yards. Modern T5 lamps are available
with luminous efficacies ranging from 90 to 104 Lumens/watt and are now preferred for use in
indoor lighting in offices, street lighting and in railway platforms. Future holds a lot of potential
for LED lighting. Already street light luminaries with luminous efficacy of 120 Lumens/watt are
available which are most energy efficient.
In India, many industries still use incandescent lamps because of their low cost.
Vast amount of savings in energy are possible by replacing the high wattage incandescent lamps
with CFLs or appropriate fluorescent luminaries.
Two types of fluorescent lamps are available in our country, namely the cool daylight
(colour 54) with a colour temperature of 6500 K and the white (colour 33) with a colour
temperature of 4300K. The white fluorescent lamp gives 14% more light than the cool
daylight fluorescent lamp and thus for the same illuminance a 14% saving of energy is possible,
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although the colour rendition of cool daylight fluorescent lamp is better than that of the white
fluorescent lamp.
For home lighting, the incandescent lamp can be conveniently replaced by CFL.
In the recent years, developments in the field of low wattage gas discharge lamps and
High Frequency, Electronic lighting have changed the situation dramatically. The new generation
'fluorescent HF electronic lamps have achieved a luminous efficacy of more than
100 lumen power Watt. These lamps operate on a frequency of more than 25kHz and give
exceptional performance. The important features of these lamps are
Instant starting,
No stroboscoplc effects.
Excellent lumen maintenance, and
Q.7 Draw a schematic diagram of Power supply distribution substation for a Rly. Colony?
Ans. Schematic diagram of power supply
FEATURE
Layout
U. G. CABLE
1. Safe in any terrain And layout
2. Practicable for any And layout
3. Acceptable for any
environment and weather
conditions
Investment
Generally costly.
Maintenance
Practically Maintenance
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OH LINE
Unsafe in certain terrains and layouts
Impracticable for densely populated areas.
Not acceptable for certain environments
(viz. High speed of wind, varying climatic
patterns
Becomes costly with Special considerations
like High masts, zig-zag configurations.
Costly maintenance
Nil
Will not affect the beauty or get up of Will affect the beauty and at times the
the Settlements.
Surroundings.
Cheaper because, either the conductor or
Replacement Costly
the Insulators can be strengthened without
affecting the cost of supports at times.
Limited to maximum of 132 KV and Can be used for any Voltage and power
Application
becomes costly as well as bulky to application.
handle beyond this voltage.
Troubleshooting Difficult to locate Faults
Easy to localize faults and hence their
rectification.
Aesthitics
Q.9. What are the different type of fire extinguishers used for different type of fires. Describe
in brief working of fire extinguisher used for electrical fire?
Ans The types of extinguishers normally used are:
Foam type
Soda acid type of extinguisher is suitable for only class 'A' for eg. fires in ordinary combustible
materials such as wood paper etc. It can be used in such areas as office rooms.
Foam type is suitable for oil fires (class 'B') and can be used in oil storage areas.
Both these types are not suitable for electrical apparatus.
Dry powder type, CO2 type & chloro bromo methane type are suitable for classes 'A' & 'B' as
well as Class 'F' (electrical apparatus) fires and should be provided in adequate quantities in areas
housing electrical apparatus such as switch-gear rooms.
Dry powder type equipment being relatively cheaper can be used in all less important areas and
CO2 type apparatus must be used near more important equipment. In addition to wall mounted
equipment one or two wheeled portable apparatus of CO2 and dry powder type equipment
depending on the size of the substation should be placed at strategic spots from where it can
be readily taken to affected areas. Halol gas system is preferred for the protection of control
rooms. All fire protection equipment shall be covered by a regular and strict maintenance
and test routine.
Portable equipment should be charged at specified intervals and checked regularly for loss of
charge, damage etc. Records of all tests and checks must be maintained.
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b. T5 Tube light
The latest development in the fluorescent lamp is the T5 lamp. This lamp has a diameter of only
5/8 (15 mm) and has an inbuilt electronic ballast of high quality. The main advantage of T5
lamps are very high luminous efficacy between 85 to 90 lumens/watt for the 2T5 tube and up to
104 Lumens/watt for the 28 W 4 T5 tube. The T5 lamp also a very high power factor greater
than 0.85 and colour rendering index Ra of 90.
The T5 uses less quantity of mercury vapour in the tube. A coating of calcium nitrate on
the inside surface prevents absorption of mercury by the walls of the tube thereby prolonging the
life of the lamp. The narrow tube along with the powerful electronic ballast substantially
improves the luminous efficacies to the range of 90 to 104 Lumens/watt. The life of T5 lamp
is between 15000 to 18000 burning hours.
C. Ceiling fan
Ceiling fans shall be installed at a height of 2.75 m or more from floor. The fan rod shall be
preferably one piece. The suspension hook for ceiling fans should be fixed in roofs during
construction stage. All ceiling fans should be wired to ceiling-roses or to a special connector
boxes. The fan including its suspension, should confirm to IS:374 (Specification for ceiling fan
and regulator).
periods with hardly any attention. In these units expansion valve and liquid receiver are not provided.
The refrigerant is controlled with the capillary system. The unit is so designed that it can be mounted on
the window with small bracket from outside. Window units are particularly adopted when only few
rooms are to be air-conditioned and they are widely separated.
f. Electric iron
An electric iron consist of basically a heating coil and heat control circuit viz thermostat.
Thermostat act as a switch. When we switch on the electric iron current flows through the heating
coil. The heat in the heating coil causes expansion in the thermostat which gradually disconnects
the supply.
Q.11. Write short note on UPS and its usage in railway system.
Ans. Ideally, the voltage supply by the utility system should be perfect sine wave without any
harmonics, at its nominal frequency of 50 Hz and at its nominal magnitude. In practice however
voltage can significantly depart from the ideal condition due to power line disturbances e.g.
overvoltage, under voltage (brown out), outage (blackout), voltage spikes, harmonics and
electromagnetic interference. Sustained over voltage and under voltages may cause equipments, to
trip out, while voltage spikes may cause hardware problems. Power conditioners i.e. metal oxide
varistors (MOVs), EMI filters, isolation transformers; Ferro resonant transformers provide an
effective way of suppressing some or all of these disturbances.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply system is used for supplying critical loads like computer/data
processing machines, hospitals, control and instrumentation, communication equipment and
critical processes in industries. This provides protection against power outages as well as voltage
regulation during power line over voltage and under voltage conditions.
UPS TOPOLOGIES:
The UPS system can be classified into two types.
a)
On load UPS
b)
Off load UPS
On load UPS
The input rectifier feeds to battery as well as the load all the time. Battery remains in
floating condition and takes over as soon as the mains goes off. This gives conditioned output
of fixed frequency, fixed voltage irrespective of line condition.
OFF load UPS
In off load UPS system, battery bank is usually not connected to the load. lt comes into
circuit only when the mains is off.
In the normal mode, the switching converter operates as rectifier, charging the battery bank.
In addition, it can draw, inductive or capacitive currents from the mains, thus providing a
fine regulation of the voltage supplied to the load. In case of a main power outage, the power is
isolated and the switching convener operates as an inverter, supplying power to the load from
the battery bank. This arrangement is also referred to as the "standby power supply'. The
response time of the OFF LINE UPS is slower compared to ON LINE UPS system.
Static Bypass switch
In on load UPS systems, the battery takes care of mains failure but there is no standby system to
take care of the failure of inverter. Hence, for additional reliability the power line itself is used as
a backup to the UPS and static bypass switch is provided to transfer the load from the UPS to the
mains in case of any problem in the UPS. Whenever a static transfer switch is used the inverter
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output should be synchronized to the line voltage so that transferring the load from one source to
the other results in the least amount of disturbance seen by the load.
Q.12. Write short note on following
Ans. Types of Insulators
There are several types of insulators but the most commonly used are pin type, suspension
type, strain insulator and shackle insulator.
2.Suspension Type
Suspension Type
For high voltages (>33 kV), it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown in Figure.
Consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string.
The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is
secured to the cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low voltage, say 11 kV. The
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number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working voltage. For instance, if the
working voltage is 66 kV, then six discs in series will be provided on the string.
3. Strain Insulators
4. Shackle Insulators
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Proper return is secured from each consumer of electric energy. Consumers are made to make more
extended use of electric energy. Consumers of electric energy are charged according to what the energy
costs. The tariff should be simple and cheap and should be easy to understand by the consumers.
TYPES OF TARIFF :
The different kinds of tariffs in common use are as under
Simple tariff
Flat rate tariff
Block rate tariff
Two-part tariff
Maximum demand tariff
Power factor tariff
Three part tariff
Off peak tariff
Simple tariff
This is the simplest kind of tariff. Here the cost of energy is charged on the basis of units consumed. The
rate per unit can be calculated as,
Charges per Kwh = (Annual Fixed charges + Annual running charges)
Total number of units supplied to consumer
This method has following drawbacks although the procedure for fixing the rates is very simple for the
supplier and calculation, verification by the consumer.
The cost per KWh delivered is higher.
The simple tariff can be made suitable by having some modifications mentioned below.
By allowing a discount to the consumer who consumes more electricity than an average
consumer.
Special tariff be framed for different categories of consumers such that the
domestic
consumers may be charged light rates than in case of industrial consumers and commercial consumers.
By encouraging the consumers of electric energy to use electricity during off peak load period
thereby giving them a special discount. Its use is restricted to industrial loads only.
Two-part tariff :
The charges include fixed charges independent of energy consumed and proportional to per kW
of maximum demand and a;nning (operating) charges per kWh of the total energy consumed.
The tariff can be expressed as. C = Rs. (a. kw + b. kwh)
Where Rs. a is The charge per Kw of maximum demand assessed and Rs. b is the charge per
kWh of energy consumed.
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cost which is independent of energy supplied by it. The charge varies with the variation in energy
supplied.
Q.14. What is object of earthing? What are types of earthing (Electric power supply
Ans)
OBJECT OF EARTHING
The object of earthing system is, to provide as nearly as possible a surface under and
around a station, which shall be at a uniform potential and as nearly to zero or absolute earth
potential as possible. This is in order to ensure that, in general, all parts of apparatus other than
live parts shall be at earth potential, as well as, to ensure that operators and attendants shall be at
earth potential at all times, so that there exists no potential difference, to cause shock or injure a
person, when short circuit or any type of earth fault takes place in the system.
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHING
System earthing.
Equipment earthing.
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Q.17. What are different types of pumps used in Railway colony. Write short note on any one
of them?
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Q.18. what are the criteria taken in to consideration while deciding pump capacity?
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(VIII) Meanings:-
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