Protein Synthesis

Jacob Schmitz

Protein Synthesis
0 Occurs in GAP 1 and GAP 2 of the cell cycle.
0 Consists of 2 parts.
- Transcription
- Translation

Transcription
0 DNA code to mRNA in nucleus.

Pre-Initiation
0 First step of transcription.
0 RNA polymerase and cofactors bind to DNA

and unwind it, creating an initiation bubble.

Initiation
0 In Prokaryotes: Begins with binding of RNA

polymerase to the promoter in DNA.

0 In Eukaryotes: A group of proteins called
transcription factors mediate the binding of
RNA polymerase and the initiation of
transcription.

Promoter Clearance
0 RNA polymerase must clear the promoter

once the first bond has been synthesized.

0 Approximately 23 nucleotides must be
synthesized before RNA polymerase loses its
tendency to slip away and prematurely
release the RNA transcript.

Elongation
0 One strand of DNA serves as the template for

RNA synthesis, but multiple rounds of

transcription may occur so that many copies
of a gene may be produced.

Termination
0 The final process of transcription.
0 Termination results in the release of the new

synthesized RNA from the elongation

complex.
0 The newly created mRNA then travels to the
ribosome.

Gene Expression
0 Exons and Introns.

Exon

Intron

Exon

Intron

Exon

Gene Expression
0 Some of the gene sequences are

complementary to the mRNA sequence,

which would produce the proteins.

Gene Expression
0 The pre-mRNA must be processed into

functional mRNA. This means the introns

must be taken out.

Gene Expression
0 The introns are discarded, and the exons are

spliced back together.

Gene Expression
0 Chemical cap and tail are placed on mRNA.

Gene Expression
0 Whole process takes place in nucleus in

eukaryotes.
0 Note that the exons are not spliced in
prokaryotic cells, the entire mRNA is read
during translation.

Translation
0 mRNA to functioning protein.

Step One
0 The ribosome aligns the mRNA starting with

the cap.

Step Two
0 tRNA brings the first amino acid (AA) to the

A site on the ribosome. Lining up the codon

(mRNA) with the anticodon (tRNA) triplicate.

Step Three
0 The ribosome then slides to read the second

condon sequence and the a site is empty,

allowing a new tRNA to bind.

Step Four
0 The tRNA binds to the vacated A site bringing

another amino acid.

Step Five
0 The second amino acid is bonded to the first

with a peptide bond.

Step Six
0 The ribosome slides again releasing the first

tRNA from the E site and the process

continues.

Step Seven
0 A long chain of amino acid will form that are

bonded together polypeptide until a stop is

reached. The long amino acid chain will fold
and twists into its functional protein shape.