Professional Documents
Culture Documents
APPARATUS
JUNE 3, 2016
MINH-QUAN DANG
Contents
Electrical apparatus
1
1.1
Purposes .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2
Classification ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1
1.2.2
Type of current................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3
Definition................................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.4
Disconnectors.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5
1.6
1.7
Switches .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.8
Contactors ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.9
Fuses ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.10
Spark Gaps............................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.11
1.12
1.13
Starters .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
2.1
Property of SF6........................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.5
2.5.1
characteristics ............................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.2
Advantages .................................................................................................................................................... 12
3
3.1
3.2
5.1
Fuses ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2
Circuit breaker....................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.1
6
6.1
Characteristics ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.2
Application ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
6.2.1
Principles ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.2.2
6.2.3
Electrical Machinery
1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 21
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
DC MACHINES ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION................................................................................................................................... 26
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6
2.5.7
2.5.8
2.5.9
2.5.10
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
2.6.6
2.6.7
Transformers ................................................................................................................................................................. 40
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.7.1
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
Connection ............................................................................................................................................................ 45
3.11.1
Star ................................................................................................................................................................ 45
3.11.2
Triangle.......................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.11.3
Zigzag............................................................................................................................................................. 46
3.12
3.13
3.13.1
no-load .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
3.13.2
Loaded ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
3.14
Autotransformer ................................................................................................................................................... 47
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.18.1
3.18.2
4.1
Applications........................................................................................................................................................... 53
4.2
Construction .......................................................................................................................................................... 53
4.3
Principle ................................................................................................................................................................ 54
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.4
4.5
4.6
Equivalent circuit................................................................................................................................................... 56
4.7
Equations .............................................................................................................................................................. 57
4.8
4.9
4.10
Efficiency ............................................................................................................................................................... 62
4.11
Starting .................................................................................................................................................................. 62
4.12
Breaking ................................................................................................................................................................ 64
4.13
4.14
Single-phase IM ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
5.1
Construction .......................................................................................................................................................... 66
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.10.1
Torque of a Turbomachine............................................................................................................................ 72
5.10.2
5.10.3
5.10.4
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.13.1
5.13.2
5.13.3
5.13.4
5.13.5
5.13.6
5.14
Electrical apparatus
1 SWITCHING DEVICES
1.1
PURPOSES
1.2 CLASSIFICATION
1.2.1
-
By rated voltage
Low voltage < 1kV
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
-
Type of current
DC
AC
Place of installation
Indoor
Outdoor
Extinguishing medium
Air
Oil
Compressed air
Vacuum
SF6
sand
1.3
DEFINITION
1.4
DISCONNECTORS
1.5
EARTHING SWITCHES
1.6
1.7
SWITCHES
1.8
CONTACTORS
1.9
FUSES
1.13 STARTERS
2 SF 6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
2.1
2.2
PROPERTY OF SF6
Colourless
Odourless
Non-toxic
Non-flammable
Chemically-resistant
2.3
DOUBLE-PRESSURE SYSTEMS
1. Jet
2. Fix contact lamella
3. Sparking contact
4. Moving contact
5. Lamellas of moving contact
6. Main closing valve - ventil
7. Drive lever Pka pohonu
2.4.1
Single-pressure HV systems
1. Svorka - Terminal
2. Izolan pouzdro- Insulation box
3. Zhec tryska extinguishing jet
4. Pohybliv opalovac kontakt moving arcing contact
5. Pohybliv kontakt- movable contact
6. Pevn opalovac kontakt - fixed arcing contact
2.4.2
2.5
2.5.1 characteristics
Voltage from 50 up to 800 kV
1. Vypna -Circuit breaker
2. Ppojnicov odpojova- bus bar disconnecting switch
3. Odpojova od zem- grounding disconnecting switch
4. Odpojova od zem- grounding disconnecting switch
5. Transformtor proudu current transformer
6. Transformtor napt- voltage transformer
7. Izoltorov prchodka SF6 vzduch- insulating bushing SF6-air
8. Hydraulick pohon- hydraulic drive
9. Ovldn odpojova- disconnecting switch control boxes
10. Ovldac sk control cabinet
2.5.2
Advantages
1. Needs small area for installation
2. Possibility to install distribution substations in the city centre
3. Operational High safety level
4. Quick installation
5. Low cost maintenance
6. High operational reliability
7. More expensive
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The ionized gas around the arc sweep away through upper vent and cold oil enters into the arcing chamber through the
lower vent in axial direction as soon as the moving contact tip crosses the lower vent opening and final arc quenching in
minimum oil circuit breaker occurs.
The cold oil occupies the gap between fixed contact and moving contact and the minimum oil circuit breaker finally comes
into open position.
Whereas in case of radial venting or cross blast, the gases (mostly Hydrogen) sweep the arc in radial or transverse
direction. The axial venting generates high gas pressure and hence has high dielectric strength, so it is mainly used for
interrupting low current at high voltage. On the other hand radial venting produces relatively low gas pressure and hence
low dielectric strength so it can be used for low voltage and high current interruption. Many times the combination of
both is used in minimum oil circuit breaker so that the chamber is equally efficient to interrupt low current as well as high
current. These types of circuit breaker are available up to 8000 MVA at 245 KV.
In oil circuit breakers, the arc is drawn in oil inside a special compartment of the interrupting chamber called the explosion
pot. The intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil and produces gases, mainly composed of hydrogen, generating high
pressure that produces a fluid flow through the arc and out of the explosion pot through vents situated on its walls. Thus
extending the arcs column and carrying its energy away until its total extension see Fig 3.
3.2
As the volume of the oil in bulk oil circuit breaker is huge, the chances of fire hazard in bulk oil system are more. For
avoiding unwanted fire hazard in the system, one important development in the design of oil circuit breaker has been
introduced where use of oil in the circuit breaker is much less than that of bulk oil circuit breaker. It has been decided that
the oil in the circuit breaker should be used only as arc quenching media not as an insulating media. Then the concept of
minimum oil circuit breaker comes. In this type of circuit breaker the arc interrupting device is enclosed in a tank of
insulating material which as a whole is at live potential of system. This chamber is called arcing chamber or interrupting
pot. The gas pressure developed in the arcing chamber depends upon the current to be interrupted. Higher the current
to be interrupted causes larger the gas pressure developed in side the chamber, hence better the arc quenching. But this
put a limit on the design of the arc chamber for mechanical stresses. With use of better insulating materials for the arcing
chambers such as glass fiber, reinforced synthetic resin etc, the minimum oil circuit breaker are able to meet easily the
increased fault levels of the system.
In Axial Blast ACB the moving contact is in contact with fixed contact with the help of a spring pressure as shown in the
figure. There is a nozzle orifice in the fixed contact which is blocked by tip of the moving contact at normal closed condition
of the breaker. When fault occurs, the high pressure air is introduced into the arcing chamber. The air pressure will counter
the spring pressure and deforms the spring hence the moving contact is withdrawn from the fixed contact and nozzle hole
becomes open. At the same time the high pressure air starts flowing along the arc through the fixed contact nozzle orifice.
This axial flow of air along the arc through the nozzle orifice will make the arc lengthen and colder hence arc voltage
become much higher than system voltage that means system voltage is insufficient to sustain the arc consequently the
arc is quenched.
In this type of axial blast air circuit breaker, the moving contact is fitted over a piston supported over a spring. In order to
open the circuit breaker, the air is admitted into the arcing chamber when pressure reaches to a predetermined value, it
presses down the moving contact; an arc is drawn between the fixed and moving contacts. The air blast immediately
transfers the arc to the arcing electrode and is consequently quenched by the axial flow of air.
The working principle of Cross Blast Air Circuit Breaker is quite simple. In this system of air blast circuit breaker the blast
pipe is fixed in perpendicular to the movement of moving contact in the arcing chamber and on the opposite side of the
arcing chamber one exhaust chamber is also fitted at the same alignment of blast pipe, so that the air comes from blast
pipe can straightly enter into exhaust chamber through the contact gap of the breaker. The exhaust chamber is spit with
arc splitters. When moving contact is withdrawn from fixed contact, an arc is established in between the contact, and at
the same time high pressure air coming from blast pipe will pass through the contact gap and will forcefully take the arc
into exhaust chamber where the arc is split with the help of arc splitters and ultimately arc is quenched.
FUSES
Melting characteristics
5.2
CIRCUIT BREAKER
Extuinguishing chamber
Electromagnetic release
Bimetal release
5.2.1
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Up to 10 000 switching operation does not need maintenance
2. High longevity and operational safety
3. Non-burnable
4. Without gas and flames emission
5. Silent operation
6. Low wear out
7. Low hub of contacts
8. Very low arc voltage and extinguishing energy
6.2
APPLICATION
1. Short circuits currents disconnecting
2. Cables and out-door lines switching
3. Transformers switching
4. Generators switching
5. Motors switching
6. Switching of arc furnaces
7. Switching of trolley lines
6.2.1
Principles
Extinguishing of electric arc in vacuum
At contacts disconnecting arise electric arc created by metallic vapours separated from contact material.
Arc in vacuum has cone shape with top on cathode. Anode contact shape of the arc is big and enable
temperature good spreading without overheating of anode surface.
Under nominal current diffusion type of arc is established over all shape of electric contact.
When disconnecting current arises over nominal current, arc is by magnetic forces contracted on anode and
cathode.
6.2.3
Criteria
Operating energy
requirements
Operating Energy
requirements are high,
because the mechanism must
supply the energy needed to
compress the gas.
Arc Energy
Because of the high conductivity of the arc in the SF6 gas, the Because of the very low voltage
arc energy is low. (arc voltage is between 150 and 200V.)
across the metal vapour arc,
energy is very low. (Arc voltage is
between 50 and 100V.)
Contact Erosion
Arc extinguishing
media
The gaseous medium SF6 possesses excellent dielectric and arc No additional extinguishing
quenching properties. After arc extinction, the dissociated gas medium is required. A vacuum at
molecules recombine almost completely to reform SF6. This a pressure of 10-7 bar or less is an
means that practically no loss/consumption of the quenching almost ideal extinguishing
medium occurs. The gas pressure can be very simply and
medium. The interrupters are
permanently supervised. This function is not needed where
sealed for life so that supervision
the interrupters are sealed for life.
of the vacuum is not required.
Operating Energy
requirements are low, because
the mechanism must move
only relatively small masses at
moderate speed, over short
distances. The mechanism
does not have to provide the
energy to create the gas flow
No flow of an extinguishing
medium needed to extinguish the
vacuum arc. An extremely rapid
de-ionization of the contact gap,
ensures the interruption of all
currents whether large or small.
High frequency transient currents
can be interrupted. The value of
the chopped current is
determined by the type of
contact material used. The
presence of chrome in the
contact alloy with vacuum also.
No. of short-circuit
operation
1050
1050
30100
500010000
500010000
1000020000
No. of mechanical
operation
500020000
500020000
1000030000
Electrical Machinery
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
1.3
MECHANICAL LOADS
1.4
EQUATION OF MOTION
1.5
MAXWELL EQUATIONS
1.6
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.7
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1.8
LORENTZ FORCE
1.9
MAGNETIZATION CURVE
2 DC MACHINES
2.1
2.2
SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS
2.3
2.4
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
2.5
2.5.1
GENERATOR ACTION
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
ARMATURE REACTION
2.5.5
COMMUTATION PROCES
2.5.6
2.5.7
SHUNT GENERATOR
2.5.8
2.5.9
COMPARISON OF GENERATORS
2.5.10
2.6
MOTOR ACTION
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
SEPARATELY EXCITED
2.6.3.1
DC SEM Characteristics
2.6.3.2
2.6.3.3
2.6.3.4
DC SEM Starting
2.6.3.5
DC SEM Braking
2.6.3.6
DC SEM Reversal
2.6.3.7
2.6.4
SHUNT EXCITED
2.6.4.1
DC SHM Characteristics
2.6.4.2
DC SHM Behavior
2.6.5
SERIES EXCITED
2.6.5.1
DC SRM Characteristics
2.6.5.2
2.6.5.3
DC SRM Starting
2.6.5.4
DC SRM Braking
2.6.5.5
DC SRM Reversing
2.6.5.6
2.6.6
COMPARISON OF MOTORS
2.6.7
3 TRANSFORMERS
3.1
PRINCIPLE OF FUNCTION
3.2
SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
3.3
3.4
3.5
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE UI
3.6
IN WINDING
3.7
3.7.1
NO-LOAD OPERATION
Iron Losses P Fe
3.8
SHORT-CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.9
3.11 CONNECTION
3.11.1
Star
3.11.2
Triangle
3.11.3
Zigzag
3.13.1
no-load
3.13.2
Loaded
3.14 AUTOTRANSFORMER
3.18.1
3.18.2
4 INDUCTION MACHINE
4.1 APPLICATIONS
4.2 CONSTRUCTION
4.3 PRINCIPLE
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
Stator winding
4.3.4
Pitch factor
4.3.5
Distribution factor
4.3.6
Stator slots
4.7 EQUATIONS
4.10 EFFICIENCY
4.11 STARTING
4.12 BREAKING
4.14 SINGLE-PHASE IM
5 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
5.1
CONSTRUCTION
5.2
5.3
5.4
VOLTAGE EQUATIONS
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10.1
Torque of a Turbomachine
5.10.2
5.10.3
5.13.2
5.13.3
5.13.4
5.13.5
5.13.6