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Page 1 of 12
Thank you for taking the time to study the Mongolian Language. The Mongolian language is
considered one of the more difficult languages from the countries the Peace Corps serves. However, it
wont be that difficult once you figure out some of the basics elements of the language.
Mongolian is the primary language of Mongolia. By origin, Mongolian is one of the languages in the
Mongol group from the Altaic family, a language family which includes Turkish, Manchurian-Tungus,
Japanese, and Korean.
Modern Mongolian, based on the Khalkh dialect, developed following the Mongolian Peoples Revolution
in 1921. The introduction of a new alphabet in the 1940s developed along with a new stage in
Mongolias national literary language. Mongolians still use two types of writing: the classical script and
the Cyrillic alphabet. The classical Mongolian alphabet, which is written vertically, is a unique script used
by speakers of all the various dialects for about a thousand years. In spite of increasing interest in using
only the classical alphabet, along with the decision by Parliament to use it for official papers, the majority
of Mongolian people use the Cyrillic alphabet, which was adopted in the early 1940s.
The Mongolian language is classified as agglutinative (from the Latin agglutinate-to stick on).
The most important characteristics of agglutination are:
1. The word stem doesnt change; instead, grammatical changes are made by adding
(or sticking on) suffixes to the word stem.
2. Every suffix and case ending expresses only one grammatical meaning. Mongolian
does not have prepositions. A lot of English prepositions are expressed in Mongolian
with a case. The cases demonstrate the kind of relationship the two words have.
Other characteristic features of the language are:
1. Word order of a sentence. Subjects and objects precede verbs. Verbs are often located
at the end of a sentence: Subject object - verb
2. Genders are based on vowels (masculine, feminine, or neutral). Vowel harmony is the
main law of vowels.
3. The absence of subject/verb agreement and plurals (in most cases). Its common to drop
the subject if its implied. For example:
What did do yesterday? Instead of What did you do yesterday?
Read some books, washed clothes and cleaned my house. Instead of
I read some books, washed clothes and cleaned my house.
4. Compared with Indo-European languages, nouns that act as verbs are much more
prevalent than normal nouns.
5. Shift of stress. Stress in Mongolian usually falls on the first syllable of a word.
With the following basic survival phrases well try to give you a brief introduction to the Mongolian
language. By reading the following pages, and listening to the tape while repeating the phrases and
words, youll see what the Mongolian language looks like and how it sounds.
If you choose to come to Mongolia, you will be provided with more information about the
Mongolian language and youll get a lot of resources to help with your studies. You will also receieve
intensive instruction in Mongolian by native speakers during Pre-Service Training. You can use the
following books, which are available in the USA:
MONGOLIAN GRAMMAR by Rita Kullmann and D.Tserenpil
COLLOQUAL MONGOLIAN by Alan J.K. Sanders and Jantsangiin Bat-Ireedui
Lonely planet MONGOLIAN PHRASE BOOK
You also can check other resources from the websites:
www.amazon.com
www.biznet.com
Mongolian Society www.indiana.edu/monsoc/
The pronunciation of the Mongolian dialogues and phrases on these recordings is a little slower than
normal speech. This is intended to be helpful to beginning students of the language.
Page 2 of 12
MONGOLIAN ALPHABET
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Printed
Cursive
*
*
*
*
English sound
Like a short a
b
v
g (ck)
d
y
yo
j
dz
e
father
bird
vase
get
day
yeah (ye)
yo-yo
jeans
zoo
k
l (lateral-fricative)
m
n (ng)
o (open)
o (closed)
p
r (rolled)
s
t
u (open)
u (closed)
f
h (hindi)
ts
ch
sh
shch
e
yu
ya
hard sign
soft sign
kilo
law
modern
name - hang
law
tone
park
rather
sing
tall
old
soup
photo
loch (Scottish) / horn
Its
cheese
Short
English channel
gate
you
yacht
city / easy
These sounds especially are approximate only; an equivalent sound in English is unusual,
or unlikely. When you arrive in Mongolia you will begin to hear these letter sounds more clearly.
The sound shown here is close enough to work during the beginning of your studies.
Page 3 of 12
PHONETIC DRILLS
TRACK 3.
B [ve]
H [en]
P [er]
X [heh]
E [ye]
C [es]
[oi]
3. Listen to the sounds of the alphabet and repeat them. Some letters have similar
pronunciation to each other.
[dze]
[ze]
[tse]
[che]
[sh]
X [heh]
[g]
[ka]
[de]
[te]
[be]
[ve]
[pe]
[f]
[o]
[]
[h]
[]
[ah]
[a]
[ea]
C [es]
4. Short and long vowels are very important and they change the meaning of a word.
-
to take - father
-
hole - to move
-
wake - backbone
x - x
far - meal
-
sole - mountain
-
debts - different, else
England / English
Asia / Asian
Europe / European -
Mongolia /Mongolian -
Russia / Russian
China /Chinese
Florida
Dollar
Tugrik*
(*Mongolian currency)
Page 4 of 12
TRACK 4.
ENGLISH
Dialogue 1.
The following greetings should be used between people meeting for the first
time, seeing each other for the first time in a day, or in an official situation.
MONGOLIAN
- Sain bainuu?
- Sain. Sain bainuu?
- Sain.
- ?
- . ?
- .
The following greetings are used frequently by young people and between
friends.
- Sainuu?
- Sain. Sainuu?
- Sain.
- ?
- . ?
- .
- Sain bainuu?
- Sain. Sain bainuu?
- Sain. Sonin yu bain?
- Yumgui taivan.
- Bayartai. Daraa uulzii.
- Daraa uulzii.
- ?
- . ?
- . ?
- , .
- . .
- .
- Sainuu?
- Sain. Sainuu?
- Sain. Amidral yamar
bain?
- Dajgui.
- ?
- . ?
- .
?
- .
- Yu bain?
- Taivan.
- Ajil yamar baina?
- Yahavdee.
- Amidral yamar baina?
- Mash sain.
- Bayartai.
- Bayartai.
- ?
- T.
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
- .
- .
Dialogue 3.
A: - Hello, How are you?
B: - Hi, How are you?
A: - Good. Whats new?
B: - Nothing much.
A: - Bye. See you later.
B: - See you later.
Dialogue 4.
A: - Hello, How are you?
B: - Hi, How are you?
A: - Good. Hows your life?
B: - It is OK.
Dialogue 5
A: - How are you?
B: - I am fine.
: - Hows your work?
B: - So so.
A: - Hows your life?
B: - It is very good.
A: - Goodbye!
B: - Bye!
Culture note:
When Americans first meet each other, they say Nice to meet you. Mongolians dont say
anything like this at the beginning of a conversation.
Page 5 of 12
EXPRESSING POLITENESS.
TRACK 5.
Dialogue 1
A: - Thank you.
B: - You are welcome.
- Bayarllaa.
- Zugair zugair.
- .
- .
- Uuchlaarai.
- Zugair zugair.
- .
- .
- ?
- , .
- Che Amerikuu?
- Ugui, Be Amerik bish.
- ?
- , k .
Dialogue 2
A: - Im sorry. / Excuse me.
B: - No problem.
Dialogue 3
A: - Are you George?
B: - Yes, I am.
Dialogue 4
A: - Are you American?
B: - No, I am not.
TRACK 6.
Dialogue 1
A: - Whats your name?
B: - My name is Sean.
A: - Where did you come from?
B: - I am from America.
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
- ().
- () .
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
-
.
Dialogue 2
A: - Whats your name?
B: - My name is Sean.
I am American.
I am not Mongolian.
Dialogue 3
A: - How old are you?
B: - I am 25 years old.**
A: - What do you do?
B: - Im an English teacher.
I am a PC Volunteer.
*
T, ,
/tanii, taniig, ta/ - is addressed to someone who is older than you.
** When Mongolians first meet foreigners, they typically ask many questions out of curiosity.
Some of these questions may seem very personal. For example, they may ask your age or if you are
married. To Americans, these types of questions may seem very forward initially, but they are quite
common for Mongolians.
Page 6 of 12
Dialogue 1
A: - Do you speak English?
B: - I know English well.
a ?
.
?
.
Uuniig mongoloor uy
geh wei?
B: - Im sorry.
I dont know Mongolian.
Uuchlaarai.
Be Mongol hel medehgui.
.
.
Dialogue 2
Dialogue 3
A: - Do you understand?
Che oilgoj bainuu?
B: - Im sorry. I dont understand. Ohclaarai. Be oilgohgui
bain.
Im a foreigner.
Be gadaad hun.
**, ,
?
.
.
.
/chenii, chamaig, che/ -is addressed to someone who is younger than you.
TRACK 8.
ASKING QUESTIONS.
What?
What is this?
What is that?
Who?
Who is he/she?
Yu?
En yu wei?
Ter yu wei?
Hen(g)?
Ter hen(g) be?
?
?
?
?
?
Where?
Where is ?
Where is the post office?
Haan?
haan baidag wei?
Shohdan haan baidag wei?
?
. x ?
?
To where?
(go to )
From where? (come from)
Haashaa? (yavah)
Haanaas? (ireh)
? ()
? ()
When?
Why?
How?
Hezee?
Yagaad?
Yaj?
?
?
?
Heden(g)?
En yamar unetei wei?
En hed ve?
?
?
?
Page 7 of 12
CAN I / MAY I?
TRACK 9.
Orj bolhuu?
Bolo*n.
Nadad asuult bain.
?
.
.
Nadad tuslan u?
Za, tegii.
?
, .
?
. .
Dialogue 2
A: - Can you help me?
B: -Sure
Dialogue 3
A: - Can you help me?
B: - No. Im sorry. I cant.
TRACK 10.
It is very tasty.
En ih amttai.
?
.
.
.
?
.
.
?
.
.
.
?
.
.
.
Page 8 of 12
Im happy.
Im sad.
Im tired.
Im sick.
Im cold.
Im hot.
Be bayartai bain.
Be setgel tavgui bain.
Be yadarch bain.
Be uvchtei baine.
Be daarch bain.
Be haluutsaj bain.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Its cold.
Its hot.
Its nice.
Huiten bain.
Haluun bain.
Saikhan bain.
.
.
.
I want to sleep.
I want to relax.
I want to buy this.
I want to buy fruit
Be ontmaar bain.
Be amermaar bain.
Be uuniig avmaar bain.
Be jims avmaar bain.
.
.
.
.
Be khusekhgui bain.
I need paper.
I need to study.
Really?
Thats Interesting!
Thats strange!
Tiim uu?
Sonin yum aa!
Hachin yum aa!
TRACK 12.
?
!
!
.
.
?
Its an emergency!
Help!
Please call the police for me!
Please help me!
Tuslaaray!
Tsagdaa duudaarai!
Nadad tuslaaray!
!
!
!
Stop it!
Get away!
Bolioch!
Holdooch!
!
!
Page 9 of 12
Personal pronouns
Biyeiin toloonii ug
I
You (older than you)
You (younger than you)
He/she
We
You (plural)
They
be
ta
che
ter
bid
ta nar
ted nar
Weekdays
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Tomorrow
Today
Yesterday
Food (general)
Bread
Meat
Rice
Egg
talkh
makh
boudaa
undug
Vegetables:
Khunsnii nogoo
Potato
Carrot
Tomato
Cabbage
tumis
lowan
pomidor
baitsaa
Fruits:
Jims
Apple
Orange
Banana
Grape
alim
apelsin
banan
usan udzem
Drinks:
Uukh um
Soda / coke
Tea
Coffee
undaa
tsai
coffee
Page 10 of 12
Places
Gazruud
Peace Corps.
bank
shop
restaurant
cafeteria
school
post office
internet
toilet/rest room
Family members
Ger buliinhen
father
mother
older brother
older sister
younger brother
younger sister
grandpa
grandma
aaw
eej
h
egch
(eregtei) due
(emegtei) due
uwuh
emee
()
()
NUMBERS.
TRACK 14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
neg
hoyor
gurav
dorov
tav
zurgaa
doloo
naim
eus
arav
arven neg
horin hoyor
guchin gurav
duchin dorov
tayvin tav
jaren zurgaa
dalen doloo
nayan naim
yeren eus
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100
1000
1000 000
arav
hori
guch
duch
tayv
jar
dal
naya
yer
(neg) zuu
(neg) myanga
(neg) saya
100 dollars
5000 tugriks
Page 11 of 12
Dialogue 1
A: - What food do you like?
A: - Che yamar hoolond durtai wei?
B: - I like vegetables. How about you?
B: - Be nogoond durtai. Harin ta?
A: - I like meat food.
A: - Be mahan hoolond durtai.
A: - Do you have sisters?
B: - I dont. But, I have brothers.
A: - How many brothers do you have?
B: - Two
A: - How much is it to send a letter to overseas? A: - Gadaad zahia yamar unetei wei?
B: - 980
B: - 980 (yesun zuun naya)
A: - May I see stamps and post cards?
A: - Ene mark, il zahidliig uzej boloh uu?
B: - Yes, please
B: - Bolon
A: - How much are these stamps?
A: - Ene marknuud yamar unetei wei?
B: - 1000
B: - 1000 (myanga)
A: - Ill buy them.
A: - Bi avii.
In the local cafeteria
A: - Heres the menu.
B: - Thank you.
A: - What would you like to order?
B: - Chicken.
A: - Sorry, we dont have chicken today.
B: - So. What do you have today?
A: - Buuz and tsuivan.
B: - Let me have 10 buuz and
a cup of milk tea.
Page 12 of 12