Feedback in Operation Amplifier

2016


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))Abstract

Proteus
.

))Introduction To OPAM
.1


) .
) (1 ).(C 741

) (1

.2

)
6

.( 10

12

10 ( 10

.
.

.3

) (2

V 2V 1

Vo

( .

V 2 >V 1

Vo

V 2 <V 1

Vo

V 2=V 1

Vo

) (3
) ( 3


)
15 13(

+V s

V s

.
)(BW

) (4
) (741 10
) (dB/octave 6 )20
(dB/decade :

Bw=GBw / A v

GBw

Av

) (4 741

.4

.1
80
) [] (741
.

.2
20
.741

.3



1 .741

.4




)
(CCMR :

dB

.5

CCMR=20 log

 :
.1
.2
.3
.4

. 741
100MHz
.
.

: 50 1
.741

)(5
) (6
.

)(6

Negative Feedback
.1



) (6 ....


).(6

) (5

.
.
.
.

:
.1

.2
.3
.4

.
.
.
.

.
: 50 1
741

)(8
:

)(9
.

) (6
:

)V f = V out (1
)V i n=V s V f =V s V out (2

)V out = A V = A ( V s V out ) (3

V out
A
=
)(4
V s 1+ A

= Af

Af

:
.
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4

.2

:
.1

.

).(7

10

) (7
:

)V =V sV f =V s V out (5
.2

). (8

) (8

)i =i s i f =i s V out ( 6

.3

):(9

) (9

11

)V =V sV f =V s i out ( 7

.4

).(10

) (10

)i =i s i f =i s i out (8

.3

.
- ): (7

)V f = V out ( 9
)V =V sV f =V s V out (10

)V out = A V = A ( V s V out ) (11

12

V out
A
=
)(12
V s 1+ A

= Af

.
.4

-
).(11

) (11

v
)(13
Z

= i

)V =V sV f =V s V out (14
) V out = A V ( 15
)V =V sA V (16
)V s=V ( 1+ A ) (17
)Z =Z I ( 1+ A )(18
13

Vs
)=Z ( 1+ A ) (19
I

= Z inf

Z
)(20
) ( 1+ A

= Z inf

) (12 -

.5

) (11
:

V out
Z out
=
)(21
) I out ( 1+A

= Z outf

14

V out
) =Z out ( 1+A )( 21
I out

= Z outf

Positive Feedback

.1

. Positive
Feedback
:

)v =v s +v f (22
)
(
15


.
:

A
)(2 3
1+ A

Af

= Af

2< A <0

A=1

.

:
)(Phase-shift Oscillators
.2
:

)(13
.
:
-

A ) (FET

) (BJT ).(operational amplifier

-

180

C R 180
. :

1
)(24
2 RC 6

=f

16

1
29

A 1

A >29

: 29
.

.3

Wien
:

17

R1
R2

<2

1
2 RC

.4

=f

) (Tuned Oscillators



.

) (FET ) (BJT ).(op-amp

X 1 , X 2 , X 3

: Colpitts X 1 X 2

X 3

: Hartely X 1 X 2

X 3

.
.

18

1
2 LC eq
C1C2
C1 +C 2

1
2 CL eq

=f

Leq =L1 +L2 +2 M

=C eq

=f

L1 L2

)(Crystal Oscillators
.5

.
) (crystal quartz .

.

.
:

19

20