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12.What is xylem?
- A tissue composed of tracheary elements plus some parenchyma
and sometimes sclerenchyma
13.Name the two types of tracheary elements and cite how they differ
structurally?
- Tracheids: imperforate
- Vessel members: perforate
14.In what taxa are vessels found?
- Equisetum, a few leptosporangiate ferns, all Gnetales, and almost
all angiosperms
15.What is the function and structure of sieve elements?
- Function in the conduction of sugars
- Elongate cells, having only primary cell wall with no lignified
secondary wall
16.What is phloem?
- A tissue composed of specialized sieve elements plus some
parenchyma and often some sclerenchyma
17.What is a sieve area and what compound is associated with them?
- The primary cell wall has specialized pores, which are aggregated
together into sieve areas. Each pore is a continuous hole in the
primary cell wall that is lined with a substance called callose
(Beta-1,3)
18.What is the difference, in morphology and taxonomic group where found,
between a sieve cell and sieve tube member?
- Sieve cells: only sieve areas on both end and side walls;
albuminous cells; found in all nonflowering vascular plants
- Sieve tube members: have both sieve areas and sieve plates;
companion cells; found only in flowering plants (angiosperms)
19.What is the endodermis and Casparian strip, and what is the function of
each?
- Endodermis: special cylinder of cells
- Casparian strip: band or ring of lignin, acts as a water
impermeable material that binds to the plasma membrane of
endodermal cells
- Endodermis with casparian strips selectivey controls which
compounds are or are not absorbed by the plant
20.What is the function of the roots?
- Function in anchorage and absorption
21.What is the name of the region of actively dividing cells in the root?
- Apical meristem
22.Name five diagnostic features of roots and their function, if any.
- Rootcap: protect the root apical meristem; provide lubrication
- Root hairs: increase surface are available for water and mineral
absorption
- Central vascular cylinder:
LYCOPODIOPHYTA
25.Name and give the features of a (paraphyletic) fossil group that diverged
along the immediate lineage to the lycophytes.
- Zosterophyllophytes
- No leaves, but possessed lateral sporangia
26.Name a fossil lycophyte that was a large tree in the Carboniferous and now
makes up a large percentage of coal deposits.
- Lepidodendron, Sigillaria
27.What are the major apomorphies of the lycophytes?
- Dichopodial roots
- Root protoxylem endarch
- Stem protoxylem exarch
- Sporangia dorsiventral, transversely dehiscent
- Shoot with lycophylls
28.What are the features of a lycophyll (microphyll)? An enation?
- Lycophyll: has a single, unbranched (very rarely branched) vein,
lacking a gap in the vasculature of the stem, and developing by
an intercalary meristem
- Enation: external, peg-like appendages that lack vascular tissue
29.How are lycophylls thought to have evolved?
- Via the development of vasculature tissue leading from the stem
into the enation, allowing for more efficient transfer of water and
solutes
30.What is homospory? Name the group and family of lycophytes that have this
condition.
- Having one type of spore; Lycopodiopsida; Lycopodiaceae
31.What is a sporophyll? A strobilus?
- Sporophyll: a specialized leaf that bears one or more sporangia
EUPHYLLOPHYTA
38.Name the apomorphies of the euphyllophytes, and list two major, vascular
plant groups included.
- Roots monopodial
- Root protoxylem exarch
- Sporangia terminal on lateral branches, longitudinally dehiscent
- Shoot with euphylls
- 30kB chloroplast DNA inversion
39.How do euphylls differ from lycophylls?
MONILOPHYTA
50.Name the putative apomorphies of the monilophytes, and list the major
groups contained in it.
Siphonostele, stem protoxylem is mesarch
- Equisetopsida, Psilotopsida, Marattiopsida, Polypodiopsida or
Leptopsporangiatae
51.What is a siphonostele? Name the types.
- Siphonostele is a ring of xylem surrounded by an outer layer of
phloem (ectophloic) or by an outer and inner layer of phloem
(amphiphloic)
EQUISETOPSIDA
52.What fossil member of the equisetophytes makes up a component of coal
deposits?
- Calamites
53.Name the major apomorphies of equisetophytes.
- Ridged stems
- Reduced, whorled leaves
- Sporangiophores
- Photosynthetic spores with elater
PSILOTOPSIDA
59.What features about the roots and gametophytes are presumed apomorphies
for the Psilotopsida?
- Lacking both root branches and root hairs
- Gametophytes are not photosynthetic, contain mycorrhizal fungi,
and often subterranean
60.What is a eusporangium?
- Sporangia of all land plants; relatively large, derived from several
epidermal cells, has sporangial wall comprised of one or more
than cell layer
61.What is distinctive about the leaves of the Ophioglossales (ophioglossoids
ferns)?