You are on page 1of 40

SIGUENOS EN:

LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE


MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS GRATIS EN
DESCARGA DIRECTA
VISITANOS PARA DESARGALOS GRATIS.

Universidad Cristbal Coln


Direccin General Acadmica
Programa para el fortalecimiento del
proceso
de enseanza-aprendizaje-evaluacin de las
matemticas
&8562


$SOLFDFLRQHVGHOVRIWZDUH0DW/DEHQODHQVHxDQ]DGH
ODVPDWHPiWLFDV

)$&,/,7$'25

057&ULVWLDQ0)ORUHV

http://librosysolucionarios.net

1',&(





3URJUDPDGHHVWXGLR
,QWURGXFFLyQDOXVRGH0DW/DE
(QWRUQRGHWUDEDMR
,QVWUXFFLRQHVGHHQWUDGD\VDOLGD
$\XGD

&iOFXORVEiVLFRVHQ0DW/DE
&iOFXORVDULWPpWLFRV
2SHUDQGRV
2SHUDGRUHV
)RUPDWRVQXPpULFRV

9DULDEOHV
1XPpULFDV
'HFDGHQD
2SHUDFLRQHVFRQFDGHQDV

)XQFLRQHVPDWHPiWLFDVSUHGHILQLGDV

OJHEUDEiVLFD
9DULDEOHVVLPEyOLFDV
5HVROXFLyQ GH SURGXFWRV QRWDEOHV \
IDFWRUL]DFLyQ
5HVROXFLyQ GH HFXDFLRQHV GH SULPHUR
\VHJXQGRJUDGR
5HVROXFLyQ
GH
VLVWHPDV
GH
HFXDFLRQHVGHSULPHUJUDGR

7ULJRQRPHWUtD
)XQFLRQHV7ULJRQRPpWULFDV
7HRUHPDGH3LWiJRUDV
&iOFXORGLIHUHQFLDOHLQWHJUDO
5HVROXFLyQGHOtPLWHV
5HVROXFLyQ GH GHULYDGDV SULPHUD
VHJXQGDGHULYDGD 
5HVROXFLyQ GH LQWHJUDOHV VLPSOHV \
GREOHV 
5HVROXFLyQGHLQWHJUDOHVGHILQLGDV

http://librosysolucionarios.net

3iJ










































*HRPHWUtDDQDOtWLFD
/DUHFWD
&LUFXQIHUHQFLD
3DUiEROD
+LSpUEROD

(VWDGtVWLFDGHVFULSWLYDHLQIHUHQFLDO
'DWRVDJUXSDGRV
7DEODGHIUHFXHQFLDV
)URQWHUDVOtPLWHV\PDUFDVGHFODVH
0HGLGDVGHWHQGHQFLDFHQWUDO

'LVWULEXFLyQQRUPDO
3DUiPHWURVGHODGLVWULEXFLyQQRUPDO
0HGLD\GHVYLDFLyQHVWiQGDU
5HSUHVHQWDFLyQJUiILFDGHOD
GLVWULEXFLyQQRUPDO

OJHEUDOLQHDO
9HFWRUHV
3URGXFWRHVFDODU\YHFWRULDO
0DWULFHV
6LVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVVLPXOWiQHDV

&iOFXOR$YDQ]DGR
6HULHV
5HVROXFLyQGHHFXDFLRQHV
GLIHUHQFLDOHV

*UiILFDV\IXQFLRQHV
*UiILFDVHQGRVGLPHQVLRQHV
*UiILFDVGHIXQFLRQHV
*UiILFDV3RODUHV
*UiILFDVGHWUHVGLPHQVLRQHV
*UiILFDVGHPDOOD




http://librosysolucionarios.net

3iJ
















































UNIVERSIDAD CRISTBAL COLN


- PROGRAMA DE ESTUDIO -

1. NOMBRE DEL CURSO:


APLICACIONES DEL SOFTWARE MATLAB EN LA ENSEANZA DE LAS
MATEMTICAS
2. CICLO:

3. CLAVE:
MDULO BSICO

4. OBJETIVO (S) GENERAL (ES) DE LA ASIGNATURA:


Al trmino del curso el docente conocer las herramientas y aplicaciones que ofrece el
software MatLab para la enseanza-aprendizaje de las matemticas.
5. TEMAS Y SUBTEMAS:
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Introduccin al uso del MatLab


Instalacin del programa
Entorno de trabajo
Instrucciones de entrada y salida
Ayuda

2. Clculos bsicos en MatLab


a. Clculos aritmticos
- Operandos
- Operadores
- Formatos numricos
b. Variables
- Numricas
- De cadena:
Operaciones con cadenas
c. Funciones matemticas predefinidas
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

lgebra bsica
Variables simblicas
Creacin de polinomios
Resolucin de productos notables y factorizacin
Resolucin de ecuaciones de primero y segundo grado
Resolucin de sistemas de ecuaciones de primer grado

1
http://librosysolucionarios.net

5. TEMAS Y SUBTEMAS:
4. Trigonometra
a. Funciones Trigonomtricas
b. Teorema de Pitgoras

5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Clculo diferencial e integral


Resolucin de lmites
Resolucin de derivadas (primera, segunda derivada)
Resolucin de integrales (simples y dobles)
Resolucin de integrales definidas
Clculo del rea bajo la curva

6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Geometra analtica
La recta
Tringulos
Circunferencia
Parbola
Hiprbola

7.
a.
-

Estadstica descriptiva e inferencial


Datos agrupados
Tabla de frecuencias
Fronteras, lmites y marcas de clase
Medidas de tendencia central
Ojivas de frecuencia
b. Distribucin normal
Parmetros de la distribucin normal
Media y desviacin estndar
Representacin grfica de la distribucin normal

8.
a.
b.
c.
d.

lgebra lineal
Matrices
Vectores
Producto escalar y vectorial
Sistema de ecuaciones simultneas

9. Clculo Avanzado
a. Series
b. Resolucin de ecuaciones diferenciales
10. Grficas y funciones
a. Grficas en dos dimensiones
Grficas de funciones
2
http://librosysolucionarios.net

5. TEMAS Y SUBTEMAS:
Grficas Polares
Histograma
Polgono de frecuencia
Grficas circulares
b. Grficas de tres dimensiones
Grficas de malla
De superficie

6. ACTIVIDADES DE APRENDIZAJE:
CON DOCENTE:

Exposicin dialogada
Discusin grupal
Ejercicios de aplicacin

INDEPENDIENTE:

Resolucin de ejercicios de acuerdo con cada tema

7. CRITERIOS Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE EVALUACIN Y ACREDITACIN:


80% de asistencia
20% bitcora de ejercicios

3
http://librosysolucionarios.net

8. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS:
Bez, Lpez David (2006) MATLAB con aplicaciones ala Ingeniera, Fsica y Finanzas.
Mxico: Alfaomega.
The Math Works, Inc (2006) MATLAB Help. EUA: The Math Works, Inc





































4
http://librosysolucionarios.net



,QWURGXFFLyQDOXVRGH0DW/DE 

(QWRUQRGHWUDEDMR

(O HQWRUQR GH WUDEDMR TXH XWLOL]DUHPRV VH FRPSRQH GH  SDUWHV
IXQGDPHQWDOHV XQD EDUUD GH PHQ~ GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUDQ RSFLRQHV GH
FRQWURO FRQILJXUDFLyQ \ D\XGD \ HO SURPSW R OtQHD GH FRPDQGR HQ HO
FXDOVHLQWURGXFHQODVLQVWUXFFLRQHV XQDDODYH] SDUDVXHMHFXFLyQ

$CTTCFGOGP}











2TQORV
NsPGCFGEQOCPFQFGGPVTCFC

FGKPUVTWEEKQPGU 















6L HVFULELPRV XQD RSHUDFLyQ \ SUHVLRQDPRV


 HVWD WHFOD GHEH
SUHVLRQDUVH VLHPSUH SDUD LQGLFDU OD HMHFXFLyQ GH OD RUGHQ  0DW/DE VH
FRPSRUWDUi FRPR XQD FDOFXODGRUD PRVWUDQGR HO UHVXOWDGR HQ SDQWDOOD
3RU HMHPSOR SUREHPRV LQWURGXFLU OD RSHUDFLyQ  \ QRV DUURMDUi
DQV 


5
http://librosysolucionarios.net

3RGHPRVOLPSLDUODSDQWDOODHVFULELHQGRFOF

,QVWUXFFLRQHVGHHQWUDGD\VDOLGD


$KRUD HVWXGLDUHPRV FyPR UHDOL]DU IXQFLRQHV PiV FRPSOHMDV TXH ODV GH
XQDFDOFXODGRUDVHQFLOOD


6L QHFHVLWDPRV UHDOL]DU XQD RSHUDFLyQ TXH LQFOX\D YDULRV SDVRV
SRGHPRV HMHFXWDUOD LQWURGXFLHQGR XQR D OD YH] R WRGRV HQ XQD VROD
OtQHD VHSDUiQGRORV FRQ SXQWR \ FRPD (VWR PRVWUDUi HO UHVXOWDGR ILQDO
GHODVHFXHQFLDGHRSHUDFLRQHVVLQYLVXDOL]DUORVUHVXOWDGRVLQWHUPHGLRV

&RPR HMHPSOR LQWURGXFLUHPRV OD VHFXHQFLD DQV  TXH VH
LQWHUSUHWDFRPRODVXPDGHPiV\HOUHVXOWDGR UHSUHVHQWDGRSRUOD
YDULDEOH LQWHUQD DQV  PXOWLSOLFDGR SRU  (O UHVXOWDGR TXH REWHQGUHPRV
VHUiDQV 

3RU RWUR ODGR KD\ LQVWUXFFLRQHV TXH QRV D\XGDQ D YLVXDOL]DU PHQVDMHV
VDOLGD  \ D LQWURGXFLU GDWRV VL HVWDPRV XWLOL]DQGR RSHUDFLRQHV FRQ
YDULDEOHV HQWUDGD 

/D LQVWUXFFLyQ SDUD PRVWUDU PHQVDMHV HV ISULQWI 3DUD PRVWUDU
PHQVDMHV HO WH[WR GHEH HVWDU HQFHUUDGR HQWUH DSyVWURIHV TXH VRQ
OODPDGRV FRPLOOD VLPSOH  $GHPiV KD\ RWUDV RSFLRQHV GH IRUPDWR TXH
YHUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQHQHMHPSORVLOXVWUDGRV








'UVGGUWPOGPUCLGUKPHQTOCVQ



RQTGUQKPOGFKCVCOGPVGFGURWoUFGNVGZVQCRCTGEGGNRTQORV








6
http://librosysolucionarios.net



(QHVWHRWURHMHPSORYHPRVHOXVRGHOPRGLILFDGRU?QTXHLQGLFDXQVDOWR
GHUHQJOyQ

'NRTQORVCRCTGEGGPNCNsPGCUKIWKGPVG

RQTSWGUGKPENW[x>PCNHKPCNFGNOGPUCLG


.CRCNCDTCCOKIQUCRCTGEGGPWPCPWGXCNsPGCRQTSWG
FGURWoUFGNCRCNCDTCJQNCUGKPENW[x>P&GKIWCNHQT
OCGNRTQORVCRCTGEGGPWPCPWGXCNsPGCRQTSWGUGWUx
>PCNHKPCNFGNOGPUCLG



6L QHFHVLWDPRV HQYLDU D OD SDQWDOOD HO UHVXOWDGR GH XQD RSHUDFLyQ R
VHFXHQFLD GH RSHUDFLRQHV GHEHPRV LQGLFDU HQ TXp IRUPDWR VH
SUHVHQWDUiQ ORV GDWRV FRQWHQLGRV HQ OD YDULDEOH GHO UHVXOWDGR GH
DFXHUGRFRQODVLJXLHQWHWDEOD



0RGLILFDGRU
7LSRGHGDWR







L
HQWHUR

I
SXQWRIORWDQWH

J
SXQWRILMRRSXQWRIORWDQWH

G
GREOHSUHFLVLyQ

H
QRWDFLyQH[SRQHQFLDO

F
FDUDFWHU

V
FDGHQD




7
http://librosysolucionarios.net



3DUD XVDU ORV PRGLILFDGRUHV VH GHEHQ LQFOXLU DQWHSRQLpQGROHV HO VLJQR
 (Q HO FDVR GH PRGLILFDGRUHV SDUD FDQWLGDGHV FRQ GHFLPDOHV SXQWR
IORWDQWH GREOH SUHFLVLyQ HWF  GHVSXpV GHO VLJQR  VH LQFOX\H FRQ
Q~PHURODFDQWLGDGGHGtJLWRVDQWHVGHOSXQWRGHFLPDOHOSXQWRGHFLPDO
\ ILQDOPHQWH OD FDQWLGDG GH GtJLWRV GHVSXpV GHO SXQWR GHFLPDO WRGRV
HOORVDQWHVGHOPRGLILFDGRU



8COQUCGPXKCTGNTGWUNVCFQFG SWGHWGITCDCFQGPNCXCTKCDNGUWOC

2TKOGTQNQOCPFCOQUEQOQXCNQTGPVGTQUKPFGEKOCNGURQTGUQGUETKDKOQU


K[FGURWoUFGEGTTCTGNCRxUVTQHGGUETKDKOQUUGRCTCFQRQTEQOCGN

PQODTGFGNCXCTKCDNG
SWGGUUWOCGPGUVGECUQ


















8QNXGOQUCGXPKCTCRCPVCNNCGNXCNQTFGNCXCTKCDNGRGTQCJQTCXCOQUC

GURGEKHKECTSWGUGCGPHQTOCVQFGEKOCN
RWPVQHNQVCPVG EQPFsIKVQUCPVGU


FGNRWPVQFGEKOCN[FsIKVQUFGURWoUFGNOKUOQ
QUGC NWGIQ

RQPGOQUGNOQFKHKECFQTHRQTGUQSWGFCH[CNHKPCNNCXCTKCDNG

UGRCTCFCRQTEQOCFGNOGPUCLG

 

'PGN}NVKOQGLGORNQJKEKOQUNQOKUOQRGTQKPFKECPFQSWGGNTGUWNVCFQUG

OWGUVTGEQOQPQVCEKxPGZRQPGPEKCNRQTGUQGNOQFKHKECFQTHUGECODKxRQTGN


OQFKHKECFQTG
8
http://librosysolucionarios.net



3DUD LQJUHVDU YDORUHV SDUD ODV YDULDEOHV XVDUHPRV OD IXQFLyQ LQSXW /D
VLQWD[LVGHHVWDIXQFLyQHVODVLJXLHQWH

YDULDEOH LQSXW PHQVDMHSDUDHOXVXDULRHQWUHDSyVWRIHV 

9HDPRV XQ HMHPSOR 6L GHVHDPRV UHDOL]DU HO FiOFXOR GHO iUHD GH XQD
FLUFXQIHUHQFLD GH IRUPD TXH HO XVXDULR QRV SURSRUFLRQH HO YDORU GHO
UDGLRSRGHPRVVROLFLWiUVHORGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD

U LQSXW
GDPHHOUDGLR

FCOGGNTCFKQGUGNOGPUCLGSWGNC


EQORWVCFQTCNGOQUVTCThCNWUWCTKQRCTC

UQNKEKVCTNGGNXCNQT
UGGPEKGTTCGPVTGCRxUVTQHGU 

 TGUNCXCTKCDNGSWGWUOQURCTCIWCTFCTGN
 XCNQTSWGGNWUWCTKQRTQRQTEKQPG


/XHJRHVFULELUHPRVODIyUPXODGHOiUHDFRPRDUHD SL UA

<ILQDOPHQWHPDQGDPRVHOUHVXOWDGRDODSDQWDOOD






ISULQWI
HODUHDHVI?Q?Q
DUHD 

$KRUDYHDPRVFyPROXFHHQSDQWDOOD



















9
http://librosysolucionarios.net


/R DQWHULRU DSOLFD D FRQVWDQWHV QXPpULFDV SHUR HV SRVLEOH KDFHUOR FRQ
YDULDEOHV3RUHMHPSORVLGHILQLPRVSDUDHVWHPLVPRFDVRODYDULDEOH[
TXHFRQWHQGUiHOYDORUGHOUDGLRSRGHPRVYROYHUDHVFULELUODVHFXHQFLD
GHFiOFXORFRPRVLJXH

FGHKPKOQUNCXCTKCDNGZ[NGFCOQUGNXCNQTCTDKVTCTKQFG


[ 
U LQSXW
GDPHHOUDGLR

DUHD SL UA
ISULQWI
HODUHDHVI?Q?Q
DUHD 

<HQSDQWDOODVHPRVWUDUi










EWCPFQNCEQORWVCFQTCUQNKEKVCGNXCNQTFGNTCFKQNG

RTQRQTEKQPCOQUNCXCTKCDNGZ
SWGXCNG RCTCSWG

JCICGNEhNEWNQ







(V GH PHQFLRQDU TXH HVWD IRUPD GH HQWUDGD GH GDWRV IXQFLRQD SDUD
YDORUHV QXPpULFRV HQWHURV IORWDQWHV R FXDOTXLHUD RWUR TXH VHDQ
LQWURGXFLGRVFRPRFRQVWDQWHVQXPpULFDVRYDULDEOHV6LIXHUDQHFHVDULR
LQWURGXFLU YDORUHV GH FDGHQD WH[WR  VH GHEH DJUHJDU HO PRGLILFDGRU V
HQFHUUDGRHQWUHDSyVWURIHV DODIXQFLyQLQSXWGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

YDULDEOH LQSXW PHQVDMHSDUDHOXVXDULRHQWUHDSyVWRIHV
V


'HQRKDFHUHVWR0DW/DEWRPDUiHOWH[WRLQWURGXFLGRFRPRXQQRPEUH
GHYDULDEOH\DOQRHQFRQWUDUXQYDORUSDUDODPLVPDUHJUHVDUiHOHUURU
8QGHILQHGIXQFWLRQRUYDULDEOH

10
http://librosysolucionarios.net


9HDPRVXQHMHPSORGHFiOFXORFRPELQDGRHQHOTXHVROLFLWDPRVXQGDWR
GHWH[WR\XQGDWRQXPpULFR

6XSRQJDPRVTXHGHVHDPRVFDOFXODUODHGDGGHXQDSHUVRQD\DVRFLDUOD
FRQ VX QRPEUH HQWRQFHV GHEHPRV HVFULELU ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV FRPR VH
PXHVWUDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ

EQOQGNPQODTGGUVGZVQCITGICOQUGNOQFKHKECFQTU


QRPEUH LQSXW
GDPHWXQRPEUH

V

QDFLPLHQWR LQSXW
HQTXHDxRQDFLVWH"

HGDG QDFLPLHQWR
ISULQWI
KRODVWLHQHVLDxRV?Q?Q
QRPEUHHGDG 



GNOGPUCLGFGRCPVCNNCKPENW[GCSWsGN
GNOGPUCLGFGRCPVCNNCKPENW[GCSWsGN


OQFKHECFQTURQTSWGGPGUVC
OQFKHECFQTKRQTSWGGPGUVC

RQUKEKxPSWGTGOQUSWGCRCTG\ECGN
RQUKEKxPSWGTGOQUSWGCRCTG\ECNC

PQODTGFGNCRGTUQPCEQPVGPKFQGPNC
GFCFFGNCRGTUQPCEQPVGPKFQGPNC


XCTKCDNGSWGUGNNCOCFGNCOKUOC
XCTKCDNGSWGUGNNCOCFGNCOKUOC

HQTOC
HQTOC


TGEQTFGOQUSWGNCUXCTKCDNGUUGRQPGPHWGTCFGNOGPUCLG[UGRCTCFCURQTEQOCU


FGNOKUOQ[GPVTGGNNCU


$VtVHYHUiHQSDQWDOOD















11
http://librosysolucionarios.net


$\XGD

0DW/DE SURSRUFLRQD D\XGD D WUDYpV GHO FRPDQGR KHOS 6L HVFULELPRV
KHOSHQHOSURPSWQRVDSDUHFHXQDOLVWDGHODVELEOLRWHFDVGHIXQFLRQHV
GLVSRQLEOHV\XQDEUHYHGHVFULSFLyQGHVXFRQWHQLGR

6L GHVHDPRV REWHQHU D\XGD DFHUFD GH XQ WySLFR SDUWLFXODU GHEHPRV
HVFULELU KHOS \ HQVHJXLGD HO QRPEUH GHO FRPDQGR GHO FXDO TXHUHPRV
PD\RULQIRUPDFLyQ

3UREHPRVHVFULELUKHOSKHOSHVWRQRVGDUiLQIRUPDFLyQGHORTXHKDFHHO
FRPDQGRKHOS6LHVFULELPRVKHOSFOFQRVPXHVWUDORUHODFLRQDGRFRQHO
XVRGHOFRPDQGRFOF































12
http://librosysolucionarios.net


&iOFXORVEiVLFRVHQ0DW/DE 

&iOFXORVDULWPpWLFRV

2SHUDQGRV

/RV RSHUDQGRV HQ 0DW/DE SXHGHQ VHU FRQVWDQWHV QXPpULFDV R YDULDEOHV
TXHQRQHFHVLWDQVHUGHFODUDGDVFRQDQWHULRULGDG


2SHUDGRUHV

/RVRSHUDGRUHVDULWPpWLFRVHQ0DW/DEVHPXHVWUDQHQODVLJXLHQWHWDEOD


2SHUDGRU 
2SHUDFLyQDVRFLDGD





6XPD





5HVWD





0XOWLSOLFDFLyQ





'LYLVLyQ




A
3RWHQFLDFLyQ



'LFKRV RSHUDGRUHV VLJXHQ OD UHJOD MHUiUTXLFD GH UHVROXFLyQ TXH LQGLFD
TXH SULPHUR VH UHVXHOYH OD SRWHQFLDFLyQ GHVSXpV OD PXOWLSOLFDFLyQ R
GLYLVLyQ OD SULPHUD TXH VH HQFXHQWUH GH L]TXLHUGD D GHUHFKD  \
ILQDOPHQWH OD VXPD R UHVWD LJXDOPHQWH VH HYDO~DQ GH L]TXLHUGD D
GHUHFKD  $GHPiV VRQ VXVFHSWLEOHV GH XVDUVH FRQ SDUpQWHVLV TXH HVWH
FDVRVXVWLWX\HQDWRGRVORVVLJQRVGHDJUXSDFLyQFRQRFLGRV










13
http://librosysolucionarios.net


)RUPDWRVQXPpULFRV

/D VLJXLHQWH WDEOD PXHVWUD ORV FRPDQGRV GH IRUPDWR TXH SXHGHQ
DSOLFDUVH HQ 0DW/DE 3DUD XWLOL]DUORV VyOR GHEH HVFULELUVH HO TXH
GHVHHPRVXWLOL]DUHQHOSURPSWDQWHVGHUHDOL]DURSHUDFLRQHV


 )RUPDWR
'HVFULSFLyQ


 IRUPDW
GtJLWRV
 IRUPDWVKRUW
LJXDOTXHHODQWHULRU
 IRUPDWORQJ
GtJLWRV
 IRUPDWVKRUWH
GtJLWRVPiVH[SRQHQWH
 IRUPDWORQJH
GtJLWRVPiVH[SRQHQWH
 IRUPDWKH[
KH[DGHFLPDO
 IRUPDWEDQN
GHFLPDOHV PRQHWDULR 
 IRUPDW
Q~PHURFRQVLJQR
 IRUPDWUDW
UDFLRQDO





9DULDEOHV

0DW/DE SHUPLWH WUDEDMDU FRQ YDULDEOHV ODV FXDOHV SXHGHQ VHU GH WLSR
QXPpULFDVRGHFDGHQD7RGDVODVYDULDEOHVHVWDUiQGLVSRQLEOHVPLHQWUDV
GXUHODVHVLyQ

([LVWHQ  FRPDQGR EiVLFRV SDUD HO PDQHMR GH YDULDEOHV HO FRPDQGR
ZKR TXH QRV PXHVWUD HO QRPEUH GH WRGDV ODV YDULDEOHV TXH KHPRV
FUHDGR\HOFRPDQGRFOHDUTXHODVERUUDGHODVHVLyQ3RGHPRVXVDUOR
VHJXLGRGHOQRPEUHGHXQDYDULDEOHHQSDUWLFXODUSDUDVyORERUUDUpVWD
R ELHQ VL QR HVSHFLILFDPRV XQ QRPEUH WRGDV ODV YDULDEOHV GH OD VHVLyQ
VHUiQERUUDGDV

&DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHORVQRPEUHVGHYDULDEOHVGLVWLQJXHQVHQVLELOLGDGD
ODVPD\~VFXODV\PLQ~VFXODVSRUORFXDOVLHVFULELPRVXQDYDULDEOHFRQ
PLQ~VFXODV DO LQYRFDUOD FRQ PD\~VFXODV HVWDPRV OODPDQGR D RWUD
YDULDEOHGLIHUHQWH RDXQHVSDFLRGHVRFXSDGRHQODPHPRULD 

/RVQRPEUHVGHYDULDEOHVDFHSWDQFDUDFWHUHVPi[LPR


14
http://librosysolucionarios.net


9DULDEOHVQXPpULFDV

6RQODVYDULDEOHVTXHFRQWLHQHQYDORUHVQXPpULFRVHQFXDOTXLHUDGHORV
IRUPDWRV YiOLGRV TXH KHPRV PHQFLRQDGR FRQ DQWHULRULGDG 1R HV
QHFHVDULR GHFODUDUODV VyOR LQLFLDOL]DUODV HVWR HV GDUOHV XQ QRPEUH \
DVLJQDUOHVXQYDORU

3RUHMHPSOR[ 

9DULDEOHVGHFDGHQD

6RQ ODV YDULDEOHV TXH FRQWLHQHQ YDORUHV GH WH[WR $O LJXDO TXH ODV
YDULDEOHV QXPpULFDV VyOR HV QHFHVDULR GDUOHV QRPEUH \ DVLJQDUOHV XQ
YDORUSDUDSRGHUXWLOL]DUODV

3RUHMHPSORV
KROD


2SHUDFLRQHVFRQFDGHQDV

$ YHFHV HV QHFHVDULR SRGHU PDQLSXODU WH[WR FRPR HQ HO FDVR GH ORV
PHQVDMHVTXHVROLFLWDQGDWRVDOXVXDULRRSDUDORVWtWXORVGHJUiILFRV3RU
HVWD UD]yQ YHDPRV DOJXQDV GH ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV TXH QRV SHUPLWHQ
KDFHUOR



FGHKPKOQUXCTKCDNGUFGVKRQECFGPC



NGRGFKOQUC/CV.CDSWGPQUOWGUVTGNCNGVTCSWGQEWRCNC

RQUKEKxPWPQFGNCRTKOGTCECFGPCRCTCGUQWUCOQUGNP}OGTQ

WPQGPVTGRCToPVGUKU




.WGIQNGRGFKOQUSWGPQUOWGUVGNCNGVTCSWGGUVhGPNC

RQUKEKxP




#JQTCNGRGFKOQUPQUOWGUVTGNCUNGVTCUSWGGUVhPGPNCU

RQUKEKQPGUFGNCWPQCNCVTGURCTCGUVQGUETKDKOQUNQU

P}OGTQUFGNCURQUKEKQPGUUGRCTCFQURQTFQURWPVQU




15
http://librosysolucionarios.net


7DPELpQSRGHPRVXQLUyPiVFDGHQDVSDUDIRUPDUXQDQXHYDDHVWR
VHOHOODPDFRQFDWHQDFLyQ




FGHKPKOQUXCTKCDNGUFGVKRQECFGPC




#JQTCETGCOQUNCXCTKCDNGU[NGKPFKECOQU

SWGUWEQPVGPKFQUGThNCWPKxPFGNVGZVQSWG

VKGPGPNCUFQUXCTKCDNGU[CFGENCTCFCURCTC

GUVQUGGUETKDGPNQUPQODTGUFGNCUXCTKCDNGU


GPVTGEQTEJGVGU[UGRCTCFQURQTEQOCU








)XQFLRQHVPDWHPiWLFDVSUHGHILQLGDV

0DW/DE FXHQWD FRQ XQD JUDQ YDULHGDG GH IXQFLRQHV SUHGHILQLGDV
DJUXSDGDV HQ EORTXHV OODPDGRV ELEOLRWHFDV 3DUD FRQVXOWDU ODV
ELEOLRWHFDVSRGHPRVXVDUHOFRPDQGRKHOSHOFXDOQRVGHVSOLHJDODOLVWD
GH pVWDV 3DUD FRQRFHU HO FRQWHQLGR GH DOJXQD ELEOLRWHFD XVDPRV HO
FRPDQGR KHOS VHJXLGR GHO QRPEUH GH OD PLVPD \ GH OD PLVPD IRUPD
SRGHPRVFRQVXOWDUODVIXQFLRQHVXQDDXQD

3RU HMHPSOR VL HVFULELPRV KHOS HOIXQ HQ HO SURPSW QRV PXHVWUD OD
ELEOLRWHFD GHQRPLQDGD HOHPHQWDU\ IXQFWLRQV OD FXDO FRQWLHQH ODV
IXQFLRQHV WULJRQRPpWULFDV ORV H[SRQHQFLDOHV IXQFLRQHV SDUD Q~PHURV
FRPSOHMRVHWF









16
http://librosysolucionarios.net


OJHEUDEiVLFD

9DULDEOHVVLPEyOLFDV

0DW/DEXWLOL]DDUJXPHQWRVGHWLSRFDGHQDHQODPD\RUtDGHODVIXQFLRQHV
TXH UHVXHOYHQ H[SUHVLRQHV PDWHPiWLFDV 3RU HVWR HV SRVLEOH GHILQLU
YDULDEOHVTXHFRQWHQJDQXQDH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFD

3DUD KDFHU HVWR XVDPRV HO FRPDQGR V\P FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD
LPDJHQVLJXLHQWH





WUCOQUU[ORCTCFGHKPKTECFCWPCFGNCU

NKVGTCNGU[HKPCNOGPVGCUQEKCOQUOGFKCPVG


U[OVQFCNCECFGPCCWPPQODTGFGXCTKCDNG

SWGRWGFGUGTWVKNK\CFQEQOQHWPEKxP

























17
http://librosysolucionarios.net


3URGXFWRVQRWDEOHV

3DUD UHVROYHU SURGXFWRV QRWDEOHV XWLOL]DPRV HO FRPDQGR H[SDQG GH OD
VLJXLHQWHIRUPD

H[SDQG
[ A


TXHDUURMDUiFRPRUHVXOWDGR

DQV [A [

(VWH UHVXOWDGR SXHGH YLVXDOL]DUVH FRQ XQ IRUPDWR PiV VHQFLOOR SDUD OD
OHFWXUD KXPDQD DSOLFDQGR HO FRPDQGR SUHWW\ ERQLWR   FRPR VH
PXHVWUD

SUHWW\ DQV 

\DUURMD

 
 [[

6HSXHGHVLPSOLILFDUHOSURFHVRHVFULELHQGRSUHWW\ H[SDQG
[ A

&DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH H[SDQG DGHPiV HV FDSD] GH UHVROYHU RSHUDFLRQHV
DOJHEUDLFDVLQGLFDGDVTXHQRQHFHVDULDPHQWHFRUUHVSRQGDQFRQDOJXQRV
GHORVFDVRVGHSURGXFWRVQRWDEOHV


)DFWRUL]DFLyQ

3DUD IDFWRUL]DU XVDUHPRV HO FRPDQGR IDFWRU TXH LJXDOPHQWH DFHSWD HO
IRUPDWRTXHSURSRUFLRQDHOXVRGHSUHWW\

9HDPRVXQRVHMHPSORV

SUHWW\ IDFWRU
[A
QRVGD [  [ 



SUHWW\ IDFWRU
 [ [A [A
DUURMD [ [[ 



$GHPiV SRGHPRV VLPSOLILFDU H[SUHVLRQHV XWLOL]DQGR VLPSOLI\ TXH OOHYD
HQWUHSDUpQWHVLVODH[SUHVLyQTXHGHVHDPRVUHGXFLU

18
http://librosysolucionarios.net


5HVROXFLyQGHHFXDFLRQHVGHSULPHUJUDGRFRQXQDLQFyJQLWD

8WLOL]DUHPRV HO FRPDQGR VROYH SDViQGROH FRPR SDUiPHWURV SLPHUR OD
HFXDFLyQDUHVROYHUHQIRUPDWRFDGHQD\GHVSXpVVHSDUDGDSRUFRPDOD
YDULDEOHDHQFRQWUDU(MHPSOR


GEWCEKxPCTGUQNXGT
VROYH
 [ 

[



XCTKCDNGSWGUGDWUEC
DQV 



TGUWNVCFQ


6LGHVHDPRVFDPELDUODYDULDEOHDQVSRUXQDYDULDEOHVLPEyOLFD SRGUtD
VHU OD YDULDEOH TXH HV OD LQFyJQLWD D UHVROYHU  OD GHILQLPRV
DQWHSRQLpQGRODHQWUHFRUFKHWHV


>[@ VROYH
 [ 

[


NCOKUOCGEWCEKxPRGTQFGHKPKOQUGN
[ 

PQODTGFGXCTKCDNGZ

[GNTGUWNVCFQUGOWGUVTCEQPGNPQODTGFG

NCKPExIPKVCGPXG\FGCPU




5HVROXFLyQGHHFXDFLRQHVGHVHJXQGRJUDGR RJUDGRPD\RU 

6H VLJXH HO PLVPR SURFHGLPLHQWR TXH HQ ODV HFXDFLRQHV GH SULPHU
JUDGRFRPRYHPRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORV

>[@ VROYH
[A[ 

[


[ 

GUVCXG\GUWPCGEWCEKxPFGUGIWPFQITCFQ
>@
RQTGUQGNTGUWNVCFQUGEQORQPGFGNCU
>@
TCsEGURQUKDNGU






19
http://librosysolucionarios.net



GPWPCGEWCEKxPFGVGTEGTITCFQQDVGPGOQU
VROYH
[A 

WPTGUWNVCFQEQORWGUVQFGNCU

DQV 
TCsEGURQUKDNGU


>A  @
> A   L A  A  @
> A   L A  A  @




[ VROYH
[A 

[


[ 
GPWPCGEWCEKxPFGUGIWPFQITCFQEW[Q

FGURGLGRTQFWEGNCTCs\EWCFTCFCFGWP
> L@
P}OGTQPGICVKXQNCUTCsEGUUGOWGUVTCP
> L@
EQOQP}OGTQUKOCIKPCTKQU




9HDPRVFyPRVHPXHVWUDHQSDQWDOOD






















20
http://librosysolucionarios.net


5HVROXFLyQGHVLVWHPDVGHHFXDFLRQHVGHSULPHUJUDGR


3DUD UHVROYHU VLVWHPDV GH HFXDFLRQHV WDPELpQ VH XVD VROYH SHUR GH
HVWDIRUPD

>[\@ VROYH
 [ \ 

 [ \ 




GEWCEKxP[GEWCEKxPGPHQTOCVQECFGOC[

UGRCTCFCURQTEQOC



 FGHKPKOQUNQUPQODTGUFGNCUKPExIPKVCU


[ 

#UKUGOWGUVTCGNTGUWNVCFQ


XCNQTGUFGNCUKPExPKVCU 
\ 




(Q DOJXQRV FDVRV ODV HFXDFLRQHV QRV SURGXFHQ FRPR UHVXOWDGRV
H[SUHVLRQHVFRPRVHPXHVWUD

>[\@ VROYH
A[A \ 

A [  A\ 


[ ORJ A ORJ  ORJ    ORJ  

\ ORJ  ORJ  


3DUD YHU ORV YDORUHV QXPpULFRV GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV SRGHPRV DSOLFDU HO
FRPDQGRVLPSOLI\DVt


>[\@ VROYH
A[A \ 

A [  A\ 
VLPSOLI\ [ VLPSOLI\ \ 
DQV 
DQV 





GUETKDKOQUGNUKUVGOC[NWGIQKPXQECOQUWPUKORNKH[RCTCZ[Q
VTQRCTC[ECDGUGwCNCTSWGGPGUVGECUQWUCOQUEQOCGPVTG
GNNQURCTCSWGHWGTCXKUWCNK\CFQGNTGUWNVCFQ
21
http://librosysolucionarios.net


$GHPiVHVSRVLEOHUHVROYHUVLVWHPDVGHHFXDFLRQHVFRQLQFyJQLWDV























7ULJRQRPHWUtD

)XQFLRQHVWULJQRPpWULFDV

&RPR\DPHQFLRQDPRVODVIXQFLRQHVWULJRQRPpWULFDVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQ
ODELEOLRWHFDHOIXQ\VXVFiOFXORVVHH[SUHVDQHQUDGLDQHV

6LHMHFXWDPRV

VLQ  HOUHVXOWDGRVHUi

3DUDXVDUORHQJUDGRVSRGHPRVUHFXUULUDODFRQYHUVLyQVLJXLHQWH

VLQ  SL \REWHQGUHPRV

7HRUHPDGH3LWiJRUDV

3RGHPRVGHILQLUORSRU+ VTUW FRAFDA VyORKD\TXHGDUYDORUHVD
FR\FDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

22
http://librosysolucionarios.net


&iOFXORGLIHUHQFLDOHLQWHJUDO 

/tPLWHV

/RVOtPLWHVVHUHVXHOYHQFRQHOFRPDQGROLPLW3RUHMHPSORVLTXHUHPRV
FDOFXODUHOOtPLWHGHODIXQFLyQ


I [ [

[!


XCNQTFGNNsOKVG
VHHVFULELUtD

OLPLW
[A

[
 


XCTKCDNGCTGUQNXGT

HWPEKxP





'HULYDGDV

3DUD HOFiOFXORGHGHULYDGDVWHQHPRVHOFRPPDQGRGLII$FRQWLQXDFLyQ
YHPRVVXXVR


SUHWW\ GLII
 [A



QRVDUURMD[

6L TXHUHPRV FDOFXODU OD VHJXQGD GHULYDGD SRGHPRV KDFHUOR GH OD
VLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

TGRGVKOQUFKHHRCTCJCEGTNCQRGTCEKxPXGEGU

SUHWW\ GLII GLII
[A


RWDPELpQDVt

SUHWW\ GLII
[A
 
KPFKECOQUSWoP}OGTQFGFGTKXCFCFGUGCOQUQDVGPGT


GPGUVGECUQNCUGIWPFC
23
http://librosysolucionarios.net


SUHWW\ GLII
[A
 
[UKSWGTGOQUNCVGTEGTCFGTKXCFCRWGURQPGOQUGN


P}OGTQ



,QWHJUDOHV

6X UHVROXFLyQ HV PHGLDQWH HO FRPDQGR LQW $O LJXDO TXH GLF VX
SDUiPHWUREDVHHVODIXQFLyQTXHVHGHVHDLQWHJUDU(MHPSOR


SUHWW\ LQW
VLQ [
QRVGDFRV [ 

(VGHQRWDUVHTXHDSHVDUGHODUHVROXFLyQHQIRUPDVLPEyOLFDKDFH
IDOWDDJUHJDUODFRQVWDQWHGHLQWHJUDFLyQ\DTXH0DW/DEODRPLWH

6LGHVHDPRVUHDOL]DULQWHJUDOHVGREOHVHVFULELUtDPRV

SUHWW\ LQW LQW
 FRV [  [ VLQ [  [A FRV [


<SDUDLQWHJUDOHVWULSOHV

SUHWW\ LQW LQW LQW
 FRV [  [ VLQ [  [A FRV [



EQOQGPGNWUQFGFKHHUxNQTGRGVKOQUKPVECFCXG\SWGFGUGGOQUWP


RCUQOhUFGKPVGITCEKxP
GUVCGUWPCKPVGITCNVTKRNG 


$KRUD TXH VL QHFHVLWDPRV FDOFXODU XQD LQWHJUDO GHILQLGD VyOR EDVWD
DJUHJDUHOLQWHUYDOR


LQW
 [ A
 


GUVCKPVGITCNXCFGC


GUVCGUNCHWPEKxP





24
http://librosysolucionarios.net


*HRPHWUtDDQDOtWLFD

3RGHPRVGHILQLUODVHFXDFLRQHVEiVLFDVXWLOL]DGDVHQJHRPHWUtDDQDOtWLFD
\SDUDREWHQHUYDORUHVVyORGHEHPRVVXVWLWXLUODVYDULDEOHV

(FXDFLyQGHODUHFWD

6HGHILQHFRPR\\ P [[ \SRGHPRVUHVROYHUODVXVWLWX\HQGR\
GHVSHMDQGRSDUD[GHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD


>[@ VROYH H[SDQG
\  [

[


[ 
 \

(Q JHQHUDO ODV HFXDFLRQHV GH ODV GHPiV ILJXUDV VH SXHGHQ PDQLSXODU
FRQHVWHPpWRGR$FRQWLQXDFLyQYHDPRVODWUDGXFFLyQGHODVHFXDFLRQHV
GHODVILJXUDVPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDVD0DW/DE


&LUFXQIHUHQFLD

;A\A UA

[K A \N A UA


3DUiEROD

[A  S \
\N A  S [K 


+LSpUEROD

[ADA\AEA 


[K ADA \N AEA 




25
http://librosysolucionarios.net


(VWDGtVWLFDGHVFULSWLYDHLQIHUHQFLDO 

0DQHMDUHPRV SODQWLOODV TXH SHUPLWHQ UHDOL]DU ORV FiOFXORV \ JUiILFDV
EiVLFDV eVWDV QR HVWiQ RULJLQDOPHQWH LQFOXLGDV FRQ 0DW/DE IXHURQ
SURJUDPDGDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH SDUD TXH SXGLHUDQ LQYRFDUVH FRPR VL VH
WUDWDUD GH FRPDQGRV R IXQFLRQHV SUHGHILQLGDV 6XV QRPEUHV \
GHVFULSFLRQHVSRGHPRVYHUORVLOXVWUDGRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ





































26
http://librosysolucionarios.net


OJHEUDOLQHDO

9HFWRUHV

8QYHFWRUVHGHILQHHQ0DW/DEGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD


; >@



/DV RSHUDFLRQHV TXH VH SXHGHQ UHDOL]DU VRQ SDUD OD VLJXLHQWH WDEOD
FRQVLGpUHVHTXHD\EVRQYHFWRUHVGHGLPHQVLyQ1\FHVXQHVFDODU 

 2SHUDFLyQ
'HVFULSFLyQ


 DF
>DFDFDQF@


 D F
>D FD FDQ F@


 DE
>DEDEDQEQ@


 D E
>D ED EDQ EQ@


 DE
>DEDEDQEQ@


 D?E
>EDEDEQDQ@


 DAF
>DAFDAFDQAF@


 FAD
>FADFADFADQ@


 DAE
>DAEDAEDQAEQ@








$SOLTXHPRVDOJXQDVGHHVWDVRSHUDFLRQHV8QHMHPSORLOXVWUDGRSXHGH

YHUVHHQODSiJLQDVLJXLHQWH









27
http://librosysolucionarios.net
























3DUD FDOFXODU HO SURGXFWR SXQWR SURGXFWR HVFDODU  SRGHPRV FDOFXODU OD
WUDQVSXHVWDGHOSULPHUYHFWRU\OXHJRORPXOWLSOLFDPRVSRUHOVHJXQGRR
VHD

D
E

6LQ HPEDUJR XVDUHPRV HO FRPDQGR GRW DO FXDO OH SDVDPRV FRPR
SDUiPHWURVORVQRPEUHVGHORVYHFWRUHV

GRW DE 

6L TXHUHPRV FDOFXODU HO SURGXFWR FUX] HO FRPDQGR DGHFXDGR HV FURVV
TXHLJXDOPHQWHOOHYDFRPRSDUiPHWURVORVQRPEUHVGHORVYHFWRUHV

FURVV DE 







28
http://librosysolucionarios.net


0DWULFHV

9HDPRVFyPRVHGHILQHQODVPDWULFHVHQ0DW/DE







EQNWOPC





EQNWOPC

EQNWOPC



NCUEQNWOPCUUGUGRCTCPRQTRWPVQ[EQOCUWU


GNGOGPVQUUGUGRCTCPRQTGURCEKQGPDNCPEQ








3RGHPRVDSOLFDURSHUDFLRQHVVLPLODUHVDODVGHORVYHFWRUHVWDOHVFRPR

$%

$%

$ %

% $

$%

GUVQGUNQOKUOQSWGFGEKT#$
%?$




29
http://librosysolucionarios.net


9HDPRVRWUDVRSHUDFLRQHV


2SHUDFLyQ
'HVFULSFLyQ



GLDJ $ 
GLDJRQDOGH$



LQY $ 
LQYHUVDGH$



$

WUDQVSXHVWDGH$



WUDQVSRVH $ 
WUDQVSXHVWDGH$



GHW $ 
GHWHUPLQDQWHGH$



$AF
$DODSRWHQFLDF



$AF
FDGDHOHPHQWRGH$VHHOHYDDODF










(FXDFLRQHVVLPXOWiQHDVSRUGHWHUPLQDQWHV


3DUDUHVROYHUVLVWHPDVGHHFXDFLRQHVGHEHPRVFRQVLGHUDUORVVLJXLHQWHV
SXQWRV

/RVFRHILFLHQWHVIRUPDUiQXQDPDWUL]

/DVOLWHUDOHVIRUPDUiQRWUDPDWUL]VLQHPEDUJRKD\TXHGHILQLUSULPHUR
FDGDOLWHUDOFRQHOFRPDQGRV\P

)LQDOPHQWHORVWpUPLQRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVIRUPDUiQXQDWHUFHUDPDWUL]

(OSURFHGLPLHQWRDVHJXLUHV

OCVTK\FGVoTOKPQUKPFGRGPFKGPVGU
P LQY $ %


 CSWsXCPNQUTGUWNVCFQUOCVTK\FGEQGHKEKGPVGU


30
http://librosysolucionarios.net


9HDPRVFyPRVHKDFHHVWRHQ0DW/DE






GUVQHWGWUCPFQUQNXG




FGHKPKOQUNCOCVTK\FGEQGHKEKGPVGU

FGHKPKOQUNCUXCTKCDNGUUKODxNKECU

NWGIQNCOCVTK\FGNKVGTCNGU


FGURWoUNCOCVTK\FGVoTOKPQU

KPFGRGPFKGPVGU

QRGTCOQU[

GNTGUWNVCFQGUGNOKUOQSWG


WUCPFQUQNXG








1yWHVHTXH$%\&VRQPDWULFHVQRREVWDQWHTXH%\&VHDQPDWULFHV
GH XQD VROD FROXPQD GH QR VHU PDWULFHV QR SRGUi OOHYDUVH D FDER OD
RSHUDFLyQ

$GHPiV SDUD IRUPDU OD PDWUL] % KXER OD QHFHVLGDG GH GHILQLU ODV
YDULDEOHVVLPEyOLFDVKDFLHQGR

[ V\P
[
\ V\P
\
] V\P
]











31
http://librosysolucionarios.net


&iOFXORDYDQ]DGR

6HULHV

/DV VHULHV ODV SRGHPRV HYDOXDU FRQ HO FRPDQGR V\PVXP TXH UHFLEH
FRPRSDUiPHWURODIXQFLyQ\HOLQWHUYDORHQHOTXHHVWiGHILQLGD







KPVGTXCNQ




HWPEKxP




















3DUDKDFHUUHIHUHQFLDDOYDORUGHLQILQLWRXVDUHPRVODSDODEUDLQI










32
http://librosysolucionarios.net


6ROXFLyQGHHFXDFLRQHVGLIHUHQFLDOHV

6HDSOLFDHOFRPDQGRGVROYH

3DUD

G\ [ 
BBBBB\ [ 

GW


HVFULELPRVGVROYH
'\\ 


6L FRQWDPRV FRQ ORV YDORUHV GH \    \
   ORV DQH[DPRV HQ
GVROYHDVt

GVROYH
'\\ 

\  

'\  



6LORTXHQHFHVLWDPRVHVUHVROYHUXQVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVFRPR

G[ W 
BBBB [ W \ W 
GW


G\ W 
BBBBB [ W \ W 
GW


KDFHPRV

>[\@ GVROYH
'[  [ \

'\  [ \

[  

\  










33
http://librosysolucionarios.net


9HDPRVHOSULPHUR\HOWHUFHUHMHPSORHMHFXWiQGRVHHQ0DW/DE











































34
http://librosysolucionarios.net


*UiILFDV\IXQFLRQHV


*UDILFDVHQGLPHQVLRQHV

*UiILFDVGHIXQFLRQHV

3DUD JUDILFDU XQD IXQFLyQ XVDPRVH]SORW\OHSDVDPRVFRPRSDUiPHWUR
ODIXQFLyQDJUDILFDUHMHPSOR

6L WHQHPRV OD SDUiEROD GHVFULWD SRU [  SDUD JUDILFDUOD VyOR OD
LJXDODPRV D FHUR GH IRUPD TXH QRV TXHGH [  \ HVWR VH OR
SRQHPRVDH]SORW

H]SORW
[A



2WURFRPDQGRHVISORWHOFXDOOOHYDDGHPiVGHODIXQFLyQHOYDORULQLFLDO
\HOYDORUILQDOGHOLQWHUYDOR

3RU HMHPSOR SDUD JUDILFDU VHQ [  GHVGH  KDVWD S OR KDFHPRV GH OD
VLJXLHQWHPDQHUD

ISORW
VLQ [
> SL@ 

$GHPiV SRGHPRV XVDU HO FRPPDQGR SORW DFRPSDxDQGR GH XQD
GHILQLFLyQGHSXQWRVSRUPHGLRGHOFRPDQGROLQVSDFH

6LTXHUHPRVJUDILFDUODPLVPDIXQFLyQVHQ [ GHVGHKDVWDSVHUtD

[ OLQVSDFH  SL 



 KPKEKCGP
 VGTOKPCGP2S

WUCOQURWPVQURCTCNCIThHKEC

 

<OXHJRDSOLFDPRVSORWFRPRVLJXH

SORW [VLQ [ 
35
http://librosysolucionarios.net


*UiILFDVSRODUHV

3DUDJUDILFDUU T VHKDFHDOJRSDUHFLGRVyORTXHXVDPRVHOFRPDQGR
SRODUHQYH]GHSORW

W OLQVSDFH  SL 
U  W
SRODU WU 

*UiILFDVGHGLPHQVLRQHV

8QD IRUPD VHQFLOOD GH FUHDU JUiILFDV ' HV XVDQGR PHVK TXH SHUPLWH
FUHDUPDOODVGHIXQFLRQHV'

] SHDNV  
PHVK ] 

3DUDJUDILFDUHVIHUDVFRQWDPRVFRQHOFRPPDQGRVSKHUHHOFXDOSXHGH
LQYRFDUVHGLUHFWDPHQWH

$GHPiVFRQWDPRVFRQHOFRPDQGRF\OLQGHUSDUDJUDILFDUFLOLQGURVHQ'







36
http://librosysolucionarios.net

You might also like