Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Pengertian
Perkataan vertigo berasal dari bahasa Yunani vertere yang artinya memutar. Pengertian vertigo adalah : sensasi
gerakan atau rasa gerak dari tubuh atau lingkungan sekitarnya, dapat disertai gejala lain, terutama dari jaringan
otonomik akibat gangguan alat keseimbangan tubuh Vertigo mungkin bukan hanya terdiri dari satu gejala pusing
saja, melainkan kumpulan gejala atau sindrom yang terdiri dari gejala somatik (nistagmus, unstable), otonomik
(pucat, peluh dingin, mual, muntah) dan pusing. Dari (http://www.kalbefarma.com).
B. Etiologi
Menurut (Burton, 1990 : 170) yaitu :
1.
2.
3.
Lesi vestibular :
o
Fisiologik
Labirinitis
Menire
Otitis media
Motion sickness
Neuroma akustik
Neuronitis
vestibular
Insufisiensi vertebro-basilar
Sklerosi diseminata
Tumor
Siringobulbia
Menurut (http://www.kalbefarma.com)
1.
2.
Penyakit SSP :
o
Tumor.
Migren.
Epilepsi.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Intoksikasi.
C. Patofisiologi
Vertigo timbul jika terdapat ketidakcocokan informasi aferen yang disampaikan ke pusat kesadaran. Susunan
aferen yang terpenting dalam sistem ini adalah susunan vestibuler atau keseimbangan, yang secara terus
menerus menyampaikan impulsnya ke pusat keseimbangan. Susunan lain yang berperan ialah sistem optik dan
pro-prioseptik, jaras-jaras yang menghubungkan nuklei vestibularis dengan nuklei N. III, IV dan VI, susunan
vestibuloretikularis, dan vestibulospinalis.
Informasi yang berguna untuk keseimbangan tubuh akan ditangkap oleh reseptor vestibuler, visual, dan
proprioseptik; reseptor vestibuler memberikan kontribusi paling besar, yaitu lebih dari 50 % disusul kemudian
reseptor visual dan yang paling kecil kontribusinya adalah proprioseptik.
Dalam kondisi fisiologis/normal, informasi yang tiba di pusat integrasi alat keseimbangan tubuh berasal dari
reseptor vestibuler, visual dan proprioseptik kanan dan kiri akan diperbandingkan, jika semuanya dalam keadaan
sinkron dan wajar, akan diproses lebih lanjut. Respons yang muncul berupa penyesuaian otot-otot mata dan
penggerak tubuh dalam keadaan bergerak. Di samping itu orang menyadari posisi kepala dan tubuhnya
terhadap lingkungan sekitar. Jika fungsi alat keseimbangan tubuh di perifer atau sentral dalam kondisi tidak
normal/ tidak fisiologis, atau ada rangsang gerakan yang aneh atau berlebihan, maka proses pengolahan
informasi akan terganggu, akibatnya muncul gejala vertigo dan gejala otonom; di samping itu, respons
penyesuaian otot menjadi tidak adekuat sehingga muncul gerakan abnormal yang dapat berupa nistagmus,
unsteadiness, ataksia saat berdiri/ berjalan dan gejala lainnya (http://www.kalbefarma.com).
D. Klasifikasi Vertigo
Berdasarkan gejala klinisnya, vertigo dapat dibagi atas beberapa kelompok :
1.
2.
Vertigo paroksismal
Yaitu vertigo yang serangannya datang mendadak, berlangsung beberapa
menit atau hari, kemudian menghilang sempurna; tetapi suatu ketika
serangan tersebut dapat muncul lagi. Di antara serangan, penderita sama
sekali bebas keluhan. Vertigo jenis ini dibedakan menjadi :
o
Vertigo kronis
Yaitu vertigo yang menetap, keluhannya konstan tanpa (Cermin Dunia
Kedokteran No. 144, 2004: 47) serangan akut, dibedakan menjadi:
o
2.
D. Manifestasi klinik
Perasaan berputar yang kadang-kadang disertai gejala sehubungan dengan reak dan lembab yaitu mual,
muntah, rasa kepala berat, nafsu makan turun, lelah, lidah pucat dengan selaput putih lengket, nadi lemah,
puyeng (dizziness), nyeri kepala, penglihatan kabur, tinitus, mulut pahit, mata merah, mudah tersinggung,
gelisah, lidah merah dengan selaput tipis.
E. Pemerikasaan Penunjang
1.
2.
Pemeriksaan fisik :
o
Pemeriksaan mata
Pemeriksaan neurologik
Pemeriksaan otologik
Pemeriksaan khusus :
o
ENG
Psikiatrik
3.
Pemeriksaan tambahan :
o
Laboratorium
F. Penatalaksanaan Medis
Terapi menurut (Cermin Dunia Kedokteran No. 144, 2004: 48) :
Terdiri dari :
1.
Terapi kausal
2.
Terapi simtomatik
3.
Terapi rehabilitatif.
2.
3.
Aktivitas / Istirahat
o
Keterbatasan gerak
Sakit kepala yang hebat saat perubahan postur tubuh, aktivitas (kerja)
atau karena perubahan cuaca.
Sirkulasi
o
Riwayat hypertensi
Integritas Ego
o
4.
5.
6.
Neurosensoris
o
Papiledema.
Nyeri/ kenyamanan
o
Fokus menyempit
7.
8.
Keamanan
o
Interaksi sosial
o
9.
Penyuluhan / pembelajaran
o
2.
3.
C. Intervensi
Diagnosa Keperawatan 1. :
Nyeri (akut/kronis) berhubungan dengan stress dan ketegangan, iritasi/ tekanan syaraf, vasospasme,
peningkatan intrakranial ditandai dengan menyatakan nyeri yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor misal, perubahan
posisi, perubahan pola tidur, gelisah.
Tujuan : Nyeri hilang atau berkurang
Kriteria Hasil :
Intervensi :
Diagnosa Keperawatan 2. :
Koping individual tak efektif berhubungan dengan ketidak-adekuatan relaksasi,
metode koping tidak adekuat, kelebihan beban kerja.
Tujuan : koping individu menjadi lebih adekuat
Kriteria Hasil :
Menunjukkan perubahan gaya hidup yang diperlukan atau situasi yang tepat.
Intervensi :
Dekati pasien dengan ramah dan penuh perhatian, ambil keuntungan dari
kegiatan yang dapat diajarkan.
Rasional : membuat klien merasa lebih berarti dan dihargai.
Diagnosa Keperawatan 3. :
Kurang pengetahuan (kebutuhan belajar) mengenai kondisi dan kebutuhan
pengobatan berhubungan dengan keterbatasan kognitif, tidak mengenal informasi
dan kurang mengingat ditandai oleh memintanya informasi, ketidak-adekuatannya
mengikuti instruksi.
Tujuan : pasien mengutarakan pemahaman tentang kondisi, efek prosedur dan
proses pengobatan.
Kriteria Hasil :
Memulai perubahan gaya hidup yang diperlukan dan ikut serta dalam regimen
perawatan.
Intervensi :
Minta klien dan keluarga mengulangi kembali tentang materi yang telah
diberikan.
Rasional : mengetahui seberapa jauh pemahaman klien dan keluarga serta
menilai keberhasilan dari tindakan yang dilakukan.
2.
3.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Lynda Juall carpernito, Rencana Asuhan keperawatan dan dokumentasi keperawatan, Diagnosis Keperawatan
dan Masalah Kolaboratif, ed. 2, EGC, Jakarta, 1999.
Marilynn E. Doenges, Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan pedoman untuk perencanaan dan pendokumentasian
pasien, ed.3, EGC, Jakarta, 1999.
http://www.kalbefarma.com/files/cdk/files/14415 Terapi Akupunktur untuk
Vertigo.pdf/144_15TerapiAkupunkturuntukVertigo.html
Kang L S,. Pengobatan Vertigo dengan Akupunktur, Cermin Dunia Kedokteran No. 144, Jakarta, 2004.
o otitis media
o "Motion sickness"
o "post-traumatic benign positional vertigo"
2. Vestibular nerve lesions
o acoustic neuroma
o Drugs; eg streptomycin
o Neuronitis
o vestibular
3. Lesions of the brain stem, cerebellum or temporal lobe
o The pontine infarction or hemorrhage
o vertebro-basilar insufficiency
o Migraine basilaris artery
o Disseminated Sklerosi
o Tumors
o Siringobulbia
o Epilepsy temporal lobe
According to (http://www.kalbefarma.com)
1. Peripheral vestibular system disease:
o The external ear: cerumen, foreign bodies.
o The middle ear: tympanic membrane retraction, purulenta akuta otitis media, otitis media
with effusion, labirintitis, cholesteatomas, involuntary with bleeding.
o The inner ear: labirintitis akuta toksika, trauma, vascular attacks, allergies, labyrinthine
hydrops (Morbus Meniere), drunken movements, postural vertigo.
o nerve VIII. : Infection, trauma, tumors.
o vestibular nucleus: infection, trauma, hemorrhage, thrombosis arteria inferior posterior
serebeli, tumors, sclerosis multiplex.
2. CNS disease:
o Hypoxia Ischemia of the brain. : Hypertension is a chronic, arterios-klerosis, anemia,
cardiovascular hypertension, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, aortic stenosis and insufficiency,
carotid sinus syndrome, syncope, orthostatic hypotension, heart block.
o Infection: meningitis, encephalitis, abscess, Lues.
Head trauma o / the labyrinth.
o Tumors.
o Migraines.
o Epilepsy.
3. Endocrine disorders: hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, hipoparatiroid, adrenal medulla
tumors, state-pregnant-menopausal period.
4. Psychiatric disorders: depression, neurosa anxiety, hyperventilation syndrome, phobias.
5. Eye disorders: abnormalities proprioseptik.
6. Intoxications.
C. Pathophysiology
Vertigo occurs if there is a mismatch afferent information is conveyed to the center of
consciousness. The composition of afferent most important in this system is the arrangement
of vestibular or balance, which is continuously convey impulses to the center of balance.
Another arrangement is the role of optical systems and pro-prioseptik, pathway-pathway
linking the vestibular nuclei with the nuclei N. III, IV and VI, the structure
vestibuloretikularis, and vestibulospinalis.
Information useful to balance the body will be picked up by receptors vestibular, visual, and
proprioseptik; vestibular receptors contributes the most, ie more than 50% followed the visual
Spinning feeling which is sometimes accompanied by symptoms associated with reactive and
humid namely nausea, vomiting, severe headache taste, appetite decreased, fatigue, pale
tongue with sticky white membranes, weak pulse, headache (dizziness), headache, blurred
vision, tinnitus , bitter mouth, red eyes, irritability, restlessness, red tongue with thin
membrane.
E. Supporting a survey
1. Physical examination:
o Examination of the eyes
o The perusal of the balance of the body
o The neurologic examination
o Examination otologik
o A general physical examination.
2. Special Examination:
o ENG
o audiometry and BAEP
o Psychiatric
3. Additional checks:
o Laboratory
o radiological and Imaging
o EEG, EMG, and ECG.
F. Medical Management
Therapy according to (No PowerPoint. 144, 2004: 48):
Consists of:
1. Causal therapy
2. Symptomatic therapy
3. Rehabilitative therapy.
NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS WITH VERTIGO
A. Assessment
1. Activity / Rest
o Tired, weakness, malaise
o Limitations of motion
o eye strain, difficulty reading
o Insomnia, waking in the morning, accompanied by headache.
o severe headache during changes in posture, activity (work) or because the weather changes.
2. Circulation
o History of hypertension
o throbbing vascular, eg temporal region.
o Pale, reddish face.
3. Ego Integrity
o The factors of emotional stress / specific environment
o Changes in disability, despair, hopelessness depression
o Concerns, anxiety, headaches receptors during
o Mechanism refresif / dekensif (chronic headaches).
4. Food and fluid
o Foods that are high vasorektiknya such as caffeine, chocolate, onions, cheese, alcohol,
wine, meat, tomatoes, eat fatty foods, citrus, gravy, hot dogs, MSG (in migraine).
o Nausea / vomiting, anorexia (for pain)
o Weight loss
5. Neurosensoris
o Dizziness, disorientation (for headache)
o History of seizures, head injury had just happened, trauma, stroke.
o Aura; facial, olfactory, tinnitus.
o Changes in visual sensitivity to light / sound harsh, epitaksis.
o Parastesia, progressive weakness / paralysis one side tempore
o Changes in the patterns of speech / thought patterns
o Easily aroused, sensitive to the stimulus.
o decrease in deep tendon reflexes
o papilledema.
6. Pain / comfort
o Characteristics of pain depends on the type of headache, eg migraine, muscle tension,
cluster, brain tumors, post-traumatic, sinusitis.
o Pain, redness, pale in the face.
o The focus narrows
o Focus on yourself
o Response emotional / behavioral undirected like crying, anxiety.
o The muscles of the neck is also tightened, frigidity vocals.
7. Security
o History of allergy or allergic reactions
o Fever (headache)
o Impaired gait, parastesia, paralysis
o purulent nasal drainage (sinus headache disorders).
8. Social interaction
o Changes in responsibility / role of social interaction associated with the disease.
9. Guidance / learning
o History of hypertension, migraine, stroke, illness in family
o Use of alcohol / other drugs, including caffeine. Oral contraceptives / hormone, menopause.
B. Nursing Diagnosis (Doengoes, 1999:2021)
1. Pain (acute / chronic) associated with stress and tension, irritation / pressure nerves,
vasospressor, characterized by increased intracranial pain states that are influenced by such
factors, changes in position, changes in sleep patterns, anxiety.
2. Ineffective individual coping related to non-adekuatan relaxation, coping methods are not
adequate, excess workload.
3. Lack of knowledge (learning needs) about the condition and needs medication associated
with cognitive limitations, are not familiar information and lack of recall is characterized by a
request of information, lack of adekuatannya follow the instructions.
C. Intervention
Nursing Diagnosis 1. :
Pain (acute / chronic) associated with stress and tension, irritation / nerve pressure,
vasospasm, characterized by increased intracranial pain states that are affected by such
factors, changes in position, changes in sleep patterns, anxiety.
Purpose: Pain is lost or reduced
Criteria Results:
The client revealed reduced pain
Vital signs are normal
the patient appeared calm and relaxed.
Intervention:
Rational: to reduce anxiety and increase knowledge of the client client neighbor illness.
Ask the client and family reiterated about the material that has been given.
Rational: find out how much understanding the client and family as well as assessing the
success of the action taken.
Discuss the importance of the position or location of normal body
Rational: the client is able to do so and change the position / location of the body that are less
good.
Instruct the patient to always take an experienced headache and associated factors.
Rational: taking into account factors related to the client can reduce its own headaches with
simple measures, such as lying down, resting at the time of the attack.
C. Evaluation
Evaluation is the comparison of a systemic or planned about the health of patients with the
intended purpose be achieved by continuous, involving patients, families and other health
personnel. (Carpenito, 1999:28)
Discharge Destination on vertigo is:
1. Pain can be eliminated or overcome.
2. Changes in lifestyle or behavior to control or prevent recurrence.
3. Understanding the needs or condition of the disease process and therapeutic needs.