Chapter

FIVE

Personality,
Values,
Emotions &
Moods

What
What is
is Personality?
Personality?

Personality
PersonalityDeterminants
Determinants
Genetics
Genetics
Environment
Environment
Situation
Situation

The
The Myers-Briggs
Myers-Briggs Type
Type Indicator
Indicator
Most widely-used instrument in the
world.
Participants are classified on four axes to
determine one of 16 possible personality
types, such as ENTJ.
Extroverted (E) vs. Introverted (I)
Sensing (S) vs. Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)
Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P)

The
The Types
Types and
and Their
Their Uses
Uses
Each of the sixteen possible combinations has a
name, for instance:
Visionaries (INTJ) are original, stubborn and driven.
Organizers (ESTJ) realistic, logical, analytical and
businesslike.
Conceptualizer (ENTP) entrepreneurial, innovative,
individualistic and resourceful.

Research results on validity mixed.

MBTI is a good tool for self-awareness and counseling.
Should not be used as a selection test for job candidates.

The
The Big
Big Five
Five Model
Model of
of Personality
Personality Dimensions
Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus
nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative)
Openness to Experience
Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive

Other
Other Personality
Personality Traits
Traits Relevant
Relevant to
to OB
OB
Core Self Evaluation
Bottom line conclusions individuals have about
their capabilities, competence and worth as a
person
Machiavellianism
The degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes that
ends can justify means

Other
Other Personality
Personality Traits
Traits Relevant
Relevant to
to OB
OB
Narcissism
The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose
sense of self-importance, require excessive
admiration, and have a sense of entitlement
Self Monitoring
Individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior
to external, situational factors
Proactive Personality
People who identify opportunities, show
initiative, take action, and preserve until
meaningful changes occurs

Emotions
Emotions &
& Moods
Moods

Emotions
Emotions &
& Moods
Moods
Emotions:
Intense feelings that are directed at
someone or something.
Moods:
Feelings that tend to be less intense than
emotions and that lack
a contextual
stimulus

Sources
Sources of
of Emotions
Emotions
Personality
Day and Time of the Week
Weather
Stress
Social Activities
Sleep
Exercise
Age
Gender

Gender
Gender &
& Emotions
Emotions
Women
Can show greater emotional expression
Experience emotions more intensely
Display emotions more frequently
Are more comfortable in expressing emotions
Are better at reading others emotions

Gender
Gender &
& Emotions
Emotions
Men
Showing emotions is inconsistent with the male
image
Are less able to read and to identify with others
emotions
Have less need to seek social approval by
showing positive emotions

Values
Values
Definition: Mode of conduct or end state is personally
or socially preferable (i.e., what is right & good)
Terminal Values

Desirable End States

Instrumental Values

The ways/means for achieving ones terminal values

Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of an

individuals values in terms of their intensity.

Importance
Importance of
of Values
Values
Provide understanding of the attitudes,
motivation, and behaviors of individuals and
cultures.
Influence our perception of the world around us.
Represent
wrong.

interpretations

of

right

and

Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are

preferred over others.

Types
Types of
of Values
Values - Rokeach
Rokeach Value
Value Survey
Survey
Terminal Values
Desirable
end-states
of
existence; the goals that a
person would like to achieve
during his or her lifetime.
Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of behavior or
means of achieving ones
terminal values.

Values
Values in
in the
the Rokeach
Rokeach Survey
Survey

Values
Values in
in the
the Rokeach
Rokeach Survey
Survey (contd)
(contd)

Mean
Mean Value
Value Rankings
Rankings of
of Executives,
Executives, Union
Union
Members,
Members, and
and Activists
Activists

Mean
Mean Value
Value Rankings
Rankings of
of Executives,
Executives, Union
Union
Members,
Members, and
and Activists
Activists

Mean
Mean Value
Value Rankings
Rankings of
of Executives,
Executives, Union
Union
Members,
Members, and
and Activists
Activists

Personality
Personality Job
Job Fit
Fit Theory
Theory
A theory that identifies six personality
types and proposes that the fit between
personality type and occupational
environmental determines satisfaction
and turnover

Personality
Personality Job
Job Fit
Fit Theory
Theory

Values
Values across
across Cultures:
Cultures: Hofstedes
Hofstedes
Framework
Framework
Power Distance
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-term and Short-term orientation

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework for
for Assessing
Assessing
Cultures
Cultures
Power Distance

The extent to which a society accepts that power in

institutions and organizations is distributed
unequally.
Low distance: relatively equal power between those
with status/wealth and those without status/wealth
High distance: extremely unequal power distribution
between those with status/wealth and those without
status/wealth

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Individualism
The degree to which
people prefer to act
as individuals rather
than a member of
groups.

Vs.

Collectivism
A tight social framework
in which people expect
others in groups of which
they are a part to look
after them and protect
them.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Masculinity
The extent to which the
society values work
roles of achievement,
power, and control, and
where assertiveness and
materialism are also
valued.

Vs.

Femininity
The extent to
which there is little
differentiation
between roles for
men and women.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which a society feels threatened by
uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to
avoid them.
High Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not
like ambiguous situations & tries to avoid them.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not
mind ambiguous situations & embraces them.

Hofstedes
Hofstedes Framework
Framework (contd)
(contd)
Long-term
Orientation
A national culture
attribute that
emphasizes the
future, economy, and
persistence.

Vs.

Short-term
Orientation
A national culture
attribute that
emphasizes the present
and the here and now.

End
Of
Chapter 5